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Bourbour S, Darbandi A, Bostanghadiri N, Ghanavati R, Taheri B, Bahador A. Effects of Antimicrobial Photosensitizers of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) to Treat Periodontitis. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1209-1229. [PMID: 37475551 DOI: 10.2174/1389201024666230720104516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy or aPDT is an alternative therapeutic approach in which lasers and different photosensitizing agents are used to eradicate periodontopathic bacteria in periodontitis. Periodontitis is a localized infectious disease caused by periodontopathic bacteria and can destroy bones and tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. The aPDT system has been shown by in vitro studies to have high bactericidal efficacy. It was demonstrated that aPDT has low local toxicity, can speed up dental therapy, and is cost-effective. Several photosensitizers (PSs) are available for each type of light source which did not induce any damage to the patient and are safe. In recent years, significant advances have been made in aPDT as a non-invasive treatment method, especially in treating infections and cancers. Besides, aPDT can be perfectly combined with other treatments. Hence, this survey focused on the effectiveness and mechanism of aPDT of periodontitis by using lasers and the most frequently used antimicrobial PSs such as methylene blue (MB), toluidine blue ortho (TBO), indocyanine green (ICG), malachite green (MG) (Triarylmethanes), erythrosine dyes (ERY) (Xanthenes dyes), rose bengal (RB) (Xanthenes dyes), eosin-Y (Xanthenes dyes), radachlorin group and curcumin. The aPDT with these PSs can reduce pathogenic bacterial loads in periodontitis. Therefore, it is clear that there is a bright future for using aPDT to fight microorganisms causing periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Bourbour
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Darbandi
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Narjess Bostanghadiri
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghanavati
- Department of Microbiology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Behrouz Taheri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ferrà-Cañellas MDM, Munar-Bestard M, Floris I, Ramis JM, Monjo M, Garcia-Sureda L. A Sequential Micro-Immunotherapy Medicine Increases Collagen Deposition in Human Gingival Fibroblasts and in an Engineered 3D Gingival Model under Inflammatory Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10484. [PMID: 37445663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal therapies use immune mediators, but their side effects can increase with dosage. Micro-immunotherapy (MI) is a promising alternative that employs immune regulators at low and ultralow doses to minimize adverse effects. In this study, the effects of 5 capsules and the entire 10-capsule sequence of the sequential MI medicine (MIM-seq) were tested in two in vitro models of periodontitis. Firstly, human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) exposed to interleukin (IL)-1β to induce inflammation were treated with five different capsules of MIM-seq for 3 days or with MIM-seq for 24 days. Subsequently, MIM-seq was analyzed in a 3D model of human tissue equivalent of gingiva (GTE) under the same inflammatory stimulus. Simultaneously, a non-IL-1β-treated control and a vehicle were included. The effects of the treatments on cytotoxicity, collagen deposition, and the secreted levels of IL-1α, IL-6, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) were evaluated. None of the tested items were cytotoxic. The complete sequence of MIM-seq decreased PGE2 release and restored collagen deposition levels induced by IL-1β treatment in hGFs exposed to IL-1β. MIM-seq treatment restored collagen production levels in both models. These promising preclinical findings suggest that MIM-seq should be further investigated for periodontitis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Del Mar Ferrà-Cañellas
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Preclinical Research Department, Labo'Life España, 07330 Consell, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marta Munar-Bestard
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ilaria Floris
- Preclinical Research Department, Labo'Life France, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Joana Maria Ramis
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marta Monjo
- Group of Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering, Research Institute on Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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Deandra FA, Ketherin K, Rachmasari R, Sulijaya B, Takahashi N. Probiotics and metabolites regulate the oral and gut microbiome composition as host modulation agents in periodontitis: A narrative review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13475. [PMID: 36820037 PMCID: PMC9937986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is defined as an oral bacterial dysbiosis-induced persistent inflammation on dental supporting tissue resulting in periodontal tissue breakdown and alveolar bone destruction. The disease is initiated by the interaction between periodontopathogens and the host immune system. Its development and severity can be associated with several systemic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Moreover, the latest research has suggested that the oral and gut microbiome hypothesis lays the oral and systemic connection mechanism. Bacterial homeostasis and restoration in the oral cavity and intestine become therapeutics concepts. Concerning the treatment of periodontitis, a local inflammatory condition, prolonged systemic administration of antibiotics is no longer recommended due to bacterial resistance issues. Probiotics and several bioactive metabolites have been widely investigated to address the needs of host modulation therapy in periodontitis. Evidence suggests that the use of probiotics helps downregulate the inflammation process through the regulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the production of fatty acid, targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS). In brief, several herbals have anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Consistently, improvement of periodontal pocket depth (PPD) and gingival index (GI) was seen in a group given melatonin as an adjunct treatment. In all, this review will highlight host modulation agents regarding periodontitis therapy, plausible mechanisms on how probiotics and metabolites work on periodontal restoration, and their reported studies. Limitations given by published studies will be elaborated, while future directions will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fathia Agzarine Deandra
