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Liu J, Zhang K, Zhang X, Guan F, Zeng H, Kubo M, Lee P, Candotti F, James LK, Camara NOS, Benlagha K, Lei J, Forsman H, Yang L, Xiao W, Liu Z, Liu C. Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination: Mechanism, regulation, and related diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e662. [PMID: 39144468 PMCID: PMC11322596 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Maturation of the secondary antibody repertoire requires class-switch recombination (CSR), which switches IgM to other immunoglobulins (Igs), and somatic hypermutation, which promotes the production of high-affinity antibodies. Following immune response or infection within the body, activation of T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens triggers the activation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, initiating the CSR process. CSR has the capacity to modify the functional properties of antibodies, thereby contributing to the adaptive immune response in the organism. Ig CSR defects, characterized by an abnormal relative frequency of Ig isotypes, represent a rare form of primary immunodeficiency. Elucidating the molecular basis of Ig diversification is essential for a better understanding of diseases related to Ig CSR defects and could provide clues for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. Here, we review the most recent insights on the diversification of five Ig isotypes and choose several classic diseases, including hyper-IgM syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, hyper-IgD syndrome, selective IgA deficiency, hyper-IgE syndrome, multiple myeloma, and Burkitt lymphoma, to illustrate the mechanism of Ig CSR deficiency. The investigation into the underlying mechanism of Ig CSR holds significant potential for the advancement of increasingly precise diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Chen Liu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of RespiratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of ImmunologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterUSA
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama InstituteYokohamaJapan
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineLKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and AllergyLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Kamel Benlagha
- Institut de Recherche Saint‐LouisUniversité de ParisParisFrance
| | - Jia‐Hui Lei
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of RespiratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HuazhongUniversity of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Chao‐Hong Liu
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
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Valbon SF, Lebel ME, Feldman HA, Condotta SA, Dong M, Giordano D, Waggoner SN, Melichar HJ, Richer MJ. Type I interferon induced during chronic viral infection favors B-cell development in the thymus. Immunol Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 39009814 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections cause thymic involution yet the potential for broader, longer-term impact on thymic composition remains unexplored. Here we show that chronic, but not acute, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection promotes a unique population of immature B cells in the thymus. We show that chronic viral infection promotes signals within the thymus, including the expression of B-cell activating factor (BAFF), that favor the maturation of this population as these cells acquire expression of CD19 and immunoglobulin M. Mechanistically, type I interferon (IFN-I), predominantly IFNβ, signals to thymic hematopoietic cells, strongly delaying T-cell development at the earliest precursor stage. Furthermore, IFN-I signaling to the nonhematopoietic compartment provides a second signal essential to favor B-cell differentiation and maturation within the thymus. Importantly, chronic infection yields changes in the B-cell population for at least 50 days following infection, long after thymic atrophy has subsided. Thus, the inflammatory milieu induced by chronic viral infection has a profound, and long-lasting, effect on thymic composition leading to the generation of a novel population of thymic B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie F Valbon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Lebel
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - H Alex Feldman
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics & Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Cooperative Center for Excellence in Hematology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mengqi Dong
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen N Waggoner
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics & Etiology, Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Cooperative Center for Excellence in Hematology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Fisher JS, Adán‐Barrientos I, Kumar NR, Lancaster JN. The aged microenvironment impairs BCL6 and CD40L induction in CD4 + T follicular helper cell differentiation. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14140. [PMID: 38481058 PMCID: PMC11296098 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Weakened germinal center responses by the aged immune system result in diminished immunity against pathogens and reduced efficacy of vaccines. Prolonged contacts between activated B cells and CD4+ T cells are crucial to germinal center formation and T follicular helper cell (Tfh) differentiation, but it is unclear how aging impacts the quality of this interaction. Peptide immunization confirmed that aged mice have decreased expansion of antigen-specific germinal center B cells and reduced antibody titers. Furthermore, aging was associated with accumulated Tfh cells, even in naïve mice. Despite increased numbers, aged Tfh had reduced expression of master transcription factor BCL6 and increased expression of the ectonucleotidase CD39. In vitro activation revealed that proliferative capacity was maintained in aged CD4+ T cells, but not the costimulatory molecule CD40L. When activated in vitro by aged antigen-presenting cells, young CD4+ naïve T cells generated reduced numbers of activated cells with upregulated CD40L. To determine the contribution of cell-extrinsic influences on antigen-specific Tfh induction, young, antigen-specific B and CD4+ T cells were adoptively transferred into aged hosts prior to peptide immunization. Transferred cells had reduced expansion and differentiation into germinal center B cell and Tfh and reduced antigen-specific antibody titers when compared to young hosts. Young CD4+ T cells transferred aged hosts differentiated into Tfh cells with reduced PD-1 and BCL6 expression, and increased CD39 expression, though they maintained their mitochondrial capacity. These results highlight the role of the lymphoid microenvironment in modulating CD4+ T cell differentiation, which contributes to impaired establishment and maintenance of germinal centers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Adán‐Barrientos
- Immunobiology LaboratoryCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)MadridSpain
| | - Naveen R. Kumar
- Department of ImmunologyMayo ClinicScottsdaleArizonaUSA
- School of Life SciencesArizona State UniversityTempeArizonaUSA
| | - Jessica N. Lancaster
- Department of ImmunologyMayo ClinicScottsdaleArizonaUSA
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on AgingMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Department of Cancer BiologyMayo ClinicScottsdaleArizonaUSA
