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Zhang H, Li M, Hu CJ, Stenmark KR. Fibroblasts in Pulmonary Hypertension: Roles and Molecular Mechanisms. Cells 2024; 13:914. [PMID: 38891046 PMCID: PMC11171669 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, among the most prevalent and widely distributed cell types in the human body, play a crucial role in defining tissue structure. They do this by depositing and remodeling extracellular matrixes and organizing functional tissue networks, which are essential for tissue homeostasis and various human diseases. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a devastating syndrome with high mortality, characterized by remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and significant cellular and structural changes within the intima, media, and adventitia layers. Most research on PH has focused on alterations in the intima (endothelial cells) and media (smooth muscle cells). However, research over the past decade has provided strong evidence of the critical role played by pulmonary artery adventitial fibroblasts in PH. These fibroblasts exhibit the earliest, most dramatic, and most sustained proliferative, apoptosis-resistant, and inflammatory responses to vascular stress. This review examines the aberrant phenotypes of PH fibroblasts and their role in the pathogenesis of PH, discusses potential molecular signaling pathways underlying these activated phenotypes, and highlights areas of research that merit further study to identify promising targets for the prevention and treatment of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Min Li
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Cheng-Jun Hu
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Mahajan A, Gunewardena S, Morris A, Clauss M, Dhillon NK. Analysis of MicroRNA Cargo in Circulating Extracellular Vesicles from HIV-Infected Individuals with Pulmonary Hypertension. Cells 2024; 13:886. [PMID: 38891019 PMCID: PMC11172129 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The risk of developing pulmonary hypertension (PH) in people living with HIV is at least 300-fold higher than in the general population, and illicit drug use further potentiates the development of HIV-associated PH. The relevance of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing both coding as well as non-coding RNAs in PH secondary to HIV infection and drug abuse is yet to be explored. We here compared the miRNA cargo of plasma-derived EVs from HIV-infected stimulant users with (HIV + Stimulants + PH) and without PH (HIV + Stimulants) using small RNA sequencing. The data were compared with 12 PH datasets available in the GEO database to identify potential candidate gene targets for differentially altered miRNAs using the following functional analysis tools: ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), over-representation analysis (ORA), and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). MiRNAs involved in promoting cell proliferation and inhibition of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways were among the top upregulated miRNAs identified in EVs from the HIV + Stimulants + PH group compared to the HIV + Stimulants group. Alternatively, the downregulated miRNAs in the HIV + Stimulants + PH group suggested an association with the negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation, IL-2 mediated signaling, and transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. The validation of significantly differentially expressed miRNAs in an independent set of HIV-infected (cocaine users and nondrug users) with and without PH confirmed the upregulation of miR-32-5p, 92-b-3p, and 301a-3p positively regulating cellular proliferation and downregulation of miR-5571, -4670 negatively regulating smooth muscle proliferation in EVs from HIV-PH patients. This increase in miR-301a-3p and decrease in miR-4670 were negatively correlated with the CD4 count and FEV1/FVC ratio, and positively correlated with viral load. Collectively, this data suggest the association of alterations in the miRNA cargo of circulating EVs with HIV-PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatish Mahajan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Alison Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Navneet K. Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Mail Stop 3007, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Bousseau S, Sobrano Fais R, Gu S, Frump A, Lahm T. Pathophysiology and new advances in pulmonary hypertension. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000137. [PMID: 37051026 PMCID: PMC10083754 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a progressive and often fatal cardiopulmonary condition characterised by increased pulmonary arterial pressure, structural changes in the pulmonary circulation, and the formation of vaso-occlusive lesions. These changes lead to increased right ventricular afterload, which often progresses to maladaptive right ventricular remodelling and eventually death. Pulmonary arterial hypertension represents one of the most severe and best studied types of pulmonary hypertension and is consistently targeted by drug treatments. The underlying molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension is a complex and multifactorial process, but can be characterised by several hallmarks: inflammation, impaired angiogenesis, metabolic alterations, genetic or epigenetic abnormalities, influence of sex and sex hormones, and abnormalities in the right ventricle. Current treatments for pulmonary arterial hypertension and some other types of pulmonary hypertension target pathways involved in the control of pulmonary vascular tone and proliferation; however, these treatments have limited efficacy on patient outcomes. This review describes key features of pulmonary hypertension, discusses current and emerging therapeutic interventions, and points to future directions for research and patient care. Because most progress in the specialty has been made in pulmonary arterial hypertension, this review focuses on this type of pulmonary hypertension. The review highlights key pathophysiological concepts and emerging therapeutic directions, targeting inflammation, cellular metabolism, genetics and epigenetics, sex hormone signalling, bone morphogenetic protein signalling, and inhibition of tyrosine kinase receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Bousseau
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rafael Sobrano Fais
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Sue Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Lab, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrea Frump
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tim Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep, and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Rocky Mountain Regional Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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4
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Zhang H, Laux A, Stenmark KR, Hu CJ. Mechanisms Contributing to the Dysregulation of miRNA-124 in Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083852. [PMID: 33917769 PMCID: PMC8068139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a fatal disease characterized by the persistent activation of pulmonary vascular cells that exhibit aberrant expression of genes including miRNAs. We and others reported that decreased levels of mature microRNA-124 (miR-124) plays an important role in modulating the activated phenotype of pulmonary vascular cells and HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) can restore the levels of mature miR-124 and reverse the persistently activated phenotype of PH vascular cells. In this study, we sought to determine the mechanisms contributing to reduced levels of miRNAs, as well as how HDACi restores the levels of reduced miRNA in PH vascular cells. We found that pulmonary artery fibroblasts isolated from IPAH patients (PH-Fibs) exhibit reduced levels of mature miR-124 and several other miRNAs including let-7i, miR-224, and miR-210, and that these reduced levels can be restored by HDACi. Using miR-124 expression in human PH-Fibs as a model, we determined that reduced miR-124 gene transcription, not decreased expression of miRNA processing genes, is responsible for reduced levels of mature miR-124 in human PH-Fibs. Using both DNase I Sensitivity and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we found that the miR-124-1 gene exhibits a more condensed chromatin structure in human PH-Fibs, compared to corresponding controls. HDACi relaxed miR-124-1 chromatin structure, evidenced by increased levels of the open chromatin mark H3K27Ac, but decreased levels of closed chromatin mark H3K27Me3. Most importantly, the delivery of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) via CRISPR-dCas9-HAT and guiding RNAs to the promoter of the miR-124-1 gene increased miR-124-1 gene transcription. Thus, our data indicate epigenetic events play important role in controlling miR-124 and likely other miRNA levels and epigenetic regulators such as HDACs appear to be promising therapeutic targets for chronic PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (H.Z.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Aya Laux
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Kurt R. Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (H.Z.); (K.R.S.)
| | - Cheng-Jun Hu
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-4576; Fax: +1-303-724-4580
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Egom EEA, Moyou-Somo R, Essame Oyono JL, Kamgang R. Identifying Potential Mutations Responsible for Cases of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. APPLICATION OF CLINICAL GENETICS 2021; 14:113-124. [PMID: 33732008 PMCID: PMC7958998 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s260755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and devastating disease for which there is an escalating body of genetic and related pathophysiological information on disease pathobiology. Nevertheless, the success to date in identifying susceptibility genes, genetic variants and epigenetic processes has been limited due to PAH clinical multi-faceted variations. A number of germline gene candidates have been proposed but demonstrating consistently the association with PAH has been problematic, at least partly due to the reduced penetrance and variable expressivity. Although the data for bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) and related genes remains undoubtedly the most extensive, recent advanced gene sequencing technologies have facilitated the discovery of further gene candidates with mutations among those with and without familial forms of PAH. An in depth understanding of the multitude of biologic variations associated with PAH may provide novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention in the coming years. This knowledge will irrevocably provide the opportunity for improved patient and family counseling as well as improved PAH diagnosis, risk assessment, and personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Eroume-A Egom
- Institut du Savoir Montfort (ISM), Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,Reflex Medical Centre Cardiac Diagnostics, Reflex Medical Centre, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Roger Moyou-Somo
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Jean Louis Essame Oyono
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rene Kamgang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Radioisotopes, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), Yaoundé, Cameroon
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6
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Epigenetic Targets for Oligonucleotide Therapies of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239222. [PMID: 33287230 PMCID: PMC7731052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial wall remodeling underlies increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). None of the established vasodilator drug therapies for PAH prevents or reverse established arterial wall thickening, stiffening, and hypercontractility. Therefore, new approaches are needed to achieve long-acting prevention and reversal of occlusive pulmonary vascular remodeling. Several promising new drug classes are emerging from a better understanding of pulmonary vascular gene expression programs. In this review, potential epigenetic targets for small molecules and oligonucleotides will be described. Most are in preclinical studies aimed at modifying the growth of vascular wall cells in vitro or normalizing vascular remodeling in PAH animal models. Initial success with lung-directed delivery of oligonucleotides targeting microRNAs suggests other epigenetic mechanisms might also be suitable drug targets. Those targets include DNA methylation, proteins of the chromatin remodeling machinery, and long noncoding RNAs, all of which act as epigenetic regulators of vascular wall structure and function. The progress in testing small molecules and oligonucleotide-based drugs in PAH models is summarized.