- Postgraduate Program in Periodontology, Department of Periodontology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ketherin Ketherin
- Postgraduate Program in Periodontology, Department of Periodontology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rieska Rachmasari
- Postgraduate Program in Periodontology, Department of Periodontology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Benso Sulijaya
- Department of Periodontology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia,Dental Division, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, West Java, Indonesia,Corresponding author. Department of Periodontology, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Japan
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Lee J, Min HK, Park CY, Kang HK, Jung SY, Min BM. A vitronectin-derived peptide prevents and restores alveolar bone loss by modulating bone re-modelling and expression of RANKL and IL-17A. J Clin Periodontol 2022; 49:799-813. [PMID: 35634689 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study investigated whether a vitronectin-derived peptide (VnP-16) prevents and/or reverses alveolar bone resorption induced by ligature-induced periodontitis in rodents and identified the underlying mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the effects of VnP-16 on osteogenic differentiation in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in gingival fibroblasts, and immune response in T lymphocytes. Ligature-induced periodontitis was induced by ligating the bilateral mandibular first molars for 14 days in rats and for 7 days in mice (n = 10/group). VnP-16 (100 μg/10 μl) was applied topically into the gingival sulcus of rats via intra-sulcular injection, whereas the peptide (50 μg/5 μl) was administered directly into the gingiva of mice via intra-gingival injection. To evaluate the preventive and therapeutic effects of VnP-16, micro-computed tomography analysis and histological staining were then performed. RESULTS VnP-16 promoted osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament cells and inhibited the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators in gingival fibroblasts. Concomitantly, VnP-16 modulated the host immune response by reducing the number of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-expressing lipopolysaccharide-stimulated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and by suppressing RANKL and interleukin (IL)-17A production. Furthermore, local administration of VnP-16 in rats and mice significantly prevented and reversed alveolar bone loss induced by ligature-induced periodontitis. VnP-16 enhanced osteoblastogenesis and simultaneously inhibited osteoclastogenesis and suppressed RANKL and IL-17A expression in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that VnP-16 acts as a potent therapeutic agent for preventing and treating periodontitis by regulating bone re-modelling and immune and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbeom Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong Ki Min
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cho Yeon Park
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Program in Cancer and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ki Kang
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Program in Cancer and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Youn Jung
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Program in Cancer and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Byung-Moo Min
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Program in Cancer and Developmental Biology, Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Yadalam PK, Kalaivani V, Fageeh HI, Ibraheem W, Al-Ahmari MM, Khan SS, Ahmed ZH, Abdulkarim HH, Baeshen HA, Balaji TM, Bhandi S, Raj AT, Patil S. Future Drug Targets in Periodontal Personalised Medicine-A Narrative Review. J Pers Med 2022; 12:371. [PMID: 35330371 PMCID: PMC8955099 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an infection-driven inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. The establishment of chronic inflammation will result in progressive destruction of bone and soft tissue changes. Severe periodontitis can lead to tooth loss. The disease has complex pathogenesis with an interplay between genetic, environmental, and host factors and pathogens. Effective management consists of plaque control and non-surgical interventions, along with adjuvant strategies to control inflammation and disrupt the pathogenic subgingival biofilms. Recent studies have examined novel approaches for managing periodontal diseases such as modulating microbial signaling mechanisms, tissue engineering, and molecular targeting of host inflammatory substances. Mounting evidence suggests the need to integrate omics-based approaches with traditional therapy to address the disease. This article discusses the various evolving and future drug targets, including proteomics, gene therapeutics, vaccines, and nanotechnology in personalized periodontal medicine for the effective management of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Kumar Yadalam
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 602117, India;
| | - V. Kalaivani
- Department of Periodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College & Hospital, SRM Nagar, Chennai 603203, India;
| | - Hammam Ibrahim Fageeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.I.F.); (W.I.)
