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Kandagalla S, Kumbar B, Novak J. Structural Modifications Introduced by NS2B Cofactor Binding to the NS3 Protease of the Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10907. [PMID: 37446083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest Disease virus (KFDV), a neglected human pathogenic virus, is a Flavivirus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. KFDV is transmitted to humans by the bite of the hard tick (Haemaphysalis spinigera), which acts as a reservoir of KFDV. The recent expansion of the endemic area of KFDV is of concern and requires the development of new preventive measures against KFDV. Currently, there is no antiviral therapy against KFDV, and the existing vaccine has limited efficacy. To develop a new antiviral therapy against KFDV, we focused on the nonstructural proteins NS2B and NS3 of KFDV, which are responsible for serine protease activity. Viral proteases have shown to be suitable therapeutic targets in the development of antiviral drugs against many diseases. However, success has been limited in flaviviruses, mainly because of the important features of the active site, which is flat and highly charged. In this context, the present study focuses on the dynamics of NS2B and NS3 to identify potential allosteric sites in the NS2B/NS3 protease of KDFV. To our knowledge, there are no reports on the dynamics of NS2B and NS3 in KFDV, and the crystal structure of the NS2B/NS3 protease of KFDV has not yet been solved. Overall, we created the structure of the NS2B/NS3 protease of KFDV using AlphaFold and performed molecular dynamics simulations with and without NS2B cofactor to investigate structural rearrangements due to cofactor binding and to identify alternative allosteric sites. The identified allosteric site is promising due to its geometric and physicochemical properties and druggability and can be used for new drug development. The applicability of the proposed allosteric binding sites was verified for the best-hit molecules from the virtual screening and MD simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivananda Kandagalla
- Laboratory of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical & Biological School, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Bhimanagoud Kumbar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Jurica Novak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Pramanik M, Singh P, Dhiman RC. Identification of bio-climatic determinants and potential risk areas for Kyasanur forest disease in Southern India using MaxEnt modelling approach. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1226. [PMID: 34876036 PMCID: PMC8650402 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06908-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), known as monkey fever, was for the first time reported in 1957 from the Shivamogga district of Karnataka. But since 2011, it has been spreading to the neighbouring state of Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu. The disease is transmitted to humans, monkeys and by the infected bite of ticks Haemaphysalis spinigera. It is known that deforestation and ecological changes are the main reasons for KFD emergence, but the bio-climatic understanding and emerging pathways remain unknown. METHODS The present study aims to understand the bio-climatic determinants of distribution of tick vector of KFD in southern India using the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) model. The analysis was done using 34 locations of Haemaphysalis spinigera occurrence and nineteen bio-climatic variables from WorldClim. Climatic variables contribution was assessed using the Jackknife test and mean AUC 0.859, indicating the model performs with very high accuracy. RESULTS Most influential variables affecting the spatial distribution of Haemaphysalis spinigera were the average temperature of the warmest quarter (bio10, contributed 32.5%), average diurnal temperature range (bio2, contributed 21%), precipitation of wettest period (bio13, contributed 17.6%), and annual precipitation (bio12, contributed 11.1%). The highest probability of Haemaphysalis spinigera presence was found when the mean warmest quarter temperature ranged between 25.4 and 30 °C. The risk of availability of the tick increased noticeably when the mean diurnal temperature ranged between 8 and 10 °C. The tick also preferred habitat having an annual mean temperature (bio1) between 23 and 26.2 °C, mean temperature of the driest quarter (bio9) between 20 and 28 °C, and mean temperature of the wettest quarter (bio8) between 22.5 and 25 °C. CONCLUSIONS The results have established the relationship between bioclimatic variables and KFD tick distribution and mapped the potential areas for KFD in adjacent areas wherein surveillance for the disease is warranted for early preparedness before the occurrence of outbreaks etc. The modelling approach helps link bio-climatic variables with the present and predicted distribution of Haemaphysalis spinigera tick.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malay Pramanik
- Environmental Epidemiology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077 India
| | - Poonam Singh
- Environmental Epidemiology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077 India
| | - Ramesh C. Dhiman
- Environmental Epidemiology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi, 110077 India
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Shahhosseini N, Wong G, Babuadze G, Camp JV, Ergonul O, Kobinger GP, Chinikar S, Nowotny N. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Asia, Africa and Europe. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091907. [PMID: 34576803 PMCID: PMC8471816 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of ticks and various tick-borne viruses (TBVs) suggests the possibility of new tick-borne diseases emerging. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is an emerging TBV of the Nairoviridae family that causes serious disease that can be fatal in humans. CCHFV endemic foci can be found in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and South-Eastern Europe, and has spread to previously unaffected regions and nations, such as Spain, over the last two decades. In this review, we discuss the current situation of CCHFV in Asia, Africa and Europe based on existing knowledge, and we discuss driving factors in the distribution and transmission of the virus, such as the spread of tick vector species and host reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariman Shahhosseini
- Centre for Vector-Borne Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1H 6P7, Canada;
| | - Gary Wong
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.W.); (G.P.K.)