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Pang J, Li Y, Tao R, Li J, Wang F, Xu H. Correlation Between B-Cell Activating Factor of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Family Level in Serum and Immune Inflammation in Patients with Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and its Clinical Value. Immunol Invest 2024; 53:559-573. [PMID: 38329469 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2024.2309567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is a form of SLE associated with severe NP syndromes causing mortality and morbidity. Respecting the fundamental of BAFF in NPSLE pathophysiology, we investigated its clinical value. METHODS Totally 105 NPSLE and 101 SLE cases without NPSLE (non-NPSLE, control) were included. Serum BAFF/TNF-α/IL-6/IL-10 levels were measured using ELISA kits. T lymphocytes were detected by flow cytometry. The independent influencing factors for NPSLE, and the auxiliary diagnostic efficacy and the ability of BAFF levels to predict adverse prognosis of NPSLE patients were analyzed by multiple factor logistic regression, and ROC curve and survival curve. RESULTS In NPSLE patients, serum BAFF level was increased and positively correlated with SLEDAI-2k, serum proinflammatory cytokines, while negatively correlated with CD4+T/CD8+T cells, and anti-inflammatory cytokine. High serum BAFF protein level was associated with a higher risk of developing NPSLE. The AUC of serum BAFF > 301.7 assisting in NPSLE diagnosis was 0.8196. Furthermore, high levels of serum BAFF were associated with a higher risk of adverse outcomes in NPSLE patients. . CONCLUSION Serum BAFF level in NPSLE patients was correlated with lymphocytes and high serum BAFF protein level could assist in diagnosis and to predict adverse outcomes in NPSLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pang
- Department of Rheumatology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Rheumatology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Huaheng Xu
- Department of Rheumatology, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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Li X, Zhao Y, Sun W, Zhang C, Yu Y, Du B, Jin A, Liu Y. Neutrophil depletion attenuates antibody-mediated rejection in a renal transplantation mouse model. Clin Exp Immunol 2024; 216:211-219. [PMID: 38150328 PMCID: PMC11036104 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxad128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) can cause graft failure following renal transplantation. Neutrophils play a key role in AMR progression, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. We investigated the effect of neutrophils on AMR in a mouse kidney transplantation model. The mice were divided into five groups: syngeneic transplantation (Syn), allograft transplantation (Allo), and three differently treated AMR groups. The AMR mouse model was established using skin grafts to pre-sensitize recipient mice. Based on the AMR model, Ly6G-specific monoclonal antibodies were administered to deplete neutrophils (NEUT-/- + AMR) and TACI-Fc was used to block B-cell-activating factor (BAFF)/a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) signaling (TACI-Fc + AMR). Pathological changes were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining. Banff values were evaluated using the Banff 2015 criteria. Donor-specific antibody (DSA) levels were assessed using flow cytometry, and BAFF and APRIL concentrations were measured using ELISA. Compared to the Syn and Allo groups, a significantly increased number of neutrophils and increased C4d and IgG deposition were observed in AMR mice, accompanied by elevated DSA levels. Neutrophil depletion inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration and reduced C4d and IgG deposition. Neutrophil depletion significantly decreased DSA levels after transplantation and suppressed BAFF and APRIL concentrations, suggesting a mechanism for attenuating AMR-induced graft damage. Similar results were obtained after blockading BAFF/APRIL using a TACI-Fc fusion protein. In summary, neutrophil infiltration increased in the AMR mouse renal transplantation model. Neutrophil depletion or blockading the BAFF/APRIL signaling pathway significantly alleviated AMR and may provide better options for the clinical treatment of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingku Li
- Experimental Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yakun Zhao
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenying Sun
- Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yadi Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Du
- Experimental Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - AiShun Jin
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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李 琳, 刘 海, 王 立. [Research advances on B-cell activating factor and its targeted agents in inflammatory bowel disease]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2024; 26:315-320. [PMID: 38557386 PMCID: PMC10986372 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2309126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a critical regulator of B cells, is involved in various autoimmune diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic and recurrent intestinal inflammatory disorders with unclear etiology, and its global incidence has been increasing in recent years. Abnormal immune responses triggered by multiple factors are closely related to the pathogenesis of IBD. Previous studies have confirmed the association of B-cell abnormal activation and increased production of autoantibodies with the development of ulcerative colitis. However, the involvement of BAFF in the mechanisms of IBD remains unclear. This review summarizes the potential role of BAFF in the pathogenesis of IBD and provides an overview of targeted therapies on BAFF in IBD, aiming to contribute insights for targeted treatments of IBD.
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M. S. Barron A, Fabre T, De S. Distinct fibroblast functions associated with fibrotic and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and their implications for therapeutic development. F1000Res 2024; 13:54. [PMID: 38681509 PMCID: PMC11053351 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.143472.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are ubiquitous cells that can adopt many functional states. As tissue-resident sentinels, they respond to acute damage signals and shape the earliest events in fibrotic and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Upon sensing an insult, fibroblasts produce chemokines and growth factors to organize and support the response. Depending on the size and composition of the resulting infiltrate, these activated fibroblasts may also begin to contract or relax thus changing local stiffness within the tissue. These early events likely contribute to the divergent clinical manifestations of fibrotic and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Further, distinct changes to the cellular composition and signaling dialogue in these diseases drive progressive fibroblasts specialization. In fibrotic diseases, fibroblasts support the survival, activation and differentiation of myeloid cells, granulocytes and innate lymphocytes, and produce most of the pathogenic extracellular matrix proteins. Whereas, in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, sequential accumulation of dendritic cells, T cells and B cells programs fibroblasts to support local, destructive adaptive immune responses. Fibroblast specialization has clear implications for the development of effective induction and maintenance therapies for patients with these clinically distinct diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. S. Barron
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Fabre
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Saurav De
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
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8
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Shafqat A, Khan JA, Alkachem AY, Sabur H, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A, Sing GK. How Neutrophils Shape the Immune Response: Reassessing Their Multifaceted Role in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17583. [PMID: 38139412 PMCID: PMC10744338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant of the circulating immune cells and are the first to be recruited to sites of inflammation. Neutrophils are a heterogeneous group of immune cells from which are derived extracellular traps (NETs), reactive oxygen species, cytokines, chemokines, immunomodulatory factors, and alarmins that regulate the recruitment and phenotypes of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. In addition, cytokine-stimulated neutrophils can express class II major histocompatibility complex and the internal machinery necessary for successful antigen presentation to memory CD4+ T cells. This may be relevant in the context of vaccine memory. Neutrophils thus emerge as orchestrators of immune responses that play a key role in determining the outcome of infections, vaccine efficacy, and chronic diseases like autoimmunity and cancer. This review aims to provide a synthesis of current evidence as regards the role of these functions of neutrophils in homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia (K.A.); (A.Y.); (G.K.S.)