| | - Wael Ibraheem
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (H.I.F.); (W.I.)
| | - Manea Musa. Al-Ahmari
- Department of Periodontics and Community Medical Science, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samar Saeed Khan
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zeeshan Heera Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hesham H. Abdulkarim
- Advanced Periodontal and Dental Implant Care, Missouri School of Dentistry and Oral Health, A. T. Still University, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA;
| | - Hosam Ali Baeshen
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Shilpa Bhandi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Operative Dentistry, College of dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - A. Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India;
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
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Abstract
With the recognition in the 1960s and 1970s of the periodontopathic importance of the microbial biofilm and its specific anaerobic microorganisms, periodontitis was treated as an infectious disease (more recently, as a dysbiosis). Subsequently, in the 1980s, host-response mechanisms were identified as the mediators of the destruction of the collagen-rich periodontal tissues (gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone), and the periodontopathogens were now regarded as the "trigger" of the inflammatory/collagenolytic response that characterizes actively destructive periodontitis. Also at this time a new pharmacologic strategy emerged, entitled "host-modulation therapy", based on 2 major findings: (1) that the ability of tetracycline antibiotics to inhibit periodontal breakdown was due (in large part) to their previously unrecognized ability to inhibit the host-derived matrix metalloproteinases (notably, the collagenases, gelatinases, macrophage metalloelastase), and by mechanisms unrelated to the antimicrobial properties of these medications; and (2) that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as flurbiprofen, again by nonantimicrobial mechanisms, could reduce the severity of periodontitis (however, the adverse effects of long-term therapy precluded their development as safe and effective host-modulatory agents). Additional mechanistic studies resulted in the development of novel nonantimicrobial formulations (Periostat® [now generic] and Oracea®) and compositions of tetracyclines (notably chemically modified tetracycline-3) as host-modulator drugs for periodontitis, arthritis, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, cancer, and, more recently, for local and systemic bone loss in postmenopausal women. Identification of the cation-binding active site in the tetraphenolic chemically modified tetracycline molecules drove the development of a new category of matrix metalloproteinase-inhibitor compounds, with a similar active site, the biphenolic chemically modified curcumins. A lead compound, chemically modified curcumin 2.24, has demonstrated safety and efficacy in vitro, in cell culture, and in vivo in mouse, rat, rabbit, and dog models of disease. In conclusion, novel host-modulation compounds have shown significant promise as adjuncts to traditional local therapy in the clinical management of periodontal disease; appear to reduce systemic complications of this all-too-common "inflammatory/collagenolytic" disease; and Oracea® is now commonly prescribed for inflammatory dermatologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorne M. Golub
- Department of Oral Biology & PathologySchool of Dental MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York, USA
| | - Hsi‐Ming Lee
- Department of Oral Biology & PathologySchool of Dental MedicineStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew York, USA
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Yang M, Li L, Soh Y, Heo SM. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids and aspirin on Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol 2019; 90:1307-1319. [PMID: 31106412 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacteria which can result in periodontal tissue inflammation, as well as alveolar bone resorption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin (ASA) on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. METHODS Ninety-six male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (age 6 weeks) were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 12 each) and had ligatures placed for 7 days, followed by daily treatment with specific drug regimens for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed 20 days after drug treatment, and their maxillary were subjected to histomorphometric analysis. RAW264.7 cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or receptor activator (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL), and treated with various concentrations of omega-3 and ASA. Then, cyclooxygenase (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression and receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, and Cathepsin-K gene expression were detected. RESULTS The administration of omega-3 fatty acids and aspirin significantly inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in serum of rats. Histomorphometric analysis showed omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin promoted alveolar bone increase. Omega-3 fatty acids only, aspirin only, or omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin also inhibited the protein expressions of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, omega-3 combined with ASA also inhibited the RANKL-induced gene expressions of MMPs in dose-dependent manners. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that omega-3 fatty acids plus aspirin could decrease alveolar bone loss, while simultaneously increasing the protection against periodontal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeon-Ju, South Korea.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Beihua University, Jilin City, Jilin, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, South Korea