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - George Babuadze
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada;
| | - Jeremy V. Camp
- Center for Virology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Onder Ergonul
- Koç University, School of Medicine and Koç University Iş Bank Center for Infectious Diseases, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
| | - Gary P. Kobinger
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d’Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (G.W.); (G.P.K.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sadegh Chinikar
- Pasteur Institute of Tehran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.N.)
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: (S.C.); (N.N.)
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Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Patil DY, Sahay RR, Rahi M. Experiences of Indian Council of Medical Research with tick-borne zoonotic infections: Kyasanur Forest disease & Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in India with One Health focus. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:339-347. [PMID: 33906997 PMCID: PMC8204825 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_532_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence and re-emergence of several pathogens have been witnessed by this century in the form of outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. In India, the influencing factor that promotes dissemination of emerging and re-emerging viral infections is the biogeographical zones: a megadiverse country, characterized by varied geographical, climatic conditions and ever-changing socio-economical and geopolitical issues. These influence the movement of humans and animals and add layers of complexity for the identification and timely management of infectious diseases. This review focuses on two tick-borne infections: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and Kyasanur forest disease (KFD). In the last two decades, these viruses have emerged and caused outbreaks in different parts of India. KFD virus was initially identified in 1957 and was known to be endemic in Karnataka State while CCHF virus was first identified during 2010 in Gujarat State, India. These viruses have managed to emerge in new areas within the last decade. With changing epidemiology of these arboviruses, there is a probability of the emergence of these viruses from new areas in future. The investigations on these two diseases under the One Health focus involved early detection, quickly developing diagnostic tools, identifying stakeholders, capacity building by developing collaboration with major stakeholders to understand the epidemiology and geographical spread in domestic animal reservoirs and tick vectors in the affected areas, developing laboratory network, providing diagnostic reagents and biosafety and laboratory diagnosis training to the network laboratories to control these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manju Rahi
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Majumdar T, Shete A, Yadav P, Patil S, Mali D, Waghmare A, Gawande P. Point of care real-time polymerase chain reaction-based diagnostic for Kyasanur forest disease. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:226-230. [PMID: 34023493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Due to the remote forest area locations of sporadic cases and outbreaks of Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), rapid diagnosis poses a significant challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Truenat KFD, a simple, rapid and user-friendly point-of-care test for detection of KFD and compare diagnostic accuracy with conventional real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing. Truenat KFD can be deployed in a field laboratory setting. METHODS The study involved 145 clinical specimens, including human serum, monkey necropsy tissues and tick pool, to validate Truenat KFD (Molbio Diagnostics Pvt.Ltd.) for KFD diagnosis. RESULTS We have optimized and validated the microchip-based Truenat KFD (Molbio Diagnostics Pvt.Ltd.) for KFD diagnosis. Point-of-care testing was highly sensitive and specific, with a detection limit of up to 10 copies of KFD viral RNA. Results were comparable with the gold-standard TaqMan and commercially available Altona RealStar AHFV / KFDV real-time RT-PCR assays. Screening results for human, monkey and tick specimens were 100% concordant across the assays. CONCLUSION Truenat KFD(Molbio Diagnostics Pvt.Ltd.) was found to be highly sensitive and specific with a significant limit of detection. This point-of-care test would be useful in rapid diagnosis of KFD in remote and/or field settings, quick patient management and control of virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triparna Majumdar
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021 India
| | - Anita Shete
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021 India
| | - Pragya Yadav
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021 India.