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9
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Nunez D, Patel D, Volkov J, Wong S, Vorndran Z, Müller F, Aigner M, Völkl S, Mackensen A, Schett G, Basu S. Cytokine and reactivity profiles in SLE patients following anti-CD19 CART therapy. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 31:101104. [PMID: 37744005 PMCID: PMC10514439 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting CD19+ B cells have demonstrated efficacy in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although initial clinical data suggest that anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy is well tolerated and highly effective, the immunologic consequences of CAR T cell therapy in SLE patients remain unclear. We profiled serum in six refractory SLE patients prior to and 3 months following CAR T cell infusion. Three months post T cell infusion, the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNFα decreased in patient sera. This was accompanied by elevations in serum IL-7 and BAFF. Furthermore, SLE-associated antibodies dropped profoundly in five of six patients. Last, consistent with other reports of CD19 CAR T therapy in B cell malignancies, we were able to show marginal impact of anti-CD19 CART therapy on pre-existing humoral immune responses in SLE patients. Together, these results provide insights into the mechanisms of efficacy of anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nunez
- Department of Computational Biology, Cabaletta Bio, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Darshil Patel
- Department of Protein and Molecular Biology, Cabaletta Bio, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jenell Volkov
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cabaletta Bio, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven Wong
- Department of Protein and Molecular Biology, Cabaletta Bio, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zachary Vorndran
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cabaletta Bio, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fabian Müller
- Department of Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Aigner
- Department of Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Medicine 5, Haematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Samik Basu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Cabaletta Bio, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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10
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Kyaw W, Chai RC, Khoo WH, Goldstein LD, Croucher PI, Murray JM, Phan TG. ENTRAIN: integrating trajectory inference and gene regulatory networks with spatial data to co-localize the receptor-ligand interactions that specify cell fate. Bioinformatics 2023; 39:btad765. [PMID: 38113422 PMCID: PMC10752580 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btad765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Cell fate is commonly studied by profiling the gene expression of single cells to infer developmental trajectories based on expression similarity, RNA velocity, or statistical mechanical properties. However, current approaches do not recover microenvironmental signals from the cellular niche that drive a differentiation trajectory. RESULTS We resolve this with environment-aware trajectory inference (ENTRAIN), a computational method that integrates trajectory inference methods with ligand-receptor pair gene regulatory networks to identify extracellular signals and evaluate their relative contribution towards a differentiation trajectory. The output from ENTRAIN can be superimposed on spatial data to co-localize cells and molecules in space and time to map cell fate potentials to cell-cell interactions. We validate and benchmark our approach on single-cell bone marrow and spatially resolved embryonic neurogenesis datasets to identify known and novel environmental drivers of cellular differentiation. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION ENTRAIN is available as a public package at https://github.com/theimagelab/entrain and can be used on both single-cell and spatially resolved datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wunna Kyaw
- Precision Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ryan C Chai
- St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Plasticity and Dormancy Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010Australia
| | - Weng Hua Khoo
- St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Plasticity and Dormancy Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010Australia
| | - Leonard D Goldstein
- St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Data Science Platform, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- Cancer Plasticity and Dormancy Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010Australia
| | - John M Murray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Precision Immunology Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- St Vincent’s Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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11
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Doll JR, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Stankiewicz TE, Wayland JL, Wilburn A, Weinhaus B, Chougnet CA, Giordano D, Cappelletti M, Presicce P, Kallapur SG, Salomonis N, Tilburgs T, Divanovic S. BAFF and APRIL counterregulate susceptibility to inflammation-induced preterm birth. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112352. [PMID: 37027297 PMCID: PMC10551044 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence points to a function for B cell-activating factor (BAFF) in pregnancy. However, direct roles for BAFF-axis members in pregnancy have not been examined. Here, via utility of genetically modified mice, we report that BAFF promotes inflammatory responsiveness and increases susceptibility to inflammation-induced preterm birth (PTB). In contrast, we show that the closely related A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) decreases inflammatory responsiveness and susceptibility to PTB. Known BAFF-axis receptors serve a redundant function in signaling BAFF/APRIL presence in pregnancy. Treatment with anti-BAFF/APRIL monoclonal antibodies or BAFF/APRIL recombinant proteins is sufficient to manipulate susceptibility to PTB. Notably, macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface produce BAFF, while BAFF and APRIL presence divergently shape macrophage gene expression and inflammatory function. Overall, our findings demonstrate that BAFF and APRIL play divergent inflammatory roles in pregnancy and provide therapeutic targets for mitigating risk of inflammation-induced PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Doll
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Maria E Moreno-Fernandez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Traci E Stankiewicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jennifer L Wayland
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Adrienne Wilburn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Benjamin Weinhaus
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Monica Cappelletti
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathan Salomonis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Tamara Tilburgs
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Senad Divanovic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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12