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Fernández AI, Yotti R, González-Mansilla A, Mombiela T, Gutiérrez-Ibanes E, Pérez del Villar C, Navas-Tejedor P, Chazo C, Martínez-Legazpi P, Fernández-Avilés F, Bermejo J. The Biological Bases of Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235884. [PMID: 31771195 PMCID: PMC6928720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a potentially fatal condition with a prevalence of around 1% in the world population and most commonly caused by left heart disease (PH-LHD). Usually, in PH-LHD, the increase of pulmonary pressure is only conditioned by the retrograde transmission of the left atrial pressure. However, in some cases, the long-term retrograde pressure overload may trigger complex and irreversible biomechanical and biological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. This latter clinical entity, designated as combined pre- and post-capillary PH, is associated with very poor outcomes. The underlying mechanisms of this progression are poorly understood, and most of the current knowledge comes from the field of Group 1-PAH. Treatment is also an unsolved issue in patients with PH-LHD. Targeting the molecular pathways that regulate pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular remodeling has provided excellent results in other forms of PH but has a neutral or detrimental result in patients with PH-LHD. Therefore, a deep and comprehensive biological characterization of PH-LHD is essential to improve the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of patients and, eventually, identify new therapeutic targets. Ongoing research is aimed at identify candidate genes, variants, non-coding RNAs, and other biomarkers with potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art cellular, molecular, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms potentially involved in PH-LHD. Signaling and effective pathways are particularly emphasized, as well as the current knowledge on -omic biomarkers. Our final aim is to provide readers with the biological foundations on which to ground both clinical and pre-clinical research in the field of PH-LHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I. Fernández
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Yotti
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Mansilla
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Mombiela
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Gutiérrez-Ibanes
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Candelas Pérez del Villar
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Navas-Tejedor
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Chazo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Legazpi
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernández-Avilés
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bermejo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.F.); (R.Y.); (A.G.-M.); (T.M.); (E.G.-I.); (C.P.d.V.); (P.N.-T.); (C.C.); (P.M.-L.); (F.F.-A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28026 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-586-8279
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Zhou S, Jiang H, Li M, Wu P, Sun L, Liu Y, Zhu K, Zhang B, Sun G, Cao C, Wang R. Circular RNA hsa_circ_0016070 Is Associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Promoting PASMC Proliferation. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 18:275-284. [PMID: 31593832 PMCID: PMC6796681 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In this study, we investigated the roles of hsa_circ_0016070, miR-942, and CCND1 in PAH. circRNA microarray was used to search circRNAs involved in PAH, whereas real-time PCR and western blot analysis were performed to detect miR-942 and CCND1 expression in different groups. In addition, the effect of miR-942 on CCND1 expression, as well as the effect of hsa_circ_0016070 on the expression of miR-942 and CCND1, was also studied using real-time PCR and western blot analysis. Moreover, MTT assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the effect of hsa _circ_0016070 on cell proliferation and cell cycle. According to the results of circRNA microarray analysis, hsa _circ_0016070 was identified to be associated with the risk of PAH in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The miR-942 level in the COPD(+) PAH(+) group was much lower than that in the COPD(+) PAH(−) group, while the CCND1 level in the COPD(+) PAH(+) group was much higher. CCND1 was identified as a candidate target gene of miR-942, and the luciferase assay showed that the luciferase activity of wild-type CCND1 3′ UTR was inhibited by miR-942 mimics. In addition, hsa _circ_0016070 reduced miR-942 expression and enhanced CCND1 expression. Furthermore, hsa _circ_0016070 evidently increased cell viability and decreased the number of cells arrested in the G1/G0 phase. In summary, the results of this study suggested that hsa_circ_0016070 was associated with vascular remodeling in PAH by promoting the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) via the miR-942/CCND1. Accordingly, has_circ_0016070 might be used as a novel biomarker in the diagnosis and treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijing Zhou
- Hefei Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Diseases, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Huihui Jiang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Peipei Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Ke Zhu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Gengyun Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
| | - Chao Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo 315000, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China.
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Chinnappan M, Gunewardena S, Chalise P, Dhillon NK. Analysis of lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Interactions in Hyper-proliferative Human Pulmonary Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10533. [PMID: 31324852 PMCID: PMC6642142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported enhanced proliferation of smooth muscle cells on the combined exposure of HIV proteins and cocaine leading to the development of HIV-pulmonary arterial hypertension. Here, we attempt to comprehensively understand the interactions between long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), mRNAs and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) to determine their role in smooth muscle hyperplasia. Differential expression of lncRNAs, mRNAs and miRNAs were obtained by microarray and small-RNA sequencing from HPASMCs treated with and without cocaine and/or HIV-Tat. LncRNA to mRNA associations were conjectured by analyzing their genomic proximity and by interrogating their association to vascular diseases and cancer co-expression patterns reported in the relevant databases. Neuro-active ligand receptor signaling, Ras signaling and PI3-Akt pathway were among the top pathways enriched in either differentially expressed mRNAs or mRNAs associated to lncRNAs. HPASMC with combined exposure to cocaine and Tat (C + T) vs control identified the following top lncRNA-mRNA pairs, ENST00000495536-HOXB13, T216482-CBL, ENST00000602736-GDF7, and, TCONS_00020413-RND1. Many of the down-regulated miRNAs in the HPASMCs treated with C + T were found to be anti-proliferative and targets of up-regulated lncRNAs targeting up-regulated mRNAs, including down-regulation of miR-185, -491 and up-regulation of corresponding ENST00000585387. Specific knock down of the selected lncRNAs highlighted the importance of non-coding RNAs in smooth muscle hyperplasia.
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MESH Headings
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Gene Ontology
- HIV Infections/complications
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Hypertension, Pulmonary/etiology
- MicroRNAs/biosynthesis
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/metabolism
- Pulmonary Artery/pathology
- RNA, Long Noncoding/biosynthesis
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Tissue Array Analysis
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendran Chinnappan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Navneet K Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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10
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Li C, Qin F, Xue M, Lei Y, Hu F, Xu H, Sun G, Wang T, Guo M. miR-429 and miR-424-5p inhibit cell proliferation and Ca 2+ influx by downregulating CaSR in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 316:C111-C120. [PMID: 30462536 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00219.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration is a key factor in pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). These processes contribute to pulmonary arterial hypertension and are influenced by expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Although regulation of CaSR expression is precisely controlled, the contribution of microRNAs (miR) is incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that miR-429, miR-424-5p, miR-200b-3p, and miR-200c-3p regulate CaSR by targeting specific 3'-untranslated region, suggesting that these miRNAs function as CaSR inhibitors in PASMCs. Moreover, miR-429 and miR-424-5p inhibit proliferation of PASMCs by downregulating CaSR, resulting in reduced Ca2+ influx under both normoxia and hypoxia. These findings indicate miR-429 and miR-424-5p target CaSR and may function as Ca2+ influx suppressors in pulmonary arterial hypertension-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Xue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Yucong Lei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Guihong Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, Hubei , People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxiong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, Hubei , People's Republic of China
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11
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Grunig G, Eichstaedt CA, Verweyen J, Durmus N, Saxer S, Krafsur G, Stenmark K, Ulrich S, Grünig E, Pylawka S. Circulating MicroRNA Markers for Pulmonary Hypertension in Supervised Exercise Intervention and Nightly Oxygen Intervention. Front Physiol 2018; 9:955. [PMID: 30090067 PMCID: PMC6068281 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Therapeutic exercise training has been shown to significantly improve pulmonary hypertension (PH), including 6-min walking distance and right heart function. Supplemental nightly oxygen also has therapeutic effects. A biomarker tool that could query critical gene networks would aid in understanding the molecular effects of the interventions. Methods: Paired bio-banked serum (n = 31) or plasma (n = 21) samples from the exercise or oxygen intervention studies, respectively, and bio-banked plasma samples (n = 20) from high altitude induced PH in cattle were tested. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) markers were chosen for study because they regulate gene expression, control the function of specific gene networks, and are conserved across species. Results: miRNAs that control muscle (miR-22-3p, miR-21-5p) or erythrocyte function (miR-451a) were chosen based on pilot experiments. Plasma samples from cattle that developed PH in high altitude had significantly higher miR-22-3p/(relative to) miR-451a values when compared to control cattle tolerant to high altitude. Measurements of miR-22-3p/miR-451a values in serum from patients receiving exercise training showed that the values were significantly decreased in 74.2% of the samples following intervention and significantly increased in the remainder (25.8%). In samples obtained after exercise intervention, a higher composite miRNA value, made of miR-22-3p and miR-21-5p/miR-451a and spike RNA, was significantly decreased in 65% of the samples and significantly increased in 35% of the samples. In the study of nightly oxygen intervention, when comparing placebo and oxygen, half of the samples showed a significant down-ward change and the other half a significant up-ward change measuring either of the miRNA markers. Samples that had a downward change in the miRNA marker following either intervention originated from patients who had a significantly higher 6-min-walking-distance at baseline (mean difference of 90 m or 80 m following exercise or oxygen intervention, respectively) when compared to samples that had an upward change in the miRNA marker. Conclusion: These natural animal model and human sample studies further highlight the utility of miRNAs as future biomarkers. The different directional changes of the miRNA markers following supervised exercise training or nightly oxygen intervention could indicate different PAH molecular pathomechanisms (endotypes). Further studies are needed to test this idea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Grunig
