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Chen R, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Wang X, Li Y, Wang M, Wang H, Dong M, Zhou Q, Yang L. The Role of SLIT3-ROBO4 Signaling in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Delayed Corneal Epithelial and Nerve Regeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:8. [PMID: 38700874 PMCID: PMC11077912 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.5.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose In the present study, we aim to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced delayed corneal epithelial wound healing and nerve regeneration. Methods Human limbal epithelial cells (HLECs) were treated with thapsigargin to induce excessive ER stress and then RNA sequencing was performed. Immunofluorescence, qPCR, Western blot, and ELISA were used to detect the expression changes of SLIT3 and its receptors ROBO1-4. The role of recombinant SLIT3 protein in corneal epithelial proliferation and migration were assessed by CCK8 and cell scratch assay, respectively. Thapsigargin, exogenous SLIT3 protein, SLIT3-specific siRNA, and ROBO4-specific siRNA was injected subconjunctivally to evaluate the effects of different intervention on corneal epithelial and nerve regeneration. In addition, Ki67 staining was performed to evaluate the proliferation ability of epithelial cells. Results Thapsigargin suppressed normal corneal epithelial and nerve regeneration significantly. RNA sequencing genes related to development and regeneration revealed that thapsigargin induced ER stress significantly upregulated the expression of SLIT3 and ROBO4 in corneal epithelial cells. Exogenous SLIT3 inhibited normal corneal epithelial injury repair and nerve regeneration, and significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration ability of cultured mouse corneal epithelial cells. SLIT3 siRNA inhibited ROBO4 expression and promoted epithelial wound healing under thapsigargin treatment. ROBO4 siRNA significantly attenuated the delayed corneal epithelial injury repair and nerve regeneration induced by SLIT3 treatment or thapsigargin treatment. Conclusions ER stress inhibits corneal epithelial injury repair and nerve regeneration may be related with the upregulation of SLIT3-ROBO4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Huifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Muchen Dong
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, China
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, China
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Jin JC, Chen BY, Deng CH, Chen JN, Xu F, Tao Y, Hu CL, Xu CH, Chang BH, Wang Y, Fei MY, Liu P, Yu PC, Li ZJ, Li XY, Chen SB, Jiang YL, Chen XC, Zong LJ, Zhang JY, Ren YY, Xu FH, Liu Q, Huang XH, Guo J, He Q, Song LX, Zhou LY, Su JY, Xiao C, Zhang YM, Yan M, Zhang Z, Wu D, Chang CK, Li X, Wang L, Wu LY. ROBO1 deficiency impairs HSPC homeostasis and erythropoiesis via CDC42 and predicts poor prognosis in MDS. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7375. [PMID: 38019913 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a group of clonal hematopoietic neoplasms originating from hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). We previously identified frequent roundabout guidance receptor 1 (ROBO1) mutations in patients with MDS, while the exact role of ROBO1 in hematopoiesis remains poorly delineated. Here, we report that ROBO1 deficiency confers MDS-like disease with anemia and multilineage dysplasia in mice and predicts poor prognosis in patients with MDS. More specifically, Robo1 deficiency impairs HSPC homeostasis and disrupts HSPC pool, especially the reduction of megakaryocyte erythroid progenitors, which causes a blockage in the early stages of erythropoiesis in mice. Mechanistically, transcriptional profiling indicates that Cdc42, a member of the Rho-guanosine triphosphatase family, acts as a downstream target gene for Robo1 in HSPCs. Overexpression of Cdc42 partially restores the self-renewal and erythropoiesis of HSPCs in Robo1-deficient mice. Collectively, our result implicates the essential role of ROBO1 in maintaining HSPC homeostasis and erythropoiesis via CDC42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Cheng Jin
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing-Yi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu-Han Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Nan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Long Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Hui Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin-He Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Yue Fei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Ya Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Bei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Lun Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Chi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Juan Zong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Yi Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan-Huan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Hui Huang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu-Xi Song
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Yu Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Ying Su
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Mei Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Yan
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Kang Chang
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Yun Wu
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Hematology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Katoku-Kikyo N, Lim S, Yuan C, Koroth J, Nakagawa Y, Bradley EW, Kikyo N. The circadian regulator PER1 promotes cell reprogramming by inhibiting inflammatory signaling from macrophages. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002419. [PMID: 38048364 PMCID: PMC10721173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian regulation of gene expression is prevalent and plays critical roles in cell differentiation. However, its roles in the reprogramming of differentiated cells remain largely unknown. Here, we found that one of the master circadian regulators PER1 promoted virus-mediated reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to induced neurons (iNs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Unexpectedly, PER1 achieved this by repressing inflammatory activation of contaminating macrophages in the MEF culture, rather than by directly modulating the reprogrammability of MEFs. More specifically, we found that transduced viruses activated inflammatory genes in macrophages, such as Tnf encoding TNFα, one of the central inflammatory regulators and an autocrine activator of macrophages. TNFα inhibited iN reprogramming, whereas a TNFα inhibitor promoted iN reprogramming, connecting the inflammatory responses to iN reprogramming. In addition, macrophages were induced to proliferate and mature by non-macrophage cells serving as feeders, which also supported up-regulation of TNFα in macrophages without virus transduction. Furthermore, the 2 inflammatory responses were repressed by the circadian regulator PER1 in macrophages, making reprogrammability dependent on time-of-day of virus transduction. Similar results were obtained with iPSC reprogramming, suggesting a wide occurrence of macrophage-mediated inhibition of cell reprogramming. This study uncovers mechanistic links between cell reprogramming, bystander inflammatory macrophages, and circadian rhythms, which are particularly relevant to in vivo reprogramming and organoid formation incorporating immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Katoku-Kikyo
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Seunghyun Lim
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ce Yuan
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jinsha Koroth
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yasushi Nakagawa
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth W. Bradley
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Nobuaki Kikyo