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Benzarti E, Murray KO, Ronca SE. Interleukins, Chemokines, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Ligands in the Pathogenesis of West Nile Virus Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:v15030806. [PMID: 36992514 PMCID: PMC10053297 DOI: 10.3390/v15030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that can lead to encephalitis and death in susceptible hosts. Cytokines play a critical role in inflammation and immunity in response to WNV infection. Murine models provide evidence that some cytokines offer protection against acute WNV infection and assist with viral clearance, while others play a multifaceted role WNV neuropathogenesis and immune-mediated tissue damage. This article aims to provide an up-to-date review of cytokine expression patterns in human and experimental animal models of WNV infections. Here, we outline the interleukins, chemokines, and tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands associated with WNV infection and pathogenesis and describe the complex roles they play in mediating both protection and pathology of the central nervous system during or after virus clearance. By understanding of the role of these cytokines during WNV neuroinvasive infection, we can develop treatment options aimed at modulating these immune molecules in order to reduce neuroinflammation and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Benzarti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristy O Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shannon E Ronca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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13
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Giordano D, Kuley R, Draves KE, Elkon KB, Giltiay NV, Clark EA. B cell-activating factor (BAFF) from dendritic cells, monocytes and neutrophils is required for B cell maturation and autoantibody production in SLE-like autoimmune disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1050528. [PMID: 36923413 PMCID: PMC10009188 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1050528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose and methods B cell-activating factor (BAFF) contributes to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although several anti-BAFF Abs and derivatives have been developed for the treatment of SLE, the specific sources of BAFF that sustain autoantibody (auto-Ab) producing cells have not been definitively identified. Using BAFF-RFP reporter mice, we identified major changes in BAFF-producing cells in two mouse spontaneous lupus models (Tlr7 Tg mice and Sle1), and in a pristane-induced lupus (PIL) model. Results First, we confirmed that similar to their wildtype Tlr7 Tg and Sle1 mice counterparts, BAFF-RFP Tlr7 Tg mice and BAFF-RFP Sle1 mice had increased BAFF serum levels, which correlated with increases in plasma cells and auto-Ab production. Next, using the RFP reporter, we defined which cells had dysregulated BAFF production. BAFF-producing neutrophils (Nphs), monocytes (MOs), cDCs, T cells and B cells were all expanded in the spleens of BAFF-RFP Tlr7 Tg mice and BAFF-RFP Sle1 mice compared to controls. Furthermore, Ly6Chi inflammatory MOs and T cells had significantly increased BAFF expression per cell in both spontaneous lupus models, while CD8- DCs up-regulated BAFF expression only in the Tlr7 Tg mice. Similarly, pristane injection of BAFF-RFP mice induced increases in serum BAFF levels, auto-Abs, and the expansion of BAFF-producing Nphs, MOs, and DCs in both the spleen and peritoneal cavity. BAFF expression in MOs and DCs, in contrast to BAFF from Nphs, was required to maintain homeostatic and pristane-induced systemic BAFF levels and to sustain mature B cell pools in spleens and BMs. Although acting through different mechanisms, Nph, MO and DC sources of BAFF were each required for the development of auto-Abs in PIL mice. Conclusions Our findings underscore the importance of considering the relative roles of specific myeloid BAFF sources and B cell niches when developing treatments for SLE and other BAFF-associated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Daniela Giordano,
| | - Runa Kuley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Keith B. Elkon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Natalia V. Giltiay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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14
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Liu S, Li GQ, Gu QW, Wang J, Sun Q, Gu WS, Mao XM. Induced Overexpression of B Cell-Activating Factor by Triiodothyronine Results in Abnormal B Cell Differentiation in Mice. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231204075. [PMID: 37798940 PMCID: PMC10557412 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231204075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breakdown of tolerance and abnormal activation in B cells is an important mechanism in the pathogenesis of Graves' disease (GD) and high levels of thyroid hormones (THs) can drive the progression of GD. However, the interactions between THs and abnormal activation of B cells in the context of GD are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate B cell-activating factor (BAFF) mediating the cross talk between THs and B cells and the possible underlying mechanisms. A high-level triiodothyronine (T3) mouse model was used to verify T3-mediated induction of overexpression of BAFF and B cell abnormal differentiation. The possible promotion of BAFF overexpression in the mice spleen macrophages during polarization to M1 by T3 was also studied. We showed that high levels of T3 can induce BAFF overexpression and lead to abnormal differentiation of B cells in the mice. While the overexpression of BAFF was observed across many tissue types in the mice, high levels of T3 could induce M1 macrophages polarization by IFN (interferon-gamma)-γ in the spleen of the mice, which in turn generated BAFF overexpression. Our findings provide a novel insight into the interactions between the endocrine and immune systems, as well as provide insight into the role of TH in the pathogenesis of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing-Wei Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Sha Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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15
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Hagen M, Chakraborty T, Olson WJ, Heitz M, Hermann-Kleiter N, Kimpel J, Jenewein B, Pertoll J, Labi V, Rajewsky K, Derudder E. miR-142 favors naïve B cell residence in peripheral lymph nodes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847415. [PMID: 36439112 PMCID: PMC9686386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
B lymphocyte development proceeds through a well-ordered sequence of steps, leading to the formation of a sizeable mature B population recognizing a diversity of antigens. These latter cells are ultimately responsible for the production of antibodies upon immune challenges. The detection of threats to the organism is facilitated by the ability of naïve follicular B cells, the main subset of mature B cells in mice, to circulate between lymphoid tissues in search of their cognate antigens. miRNA-mediated fine-tuning of mRNA stability and translation participates in the optimal expression of genetic programs. This regulatory mechanism has been shown to contribute to B cell biology, although the role of individual miRNAs remains understudied. Here, we selectively inactivated the miR-142 locus in B cells. As a consequence, the mature B compartment was visibly perturbed, in agreement with work in miR-142 knockout mice. However, our strategy allowed us to identify roles for the miR-142 locus in B cell physiology obscured by the complexity of the immune phenotype in the null mutant mice. Thus, these miRNAs are necessary for the proper formation of the pre-B cell compartment during development. More remarkably, naïve follicular B cells demonstrated altered migratory properties upon conditional inactivation of the miR-142 locus. The latter mutant cells expressed reduced levels of the homing molecule CD62L. They also migrated more efficiently towards sphingosine-1-phosphate in vitro and displayed an increased abundance of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, compatible with improved lymphocyte egress in vivo. In line with these observations, the ablation of the miR-142 locus in B cells caused a paucity of B cells in the lymph nodes. Mutant B cell accumulation in the latter tissues was also compromised upon transfer into a wild-type environment. These changes coincided with suboptimal levels of FOXO1, a positive regulator of CD62L transcription, in mutant B cells. Overall, our findings indicate contributions for the miR-142 locus in various aspects of the B cell life cycle. Notably, this locus appears to favor the establishment of the migratory behavior required for naïve follicular B cell patrolling activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Hagen