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Mirna Analytics LLC, New York, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Nedim Durmus
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Stephanie Saxer
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Greta Krafsur
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Clinic for Pulmonology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ekkehard Grünig
- Thoraxklinik, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Lee HW, Park SH. Elevated microRNA-135a is associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension in experimental mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35609-35618. [PMID: 28415675 PMCID: PMC5482602 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple causes are associated with the complex mechanism of pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the molecular pathway in the pathogenesis of PAH is still insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated epigenetic changes that cause PAH induced by exposure to combined Th2 antigen (Ovalbumin, OVA) and urban particulate matter (PM) in mice. To address that, we focused on the epigenetic mechanism, linked to microRNA (miR)-135a. We found that miR-135a levels were significantly increased, and levels of bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2) which is the target of miR-135a, were significantly decreased in this experimental PAH mouse model. Therefore to evaluate the role of miR-135a, we injected AntagomiR-135a into this mouse model. AntagomiR-135a injected mice showed decreased right ventricular systolic pressures (RVSPs), right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and the percentage of severely thickened pulmonary arteries compared to control scrambled miRNA injected mice. Both mRNA and protein expression of BMPR2 were recovered in the AntagomiR-135a injected mice compared to control mice. Our study understands if miR-135a could serve as a biomarker helping to manage PAH. The blocking of miR-135a could lead to new therapeutic modalities to alleviate exacerbation of PAH caused by exposure to Th2 antigen and urban air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Wook Lee
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
| | - Sung-Hyun Park
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York, USA
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13
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Abstract
Following its initial description over a century ago, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) continues to challenge researchers committed to understanding its pathobiology and finding a cure. The last two decades have seen major developments in our understanding of the genetics and molecular basis of PAH that drive cells within the pulmonary vascular wall to produce obstructive vascular lesions; presently, the field of PAH research has taken numerous approaches to dissect the complex amalgam of genetic, molecular and inflammatory pathways that interact to initiate and drive disease progression. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of PAH pathology and the role that genetic factors and environmental influences share in the development of vascular lesions and abnormal cell function. We also discuss how animal models can assist in elucidating gene function and the study of novel therapeutics, while at the same time addressing the limitations of the most commonly used rodent models. Novel experimental approaches based on application of next generation sequencing, bioinformatics and epigenetics research are also discussed as these are now being actively used to facilitate the discovery of novel gene mutations and mechanisms that regulate gene expression in PAH. Finally, we touch on recent discoveries concerning the role of inflammation and immunity in PAH pathobiology and how they are being targeted with immunomodulatory agents. We conclude that the field of PAH research is actively expanding and the major challenge in the coming years is to develop a unified theory that incorporates genetic and mechanistic data to address viable areas for disease modifying drugs that can target key processes that regulate the evolution of vascular pathology of PAH.
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14
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Schlosser K, Taha M, Deng Y, Stewart DJ. Systemic delivery of MicroRNA mimics with polyethylenimine elevates pulmonary microRNA levels, but lacks pulmonary selectivity. Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217750613. [PMID: 29251557 PMCID: PMC5753929 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217750613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversing pathologic alterations in vascular microRNA (miRNA) expression represents a potential therapeutic strategy for pulmonary hypertension. While polyethylenimine (PEI) has previously been shown to be an effective vehicle for vascular lung-directed delivery of plasmid DNA, it remains unclear whether this utility is generalizable to miRNAs. Here we show that despite elevated lung levels, the intravenous infusion of PEI-miRNA mimic complexes fails to provide lung-selective delivery in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Schlosser
- 1 10055 Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamad Taha
- 1 10055 Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yupu Deng
- 1 10055 Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- 1 10055 Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,2 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,3 Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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15
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Drak Alsibai K, Meseure D. Tumor microenvironment and noncoding RNAs as co-drivers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer metastasis. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:405-431. [PMID: 28691356 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (TME) are crucial events in tumor progression and metastasis. Pervasive stromal reprogramming of TME modifies numerous cellular functions, including extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness, inflammation, and immunity. These environmental factors allow selection of more aggressive cells that develop adaptive strategies associating plasticity and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stem-like phenotype, invasion, immunosuppression, and resistance to therapies. EMT is a morphomolecular process that endows epithelial tumor cells with mesenchymal properties, including reduced adhesion and increased motility. Numerous studies have demonstrated involvement of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as miRNAs and lncRNAs, in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. NcRNAs regulate every hallmark of cancer and have now emerged as new players in induction and regulation of EMT. The reciprocal regulatory interactions between ncRNAs, TME components, and cancer cells increase the complexity of gene expression and protein translation in cancer. Thus, deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling EMT will not only shed light on metastatic processes of cancer cells, but enhance development of new therapies targeting metastasis. In this review, we will provide recent findings on the role of known ncRNAs relevant to EMT and cancer metastasis and discuss the role of the interaction between ncRNAs and TME as co-drivers of EMT. Developmental Dynamics 247:405-431, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Didier Meseure
- Platform of Investigative Pathology, Curie Institute, Paris, France.,Department of Pathology, Curie Institute, Paris, France
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16
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Miao R, Wang Y, Wan J, Leng D, Gong J, Li J, Liang Y, Zhai Z, Yang Y. Microarray expression profile of circular RNAs in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7354. [PMID: 28682884 PMCID: PMC5502157 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare but debilitating and life-threatening complication of acute pulmonary embolism. Circular RNAs (circRNAs), presenting as covalently closed continuous loops, are RNA molecules with covalently joined 3'- and 5'-ends formed by back-splicing events. circRNAs may be significant biological molecules to understand disease mechanisms and to identify biomarkers for disease diagnosis and therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential roles of circRNAs in CTEPH. METHODS Ten human blood samples (5 each from CTEPH and control groups) were included in the Agilent circRNA chip. The differentially expressed circRNAs were evaluated using t test, with significance set at a P value of < .05. A functional enrichment analysis for differentially expressed circRNAs was performed using DAVID online tools, and a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis for target genes of miRNAs was performed using the R package clusterProfiler. Furthermore, miRNAs that interacted with differentially expressed circRNAs were predicted using the miRanda package. mRNAs that had clear biological functions and were regulated by miRNAs were predicted using miRWalk2.0 and then combined into a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. RESULTS In total, 351 differentially expressed circRNAs (122 upregulated and 229 downregulated) between CTEPH and control groups were obtained; among these circRNAs, hsa_circ_0002062 and hsa_circ_0022342 might be important because they can regulate 761 (e.g., hsa-miR-942-5p) and 453 (e.g., hsa-miR-940) miRNAs, respectively. Target genes (e.g., cyclin-dependent kinase 6) of hsa-miR-942-5p were mainly enriched in cancer-related pathways, whereas target genes (e.g., CRK-Like Proto-Oncogene, Adaptor Protein) of hsa-miR-940 were enriched in the ErbB signaling pathway. Therefore, these pathways are potentially important in CTEPH. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that hsa_circ_0002062 and hsa_circ_0022342 may be key circRNAs for CTEPH development and that their targeted regulation may be an effective approach for treating CTEPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Miao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Institute of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Institute of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Jun Wan
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Institute of Respiratory Medicine
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
| | - Dong Leng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Institute of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Juanni Gong
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Institute of Respiratory Medicine
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Institute of Respiratory Medicine
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Institute of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Zhenguo Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Institute of Respiratory Medicine
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital
| | - Yuanhua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Pulmonary Circulation Disorders, Institute of Respiratory Medicine
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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17