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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Jiang Z, Zhang W, Liu C, Xia L, Wang S, Wang Y, Shao K, Han B. Facilitation of Cell Cycle and Cellular Migration of Rat Schwann Cells by O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan to Support Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300025. [PMID: 37282815 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-chitosan), holds high potential as a valuable biomaterial for nerve guidance conduits (NGCs). However, the lack of explicit bioactivity on neurocytes and poor duration that does not match nerve repair limit the restorative effects. Herein, CM-chitosan-based NGC is designed to induce the reconstruction of damaged peripheral nerves without addition of other activation factors. CM-chitosan possesses excellent performance in vitro for nerve tissue engineering, such as increasing the organization of filamentous actin and the expression of phospho-Akt, and facilitating the cell cycle and migration of Schwann cells. Moreover, CM-chitosan exhibits increased longevity upon cross-linking (C-CM-chitosan) with 1, 4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether, and C-CM-chitosan fibers possess appropriate biocompatibility. In order to imitate the structure of peripheral nerves, multichannel bioactive NGCs are prepared from lumen fillers of oriented C-CM-chitosan fibers and outer warp-knitted chitosan pipeline. Implantation of the C-CM-chitosan NGCs to rats with 10-mm defects of peripheral nerves effectively improve nerve function reconstruction by increasing the sciatic functional index, decreasing the latent periods of heat tingling, enhancing the gastrocnemius muscle, and promoting nerve axon recovery, showing regenerative efficacy similar to that of autograft. The results lay a theoretical foundation for improving the potential high-value applications of CM-chitosan-based bioactive materials in nerve tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Jiang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Chenqi Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Xia
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Yanting Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
| | - Kai Shao
- Department of Central Laboratory, Qilu Hospital (Qingdao), Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266035, P. R. China
| | - Baoqin Han
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, P. R. China
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Heredia JE, Jung M, Balestrini A, Doerr J, Paler-Martinez A, Mozzarelli A, Riol-Blanco L, Kaminker JS, Ding N. Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Links Nonmyelinating Schwann Cells to Proinflammatory Response in the Lung. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:844-852. [PMID: 37477665 PMCID: PMC10450159 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The lung is a barrier tissue with constant exposure to the inhaled environment. Therefore, innate immunity against particulates and pathogens is of critical importance to maintain tissue homeostasis. Although the lung harbors both myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells (NMSCs), NMSCs represent the most abundant Schwann cell (SC) population in the lung. However, their contribution to lung physiology remains largely unknown. In this study, we used the human glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter driving tdTomato expression in mice to identify SCs in the peripheral nervous system and determine their location within the lung. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed the existence of two NMSC populations (NMSC1 and NMSC2) that may participate in pathogen recognition. We demonstrated that these pulmonary SCs produce chemokines and cytokines upon LPS stimulation using in vitro conditions. Furthermore, we challenged mouse lungs with LPS and found that NMSC1 exhibits an enriched proinflammatory response among all SC subtypes. Collectively, these findings define the molecular profiles of lung SCs and suggest a potential role for NMSCs in lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E. Heredia
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Min Jung
- Department of OMNI Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Jonas Doerr
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ning Ding
- Department of Discovery Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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Bai Y, Di G, Ge H, Li B, Zhang K, Zhang D, Wang D, Chen P. Regulation of Axon Guidance by Slit2 and Netrin-1 Signaling in the Lacrimal Gland of Aqp5 Knockout Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:27. [PMID: 37707834 PMCID: PMC10506685 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dry eye disease (DED) is multifactorial and associated with nerve abnormalities. We explored an Aquaporin 5 (AQP5)-deficiency-induced JunB activation mechanism, which causes abnormal lacrimal gland (LG) nerve distribution through Slit2 upregulation and Netrin-1 repression. Methods Aqp5 knockout (Aqp5-/-) and wild-type (Aqp5+/+) mice were studied. LGs were permeabilized and stained with neuronal class III β-tubulin, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Whole-mount images were acquired through tissue clearing and 3D fluorescence imaging. Mouse primary trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons were treated with LG extracts and Netrin-1/Slit2 neutralizing antibody. Transcription factor (TF) prediction and chromatin immunoprecipitation-polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-PCR) experiments verified the JunB binding and regulatory effect on Netrin-1 and Slit2. Results Three-dimensional tissue and section immunofluorescence showed reduced LG nerves in Aqp5-/- mice, with sympathetic and sensory nerves significantly decreased. Netrin-1 was reduced and Slit2 increased in Aqp5-/- mice LGs. Aqp5+/+ mice LG tissue extracts (TEs) promoted Aqp5-/- TG neurons axon growth, but Netrin-1 neutralizing antibody (NAb) could inhibit that promotion. Aqp5-/- mice LG TEs inhibited Aqp5+/+ TG axon growth, but Slit2 NAb alleviated that inhibition. Furthermore, JunB, a Netrin-1 and Slit2 TF, could bind them and regulate their expression. SR11302, meanwhile, reversed the Netrin-1 and Slit2 shifts caused by AQP5 deficiency. Conclusions AQP5 deficiency causes LG nerve abnormalities. Persistent JunB activation, the common denominator for Netrin-1 suppression and Slit2 induction, was found in Aqp5-/- mice LG epithelial cells. This affected sensory and sympathetic nerve fibers' distribution in LGs. Our findings provide insights into preventing, reversing, and treating DED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Bai
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guohu Di
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Stem Cell Regeneration Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Huanhuan Ge
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaier Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dianqiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Aier Eye Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Stem Cell Regeneration Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Zhang T, Zhao J, Guan Y, Li X, Bai J, Song X, Jia Z, Chen S, Li C, Xu Y, Peng J, Wang Y. Deferoxamine promotes peripheral nerve regeneration by enhancing Schwann cell function and promoting axon regeneration of dorsal root ganglion. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00249-X. [PMID: 37286159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Deferoxamine (DFO) is a potent iron chelator for clinical treatment of various diseases. Recent studies have also shown its potential to promote vascular regeneration during peripheral nerve regeneration. However, the effect of DFO on the Schwann cell function and axon regeneration remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of DFO on Schwann cell viability, proliferation, migration, expression of key functional genes, and axon regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) through a series of in vitro experiments. We found that DFO improves Schwann cell viability, proliferation, and migration in the early stages, with an optimal concentration of 25 μM. DFO also upregulates the expression of myelin-related genes and nerve growth-promoting factors in Schwann cells, while inhibiting the expression of Schwann cell dedifferentiation genes. Moreover, the appropriate concentration of DFO promotes axon regeneration in DRG. Our findings demonstrate that DFO, with suitable concentration and duration of action, can positively affect multiple stages of peripheral nerve regeneration, thereby improving the effectiveness of nerve injury repair. This study also enriches the theory of DFO promoting peripheral nerve regeneration and provides a basis for the design of sustained-release DFO nerve grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tieyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jinjuan Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yanjun Guan
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiangling Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China; The School of Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121099, China
| | - Jun Bai
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xiangyu Song
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Zhibo Jia
- Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - Shengfeng Chen
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China; Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Chaochao Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China; Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yifan Xu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Department of Orthopedics, the Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226007, China.