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tirtha Chakraborty
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Vor Biopharma, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - William J. Olson
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Heitz
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Brigitte Jenewein
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna Pertoll
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Labi
- Institute of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Derudder
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Immune Regulation and Cancer, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Kirou KA, Dall`Era M, Aranow C, Anders HJ. Belimumab or anifrolumab for systemic lupus erythematosus? A risk-benefit assessment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980079. [PMID: 36119023 PMCID: PMC9472122 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) currently employs agents with relatively unselective immunosuppressive properties. However, two target-specific biological drugs have been approved: belimumab (anti-B-cell-activating factor/BAFF) and anifrolumab (anti-interferon alpha receptor-1/IFNAR1). Here, we performed a comparative risk-benefit assessment for both drugs based on the role of BAFF and IFNAR1 in host defense and the pathogenesis of SLE and by considering the available data on safety and efficacy. Due to differences in target expression sites, anti-IFNAR1, but not anti-BAFF, might elicit organ-specific effects, consistent with clinical efficacy data. The IFNAR1 is specifically involved in innate and adaptive antiviral immunity in most cells of the body. Consistent with this observation, the available safety data obtained from patients negatively selected for LN and neuropsychiatric SLE, primary immunodeficiencies, splenectomy and chronic HIV, HBV, HCV infections suggest an increased risk for some viral infections such as varicella zoster and perhaps influenza. In contrast, BAFF is mainly involved in adaptive immune responses in lymphoid tissues, thus anti-BAFF therapy modulates SLE activity and prevents SLE flares without interfering with local innate host defense mechanisms and should only marginally affect immune memory to previous pathogen exposures consistent with the available safety data from SLE patients without chronic HIV, HBV or HCV infections. When using belimumab and anifrolumab, careful patient stratification and specific precautions may minimize risks and maximize beneficial treatment effects for patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos A. Kirou
- Department of Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Dall`Era
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Cynthia Aranow
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Hans-Joachim Anders,
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Marsman C, Verhoeven D, Koers J, Rispens T, ten Brinke A, van Ham SM, Kuijpers TW. Optimized Protocols for In-Vitro T-Cell-Dependent and T-Cell-Independent Activation for B-Cell Differentiation Studies Using Limited Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:815449. [PMID: 35844625 PMCID: PMC9278277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.815449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Methods For mechanistic studies, in-vitro human B-cell differentiation and generation of plasma cells are invaluable techniques. However, the heterogeneity of both T-cell-dependent (TD) and T-cell-independent (TI) stimuli and the disparity of culture conditions used in existing protocols make the interpretation of results challenging. The aim of the present study was to achieve the most optimal B-cell differentiation conditions using isolated CD19+ B cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. We addressed multiple seeding densities, different durations of culturing, and various combinations of TD and TI stimuli including B-cell receptor (BCR) triggering. B-cell expansion, proliferation, and differentiation were analyzed after 6 and 9 days by measuring B-cell proliferation and expansion, plasmablast and plasma cell formation, and immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion. In addition, these conditions were extrapolated using cryopreserved cells and differentiation potential was compared. Results This study demonstrates improved differentiation efficiency after 9 days of culturing for both B-cells and PBMC cultures using CD40L and IL-21 as TD stimuli and 6 days for CpG and IL-2 as TI stimuli. We arrived at optimized protocols requiring 2,500 and 25,000 B–cells per culture well for the TD and TI assays, respectively. The results of the PBMC cultures were highly comparable to the B-cell cultures, which allows dismissal of additional B-cell isolation steps prior to culturing. In these optimized TD conditions, the addition of anti-BCR showed a little effect on phenotypic B-cell differentiation; however, it interferes with Ig secretion measurements. The addition of IL-4 to the TD stimuli showed significantly lower Ig secretion. The addition of BAFF to optimized TI conditions showed enhanced B-cell differentiation and Ig secretion in B-cell but not in PBMC cultures. With this approach, efficient B-cell differentiation and Ig secretion were accomplished when starting from fresh or cryopreserved samples. Conclusion Our methodology demonstrates optimized TD and TI stimulation protocols for more in-depth analysis of B-cell differentiation in primary human B-cell and PBMC cultures while requiring low amounts of B cells, making them ideally suited for future clinical and research studies on B-cell differentiation of patient samples from different cohorts of B-cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Marsman
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dorit Verhoeven
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection & Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jana Koers
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - S. Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Taco W. Kuijpers, ; S. Marieke van Ham,
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Taco W. Kuijpers, ; S. Marieke van Ham,
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18