| | - Yunjo Soh
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, South Korea
| | - Seok-Mo Heo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeon-Ju, South Korea
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8
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Kurt S, Gürkan ÇG, Keleş Tezal GÇ, Çiftçi A, Gürgör PN, Güler Ş, Çetinkaya BÖ. Histopathological and biochemical evaluation of the effect of Paeoniflorin on the periodontium during and after periodontitis formation in rats. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 102:135-140. [PMID: 31005686 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Appraise the effect of systemic Paeoniflorin (Pae) application on the periodontium during and after induction of experimental periodontitis in the presence of ligature and after its removal. DESIGN Seventy male Wistar rats were separated into seven equal groups. The first group was reserved as healthy control group (Group 1: no periodontitis, no medication) and experimental periodontitis was induced with ligature in the remaining rats. In experimental periodontitis groups, Pae or saline was administered systemically in three differet periods; during the experimental periodontitis induction (period 1), after experimental periodontitis induction which ligature removed (period 2) or ligature kept in position (period 3). Only, one of the groups acted as the control periodontitis group and received no treatment. Experimental periodontitis groups were as follows; Group 2: medication in period 1, Group 3: periodontitis and no medication, Group 4: medication in period 2, Group 5: saline application in period 2, Group 6: medication in period 3, Group 7: saline application in period 3. Matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) levels and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were detected biochemically and histomorphometric analyses were performed. These analyses included measurements of the area of alveolar bone, the level of alveolar bone, and attachment loss. RESULTS Area of alveolar bone and IL-10 levels were higher in the Pae-administered groups; level of alveolar bone, attachment loss, and MMP-9 levels were correspondingly lower (P < 0.05). The beneficial effects at histomorphometrical and biochemical levels of Pae were the strongest in the rats that were administered Pae after the removal of ligature. CONCLUSIONS Systemically administered Pae had a positive effect on the healing of periodontal tissues. Pae can be used as a new therapeutic agent for periodontal diseases, but microbiology-based studies and more extensive biochemistry-based experimental and clinical studies are needed to address this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevda Kurt
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize,Turkey.
| | | | - Gonca Çayır Keleş Tezal
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, İstanbul Okan University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Alper Çiftçi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Pınar Naile Gürgör
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medicine, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Şevki Güler
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Burcu Özkan Çetinkaya
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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Wang HY, Lin L, Fu W, Yu HY, Yu N, Tan LS, Cheng JW, Pan YP. Preventive effects of the novel antimicrobial peptide Nal-P-113 in a rat Periodontitis model by limiting the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and modulating IL-1β and TNF-α production. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:426. [PMID: 28851350 PMCID: PMC5576277 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1931-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background P-113 (AKRHHGYKRKFH-NH2) is a 12-amino-acid histidine-rich peptide derived from histatin 5 that is highly degradable in high salt concentrations and biological fluids such as serum, plasma and saliva. Nal-P-113, a novel antimicrobial peptide whose histidine residues are replaced by the bulky amino acids β-naphthylalanine, causes the antimicrobial peptide to retain its bactericidal activity even in physiological environments. This study evaluated the effect of the novel antimicrobial peptide Nal-P-113 in a rat periodontitis model and the mechanisms of action of Nal-P-113 for suppressing periodontitis. Methods Periodontitis was induced in mandibular first molars in rats receiving a ligature and infected with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Animals were randomly divided into six groups: a, P. gingivalis W83 alone; b, P. gingivalis W83 with 6.25 μg/mL of Nal-P-113; c, P. gingivalis W83 with 25 μg/mL of Nal-P-113; d, P. gingivalis W83 with 100 μg/mL of Nal-P-113; e, P. gingivalis W83 with 400 μg/mL of Nal-P-113; and f, control without P. gingivalis W83 or Nal-P-113. Morphometric analysis was used to evaluate alveolar bone loss. Microbiological assessment of the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis and total bacteria was performed using absolute quantitative real-time PCR and scanning electron microscopy. Gingival tissue was collected for western blot and immunohistochemical assays of IL-1β and TNF-α levels. Results Alveolar bone loss was inhibited by 100 μg/mL or 400 μg/mL of Nal-P-113 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Lower amounts of P. gingivalis and total bacteria were found in groups d and e compared with group a (P < 0.05). A decrease in the levels of IL-1β and TNF-α was detected in group d and group e compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The amount of P. gingivalis was positively correlated with IL-1β and TNF-α expression in periodontal tissue (P < 0.05). Conclusions Nal-P-113 exhibited protective effects on Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis in rats by limiting the amount of bacteria and modulating IL-1β and TNF-α production. The use of Nal-P-113 in vivo might serve as a beneficial preventive or therapeutic approach for periodontitis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1931-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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10