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Kang BY, Park K, Kleinhenz JM, Murphy TC, Sutliff RL, Archer D, Hart CM. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Regulates the V-Ets Avian Erythroblastosis Virus E26 Oncogene Homolog 1/microRNA-27a Axis to Reduce Endothelin-1 and Endothelial Dysfunction in the Sickle Cell Mouse Lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:131-144. [PMID: 27612006 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0166oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH), a serious complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), causes significant morbidity and mortality. Although a recent study determined that hemin release during hemolysis triggers endothelial dysfunction in SCD, the pathogenesis of SCD-PH remains incompletely defined. This study examines peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) regulation in SCD-PH and endothelial dysfunction. PH and right ventricular hypertrophy were studied in Townes humanized sickle cell (SS) and littermate control (AA) mice. In parallel studies, SS or AA mice were gavaged with the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (RSG), 10 mg/kg/day, or vehicle for 10 days. In vitro, human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) were treated with vehicle or hemin for 72 hours, and selected HPAECs were treated with RSG. SS mice developed PH and right ventricular hypertrophy associated with reduced lung levels of PPARγ and increased levels of microRNA-27a (miR-27a), v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 (ETS1), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and markers of endothelial dysfunction (platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 and E selectin). HPAECs treated with hemin had increased ETS1, miR-27a, ET-1, and endothelial dysfunction and decreased PPARγ levels. These derangements were attenuated by ETS1 knockdown, inhibition of miR-27a, or PPARγ overexpression. In SS mouse lung or in hemin-treated HPAECs, activation of PPARγ with RSG attenuated reductions in PPARγ and increases in miR-27a, ET-1, and markers of endothelial dysfunction. In SCD-PH pathogenesis, ETS1 stimulates increases in miR-27a levels that reduce PPARγ and increase ET-1 and endothelial dysfunction. PPARγ activation attenuated SCD-associated signaling derangements, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach to attenuate SCD-PH pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yong Kang
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Kathy Park
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Jennifer M Kleinhenz
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Roy L Sutliff
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - David Archer
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Michael Hart
- 1 Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs and Emory University Medical Centers, Atlanta, Georgia; and
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18
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Rothman A, Restrepo H, Sarukhanov V, Evans WN, Wiencek RG, Williams R, Hamburger N, Anderson K, Balsara J, Mann D. Assessment of microRNA and gene dysregulation in pulmonary hypertension by endoarterial biopsy. Pulm Circ 2017; 7:455-464. [PMID: 28597755 PMCID: PMC5467936 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217704206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may regulate a number of genes, each of which may have a variety of functions. We utilized an endoarterial biopsy catheter to assess the dysregulation of miRNAs in a porcine shunt model of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Two Yucatan micropigs underwent surgical anastomosis of the left pulmonary artery to the descending aorta. Endoarterial biopsy samples were obtained at baseline, and at regular intervals during the progression of PH. RNA, isolated from biopsy samples, was analyzed by Illumina miRNA expression microarrays (containing ∼1200 human miRNAs), Affymetrix Porcine GeneChips, Bioconductor, and GeneSpring. We examined a total of 925 genes in a PH whole genome microarray. Biopsy samples showed that 39 miRNAs were downregulated and 34 miRNAs were upregulated compared to baseline. The number of PH-associated genes reported to be controlled by each of the dysregulated miRNAs was in the range of 1–113. The five miRNAs that had the largest number of PH-associated genes were: miR-548c-3p, miR-520d-3p, miR-130a-5p, miR-30a-3p, and miR-let-7g-3p. Several of the dysregulated miRNAs have been associated with molecular pathways and biologic processes involved in PH. Among 29 miRNAs, which were predicted to be dysregulated by a systems biology approach, we found four that were dysregulated in our porcine shunt model. An endoarterial biopsy technique was successful in showing that a large number of miRNAs are dysregulated in a porcine shunt model of PH. Many of these miRNAs control multiple PH-associated genes, molecular pathways, and biologic processes. Endoarterial biopsy offers potential experimental and clinical diagnostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Rothman
- 1 Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Humberto Restrepo
- 1 Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | | | - William N Evans
- 1 Children's Heart Center Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,2 Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada, School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Robert G Wiencek
- 5 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Cardiothoracic Dignity Healthcare, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Roy Williams
- 3 Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Hamburger
- 4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - Kylie Anderson
- 4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Balsara
- 4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
| | - David Mann
- 4 Vascular BioSciences, Molecular Diagnostics Division, Goleta, CA, USA
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19
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Bertero T, Rezzonico R, Pottier N, Mari B. Impact of MicroRNAs in the Cellular Response to Hypoxia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 333:91-158. [PMID: 28729029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, hypoxia, or inadequate oxygen availability, regulates the expression of a specific set of MicroRNAs (MiRNAs), termed "hypoxamiRs." Over the past 10 years, the appreciation of the importance of hypoxamiRs in regulating the cellular adaptation to hypoxia has grown dramatically. At the cellular level, each hypoxamiR, including the master hypoxamiR MiR-210, can simultaneously regulate expression of multiple target genes in order to fine-tune the adaptive response of cells to hypoxia. This review addresses the complex molecular regulation of MiRNAs in both physiological and pathological conditions of low oxygen adaptation and the multiple functions of hypoxamiRs in various hypoxia-associated biological processes, including apoptosis, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, inflammation, and metabolism. From a clinical perspective, we also discuss the potential use of hypoxamiRs as new biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets in cancer and aging-associated diseases including cardiovascular and fibroproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bertero
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, FHU-OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Roger Rezzonico
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, FHU-OncoAge, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Bernard Mari
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, FHU-OncoAge, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
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20
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Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a multifaceted vascular disease where development and severity are determined by both genetic and environmental factors. Over the past decade, there has been an acceleration of the discovery of molecular effectors that mediate PH pathogenesis, including large numbers of microRNA molecules that are expressed in pulmonary vascular cell types and exert system-wide regulatory functions in all aspects of vascular health and disease. Due to the inherent pleiotropy, overlap, and redundancy of these molecules, it has been challenging to define their integrated effects on overall disease manifestation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the roles of microRNAs in PH with an emphasis on potential methods to discern the hierarchical motifs governing their multifunctional and interconnected activities. Deciphering this higher order of regulatory structure will be crucial for overcoming the challenges of developing these molecules as biomarkers or therapeutic targets, in isolation or combination.
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Chun HJ, Bonnet S, Chan SY. Translational Advances in the Field of Pulmonary Hypertension. Translating MicroRNA Biology in Pulmonary Hypertension. It Will Take More Than "miR" Words. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:167-178. [PMID: 27648944 PMCID: PMC5394787 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0886pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung J. Chun
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Centre, University of Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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22
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Yu Q, Chan SY. Mitochondrial and Metabolic Drivers of Pulmonary Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Pulmonary Hypertension. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 967:373-383. [PMID: 29047100 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a deadly and increasingly prevalent vascular disease characterized by excessive pulmonary vascular remodeling and right ventricular dysfunction which leads to right heart failure, multiorgan dysfunction, and premature death. The cause of the vascular remodeling in PH remains elusive, and thus current treatments are marginally effective and prognosis of PH remains poor. Increasing evidence indicates the pathogenic importance of endothelial dysfunction in PH. However, the underlying mechanisms of such dysfunction are not well described. Endothelial apoptosis and hyperproliferation have been identified in patients with PH. Both are linked with the increased oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and are influenced by various genetic and exogenous stresses. Importantly, contrary to historic dogma that suggested a negligible role for mitochondria and energy balance in endothelial pathology, recent findings have implicated the role of endothelial metabolism directly in PH. This chapter addresses the emerging role of mitochondria in pulmonary vascular endothelial dysfunction in PH. A more sophisticated understanding of the biochemical, metabolic, molecular, and physiologic underpinnings of this emerging paradigm should enable the development of a new generation of targeted therapies that will stunt or reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Yu
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street BST1704.2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street BST1704.2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Center for Pulmonary Vascular Biology and Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street BST1704.2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street BST1704.2, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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23
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Kramm T, Guth S, Wiedenroth CB, Ghofrani HA, Mayer E. [Treatment of acute and chronic right ventricular failure]. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 2016; 111:463-80. [PMID: 27241776 DOI: 10.1007/s00063-016-0181-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute or chronic right ventricular failure is an often misdiagnosed cause of cardiopulmonary insufficiency. In addition to clinical symptoms or laboratory testing, echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic measurement by means of right-heart catheterization are essential for diagnosis and treatment control. In case of acute right ventricular failure, adequate symptomatic treatment of the life-threatening situation is important. Main issues are maintenance of coronary artery perfusion pressure and myocardial oxygen delivery as well as reduction of right ventricular afterload. In persistent right ventricular failure extracorporeal or intracorporeal assist devices are increasingly used as bridging or destination therapy. On a long-term basis, the targeted therapy of the underlying disease is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kramm
- Abteilung für Thoraxchirurgie, Kerckhoff Klinik gGmbH, Benekestr. 2‑8, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Deutschland.