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Neutrophils recruited to immunization sites initiating vaccine-induced antibody responses by locally expressing BAFF. iScience 2022; 25:104453. [PMID: 35874922 PMCID: PMC9301880 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils played a key role in the innate immune responses. Less is known about whether and how the neutrophils recruited in the immunization sites affecting the vaccine-induced antibody responses. In the process of evaluating the efficacy of an oil-in-water emulsion-formulated vaccine in mice, we found that neutrophils were rapidly and massively recruited to immunization sites but were barely detected in the draining lymph nodes. Interestingly, B cell-activating factor (BAFF) was abundantly expressed in the recruiting neutrophils at a very early stage. The initial neutrophil-derived BAFF firstly brought about the B cell responses in the local part, then subsequently in lymphoid organs. Activated B cells produced more BAFF through TLR9-IRF5 signaling pathway, thereby amplifying the vaccine-induced antibody responses. Suppressing BAFF in the neutrophils could weaken the B cell activation and reduce the antibody production. The data indicate that vaccines endow neutrophils with the potential to orchestrate antibody responses at immunization sites. Neutrophils at immunization sites influencing subsequent immune responses Neutrophil-driven BAFF at immunization sites assisting B cell responses to vaccines Activated B cells produce more BAFF through TLR9-IRF5 signaling pathway BAFF-producing neutrophils orchestrate antibody responses at immunization sites
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19
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Wu X, Peng Y, Li J, Zhang P, Liu Z, Lu H, Peng L, Zhou J, Fei Y, Zeng X, Zhao Y, Zhang W. Single-Cell Sequencing of Immune Cell Heterogeneity in IgG4-Related Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:904288. [PMID: 35693817 PMCID: PMC9184520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.904288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is an immune-mediated disorder with fibrotic manifestations. However, the transcriptional profiles of immune cell subsets at single-cell level are unknown. Herein, single-cell sequencing was used to assess the specific cell subpopulations and pathways in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of IgG4-RD. Methods Single-cell sequencing was performed using the PBMCs from four patients with IgG4-RD and three healthy controls (HCs). Functional enrichment and cell analysis were performed through re-clustering of PBMCs to assess functional pathways and intercellular communication networks in IgG4-RD. Western blot and flow cytometry were used to verify sequencing and functional enrichment results. Results Four major cell types and 21 subtypes were identified. Further subclustering demonstrated that plasma B-cell proportions increased with increasing glycolysis/gluconeogenesis activity in IgG4-RD. Re-clustering of myeloid cells showed that EGR1 and CD36 expressions were significantly increased in CD14+ monocytes of IgG4-RD, as validated by Western blot analysis. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production pathways were positively regulated in CD14+ monocytes of IgG4-RD. In vitro stimulation showed that CD14+ monocytes of IgG4-RD could secrete higher levels of TNF-α . Notably, the proportions of CD8 central memory T (TCM) and TIGIT+ CD8 cytotoxic T (CTL) increased in patients with IgG4-RD compared with HCs. Further interaction analysis showed that B cell activation factor (BAFF) signaling pathways were enriched from myeloid cells subsets to B cells. Conclusion This study enhances the understanding of the cellular heterogeneity and transcriptional features involved in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD, providing key clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunyao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jieqiong Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Linyi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyun Fei
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Zhao, ; Wen Zhang,
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Zhao, ; Wen Zhang,
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Brian BF, Sauer ML, Greene JT, Senevirathne SE, Lindstedt AJ, Funk OL, Ruis BL, Ramirez LA, Auger JL, Swanson WL, Nunez MG, Moriarity BS, Lowell CA, Binstadt BA, Freedman TS. A dominant function of LynB kinase in preventing autoimmunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj5227. [PMID: 35452291 PMCID: PMC9032976 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report that the LynB splice variant of the Src-family kinase Lyn exerts a dominant immunosuppressive function in vivo, whereas the LynA isoform is uniquely required to restrain autoimmunity in female mice. We used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to constrain lyn splicing and expression, generating single-isoform LynA knockout (LynAKO) or LynBKO mice. Autoimmune disease in total LynKO mice is characterized by production of antinuclear antibodies, glomerulonephritis, impaired B cell development, and overabundance of activated B cells and proinflammatory myeloid cells. Expression of LynA or LynB alone uncoupled the developmental phenotype from the autoimmune disease: B cell transitional populations were restored, but myeloid cells and differentiated B cells were dysregulated. These changes were isoform-specific, sexually dimorphic, and distinct from the complete LynKO. Despite the apparent differences in disease etiology and penetrance, loss of either LynA or LynB had the potential to induce severe autoimmune disease with parallels to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben F. Brian
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Monica L. Sauer
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph T. Greene
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - S. Erandika Senevirathne
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Anders J. Lindstedt
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Olivia L. Funk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brian L. Ruis
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Luis A. Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Auger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Whitney L. Swanson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Myra G. Nunez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Branden S. Moriarity
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Clifford A. Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bryce A. Binstadt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tanya S. Freedman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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21
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Fleming A, Castro‐Dopico T, Clatworthy MR. B cell class switching in intestinal immunity in health and disease. Scand J Immunol 2022; 95:e13139. [PMID: 34978077 PMCID: PMC9285483 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is colonized by trillions of commensal microorganisms that collectively form the microbiome and make essential contributions to organism homeostasis. The intestinal immune system must tolerate these beneficial commensals, whilst preventing pathogenic organisms from systemic spread. Humoral immunity plays a key role in this process, with large quantities of immunoglobulin (Ig)A secreted into the lumen on a daily basis, regulating the microbiome and preventing bacteria from encroaching on the epithelium. However, there is an increasing appreciation of the role of IgG antibodies in intestinal immunity, including beneficial effects in neonatal immune development, pathogen and tumour resistance, but also of pathological effects in driving chronic inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). These antibody isotypes differ in effector function, with IgG exhibiting more proinflammatory capabilities compared with IgA. Therefore, the process that leads to the generation of different antibody isotypes, class-switch recombination (CSR), requires careful regulation and is orchestrated by the immunological cues generated by the prevalent local challenge. In general, an initiating signal such as CD40 ligation on B cells leads to the induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), but a second cytokine-mediated signal determines which Ig heavy chain is expressed. Whilst the cytokines driving intestinal IgA responses are well-studied, there is less clarity on how IgG responses are generated in the intestine, and how these cues might become dysfunctional in IBD. Here, we review the key mechanisms regulating class switching to IgA vs IgG in the intestine, processes that could be therapeutically manipulated in infection and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Fleming