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Gaur S, Agnihotri R. Trace Mineral Micronutrients and Chronic Periodontitis-a Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2017; 176:225-238. [PMID: 27580897 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0832-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trace mineral micronutrients are imperative for optimum host response. Populations worldwide are prone to their insufficiency owing to lifestyle changes or poor nutritional intake. Balanced levels of trace minerals like iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se) and copper (Cu) are essential to prevent progression of chronic conditions like periodontitis. Their excess as well as deficiency is detrimental to periodontal health. This is specifically true in relation to Fe. Furthermore, some trace elements, e.g. Se, Zn and Cu are integral components of antioxidant enzymes and prevent reactive oxygen species induced destruction of tissues. Their deficiency can worsen periodontitis associated with systemic conditions like diabetes mellitus. With this background, the present review first focusses on the role of four trace minerals, namely, Fe, Zn, Se and Cu in periodontal health followed by an appraisal of the data from case control studies related to their association with chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gaur
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Rupali Agnihotri
- Department of Periodontology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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Kim MH, Lee HJ, Park JC, Hong J, Yang WM. Zanthoxylum piperitum reversed alveolar bone loss of periodontitis via regulation of bone remodeling-related factors. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 195:137-142. [PMID: 27777167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zanthoxylum piperitum (ZP) has been used to prevent toothache in East Asia. AIM OF STUDY In this study, we investigated the effects of ZP on periodontitis along with alveolar bone loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into 4 groups; non-ligated (NOR), ligated and treated vehicle (CTR), ligated and treated 1mg/mL ZP (ZP1), and ligated and treated 100mg/mL ZP (ZP100). Sterilized 3-0 nylon ligature was placed into the subgingival sulcus around the both sides of mandibular first molar. After topical application of 1 and 100mg/mL ZP for 2 weeks, mandibles was removed for histology. In addition, SaOS-2 osteoblast cells were treated 1, 10 and 100μg/mL ZP for 24h to analyze the expressions of alveolar bone-related markers. RESULTS Several alveolar bone resorption pits, which indicate cementum demineralization were decreased by ZP treatment. Topical ZP treatment inhibited periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss. In addition, there were significant reduction of osteoclastic activities following topical ZP treatment in periodontium. The expression of RANKL was decreased in SaOS-2 osteoblast cells by treating ZP, while that of OPG was increased. ZP treatment increased the expressions of Runx2 and Osterix in SaOS-2 cells. CONCLUSION In summary, ZP treatment inhibited alveolar bone loss as well as maintained the integrity of periodontal structures via regulation of bone remodeling. ZP may be a therapeutic target for treating periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hye Kim
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ji Lee
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Chul Park
- Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Mo Yang
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Dundar S, Eltas A, Hakki SS, Malkoc S, Uslu MO, Tuzcu M, Komorowski J, Ozercan IH, Akdemir F, Sahin K. Dietary arginine silicate inositol complex inhibits periodontal tissue loss in rats with ligature-induced periodontitis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3771-3778. [PMID: 27895467 PMCID: PMC5117900 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s115088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to induce experimental periodontitis in rats previously fed diets containing arginine silicate inositol (ASI) complex and examine the biochemical, immunological, and radiological effects. Fifty two 8-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into four groups. The control group included those fed a standard rat diet with no operation performed during the experiment. The periodontitis, ASI I, and ASI II groups were subjected to experimental periodontitis induction for 11 days after being fed a standard rat diet alone, a diet containing 1.81 g/kg ASI complex, or a diet containing 3.62 g/kg ASI complex, respectively, for 8 weeks. Throughout the 11-day duration of periodontitis induction, all rats were fed standard feed. The rats were euthanized on the eleventh day, and their tissue and blood samples were collected. In the periodontitis group, elevated tissue destruction parameters and reduced tissue formation parameters were found, as compared to the ASI groups. Levels of enzymes, cytokines, and mediators associated with periodontal tissue destruction were lower in rats fed a diet containing ASI complex after experimental periodontitis. These results indicate that ASI complex could be an alternative agent for host modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Dundar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Firat University, Elazig