| | - S Guth
- Abteilung für Thoraxchirurgie, Kerckhoff Klinik gGmbH, Benekestr. 2‑8, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Deutschland
| | - C B Wiedenroth
- Abteilung für Thoraxchirurgie, Kerckhoff Klinik gGmbH, Benekestr. 2‑8, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Deutschland
| | - H A Ghofrani
- Abteilung für allgemeine Pneumologie, Kerckhoff-Klinik gGmbH, Bad Nauheim, Deutschland.,Medizinische Klinik II, Mitglied des Deutschen Zentrums für Lungenforschung (DZL), Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg GmbH, Gießen, Deutschland
| | - E Mayer
- Abteilung für Thoraxchirurgie, Kerckhoff Klinik gGmbH, Benekestr. 2‑8, 61231, Bad Nauheim, Deutschland
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24
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Mohsenin V. The emerging role of microRNAs in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Sleep Breath 2016; 20:1059-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-016-1351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Aliotta JM, Pereira M, Wen S, Dooner MS, Del Tatto M, Papa E, Goldberg LR, Baird GL, Ventetuolo CE, Quesenberry PJ, Klinger JR. Exosomes induce and reverse monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:319-30. [PMID: 26980205 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mice with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) induce PH in healthy mice, and the exosomes (EXO) fraction of EVs from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can blunt the development of hypoxic PH. We sought to determine whether the EXO fraction of EVs is responsible for modulating pulmonary vascular responses and whether differences in EXO-miR content explains the differential effects of EXOs from MSCs and mice with MCT-PH. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma, lung EVs from MCT-PH, and control mice were divided into EXO (exosome), microvesicle (MV) fractions and injected into healthy mice. EVs from MSCs were divided into EXO, MV fractions and injected into MCT-treated mice. PH was assessed by right ventricle-to-left ventricle + septum (RV/LV + S) ratio and pulmonary arterial wall thickness-to-diameter (WT/D) ratio. miR microarray analyses were also performed on all EXO populations. EXOs but not MVs from MCT-injured mice increased RV/LV + S, WT/D ratios in healthy mice. MSC-EXOs prevented any increase in RV/LV + S, WT/D ratios when given at the time of MCT injection and reversed the increase in these ratios when given after MCT administration. EXOs from MCT-injured mice and patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) contained increased levels of miRs-19b,-20a,-20b, and -145, whereas miRs isolated from MSC-EXOs had increased levels of anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative miRs including miRs-34a,-122,-124, and -127. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that circulating or MSC-EXOs may modulate pulmonary hypertensive effects based on their miR cargo. The ability of MSC-EXOs to reverse MCT-PH offers a promising potential target for new PAH therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Aliotta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Mandy Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Sicheng Wen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Mark S Dooner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Michael Del Tatto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Elaine Papa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Laura R Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Grayson L Baird
- Lifespan Biostatistics Core, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Corey E Ventetuolo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - James R Klinger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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26
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Tang H, Yamamura A, Yamamura H, Song S, Fraidenburg DR, Chen J, Gu Y, Pohl NM, Zhou T, Jiménez-Pérez L, Ayon RJ, Desai AA, Goltzman D, Rischard F, Khalpey Z, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. Pathogenic role of calcium-sensing receptors in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L846-59. [PMID: 26968768 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00050.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]cyt) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is a major trigger for pulmonary vasoconstriction and a critical stimulation for PASMC proliferation and migration. Previously, we demonstrated that expression and function of calcium sensing receptors (CaSR) in PASMC from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and animals with experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) were greater than in PASMC from normal subjects and control animals. However, the mechanisms by which CaSR triggers Ca(2+) influx in PASMC and the implication of CaSR in the development of PH remain elusive. Here, we report that CaSR functionally interacts with TRPC6 to regulate [Ca(2+)]cyt in PASMC. Downregulation of CaSR or TRPC6 with siRNA inhibited Ca(2+)-induced [Ca(2+)]cyt increase in IPAH-PASMC (in which CaSR is upregulated), whereas overexpression of CaSR or TRPC6 enhanced Ca(2+)-induced [Ca(2+)]cyt increase in normal PASMC (in which CaSR expression level is low). The upregulated CaSR in IPAH-PASMC was also associated with enhanced Akt phosphorylation, whereas blockade of CaSR in IPAH-PASMC attenuated cell proliferation. In in vivo experiments, deletion of the CaSR gene in mice (casr(-/-)) significantly inhibited the development and progression of experimental PH and markedly attenuated acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. These data indicate that functional interaction of upregulated CaSR and upregulated TRPC6 in PASMC from IPAH patients and animals with experimental PH may play an important role in the development and progression of sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Blockade or downregulation of CaSR and/or TRPC6 with siRNA or miRNA may be a novel therapeutic strategy to develop new drugs for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Aya Yamamura
- Kinjo Gakuin University School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamamura
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Dustin R Fraidenburg
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yali Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Nicole M Pohl
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Ramon J Ayon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franz Rischard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Zain Khalpey
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephan M Black
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, and
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Ayako Makino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, and
| | - Jason X J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, and
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27
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Sung YK, Yuan K, de Jesus Perez VA. Novel approaches to pulmonary arterial hypertension drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:407-14. [PMID: 26901465 PMCID: PMC4933595 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1153625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disorder associated with abnormally elevated pulmonary pressures that, if untreated, leads to right heart failure and premature death. The goal of drug development for PAH is to develop effective therapies that halt, or ideally, reverse the obliterative vasculopathy that results in vessel loss and obstruction of blood flow to the lungs. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the current approach to candidate discovery in PAH and discusses the currently available drug discovery methods that should be implemented to prioritize targets and obtain a comprehensive pharmacological profile of promising compounds with well-defined mechanisms. EXPERT OPINION To improve the successful identification of leading drug candidates, it is necessary that traditional pre-clinical studies are combined with drug screening strategies that maximize the characterization of biological activity and identify relevant off-target effects that could hinder the clinical efficacy of the compound when tested in human subjects. A successful drug discovery strategy in PAH will require collaboration of clinician scientists with medicinal chemists and pharmacologists who can identify compounds with an adequate safety profile and biological activity against relevant disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yon K. Sung
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, California
| | - Ke Yuan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, California
| | - Vinicio A. de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, California
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28
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Noncoding RNAs in Tumor Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2732705. [PMID: 26989421 PMCID: PMC4773551 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2732705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-derived tumor cells acquire the capacity for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enables them to invade adjacent tissues and/or metastasize to distant organs. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related death. Molecular mechanisms involved in the switch from an epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal status are complicated and are controlled by a variety of signaling pathways. Recently, a set of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), were found to modulate gene expressions at either transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels. These ncRNAs are involved in EMT through their interplay with EMT-related transcription factors (EMT-TFs) and EMT-associated signaling. Reciprocal regulatory interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs further increase the complexity of the regulation of gene expression and protein translation. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding EMT-regulating ncRNAs and their associated signaling pathways involved in cancer progression.