- Molecular Immunity UnitDepartment of MedicineCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Tomas Castro‐Dopico
- Molecular Immunity UnitDepartment of MedicineCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity UnitDepartment of MedicineCambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious DiseasesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cellular GeneticsWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUK
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research CentreCambridgeUK
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22
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Zhang Y, Tian J, Xiao F, Zheng L, Zhu X, Wu L, Zhao C, Wang S, Rui K, Zou H, Lu L. B cell-activating factor and its targeted therapy in autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 64:57-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Kuley R, Draves KE, Fuller DH, Giltiay NV, Clark EA, Giordano D. B cell activating factor (BAFF) from neutrophils and dendritic cells is required for protective B cell responses against Salmonella typhimurium infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259158. [PMID: 34705890 PMCID: PMC8550399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice lacking B cells are more susceptible to S. typhimurium infection. How B cells contribute to protective immunity against Salmonella and what signals drive their activation are still unclear. Neutrophils (Nphs), monocytes (MOs), and dendritic cells (DCs) are involved in early immune responses to control the initial replication of S. typhimurium. These cells can produce B cell activating factor (BAFF) required for mature B cell survival and may help regulate B cell responses during Salmonella infection. Using BAFF reporter mice (BAFF-RFP+/-), we discovered that an i.p. infection with a virulent strain of S. typhimurium increased BAFF expression in splenic conventional DCs (cDC) and inflammatory Ly6Chi MOs/DCs four days post-infection. S. typhimurium infection induced the release of BAFF from Nphs, a decrease of BAFF-RFP expression and expansion of BAFF-RFP+ Nphs in the spleen and peritoneal cavity. After S. typhimurium infection, serum BAFF levels and immature and mature B cell subsets and plasma cells increased substantially. Conditional knockout (cKO) mice lacking BAFF in either Nphs or cDCs compared to control Bafffl/fl mice had reduced up-regulation of systemic BAFF levels and reduced expansion of mature and germinal center B cell subsets after infection. Importantly, the cKO mice lacking BAFF from either Nphs or cDCs had impaired induction of Salmonella-specific IgM Abs, and were more susceptible to S. typhimurium infection. Thus, Nphs and cDCs are major cellular sources of BAFF driving B cell responses, required for mounting optimal protective immunity against lethal Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runa Kuley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RK); (DG)
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Deborah H. Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Natalia V. Giltiay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RK); (DG)
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24
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Current Understanding of the Neutrophil Transcriptome in Health and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092406. [PMID: 34572056 PMCID: PMC8469435 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are key cells of the innate immune system. It is now understood that this leukocyte population is diverse in both the basal composition and functional plasticity. Underlying this plasticity is a post-translational framework for rapidly achieving early activation states, but also a transcriptional capacity that is becoming increasingly recognized by immunologists. Growing interest in the contribution of neutrophils to health and disease has resulted in more efforts to describe their transcriptional activity. Whilst initial efforts focused predominantly on understanding the existing biology, investigations with advanced methods such as single cell RNA sequencing to understand interactions of the entire immune system are revealing higher flexibility in neutrophil transcription than previously thought possible and multiple transition states. It is now apparent that neutrophils utilise many forms of RNA in the regulation of their function. This review collates current knowledge on the nuclei structure and gene expression activity of human neutrophils across homeostasis and disease, before highlighting knowledge gaps that are research priority areas.
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Abstract
The immune (innate and adaptive) system has evolved to protect the host from any danger present in the surrounding outer environment (microbes and associated MAMPs or PAMPs, xenobiotics, and allergens) and dangers originated within the host called danger or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and recognizing and clearing the cells dying due to apoptosis. It also helps to lower the tissue damage during trauma and initiates the healing process. The pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in recognizing different PAMPs or MAMPs and DAMPs to initiate the pro-inflammatory immune response to clear them. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are first recognized PRRs and their discovery proved milestone in the field of immunology as it filled the gap between the first recognition of the pathogen by the immune system and the initiation of the appropriate immune response required to clear the infection by innate immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells or DCs, and mast cells). However, in addition to their expression by innate immune cells and controlling their function, TLRs are also expressed by adaptive immune cells. We have identified 10 TLRs (TLR1-TLR10) in humans and 12 TLRs (TLR1-TLR13) in laboratory mice till date as TLR10 in mice is present only as a defective pseudogene. The present chapter starts with the introduction of innate immunity, timing of TLR evolution, and the evolution of adaptive immune system and its receptors (T cell receptors or TCRs and B cell receptors or BCRs). The next section describes the role of TLRs in the innate immune function and signaling involved in the generation of inflammation. The subsequent sections describe the expression and function of different TLRs in murine and human adaptive immune cells (B cells and different types of T cells, including CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, CD4+CD25+Tregs, and CD8+CD25+Tregs, etc.). The modulation of TLRs expressed on T and B cells has a great potential to develop different vaccine candidates, adjuvants, immunotherapies to target various microbial infections, including current COVID-19 pandemic, cancers, and autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar
- Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, USA.