| | - Abubekir Eltas
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya
| | - Sema S Hakki
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya
| | - Sıddık Malkoc
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya
| | - M Ozay Uslu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Inonu University, Malatya
| | - Mehmet Tuzcu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | | | | | - Fatih Akdemir
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Fisheries, Inonu University, Malatya
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
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13
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Yu W, Bien-Aime S, Mattos M, Alsadun S, Wada K, Rogado S, Fiorellini J, Graves D, Uhrich K. Sustained, localized salicylic acid delivery enhances diabetic bone regeneration via prolonged mitigation of inflammation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:2595-603. [PMID: 27194511 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by insulin resistance and/or deficiency and impairs bone quality and bone healing due to altered gene expression, reduced vascularization, and prolonged inflammation. No effective treatments for diabetic bone healing are currently available, and most existing treatments do not directly address the diabetic complications that impair bone healing. We recently demonstrated that sustained and localized delivery of salicylic acid (SA) via an SA-based polymer provides a low-cost approach to enhance diabetic bone regeneration. Herein, we report mechanistic studies that delve into the biological action and local pharmacokinetics of SA-releasing polymers shown to enhance diabetic bone regeneration. The results suggest that low SA concentrations were locally maintained at the bone defect site for more than 1 month. As a result of the sustained SA release, a significantly reduced inflammation was observed in diabetic animals, which in turn, yielded reduced osteoclast density and activity, as well as increased osteoblastogenesis. Based upon these results, localized and sustained SA delivery from the SA-based polymer effectively improved bone regeneration in diabetic animals by affecting both osteoclasts and osteoblasts, thereby providing a positive basis for clinical treatments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2595-2603, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Stephan Bien-Aime
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Marcelo Mattos
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Alsadun
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Keisuke Wada
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah Rogado
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Joseph Fiorellini
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dana Graves
- Department of Periodontics, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kathryn Uhrich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey
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14
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Gaur S, Agnihotri R. Alzheimer's disease and chronic periodontitis: is there an association? Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 15:391-404. [PMID: 25511390 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, an affliction of old age, is one of the leading causes for dementia worldwide. Various risk factors including family history, genetics and infections have been implicated in its pathogenesis. The cognitive decline in this condition is mainly a result of the formation of amyloid deposits that provoke neuroinflammation, ultimately resulting in cell death. Recently, an association between peripheral inflammation and Alzheimer's disease was hypothesized. It was suggested that chronic systemic inflammation worsened the inflammatory processes in the brain. This was mainly attributed to increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin-1, interleukin -6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the plasma. As chronic periodontitis is a widespread peripheral immunoinflammatory condition, it has been proposed to play a significant role in the aggravation of Alzheimer's disease. With this background, the current review focuses on the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and chronic periodontitis, and its therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Gaur
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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15
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Haghnegahdar A, Khosrovpanah H, Andisheh-Tadbir A, Mortazavi G, Saeedi Moghadam M, Mortazavi SMJ, Zamani A, Haghani M, Shojaei Fard M, Parsaei H, Koohi O. Design and fabrication of helmholtz coils to study the effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on the healing process in periodontitis: preliminary animal results. J Biomed Phys Eng 2014; 4:83-90. [PMID: 25505775 PMCID: PMC4258865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effects of electromagnetic fields on healing have been investigated for centuries. Substantial data indicate that exposure to electromagnetic field can lead to enhanced healing in both soft and hard tissues. Helmholtz coils are devices that generate pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF). Objective : In this work, a pair of Helmholtz coils for enhancing the healing process in periodontitis was designed and fabricated. METHOD An identical pair of square Helmholtz coils generated the 50 Hz magnetic field. This device was made up of two parallel coaxial circular coils (100 turns in each loop, wound in series) which were separated from each other by a distance equal to the radius of one coil (12.5 cm). The windings of our Helmholtz coil was made of standard 0.95mm wire to provide the maximum possible current. The coil was powered by a function generator. RESULTS The Helmholtz Coils generated a uniform magnetic field between its coils. The magnetic field strength at the center of the space between two coils was 97.6 μT. Preliminary biological studies performed on rats show that exposure of laboratory animals to pulsed electromagnetic fields enhanced the healing of periodontitis. CONCLUSION Exposure to PEMFs can lead to stimulatory physiological effects on cells and tissues such as enhanced healing of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Haghnegahdar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - H Khosrovpanah