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Bertero T, Cottrill KA, Lu Y, Haeger CM, Dieffenbach P, Annis S, Hale A, Bhat B, Kaimal V, Zhang YY, Graham BB, Kumar R, Saggar R, Saggar R, Wallace WD, Ross DJ, Black SM, Fratz S, Fineman JR, Vargas SO, Haley KJ, Waxman AB, Chau BN, Fredenburgh LE, Chan SY. Matrix Remodeling Promotes Pulmonary Hypertension through Feedback Mechanoactivation of the YAP/TAZ-miR-130/301 Circuit. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1016-32. [PMID: 26565914 PMCID: PMC4644508 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a deadly vascular disease with enigmatic molecular origins. We found that vascular extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and stiffening are early and pervasive processes that promote PH. In multiple pulmonary vascular cell types, such ECM stiffening induced the microRNA-130/301 family via activation of the co-transcription factors YAP and TAZ. MicroRNA-130/301 controlled a PPAR?-APOE-LRP8 axis, promoting collagen deposition and LOX-dependent remodeling and further upregulating YAP/TAZ via a mechanoactive feedback loop. In turn, ECM remodeling controlled pulmonary vascular cell crosstalk via such mechanotransduction, modulation of secreted vasoactive effectors, and regulation of associated microRNA pathways. In vivo, pharmacologic inhibition of microRNA-130/301, APOE, or LOX activity ameliorated ECM remodeling and PH. Thus, ECM remodeling, as controlled by the YAP/TAZ-miR-130/301 feedback circuit, is an early PH trigger and offers combinatorial therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bertero
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katherine A Cottrill
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu Lu
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christina M Haeger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul Dieffenbach
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sofia Annis
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew Hale
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Ying-Yi Zhang
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian B Graham
- Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Rajan Saggar
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rajeev Saggar
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85006, USA
| | - W Dean Wallace
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David J Ross
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Stephen M Black
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Sohrab Fratz
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, DeutschesHerzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | - Sara O Vargas
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kathleen J Haley
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron B Waxman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Divisions of Cardiovascular and Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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30
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Schlosser K, Taha M, Deng Y, Jiang B, Stewart DJ. Discordant Regulation of microRNA Between Multiple Experimental Models and Human Pulmonary Hypertension. Chest 2015; 148:481-490. [PMID: 25763574 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-2169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) is known to contribute to the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). However, the relationships between changes in tissue and circulating miRNA levels associated with different animal models and human pulmonary hypertension (PH) have not been defined. METHODS A set of miRNAs that have been causally implicated in PH, including miR-17, -21, -130b, -145, -204, -424, and -503, were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the plasma, lung, and right ventricle of three of the most common rodent models of PH: the rat monocrotaline and SU5416 plus chronic hypoxia (SuHx) models and the mouse chronic hypoxia model. Plasma miRNA levels were also evaluated in a cohort of patients with PAH and healthy subjects. RESULTS Several miRNA showed PH model-dependent perturbations in plasma and tissue levels; however, none of these were conserved across all three experimental models. Principle component analysis of miR expression changes in plasma revealed distinct clustering between rodent models, and SuHx-triggered PH showed the greatest similarity to human PAH. Changes in the plasma levels of several miRNA also correlated with changes in tissue expression. In particular, miR-424 was concordantly increased (1.3- to 1.5-fold, P < .05) in the plasma, lung, and right ventricle of hypoxic mice and in the plasma of patients with PAH. CONCLUSIONS miRNAs with established etiologic roles in PH showed context-dependent changes in tissue and circulating levels, which were not consistent across rodent models and human PAH. This suggests different miRNA-dependent mechanisms may contribute to experimental and clinical PH, complicating potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications amenable to these miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Schlosser
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamad Taha
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yupu Deng
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Baohua Jiang
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Duncan J Stewart
- From the Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute), Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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31
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Boucherat O, Chabot S, Antigny F, Perros F, Provencher S, Bonnet S. Potassium channels in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:1167-77. [PMID: 26341985 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00798-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating cardiopulmonary disorder with various origins. All forms of PAH share a common pulmonary arteriopathy characterised by vasoconstriction, remodelling of the pre-capillary pulmonary vessel wall, and in situ thrombosis. Although the pathogenesis of PAH is recognised as a complex and multifactorial process, there is growing evidence that potassium channels dysfunction in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells is a hallmark of PAH. Besides regulating many physiological functions, reduced potassium channels expression and/or activity have significant effects on PAH establishment and progression. This review describes the molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of potassium channel modulation. Special emphasis is placed on KCNA5 (Kv1.5) and KCNK3 (TASK1), which are considered to play a central role in determining pulmonary vascular tone and may represent attractive therapeutic targets in the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Chabot
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Fabrice Antigny
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada UMRS 999, INSERM and Univ. Paris-Sud, Laboratoire d'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada UMRS 999, INSERM and Univ. Paris-Sud, Laboratoire d'Excellence (LabEx) en Recherche sur le Médicament et l'Innovation Thérapeutique (LERMIT), Centre Chirurgical Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis Robinson, France
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Green DE, Murphy TC, Kang BY, Searles CD, Hart CM. PPARγ Ligands Attenuate Hypoxia-Induced Proliferation in Human Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells through Modulation of MicroRNA-21. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208095 PMCID: PMC4514882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive and often fatal disorder whose pathogenesis involves pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation. Although modern PH therapies have significantly improved survival, continued progress rests on the discovery of novel therapies and molecular targets. MicroRNA (miR)-21 has emerged as an important non-coding RNA that contributes to PH pathogenesis by enhancing vascular cell proliferation, however little is known about available therapies that modulate its expression. We previously demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation, vascular remodeling and PH through pleiotropic actions on multiple targets, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN). PTEN is a validated target of miR-21. We therefore hypothesized that antiproliferative effects conferred by PPARγ activation are mediated through inhibition of hypoxia-induced miR-21 expression. Human PASMC monolayers were exposed to hypoxia then treated with the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (RSG,10 μM), or in parallel, C57Bl/6J mice were exposed to hypoxia then treated with RSG. RSG attenuated hypoxic increases in miR-21 expression in vitro and in vivo and abrogated reductions in PTEN and PASMC proliferation. Antiproliferative effects of RSG were lost following siRNA-mediated PTEN depletion. Furthermore, miR-21 mimic decreased PTEN and stimulated PASMC proliferation, whereas miR-21 inhibition increased PTEN and attenuated hypoxia-induced HPASMC proliferation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that PPARγ ligands regulate proliferative responses to hypoxia by preventing hypoxic increases in miR-21 and reductions in PTEN. These findings further clarify molecular mechanisms that support targeting PPARγ to attenuate pathogenic derangements in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Green
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Tamara C Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Bum-Yong Kang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Charles D Searles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - C Michael Hart
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center / Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
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Brock M, Rechsteiner T, Kohler M, Franzen D, Huber LC. Kinetics of microRNA Expression in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Samples. Lung 2015; 193:381-5. [PMID: 25794568 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-015-9719-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Levels of microRNAs (miRNAs) are increasingly assessed in biological fluids, for example, in samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). "Post-collection kinetics" of miRNA expression levels, however, have not been investigated to date. In these experiments, we analyzed the dynamic expression profile of 5 different miRNAs (miR-17, miR-19b, miR-20b, miR-125a, and miR-223-3p) in BAL within the first 24 h following collection by routine bronchoscopy. miRNAs were quantified 0, 1, 4, 8, and 24 h after collection in samples that were kept at 4 °C or at room temperature. The expression of all five miRNAs was found to remain stable between the first 8 h after collection. 24 h after collection miRNAs faced substantial alterations in their expression profile. These data emphasize that BAL samples intended for further miRNA analysis can be handled at room temperature within the first 8 h after bronchoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brock
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Brock M, Haider TJ, Vogel J, Gassmann M, Speich R, Trenkmann M, Ulrich S, Kohler M, Huber LC. The hypoxia-induced microRNA-130a controls pulmonary smooth muscle cell proliferation by directly targeting CDKN1A. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 61:129-37. [PMID: 25681685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMC) is one of the major factors that trigger vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Several studies have implicated that hypoxia inhibits the tumor suppressor p21 (CDKN1A). However, the precise mechanism is unknown. The mouse model of hypoxia-induced PH and in vitro experiments were used to assess the impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) on the expression of CDKN1A. In these experiments, the miRNA family miR-130 was identified to regulate the expression of CDKN1A. Transfection of HPASMC with miR-130 decreased the expression of CDKN1A and, in turn, significantly increased smooth muscle proliferation. Conversely, inhibition of miR-130 by anti-miRs and seed blockers increased the expression of CDKN1A. Reporter gene analysis proved a direct miR-130-CDKN1A target interaction. Exposure of HPASMC to hypoxia was found to induce the expression of miR-130 with concomitant decrease of CDKN1A. These findings were confirmed in the mouse model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension showing that the use of seed blockers against miR-130 restored the expression of CDKN1A. These data suggest that miRNA family miR-130 plays an important role in the repression of CDKN1A by hypoxia. miR-130 enhances hypoxia-induced smooth muscle proliferation and might be involved in the development of right ventricular hypertrophy and vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brock
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas J Haider
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rudolf Speich
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Trenkmann
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malcolm Kohler
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lars C Huber
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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35
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Comer BS, Ba M, Singer CA, Gerthoffer WT. Epigenetic targets for novel therapies of lung diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 147:91-110. [PMID: 25448041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In spite of substantial advances in defining the immunobiology and function of structural cells in lung diseases there is still insufficient knowledge to develop fundamentally new classes of drugs to treat many lung diseases. For example, there is a compelling need for new therapeutic approaches to address severe persistent asthma that is insensitive to inhaled corticosteroids. Although the prevalence of steroid-resistant asthma is 5-10%, severe asthmatics require a disproportionate level of health care spending and constitute a majority of fatal asthma episodes. None of the established drug therapies including long-acting beta agonists or inhaled corticosteroids reverse established airway remodeling. Obstructive airways remodeling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), restrictive remodeling in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and occlusive vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension are similarly unresponsive to current drug therapy. Therefore, drugs are needed to achieve long-acting suppression and reversal of pathological airway and vascular remodeling. Novel drug classes are emerging from advances in epigenetics. Novel mechanisms are emerging by which cells adapt to environmental cues, which include changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and regulation of transcription and translation by noncoding RNAs. In this review we will summarize current epigenetic approaches being applied to preclinical drug development addressing important therapeutic challenges in lung diseases. These challenges are being addressed by advances in lung delivery of oligonucleotides and small molecules that modify the histone code, DNA methylation patterns and miRNA function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Comer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA
| | - Mariam Ba
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Cherie A Singer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - William T Gerthoffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, 36688, USA.