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26
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Eslami M, Schneider P. Function, occurrence and inhibition of different forms of BAFF. Curr Opin Immunol 2021; 71:75-80. [PMID: 34182216 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
B cell activating factor (BAFF or BLyS), an important cytokine for B cell survival and humoral immune responses, is targeted in the clinic for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. This review focuses on the structure, function and inhibition profiles of membrane-bound BAFF, soluble BAFF 3-mer and soluble BAFF 60-mer, all of which have distinct properties. BAFF contains a loop region not required for receptor binding but essential for receptor activation via promotion of BAFF-to-BAFF contacts. This loop region additionally allows formation of BAFF 60-mer, in which epitopes of the BAFF inhibitor belimumab are inaccessible. If 60-mer forms in humans, it is predicted to be short-lived and to act locally because adult serum contains a BAFF 60-mer dissociating activity. Cord blood contains elevated levels of BAFF, part of which displays attributes of 60-mer, suggesting a role for this form of BAFF in the development of foetal or neonate B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Eslami
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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27
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Naranjo-Gomez M, Cahen M, Lambour J, Boyer-Clavel M, Pelegrin M. Immunomodulatory Role of NK Cells during Antiviral Antibody Therapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:137. [PMID: 33567792 PMCID: PMC7914599 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are now considered as a therapeutic approach to prevent and treat severe viral infections. Using a mouse retroviral model, we showed that mAbs induce protective immunity (vaccinal effects). Here, we investigated the role of natural killer (NK) cells on this effect. NK cells are effector cells that are crucial to control viral propagation upon mAb treatment. However, their immunomodulatory activity during antiviral mAb immunotherapies has been little studied. Our data reveal that the mAb treatment of infected mice preserves the functional activation of NK cells. Importantly, functional NK cells play an essential role in preventing immune dysfunction and inducing antiviral protective immunity upon mAb therapy. Thus, NK cell depletion in mAb-treated, viral-infected mice leads to the upregulation of molecules involved in immunosuppressive pathways (i.e., PD-1, PD-L1 and CD39) on dendritic cells and T cells. NK cell depletion also abrogates the vaccinal effects induced by mAb therapy. Our data also reveal a role for IFNγ-producing NK cells in the enhancement of the B-cell responses through the potentiation of the B-cell helper properties of neutrophils. These findings suggest that preserved NK cell functions and counts might be required for achieving mAb-induced protective immunity. They open new prospects for improving antiviral immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Naranjo-Gomez
- IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.N.-G.); (M.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Marine Cahen
- IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.N.-G.); (M.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Jennifer Lambour
- IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.N.-G.); (M.C.); (J.L.)
| | - Myriam Boyer-Clavel
- Montpellier Ressources Imagerie, Biocampus, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France;
| | - Mireia Pelegrin
- IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.N.-G.); (M.C.); (J.L.)
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28
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Gupta S, Kaplan MJ. Bite of the wolf: innate immune responses propagate autoimmunity in lupus. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:144918. [PMID: 33529160 PMCID: PMC7843222 DOI: 10.1172/jci144918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a clinically heterogeneous multisystemic syndrome that derives its name from the initial characterization of facial lesions that resemble the bite of a wolf, is considered a complex, multifactorial interplay between underlying genetic susceptibility factors and the environment. Prominent pathogenic factors include the induction of aberrant cell death pathways coupled with defective cell death clearance mechanisms that promote excessive externalization of modified cellular and nuclear debris with subsequent loss of tolerance to a wide variety of autoantigens and innate and adaptive immune dysregulation. While abnormalities in adaptive immunity are well recognized and are key to the pathogenesis of SLE, recent findings have emphasized fundamental roles of the innate immune system in the initiation and propagation of autoimmunity and the development of organ damage in this disease. This Review focuses on recent discoveries regarding the role of components of the innate immune system, specifically neutrophils and interferons, in promoting various aspects of lupus pathogenesis, with potential implications for novel therapeutic strategies.
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29
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Abstract
B cell subsets differ in development, tissue distribution, and mechanisms of activation. In response to infections, however, all can differentiate into extrafollicular plasmablasts that rapidly provide highly protective antibodies, indicating that these plasmablasts are the main humoral immune response effectors. Yet, the effectiveness of this response type depends on the presence of antigen-specific precursors in the circulating mature B cell pool, a pool that is generated initially through the stochastic processes of B cell receptor assembly. Importantly, germinal centers then mold the repertoire of this B cell pool to be increasingly responsive to pathogens by generating a broad array of antimicrobial memory B cells that act as highly effective precursors of extrafollicular plasmablasts. Such B cell repertoire molding occurs in two ways: continuously via the chronic germinal centers of mucosal lymphoid tissues, driven by the presence of the microbiome, and via de novo generated germinal centers following acute infections. For effectively evaluating humoral immunity as a correlate of immune protection, it might be critical to measure memory B cell pools in addition to antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA;
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30
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Eslami M, Meinl E, Eibel H, Willen L, Donzé O, Distl O, Schneider H, Speiser DE, Tsiantoulas D, Yalkinoglu Ö, Samy E, Schneider P. BAFF 60-mer, and Differential BAFF 60-mer Dissociating Activities in Human Serum, Cord Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:577662. [PMID: 33240880 PMCID: PMC7677505 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.577662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell activation factor of the TNF family (BAFF/BLyS), an essential B cell survival factor of which circulating levels are elevated in several autoimmune disorders, is targeted in the clinic for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The soluble form of BAFF can exist as 3-mer, or as 60-mer that results from the ordered assembly of twenty 3-mers and that can be obtained from naturally cleaved membrane-bound BAFF or made as a recombinant protein. However, which forms of soluble BAFF exist and act in humans is unclear. In this study, BAFF 3-mer and 60-mer in biological fluids were characterized for size, activity and response to specific stimulators or inhibitors of BAFF. Human cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) from patients with multiple sclerosis and adult human sera contained exclusively BAFF 3-mer in these assays, also when BAFF concentrations were moderately SLE or highly (BAFFR-deficient individual) increased. Human sera, but not CSF, contained a high molecular weight, saturable activity that dissociated preformed recombinant BAFF 60-mer into 3-mer. This activity was lower in cord blood. Cord blood displayed BAFF levels 10-fold higher than in adults and consistently contained a fair proportion of active high molecular weight BAFF able to dissociate into 3-mer but not endowed with all properties of recombinant BAFF 60-mer. If BAFF 60-mer is produced in humans, it is dissociated, or at least attenuated in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahya Eslami
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann Eibel
- Faculty of Medicine, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laure Willen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Ottmar Distl
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Özkan Yalkinoglu
- Clinical Pharmacology, Quantitative Pharmacology, Translational Medicine, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Eileen Samy
- Business of Merck KGaA, EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., Billerica, MA, United States
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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