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8
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He Q, Cheng Z, Zhou Q, Tong F, Li Y, Zhou X, Yu M, Ji Y, Ding F. Sensory and motor fibroblasts have different protein expression patterns and exert different growth promoting effects on sensory and motor neurons. Exp Neurol 2023; 361:114314. [PMID: 36586550 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Functional reconstruction after peripheral nerve injury depends on the ability of the regenerated sensory and motor axons to re-innervate the suitable target organs. Therefore, it is essential to explore the cellular mechanisms of peripheral nerve-specific regeneration. In a previous study, we found that sensory and motor fibroblasts can guide Schwann cells to migrate towards the same phenotype. In the present paper, we analyzed the different effects of sensory and motor fibroblasts on sensory or motor neurons. The fibroblasts and neurons co-culture assay showed that compared with motor fibroblasts, sensory fibroblasts promote the neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons on a larger scale, and vice versa. Furthermore, a higher proportion of sensory or motor fibroblasts migrated towards their respective (sensory or motor) neurons. Meanwhile, a comparative proteomic approach was applied to obtain the protein expression profiles of sensory and motor fibroblasts. Among a total of 2597 overlapping proteins identified, we counted 148 differentially expressed items, of those 116 had a significantly higher expression in sensory fibroblasts, and 32 had a significantly greater expression in motor fibroblasts. Functional categorization revealed that differentially expressed proteins were involved in regeneration, axon guidance and cytoskeleton organization, all of which might play a critical role in peripheral nerve-specific regeneration. After nerve crush injury, ITB1 protein expression decreased significantly in motor nerves and increased in sensory nerves. In vitro, ITB1 significantly promoted axonal regeneration of sensory neurons, but had no significant effect on motor neurons. Overall, sensory and motor fibroblasts express different proteins and exert different growth promoting effects on sensory and motor neurons. This comparative proteomic database of sensory and motor fibroblasts could provide future directions for in-depth research on peripheral nerve-specific regeneration. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD034827.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru He
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Zhenghang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Fang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Xinyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Miaomei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Yuhua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China.
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China.
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9
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Zheng B, Li S, Xiang Y, Zong W, Ma Q, Wang S, Wu H, Song H, Ren H, Chen J, Liu J, Zhao F. Netrin-1 mediates nerve innervation and angiogenesis leading to discogenic pain. J Orthop Translat 2022; 39:21-33. [PMID: 36605621 PMCID: PMC9804017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Discogenic low back pain (LBP) is associated with nociceptive nerve fibers that grow into degenerated intervertebral discs (IVD) but the etiopathogenesis of disease is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to clarify the role of Netrin-1 in causing discogenic LBP. Methods The level of nociceptive nerve innervation was examined in disc degenerative patients and rat needle-punctured models by immunohistochemistry. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were isolated from IVD tissues of rats and induced degeneration by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). The candidate genes related to neuron outgrowth and migration were selected by Next-generation sequencing (NGS). CRISPR/Cas9 was used to knockdown Netrin-1 in NP cells. The impact of Netrin-1 on nerve innervation were evaluated with P2X2、NF200 staining and microfluidics assay. Meanwhile the CD31 staining and transwell assay were used to evaluate the impact of Netrin-1 in angiogenesis. The proteins and RNA extracted from NP cells related to catabolism and anabolism were examined by western blot assay and RT-qPCR experiment. ChIP and luciferase experiments were used to assess the intracellular transcriptional regulation of Netrin-1. Further, a needle-punctured rat model followed by histomorphometry and immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to explore the potential effect of Netrin-1 on LBP in vivo. Results The level of nerve innervation was increased in severe disc degenerative patients while the expression of Netrin-1 was upregulated. The supernatants of NP cells stimulated with IL-1β or TNFα containing more Netrin-1 could promote axon growth and vascular endothelial cells migration. Knocking down Netrin-1 or overexpressing transcription factor TCF3 as a negative regulator of Netrin-1 attenuated this effect. The needle-punctured rat model brought significant spinal hypersensitivity, nerve innervation and angiogenesis, nevertheless knocking down Netrin-1 effectively prevented disc degeneration-induced adverse impacts. Conclusion Discogenic LBP was induced by Netrin-1, which mediated nerve innervation and angiogenesis in disc degeneration. Knocking down Netrin-1 by CRISPR/Cas9 or negatively regulating Netrin1 by transcription factor TCF3 could alleviate spinal hypersensitivity. The translational potential of this article This study on Netrin-1 could provide a new target and theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment for discogenic back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Shengwen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 1055 Sanxiang Road, 215003, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,Second Department of Orthopaedics Haining People's Hospital, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314400, China
| | - Yufeng Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Wentian Zong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Qingliang Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Haihao Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Department of Orthopedics, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 41 Northwest Street, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315010, China
| | - Haixin Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
| | - Fengdong Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China,Corresponding author. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, China.