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Suen CM, Mei SHJ, Kugathasan L, Stewart DJ. Targeted delivery of genes to endothelial cells and cell- and gene-based therapy in pulmonary vascular diseases. Compr Physiol 2014; 3:1749-79. [PMID: 24265244 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c120034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that, despite significant advances in medical therapies over the last several decades, continues to have an extremely poor prognosis. Gene therapy is a method to deliver therapeutic genes to replace defective or mutant genes or supplement existing cellular processes to modify disease. Over the last few decades, several viral and nonviral methods of gene therapy have been developed for preclinical PAH studies with varying degrees of efficacy. However, these gene delivery methods face challenges of immunogenicity, low transduction rates, and nonspecific targeting which have limited their translation to clinical studies. More recently, the emergence of regenerative approaches using stem and progenitor cells such as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have offered a new approach to gene therapy. Cell-based gene therapy is an approach that augments the therapeutic potential of EPCs and MSCs and may deliver on the promise of reversal of established PAH. These new regenerative approaches have shown tremendous potential in preclinical studies; however, large, rigorously designed clinical studies will be necessary to evaluate clinical efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Suen
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and fatal disease for which there is an ever-expanding body of genetic and related pathophysiological information on disease pathogenesis. Many germline gene mutations have now been described, including mutations in the gene coding bone morphogenic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) and related genes. Recent advanced gene-sequencing methods have facilitated the discovery of additional genes with mutations among those with and those without familial forms of PAH (CAV1, KCNK3, EIF2AK4). The reduced penetrance, variable expressivity, and female predominance of PAH suggest that genetic, genomic, and other factors modify disease expression. These multi-faceted variations are an active area of investigation in the field, including but not limited to common genetic variants and epigenetic processes, and may provide novel opportunities for pharmacological intervention in the near future. They also highlight the need for a systems-oriented multi-level approach to incorporate the multitude of biological variations now associated with PAH. Ultimately, an in-depth understanding of the genetic factors relevant to PAH provides the opportunity for improved patient and family counseling about this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Austin
- From the Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Immunology Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (E.D.A.) and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.E.L.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.
| | - James E Loyd
- From the Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Immunology Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (E.D.A.) and Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine (J.E.L.), Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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38
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Bertero T, Lu Y, Annis S, Hale A, Bhat B, Saggar R, Saggar R, Wallace WD, Ross DJ, Vargas SO, Graham BB, Kumar R, Black SM, Fratz S, Fineman JR, West JD, Haley KJ, Waxman AB, Chau BN, Cottrill KA, Chan SY. Systems-level regulation of microRNA networks by miR-130/301 promotes pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3514-28. [PMID: 24960162 PMCID: PMC4109523 DOI: 10.1172/jci74773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the vascular disease pulmonary hypertension (PH) involves disparate molecular pathways that span multiple cell types. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may coordinately regulate PH progression, but the integrative functions of miRNAs in this process have been challenging to define with conventional approaches. Here, analysis of the molecular network architecture specific to PH predicted that the miR-130/301 family is a master regulator of cellular proliferation in PH via regulation of subordinate miRNA pathways with unexpected connections to one another. In validation of this model, diseased pulmonary vessels and plasma from mammalian models and human PH subjects exhibited upregulation of miR-130/301 expression. Evaluation of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells revealed that miR-130/301 targeted PPARγ with distinct consequences. In endothelial cells, miR-130/301 modulated apelin-miR-424/503-FGF2 signaling, while in smooth muscle cells, miR-130/301 modulated STAT3-miR-204 signaling to promote PH-associated phenotypes. In murine models, induction of miR-130/301 promoted pathogenic PH-associated effects, while miR-130/301 inhibition prevented PH pathogenesis. Together, these results provide insight into the systems-level regulation of miRNA-disease gene networks in PH with broad implications for miRNA-based therapeutics in this disease. Furthermore, these findings provide critical validation for the evolving application of network theory to the discovery of the miRNA-based origins of PH and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bertero
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu Lu
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sofia Annis
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Hale
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Balkrishen Bhat
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajan Saggar
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rajeev Saggar
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - W. Dean Wallace
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David J. Ross
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sara O. Vargas
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian B. Graham
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sohrab Fratz
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Fineman
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James D. West
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathleen J. Haley
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron B. Waxman
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - B. Nelson Chau
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A. Cottrill
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- Divisions of Cardiovascular Medicine and Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Regulus Therapeutics, San Diego, California, USA. Departments of Medicine and Pathology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA. Department of Medicine, University of Arizona Medical Center, Tuscon, Arizona, USA. Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Program in Translational Lung Research, University of Colorado, Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. Vascular Biology Center, Pulmonary Disease Program, Georgia Regents University, August, Georgia, USA. Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik an der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany. Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA. Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Loscalzo J, Handy DE. Epigenetic modifications: basic mechanisms and role in cardiovascular disease (2013 Grover Conference series). Pulm Circ 2014; 4:169-74. [PMID: 25006435 DOI: 10.1086/675979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable traits that are not a consequence of DNA sequence. Three classes of epigenetic regulation exist: DNA methylation, histone modification, and noncoding RNA action. In the cardiovascular system, epigenetic regulation affects development, differentiation, and disease propensity or expression. Defining the determinants of epigenetic regulation offers opportunities for novel strategies for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diane E Handy
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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White K, Dempsie Y, Caruso P, Wallace E, McDonald RA, Stevens H, Hatley ME, Van Rooij E, Morrell NW, MacLean MR, Baker AH. Endothelial Apoptosis in Pulmonary Hypertension Is Controlled by a microRNA/Programmed Cell Death 4/Caspase-3 Axis. Hypertension 2014; 64:185-94. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin White
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Yvonne Dempsie
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Paola Caruso
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Emma Wallace
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Robert A. McDonald
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Hannah Stevens
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Mark E. Hatley
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Eva Van Rooij
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Nicholas W. Morrell
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Margaret R. MacLean
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- From the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (K.W., Y.D., P.C., E.W., R.A.M., H.S., M.R.M., A.H.B.); Solid Tumor Division, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN (M.E.H.); MiRagen Therapeutics, Boulder, CO (E.V.R.); and Division of Respiratory Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.)