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Andisheh-Tadbir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gh Mortazavi
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Saeedi Moghadam
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Centre (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - SMJ Mortazavi
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Centre (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Zamani
- Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Haghani
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Centre (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Shojaei Fard
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Centre (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - H Parsaei
- Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - O Koohi
- Animal laboratory, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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16
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de Araújo AA, Varela H, Brito GADC, de Medeiros CACX, Araújo LDS, do Nascimento JHO, de Araújo Júnior RF. Azilsartan increases levels of IL-10, down-regulates MMP-2, MMP-9, RANKL/RANK, Cathepsin K and up-regulates OPG in an experimental periodontitis model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96750. [PMID: 24819928 PMCID: PMC4018354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of azilsartan (AZT) on bone loss, inflammation, and the expression of matrix metallo proteinases (MMPs), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK), osteoprotegerin (OPG), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and cathepsin K in periodontal tissue in a rat model of ligature-induced periodontitis. Materials and Methods Male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups of 10 rats each: (1) nonligated, water; (2) ligated, water; (3) ligated, 1 mg/kg AZT; (4) ligated, 5 mg/kg AZT; and (5) ligated, 10 mg/kg AZT. All groups were treated with saline or AZT for 10 days. Periodontal tissues were analyzed by histopathology and immunohistochemical detection of MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, RANKL, RANK, OPG, and cathepsin K. Levels of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and glutathione (GSH) were determined by ELISA. Results Treatment with 5 mg/kg AZT resulted in reduced MPO (p<0.05) and IL-1β (p<0.05), increased levels of IL-10 (p<0.05), and reduced expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, COX-2, RANK, RANKL, cathepsin K, and increased expression of OPG. Conclusions These findings reveal that AZT increases anti-inflammatory cytokines and GSH and decreases bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurigena Antunes de Araújo
- Post Graduation Program Public Health/Post Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science/Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology,UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Hugo Varela
- Post Graduation Program Public Health/Department of Dentistry, UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Raimundo Fernandes de Araújo Júnior
- Post Graduation Program in Functional and Structural Biology/Post Graduation Program Health Science/Department of Morphology, UFRN, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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17
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Araújo AA, Souza TO, Moura LM, Brito GAC, Aragão KS, Araújo LS, Medeiros CAX, Alves MSCF, Araújo RF. Effect of telmisartan on levels of IL-1, TNF-α, down-regulated COX-2, MMP-2, MMP-9 and RANKL/RANK in an experimental periodontitis model. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 40:1104-11. [PMID: 24118063 PMCID: PMC4274974 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of telmisartan (TELM) on inflammation, oxidation and the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the expression RANKL/RANK/OPG in the periodontal tissue of a rat model for ligature-induced periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into five groups of 10 rats each: (i) non-ligated, given water; (ii) ligated, given water; (iii) ligated, given 1 mg/kg TELM; (iv) ligated, given 5 mg/kg TELM; and (v) ligated, given 10 mg/kg TELM. All groups were treated with saline or TELM for 10 days. Periodontal tissue was analysed by histopathology; by the immunohistochemical examination of COX-2, MMP-2, MMP-9 and the RANKL/RANK/OPG pathway; and by ELISA analysis of the levels of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase (MPO), malonaldehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). RESULTS Treatment with 10 mg/kg TELM resulted in reduced concentrations of MPO, MDA (p < 0.05) and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (p < 0.05); reduced expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, RANK, RANKL and COX-2; and an increase in OPG. The levels of TNF-α were significantly reduced in all TELM-treated groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm the involvement of TELM in reducing the inflammatory response, oxidative stress and bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurigena A Araújo
- Post graduation Program Public Health/Post Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
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