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10
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Chen Y, Pan Z, Meng F, Yu X, Xu Q, Huang L, Liang Q, Wu Y, Lin X. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of the therapeutic effect of combined electroacupuncture and stem cells in acute peripheral nerve injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1065557. [PMID: 36605615 PMCID: PMC9807880 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1065557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of a combination of Bone Mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation and Electroacupuncture (EA) for acute sciatic nerve injury in rats using magnetic resonance. Methods: Ninety-two male adult healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the EA+BMSCs group, EA group, MSCs group, and PBS group (control). Electroacupuncture was performed on a rat receiving EA treatment at Huantiao (GB30) and Zusanli (ST36). T2 values and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) derived from multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histological assessments, and immunohistochemistry was used to monitor nerve regeneration. Walking track analysis was used to assess nerve functional recovery. Repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the significance of T2, DTI, and SFI values among the four groups. One-way analysis of variance was used for comparing the histological characteristics. Bonferroni test was used for multiple pairwise comparisons at each time point. Results: In terms of FA, the EA+BMSCs and EA groups had faster recovery than PBS (control) in all time points after surgery, and the EA+BMSCs group recovered better than the BMSCs group at 3 weeks (P ≤ 0.008). FA values were higher in the EA group than in the BMSCs group at 4 weeks (P ≤ 0.008). In terms of RD, the EA+BMSCs group recovered better than the BMSCs group at 2 and 4 weeks (P ≤ 0.008). Immunofluorescence staining for axon guidance molecule netrin-1 revealed that it was significantly higher in the EA+BMSCs subgroup and EA subgroup than it was in the control (PBS) subgroup at 1-3 weeks (P < 0.001). Immunofluorescence staining for S100 showed the continuity of nerve fibers recovered more quickly in the EA+BMSCs subgroup than in the BMSCs subgroup. Conclusion: Our research revealed that a combination of MSCs and EA can provide both topological and biomolecular guidance to promote axonal extension, myelin regeneration, and functional recovery after PNI. EA not only promotes nerve repair on its own, but also enhanced the beneficial effects of stem cell treatment and the secretion of netrin 1, a guidance regeneration factor, and promotes the orderly growth of nerve fibers. These PNI repairs could be monitored non-invasively and in situ by MRI. The FA and RD values derived from MRI could be sensitive biomarkers to reflect the PNI repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongxian Pan
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanqi Meng
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuewen Yu
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Leyu Huang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiumei Liang
- Department of Radiology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital (The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Xiaofeng Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Xiaofeng Lin
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11
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Jiang L, Sun J, Huang D. Role of Slit/Robo Signaling pathway in Bone Metabolism. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:1303-1312. [PMID: 35173554 PMCID: PMC8771833 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.66931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Slit/Robo signals were initially found to play an essential role in nerve development as axonal guidance molecules. In recent years, with in-depth study, the role of Slit/Robo in other life activities, such as tumor development, angiogenesis, cell migration, and bone homeostasis, has gradually been revealed. Bone is an organ with an active metabolism. Bone resorption and bone formation are closely related through precise spatiotemporal coordination. There is much evidence that slit, as a new bone coupling factor, can regulate bone formation and resorption. For example, Slit3 can promote bone formation and inhibit bone resorption through Robo receptors, which has excellent therapeutic potential in metabolic bone diseases. Although the conclusions of some studies are contradictory, they all affirm the vital role of Slit/Robo signaling in regulating bone metabolism. This paper reviews the research progress of Slit/Robo signaling in bone metabolism, briefly discusses the contradictions in the existing research, and puts forward the research direction of Slit/Robo in the field of bone metabolism in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianxun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Zhou Q, Yang L, Wang Q, Li Y, Wei C, Xie L. Mechanistic investigations of diabetic ocular surface diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1079541. [PMID: 36589805 PMCID: PMC9800783 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1079541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus over recent decades, more patients suffered from various diabetic complications, including diabetic ocular surface diseases that may seriously affect the quality of life and even vision sight. The major diabetic ocular surface diseases include diabetic keratopathy and dry eye. Diabetic keratopathy is characterized with the delayed corneal epithelial wound healing, reduced corneal nerve density, decreased corneal sensation and feeling of burning or dryness. Diabetic dry eye is manifested as the reduction of tear secretion accompanied with the ocular discomfort. The early clinical symptoms include dry eye and corneal nerve degeneration, suggesting the early diagnosis should be focused on the examination of confocal microscopy and dry eye symptoms. The pathogenesis of diabetic keratopathy involves the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products, impaired neurotrophic innervations and limbal stem cell function, and dysregulated growth factor signaling, and inflammation alterations. Diabetic dry eye may be associated with the abnormal mitochondrial metabolism of lacrimal gland caused by the overactivation of sympathetic nervous system. Considering the important roles of the dense innervations in the homeostatic maintenance of cornea and lacrimal gland, further studies on the neuroepithelial and neuroimmune interactions will reveal the predominant pathogenic mechanisms and develop the targeting intervention strategies of diabetic ocular surface complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lixin Xie
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Lixin Xie,
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13
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Wu J, Zhu ZY, Fan ZW, Chen Y, Yang RY, Li Y. Downregulation of EphB2 by RNA interference attenuates glial/fibrotic scar formation and promotes axon growth. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:362-369. [PMID: 34269211 PMCID: PMC8463997 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.317988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid formation of a glial/fibrotic scar is one of the main factors hampering axon growth after spinal cord injury. The bidirectional EphB2/ephrin-B2 signaling of the fibroblast-astrocyte contact-dependent interaction is a trigger for glial/fibrotic scar formation. In the present study, a new in vitro model was produced by coculture of fibroblasts and astrocytes wounded by scratching to mimic glial/fibrotic scar-like structures using an improved slide system. After treatment with RNAi to downregulate EphB2, changes in glial/fibrotic scar formation and the growth of VSC4.1 motoneuron axons were examined. Following RNAi treatment, fibroblasts and astrocytes dispersed without forming a glial/fibrotic scar-like structure. Furthermore, the expression levels of neurocan, NG2 and collagen I in the coculture were reduced, and the growth of VSC4.1 motoneuron axons was enhanced. These findings suggest that suppression of EphB2 expression by RNAi attenuates the formation of a glial/fibrotic scar and promotes axon growth. This study was approved by the Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Province, China (approval No. 2019-0506-002) on May 6, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Zhu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Fan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ri-Yun Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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14