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Pathak RR, Davé V. Integrating omics technologies to study pulmonary physiology and pathology at the systems level. Cell Physiol Biochem 2014; 33:1239-60. [PMID: 24802001 PMCID: PMC4396816 DOI: 10.1159/000358693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Assimilation and integration of "omics" technologies, including genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics has readily altered the landscape of medical research in the last decade. The vast and complex nature of omics data can only be interpreted by linking molecular information at the organismic level, forming the foundation of systems biology. Research in pulmonary biology/medicine has necessitated integration of omics, network, systems and computational biology data to differentially diagnose, interpret, and prognosticate pulmonary diseases, facilitating improvement in therapy and treatment modalities. This review describes how to leverage this emerging technology in understanding pulmonary diseases at the systems level -called a "systomic" approach. Considering the operational wholeness of cellular and organ systems, diseased genome, proteome, and the metabolome needs to be conceptualized at the systems level to understand disease pathogenesis and progression. Currently available omics technology and resources require a certain degree of training and proficiency in addition to dedicated hardware and applications, making them relatively less user friendly for the pulmonary biologist and clinicians. Herein, we discuss the various strategies, computational tools and approaches required to study pulmonary diseases at the systems level for biomedical scientists and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ramesh Pathak
- Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Vrushank Davé
- Morsani College of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
- Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
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Crosswhite P, Sun Z. Molecular mechanisms of pulmonary arterial remodeling. Mol Med 2014; 20:191-201. [PMID: 24676136 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by a persistent elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary arterial remodeling with unknown etiology. Current therapeutics available for PAH are primarily directed at reducing the pulmonary blood pressure through their effects on the endothelium. It is well accepted that pulmonary arterial remodeling is primarily due to excessive pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation that leads to narrowing or occlusion of the pulmonary vessels. Future effective therapeutics will be successful in reversing the vascular remodeling in the pulmonary arteries and arterioles. The purpose of this review is to provide updated information on molecular mechanisms involved in pulmonary arterial remodeling with a focus on growth factors, transcription factors, and epigenetic pathways in PASMC proliferation. In addition, this review will highlight novel therapeutic strategies for potentially reversing PASMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Crosswhite
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Zhongjie Sun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
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Kang BY, Park KK, Green DE, Bijli KM, Searles CD, Sutliff RL, Hart CM. Hypoxia mediates mutual repression between microRNA-27a and PPARγ in the pulmonary vasculature. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79503. [PMID: 24244514 PMCID: PMC3828382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious disorder that causes significant morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of PH involves complex derangements in multiple pathways including reductions in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Hypoxia, a common PH stimulus, reduces PPARγ in experimental models. In contrast, activating PPARγ attenuates hypoxia-induced PH and endothelin 1 (ET-1) expression. To further explore mechanisms of hypoxia-induced PH and reductions in PPARγ, we examined the effects of hypoxia on selected microRNA (miRNA or miR) levels that might reduce PPARγ expression leading to increased ET-1 expression and PH. Our results demonstrate that exposure to hypoxia (10% O2) for 3-weeks increased levels of miR-27a and ET-1 in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice and reduced PPARγ levels. Hypoxia-induced increases in miR-27a were attenuated in mice treated with the PPARγ ligand, rosiglitazone (RSG, 10 mg/kg/d) by gavage for the final 10 d of exposure. In parallel studies, human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) were exposed to control (21% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2) conditions for 72 h. Hypoxia increased HPAEC proliferation, miR-27a and ET-1 expression, and reduced PPARγ expression. These alterations were attenuated by treatment with RSG (10 µM) during the last 24 h of hypoxia exposure. Overexpression of miR-27a or PPARγ knockdown increased HPAEC proliferation and ET-1 expression and decreased PPARγ levels, whereas these effects were reversed by miR-27a inhibition. Further, compared to lungs from littermate control mice, miR-27a levels were upregulated in lungs from endothelial-targeted PPARγ knockout (ePPARγ KO) mice. Knockdown of either SP1 or EGR1 was sufficient to significantly attenuate miR-27a expression in HPAECs. Collectively, these studies provide novel evidence that miR-27a and PPARγ mediate mutually repressive actions in hypoxic pulmonary vasculature and that targeting PPARγ may represent a novel therapeutic approach in PH to attenuate proliferative mediators that stimulate proliferation of pulmonary vascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Yong Kang
- Departments of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Centers and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kathy K. Park
- Departments of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Centers and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David E. Green
- Departments of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Centers and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kaiser M. Bijli
- Departments of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Centers and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Charles D. Searles
- Departments of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Centers and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Roy L. Sutliff
- Departments of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Centers and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - C. Michael Hart
- Departments of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Centers and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wang D, Zhang H, Li M, Frid MG, Flockton AR, McKeon BA, Yeager ME, Fini MA, Morrell NW, Pullamsetti SS, Velegala S, Seeger W, McKinsey TA, Sucharov CC, Stenmark KR. MicroRNA-124 controls the proliferative, migratory, and inflammatory phenotype of pulmonary vascular fibroblasts. Circ Res 2013; 114:67-78. [PMID: 24122720 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypertensive remodeling is characterized by excessive proliferation, migration, and proinflammatory activation of adventitial fibroblasts. In culture, fibroblasts maintain a similar activated phenotype. The mechanisms responsible for generation/maintenance of this phenotype remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that aberrant expression of microRNA-124 (miR-124) regulates this activated fibroblast phenotype and sought to determine the signaling pathways through which miR-124 exerts effects. METHODS AND RESULTS We detected significant decreases in miR-124 expression in fibroblasts isolated from calves and humans with severe pulmonary hypertension. Overexpression of miR-124 by mimic transfection significantly attenuated proliferation, migration, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression of hypertensive fibroblasts, whereas anti-miR-124 treatment of control fibroblasts resulted in their increased proliferation, migration, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression. Furthermore, the alternative splicing factor, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1, was shown to be a direct target of miR-124 and to be upregulated both in vivo and in vitro in bovine and human pulmonary hypertensive fibroblasts. The effects of miR-124 on fibroblast proliferation were mediated via direct binding to the 3' untranslated region of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 and subsequent regulation of Notch1/phosphatase and tensin homolog/FOXO3/p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 signaling. We showed that miR-124 directly regulates monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in pulmonary hypertension/idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension fibroblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-124 expression is suppressed by histone deacetylases and that treatment of hypertensive fibroblasts with histone deacetylase inhibitors increased miR-124 expression and decreased proliferation and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production. CONCLUSIONS Stable decreases in miR-124 expression contribute to an epigenetically reprogrammed, highly proliferative, migratory, and inflammatory phenotype of hypertensive pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts. Thus, therapies directed at restoring miR-124 function, including histone deacetylase inhibitors, should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Wang
- From the Department of Pediatrics (D.W., H.Z., M.L., M.G.F., A.R.F., B.A.K., M.E.Y., M.A.F.), Department of Medicine (T.A.M., C.C.S.), Department of Medicine and Pediatrics (K.R.S.), Department of Medicine (N.W.M.), Department of Lung Development and Remodeling (S.S.P., S.V., W.S.), Department of Medicine (H.Z.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.); Addenbrooke's & Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., S.V., W.S.); and Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (H.Z.)
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Epigenetics: novel mechanism of pulmonary hypertension. Lung 2013; 191:601-10. [PMID: 24052023 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-013-9505-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epigenetics refers to changes in phenotype and gene expression that occur without alterations in DNA sequence. MicroRNAs are relatively recently discovered negative regulators of gene expression and act at the posttranscriptional level. METHODS This review summarizes epigenetic mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension, focusing on microRNAs related to pulmonary hypertension. RESULTS There are three major mechanisms of epigenetic regulation, including methylation of CpG islands, modification of histone proteins, and microRNAs. There may be an epigenetic component to pulmonary hypertension. These epigenetic abnormalities can be reversed therapeutically. CONCLUSIONS By better integrating network biology with evolving technologies in cell culture and in vivo experimentation, we will better understand epigenetic mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension and identify more diagnostic and therapeutic targets in pulmonary hypertension.
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Cottrill KA, Chan SY. Metabolic dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension: the expanding relevance of the Warburg effect. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:855-65. [PMID: 23617881 PMCID: PMC3736346 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an enigmatic vascular syndrome characterized by increased pulmonary arterial pressure and adverse remodelling of the pulmonary arterioles and often of the right ventricle. Drawing parallels with tumourigenesis, recent endeavours have explored the relationship between metabolic dysregulation and PH pathogenesis. DESIGN We will discuss the general mechanisms by which cellular stressors such as hypoxia and inflammation alter cellular metabolism. Based on those principles, we will explore the development of a corresponding metabolic pathophenotype in PH, with a focus on WHO Groups I and III, and the implications that these alterations may have for future treatment of this disease. RESULTS Investigation of metabolic dysregulation in both the pulmonary vasculature and right ventricle during PH pathogenesis has provided a more unifying understanding of how disparate disease triggers coordinate end-stage disease manifestations. Namely, as defined originally in various cancers, the Warburg effect describes a chronic shift in energy production from mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. In many cases, this Warburg phenotype may serve as a central causative mechanism for PH progression, largely driving cellular hyperproliferation and resistance to apoptosis. Consequently, new therapeutic strategies have been increasingly pursued that target the Warburg phenotype. Finally, new technologies are increasingly becoming available to probe more completely the complexities of metabolic cellular reprogramming and may reveal distinct metabolic pathways beyond the Warburg effect that drive PH. CONCLUSION Studies of metabolic dysregulation in PH are just emerging but may offer powerful therapeutic means to prevent or even reverse disease progression at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Cottrill
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Jin RC, Min PK, Chan SY. MicroRNA in the Diseased Pulmonary Vasculature: Implications for the Basic Scientist and Clinician. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF HYPERTENSION 2013; 19:1-16. [PMID: 26705533 PMCID: PMC4687897 DOI: 10.5646/jksh.2013.19.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Since the first descriptions of their active functions more than ten years ago, small non-coding RNA species termed microRNA (miRNA) have emerged as essential regulators in a broad range of adaptive and maladaptive cellular processes. With an exceptionally rapid pace of discovery in this field, the dysregulation of many individual miRNAs has been implicated in the development and progression of various cardiovascular diseases. MiRNA are also expected to play crucial regulatory roles in the progression of pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension (PH), yet direct insights in this field are only just emerging. This review will provide an overview of pulmonary hypertension and its molecular mechanisms, tailored for both basic scientists studying pulmonary vascular biology and physicians who manage PH in their clinical practice. We will describe the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension and mechanisms of action of miRNA relevant to this disease. Moreover, we will summarize the potential roles of miRNA as biomarkers and therapeutic targets as well as future strategies for defining the cooperative actions of these powerful effectors in pulmonary vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Jin
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
| | - Pil-Ki Min
- Cardiology Division, Heart Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, South Korea
| | - Stephen Y. Chan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, 02115
- Corresponding Author: Stephen Y. Chan, M.D., Ph.D. Brigham and Women's Hospital, New Research Building, Room 630N, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA USA 02115, Tel: +1-617-525-4844, Fax: +1-617-525-4830,
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