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Klimovich P, Rubina K, Sysoeva V, Semina E. New Frontiers in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Concerns and Remedies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13380. [PMID: 34948176 PMCID: PMC8703705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical advances in studying molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for regeneration in the peripheral nervous system have highlighted the ability of the nervous system to repair itself. Still, serious injuries represent a challenge for the morphological and functional regeneration of peripheral nerves, calling for new treatment strategies that maximize nerve regeneration and recovery. This review presents the canonical view of the basic mechanisms of nerve regeneration and novel data on the role of exosomes and their transferred microRNAs in intracellular communication, regulation of axonal growth, Schwann cell migration and proliferation, and stromal cell functioning. An integrated comprehensive understanding of the current mechanistic underpinnings will open the venue for developing new clinical strategies to ensure full regeneration in the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Klimovich
- National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Kseniya Rubina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Veronika Sysoeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina Semina
- National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, 121552 Moscow, Russia; (P.K.); (E.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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15
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Unraveling Axon Guidance during Axotomy and Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158344. [PMID: 34361110 PMCID: PMC8347220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development and regeneration axons extend a cytoskeletal-rich structure known as the growth cone, which detects and integrates signals to reach its final destination. The guidance cues “signals” bind their receptors, activating signaling cascades that result in the regulation of the growth cone cytoskeleton, defining growth cone advance, pausing, turning, or collapse. Even though much is known about guidance cues and their isolated mechanisms during nervous system development, there is still a gap in the understanding of the crosstalk between them, and about what happens after nervous system injuries. After neuronal injuries in mammals, only axons in the peripheral nervous system are able to regenerate, while the ones from the central nervous system fail to do so. Therefore, untangling the guidance cues mechanisms, as well as their behavior and characterization after axotomy and regeneration, are of special interest for understanding and treating neuronal injuries. In this review, we present findings on growth cone guidance and canonical guidance cues mechanisms, followed by a description and comparison of growth cone pathfinding mechanisms after axotomy, in regenerative and non-regenerative animal models.
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16
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Perivascular Hedgehog responsive cells play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration via controlling angiogenesis. Neurosci Res 2021; 173:62-70. [PMID: 34174368 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hh signaling has been shown to be activated in intact and injured peripheral nerve. However, the role of Hh signaling in peripheral nerve is not fully understood. In the present study, we observed that Hh signaling responsive cells [Gli1(+) cells] in both the perineurium and endoneurium. In the endoneurium, Gli1(+) cells were classified as blood vessel associated or non-associated. After injury, Gli1(+) cells around blood vessels mainly proliferated to then accumulate into the injury site along with endothelial cells. Hh signaling activity was retained in Gli1(+) cells during nerve regeneration. To understand the role of Hedgehog signaling in Gli1(+) cells during nerve regeneration, we examined mice with Gli1(+) cells-specific inactivation of Hh signaling (Smo cKO). After injury, Smo cKO mice showed significantly reduced numbers of accumulated Gli1(+) cells along with disorganized vascularization at an early stage of nerve regeneration, which subsequently led to an abnormal extension of the axon. Thus, Hh signaling in Gli1(+) cells appears to be involved in nerve regeneration through controlling new blood vessel formation at an early stage.
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Wen J, Deng X, Huang C, An Z, Liu M. Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Enhanced Neurite Guidance Growth through Netrin-1/DCC Signal Pathway in Primary Cultured Cortical Neurons of Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:1931-1939. [PMID: 34018719 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound is found to be effective in axonal regeneration, while the role of ultrasound in axonal growth guidance is still unclear. This study was performed to explore the neuroprotective role of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) both in vitro and in vivo. Primary cultured rat cortical neurons were subjected to 1.0 MHz ultrasound for 5 min every day at intensity of 0, 0.008, 0.12, and 0.21 W/cm2. Our results demonstrated that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound significantly increased neuronal cell viability and inhibited neuronal apoptosis in vitro as determined by fluorescein diacetate assay (FDA) and a TdT-mediated biotin-dUTP nicked-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Moreover, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound at 0.12 W/cm2 significantly enhanced the axonal growth guidance by activation of netrin-1 and DCC (deleted in colorectal carcinoma) expression as determined by Western blots assay. More interestingly, we further found that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment at 0.21 W/cm2 promoted the functional restoration of rat injured nerves in vivo, decreased hemorrhage, and reversed the injury process by activating positive netrin-1 expression as seen in the immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. Thus, our study strongly demonstrated that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound activated netrin-1/DCC signaling and further mediated neurite outgrowth. It would be a new approach to nerve regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Wen
- Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Ocean Acoustic Equipment, Underwater Acoustic Transducer and Testing Laboratory, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaomeng Deng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chongquan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zitong An
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meili Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 102402, China
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18
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Di Paolo A, Farias J, Garat J, Macklin A, Ignatchenko V, Kislinger T, Sotelo Silveira J. Rat Sciatic Nerve Axoplasm Proteome Is Enriched with Ribosomal Proteins during Regeneration Processes. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2506-2520. [PMID: 33793244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Axons are complex subcellular compartments that are extremely long in relation to cell bodies, especially in peripheral nerves. Many processes are required and regulated during axon injury, including anterograde and retrograde transport, glia-to-axon macromolecular transfer, and local axonal protein synthesis. Many in vitro omics approaches have been used to gain insight into these processes, but few have been applied in vivo. Here we adapted the osmotic ex vivo axoplasm isolation method and analyzed the adult rat sciatic-nerve-extruded axoplasm by label-free quantitative proteomics before and after injury. 2087 proteins groups were detected in the axoplasm, revealing translation machinery and microtubule-associated proteins as the most overrepresented biological processes. Ribosomal proteins (73) were detected in the uninjured axoplasm and increased their levels after injury but not within whole sciatic nerves. Meta-analysis showed that detected ribosomal proteins were present in in vitro axonal proteomes. Because local protein synthesis is important for protein localization, we were interested in detecting the most abundant newly synthesized axonal proteins in vivo. With an MS/MS-BONCAT approach, we detected 42 newly synthesized protein groups. Overall, our work indicates that proteomics profiling is useful for local axonal interrogation and suggests that ribosomal proteins may play an important role, especially during injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Di Paolo
- Departamento de Proteínas y Ácidos Nucleicos, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Genómica, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Joaquin Garat
- Departamento de Genómica, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrew Macklin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Vladimir Ignatchenko
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - José Sotelo Silveira
- Departamento de Genómica, IIBCE, 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay.,Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
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19
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Wan Q, Qin W, Ma Y, Shen M, Li J, Zhang Z, Chen J, Tay FR, Niu L, Jiao K. Crosstalk between Bone and Nerves within Bone. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2003390. [PMID: 33854888 PMCID: PMC8025013 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202003390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
For the past two decades, the function of intrabony nerves on bone has been a subject of intense research, while the function of bone on intrabony nerves is still hidden in the corner. In the present review, the possible crosstalk between bone and intrabony peripheral nerves will be comprehensively analyzed. Peripheral nerves participate in bone development and repair via a host of signals generated through the secretion of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, axon guidance factors and neurotrophins, with additional contribution from nerve-resident cells. In return, bone contributes to this microenvironmental rendezvous by housing the nerves within its internal milieu to provide mechanical support and a protective shelf. A large ensemble of chemical, mechanical, and electrical cues works in harmony with bone marrow stromal cells in the regulation of intrabony nerves. The crosstalk between bone and nerves is not limited to the physiological state, but also involved in various bone diseases including osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, heterotopic ossification, psychological stress-related bone abnormalities, and bone related tumors. This crosstalk may be harnessed in the design of tissue engineering scaffolds for repair of bone defects or be targeted for treatment of diseases related to bone and peripheral nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian‐Qian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Wen‐Pin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Yu‐Xuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Min‐Juan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Zi‐Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Ji‐Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Franklin R. Tay
- College of Graduate StudiesAugusta UniversityAugustaGA30912USA
| | - Li‐Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
| | - Kai Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of StomatologyDepartment of ProsthodonticsSchool of StomatologyThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi710032China
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20
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Bartmeyer PM, Biscola NP, Havton LA. A shape-adjusted ellipse approach corrects for varied axonal dispersion angles and myelination in primate nerve roots. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3150. [PMID: 33542368 PMCID: PMC7862494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82575-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Segmentation of axons in light and electron micrographs allows for quantitative high-resolution analysis of nervous tissues, but varied axonal dispersion angles result in over-estimates of fiber sizes. To overcome this technical challenge, we developed a novel shape-adjusted ellipse (SAE) determination of axonal size and myelination as an all-inclusive and non-biased tool to correct for oblique nerve fiber presentations. Our new resource was validated by light and electron microscopy against traditional methods of determining nerve fiber size and myelination in rhesus macaques as a model system. We performed detailed segmental mapping and characterized the morphological signatures of autonomic and motor fibers in primate lumbosacral ventral roots (VRs). An en bloc inter-subject variability for the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers within the L7-S2 VRs was determined. The SAE approach allows for morphological ground truth data collection and assignment of individual axons to functional phenotypes with direct implications for fiber mapping and neuromodulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M Bartmeyer
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Natalia P Biscola
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA. .,Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Neurology Service and RR&D National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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21
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Asparagine Endopeptidase (δ Secretase), an Enzyme Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology, Is an Inhibitor of Axon Regeneration in Peripheral Nerves. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0155-20.2020. [PMID: 33323399 PMCID: PMC7814480 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0155-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) is a lysosomal protease implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It is known to cleave the axonal microtubule associated protein, Tau, and amyloid precursor protein (APP), both of which might impede axon regeneration following peripheral nerve injury (PNI). Active AEP, AEP-cleaved fragments of Tau (Tau N368), and APP (APP N585) were found in injured peripheral nerves. In AEP null mice, elongation of regenerating axons after sciatic nerve transection and repair was increased relative to wild-type (WT) controls. Compound muscle action potentials (M responses) were restored in reinnervated muscles twice as fast after injury in AEP knock-out (KO) mice as WT controls. Neurite elongation in cultures of adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons derived from AEP KO mice was increased significantly relative to cultures from WT controls. In AEP KO mice exposed to 1 h of 20-Hz electrical stimulation (ES) at the time of nerve injury, no further enhancement of axon regeneration was observed. These findings support inhibition of AEP as a therapeutic target to enhance axon regeneration after PNI.
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22
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Qu WR, Zhu Z, Liu J, Song DB, Tian H, Chen BP, Li R, Deng LX. Interaction between Schwann cells and other cells during repair of peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:93-98. [PMID: 32788452 PMCID: PMC7818858 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is common and, unlike damage to the central nervous system injured nerves can effectively regenerate depending on the location and severity of injury. Peripheral myelinating glia, Schwann cells (SCs), interact with various cells in and around the injury site and are important for debris elimination, repair, and nerve regeneration. Following PNI, Wallerian degeneration of the distal stump is rapidly initiated by degeneration of damaged axons followed by morphologic changes in SCs and the recruitment of circulating macrophages. Interaction with fibroblasts from the injured nerve microenvironment also plays a role in nerve repair. The replication and migration of injury-induced dedifferentiated SCs are also important in repairing the nerve. In particular, SC migration stimulates axonal regeneration and subsequent myelination of regenerated nerve fibers. This mobility increases SC interactions with other cells in the nerve and the exogenous environment, which influence SC behavior post-injury. Following PNI, SCs directly and indirectly interact with other SCs, fibroblasts, and macrophages. In addition, the inter- and intracellular mechanisms that underlie morphological and functional changes in SCs following PNI still require further research to explain known phenomena and less understood cell-specific roles in the repair of the injured peripheral nerve. This review provides a basic assessment of SC function post-PNI, as well as a more comprehensive evaluation of the literature concerning the SC interactions with macrophages and fibroblasts that can influence SC behavior and, ultimately, repair of the injured nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rui Qu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhe Zhu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - De-Biao Song
- Department of Emergency and Critical Medicine, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Heng Tian
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Bing-Peng Chen
- Orthopedic Medical Center, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Hand Surgery, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ling-Xiao Deng
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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23
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Ando M, Ikeguchi R, Aoyama T, Tanaka M, Noguchi T, Miyazaki Y, Akieda S, Nakayama K, Matsuda S. Long-Term Outcome of Sciatic Nerve Regeneration Using Bio3D Conduit Fabricated from Human Fibroblasts in a Rat Sciatic Nerve Model. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:9636897211021357. [PMID: 34105391 PMCID: PMC8193652 DOI: 10.1177/09636897211021357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we developed a Bio3D conduit fabricated from human fibroblasts and reported a significantly better outcome compared with artificial nerve conduit in the treatment of rat sciatic nerve defect. The purpose of this study is to investigate the long-term safety and nerve regeneration of Bio3D conduit compared with treatments using artificial nerve conduit and autologous nerve transplantation.We used 15 immunodeficient rats and randomly divided them into three groups treated with Bio3D (n = 5) conduit, silicon tube (n = 5), and autologous nerve transplantation (n = 5). We developed Bio3D conduits composed of human fibroblasts and bridged the 5 mm nerve gap created in the rat sciatic nerve. The same procedures were performed to bridge the 5 mm gap with a silicon tube. In the autologous nerve group, we removed the 5 mm sciatic nerve segment and transplanted it. We evaluated the nerve regeneration 24 weeks after surgery.Toe dragging was significantly better in the Bio3D group (0.20 ± 0.28) than in the silicon group (0.6 ± 0.24). The wet muscle weight ratios of the tibial anterior muscle of the Bio3D group (79.85% ± 5.47%) and the autologous nerve group (81.74% ± 2.83%) were significantly higher than that of the silicon group (66.99% ± 3.51%). The number of myelinated axons and mean myelinated axon diameter was significantly higher in the Bio3D group (14708 ± 302 and 5.52 ± 0.44 μm) and the autologous nerve group (14927 ± 5089 and 6.04 ± 0.85 μm) than the silicon group (7429 ± 1465 and 4.36 ± 0.21 μm). No tumors were observed in any of the rats in the Bio3D group at 24 weeks after surgery.The Bio3D group showed significantly better nerve regeneration and there was no significant difference between the Bio3D group and the nerve autograft group in all endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryosuke Ikeguchi
- Ryosuke Ikeguchi, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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24
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Another Example of Conditioned Taste Aversion: Case of Snails. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9120422. [PMID: 33256267 PMCID: PMC7760351 DOI: 10.3390/biology9120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary It is important to decide what to eat and what not to eat in the life. Children are likely to reject new foods. When eating a new food results in a negative experience, the child will avoid that specific food in the future. This phenomenon is called ‘conditioned taste aversion’ in mammals, and it is considered necessary for survival by preventing subsequent ingestion of sickening foods. Many researchers study the same kind of phenomenon in invertebrates, too. For example, the formation of conditioned taste aversion was found in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, with the selective associability between a sweet sucrose solution and a bitter KCl solution. A sweet food attracts many kinds of animals, resulting in the feeding response, whereas a KCl solution is an aversive stimulus, inducing a withdrawal response in snails. After repeated temporally-contingent presentations of these two stimuli, the sucrose solution no longer elicits a feeding response, and this phenomenon persists for a long term. In the present review, we first outline the mechanisms of conditioned taste aversion in mammals, then introduce the conditioned taste aversion in snails, and compare them. Furthermore, the molecular events in snails are discussed, suggesting the general mechanism in conditioned taste aversion. Abstract Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) in mammals has several specific characteristics: (1) emergence of a negative symptom in subjects due to selective association with a taste-related stimulus, (2) robust long-term memory that is resistant to extinction induced by repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus (CS), (3) a very-long-delay presentation of the unconditioned stimulus (US), and (4) single-trial learning. The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, can also form a CTA. Although the negative symptoms, like nausea, in humans cannot be easily observed in invertebrate animal models of CTA, all the other characteristics of CTA seem to be present in snails. Selective associability was confirmed using a sweet sucrose solution and a bitter KCl solution. Once snails form a CTA, repeated presentation of the CS does not extinguish the CTA. A long interstimulus interval between the CS and US, like in trace conditioning, still results in the formation of a CTA in snails. Lastly, even single-trial learning has been demonstrated with a certain probability. In the present review, we compare, in detail, CTA in mammals and snails, and discuss the possible molecular events in CTA.
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25
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Perineural invasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: background, mechanisms, and prognostic implications. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 28:90-95. [PMID: 32011398 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Perineural invasion (PNI) is a pathological feature frequently observed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The difficulties of pathological standardization and the lack of a simple validated experimental model to study PNI render its analysis complex. Here, we aim to summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the biology of PNI in HNSCC and their potential clinical implications. RECENT FINDINGS PNI is a multistep process leading to a dialogue between cancer cells and nerve fibers in HNSCC. Recent studies have identified some of the active molecular mechanisms involved in PNI. Comprehensive studies addressing the transcriptional regulation of PNI bring interesting perspectives for a standardized molecular diagnosis of PNI and a better assessment of its contribution to the aggressiveness of HNSCC. SUMMARY Perineural invasion is a complex process that reflects specific tumor biology. In addition to unveiling new fundamental concepts about the tumor microenvironment, research on PNI promises to identify new biomarkers, enabling progress in therapeutic development against HNSCC.
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26
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Peng K, Sant D, Andersen N, Silvera R, Camarena V, Piñero G, Graham R, Khan A, Xu XM, Wang G, Monje PV. Magnetic separation of peripheral nerve-resident cells underscores key molecular features of human Schwann cells and fibroblasts: an immunochemical and transcriptomics approach. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18433. [PMID: 33116158 PMCID: PMC7595160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74128-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve-derived human Schwann cell (SC) cultures are irreplaceable models for basic and translational research but their use can be limited due to the risk of fibroblast overgrowth. Fibroblasts are an ill-defined population consisting of highly proliferative cells that, contrary to human SCs, do not undergo senescence in culture. We initiated this study by performing an exhaustive immunological and functional characterization of adult nerve-derived human SCs and fibroblasts to reveal their properties and optimize a protocol of magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) to separate them effectively both as viable and biologically competent cells. We next used immunofluorescence microscopy imaging, flow cytometry analysis and next generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to unambiguously characterize the post-MACS cell products. High resolution transcriptome profiling revealed the identity of key lineage-specific transcripts and the clearly distinct neural crest and mesenchymal origin of human SCs and fibroblasts, respectively. Our analysis underscored a progenitor- or stem cell-like molecular phenotype in SCs and fibroblasts and the heterogeneity of the fibroblast populations. In addition, pathway analysis of RNA-seq data highlighted putative bidirectional networks of fibroblast-to-SC signaling that predict a complementary, yet seemingly independent contribution of SCs and fibroblasts to nerve regeneration. In sum, combining MACS with immunochemical and transcriptomics approaches provides an ideal workflow to exhaustively assess the identity, the stage of differentiation and functional features of highly purified cells from human peripheral nerve tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Peng
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedics, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Sant
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Natalia Andersen
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (CONICET), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Risset Silvera
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vladimir Camarena
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gonzalo Piñero
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Facultad de Farmacia Y Bioquímica, Departamento de Química Biológica, and CONICET, Instituto de Química Y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Regina Graham
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aisha Khan
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Paula V Monje
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute and Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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27
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Chen B, Hu R, Min Q, Li Y, Parkinson DB, Dun XP. FGF5 Regulates Schwann Cell Migration and Adhesion. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:237. [PMID: 32848626 PMCID: PMC7417478 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family polypeptides play key roles in promoting tissue regeneration and repair. FGF5 is strongly up-regulated in Schwann cells of the peripheral nervous system following injury; however, a role for FGF5 in peripheral nerve regeneration has not been shown up to now. In this report, we examined the expression of FGF5 and its receptors FGFR1-4 in Schwann cells of the mouse sciatic nerve following injury, and then measured the effects of FGF5 treatment upon cultured primary rat Schwann cells. By microarray and mRNA sequencing data analysis, RT-PCR, qPCR, western blotting and immunostaining, we show that FGF5 is highly up-regulated in Schwann cells of the mouse distal sciatic nerve following injury, and FGFR1 and FGFR2 are highly expressed in Schwann cells of the peripheral nerve both before and following injury. Using cultured primary rat Schwann cells, we show that FGF5 inhibits ERK1/2 MAP kinase activity but promotes rapid Schwann cell migration and adhesion via the upregulation of N-cadherin. Thus, FGF5 is an autocrine regulator of Schwann cells to regulate Schwann cell migration and adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, China
| | - Rong Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical School, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Min
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yankun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - David B Parkinson
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Xin-Peng Dun
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China.,Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom.,The Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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28
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Rigoni M, Negro S. Signals Orchestrating Peripheral Nerve Repair. Cells 2020; 9:E1768. [PMID: 32722089 PMCID: PMC7464993 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological pathogens. Regeneration relies on the intrinsic abilities of peripheral neurons and on a permissive environment, and it is driven by an intense interplay among neurons, the glia, muscles, the basal lamina, and the immune system. Indeed, extrinsic signals from the milieu of the injury site superimpose on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to modulate cell intrinsic programs. Here, we will review the main intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allowing severed peripheral axons to re-grow, and discuss some alarm mediators and pro-regenerative molecules and pathways involved in the process, highlighting the role of Schwann cells as central hubs coordinating multiple signals. A particular focus will be provided on regeneration at the neuromuscular junction, an ideal model system whose manipulation can contribute to the identification of crucial mediators of nerve re-growth. A brief overview on regeneration at sensory terminals is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Rigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
- Myology Center (Cir-Myo), University of Padua, 35129 Padua, Italy
| | - Samuele Negro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy;
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Min Q, Parkinson DB, Dun XP. Migrating Schwann cells direct axon regeneration within the peripheral nerve bridge. Glia 2020; 69:235-254. [PMID: 32697392 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells within the peripheral nervous system possess a remarkable regenerative potential. Current research shows that peripheral nerve-associated Schwann cells possess the capacity to promote repair of multiple tissues including peripheral nerve gap bridging, skin wound healing, digit tip repair as well as tooth regeneration. One of the key features of the specialized repair Schwann cells is that they become highly motile. They not only migrate into the area of damaged tissue and become a key component of regenerating tissue but also secrete signaling molecules to attract macrophages, support neuronal survival, promote axonal regrowth, activate local mesenchymal stem cells, and interact with other cell types. Currently, the importance of migratory Schwann cells in tissue regeneration is most evident in the case of a peripheral nerve transection injury. Following nerve transection, Schwann cells from both proximal and distal nerve stumps migrate into the nerve bridge and form Schwann cell cords to guide axon regeneration. The formation of Schwann cell cords in the nerve bridge is key to successful peripheral nerve repair following transection injury. In this review, we first examine nerve bridge formation and the behavior of Schwann cell migration in the nerve bridge, and then discuss how migrating Schwann cells direct regenerating axons into the distal nerve. We also review the current understanding of signals that could activate Schwann cell migration and signals that Schwann cells utilize to direct axon regeneration. Understanding the molecular mechanism of Schwann cell migration could potentially offer new therapeutic strategies for peripheral nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Min
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - David B Parkinson
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK
| | - Xin-Peng Dun
- School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon, UK
- The Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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