| | - Savita Patil
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021 India
| | - Deepak Mali
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021 India
| | - Ashwini Waghmare
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021 India
| | - Pranita Gawande
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411021 India
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Chowdhury S, Aleem MA, Khan MSI, Hossain ME, Ghosh S, Rahman MZ. Major zoonotic diseases of public health importance in Bangladesh. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1199-1210. [PMID: 33650812 PMCID: PMC8013274 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic diseases cause repeated outbreaks in humans globally. The majority of emerging infections in humans are zoonotic. COVID‐19 is an ideal example of a recently identified emerging zoonotic disease, causing a global pandemic. Anthropogenic factors such as modernisation of agriculture and livestock farming, wildlife hunting, the destruction of wild animal habitats, mixing wild and domestic animals, wildlife trading, changing food habits and urbanisation could drive the emergence of zoonotic diseases in humans. Since 2001, Bangladesh has been reporting many emerging zoonotic disease outbreaks such as nipah, highly pathogenic avian influenza, pandemic H1N1, and COVID‐19. There are many other potential zoonotic pathogens such as Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, Kyasanur forest disease virus and Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever that may emerge in the future. However, we have a limited understanding of zoonotic diseases’ overall risk in humans and associated factors that drive the emergence of zoonotic pathogens. This narrative review summarised the major emerging, re‐emerging, neglected and other potential zoonotic diseases in Bangladesh and their associated risk factors. Nipah virus and Bacillus anthracis caused repeated outbreaks in humans. More than 300 human cases with Nipah virus infection were reported since the first outbreak in 2001. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) caused more than 550 outbreaks in poultry, and eight human cases were reported so far since 2007. People of Bangladesh are frequently exposed to zoonotic pathogens due to close interaction with domestic and peri‐domestic animals. The rapidly changing intensified animal–human–ecosystem interfaces and risky practices increase the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. The narrative review's findings are useful to draw attention to the risk and emergence of zoonotic diseases to public health policymakers in Bangladesh and the application of one‐health approach to address this public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Chowdhury
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A Aleem
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh.,University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Md Shafiqul I Khan
- Department of Food Microbiology, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sumon Ghosh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Z Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Bhatt M, Soneja M, Gupta N. Approach to acute febrile illness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Drug Discov Ther 2020; 14:282-286. [PMID: 33390566 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2020.03083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a febrile respiratory illness that has spread rampantly across the globe and has emerged as one of the biggest pandemics of all time. Besides the direct effects of COVID-19 on mortality, collateral impacts on diagnosis and management of acute febrile illnesses (AFI) is a matter of great concern. The overlap in presentation, shunting of available resources and infection control precautions in patients with suspected COVID-19 result in a significant delay in diagnoses and management of AFI. This review highlights the challenges in the management of acute febrile illness during COVID pandemic and possible solutions for the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasvini Bhatt
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Soneja
- Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Kyasanur Forest Disease and Alkhurma Hemorrhagic Fever Virus-Two Neglected Zoonotic Pathogens. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091406. [PMID: 32932653 PMCID: PMC7564883 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) and Alkhurma hemorrhagic fever virus (AHFV) are tick-borne flaviviruses that cause life-threatening hemorrhagic fever in humans with case fatality rates of 3-5% for KFDV and 1-20% for AHFV, respectively. Both viruses are biosafety level 4 pathogens due to the severity of disease they cause and the lack of effective countermeasures. KFDV was discovered in India and is restricted to parts of the Indian subcontinent, whereas AHFV has been found in Saudi Arabia and Egypt. In recent years, both viruses have spread beyond their original endemic zones and the potential of AHFV to spread through ticks on migratory birds is a public health concern. While there is a vaccine with limited efficacy for KFDV used in India, there is no vaccine for AHFV nor are there any therapeutic concepts to combat infections with these viruses. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about pathogenesis, vector distribution, virus spread, and infection control. We aim to bring attention to the potential public health threats posed by KFDV and AHFV and highlight the urgent need for the development of effective countermeasures.
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Yadav PD, Pardeshi PG, Patil DY, Shete AM, Mourya DT. Persistence of IgG antibodies in survivors of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus infection, India. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:598-599. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Characterization of Novel Reoviruses Wad Medani Virus (Orbivirus) and Kundal Virus (Coltivirus) Collected from Hyalomma anatolicum Ticks in India during Surveillance for Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00106-19. [PMID: 30971476 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00106-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2011, ticks were collected from livestock following an outbreak of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in Gujarat state, India. CCHF-negative Hyalomma anatolicum tick pools were passaged for virus isolation, and two virus isolates were obtained, designated Karyana virus (KARYV) and Kundal virus (KUNDV), respectively. Traditional reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) identification of known viruses was unsuccessful, but a next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach identified KARYV and KUNDV as viruses in the Reoviridae family, Orbivirus and Coltivirus genera, respectively. Viral genomes were de novo assembled, yielding 10 complete segments of KARYV and 12 nearly complete segments of KUNDV. The VP1 gene of KARYV shared a most recent common ancestor with Wad Medani virus (WMV), strain Ar495, and based on nucleotide identity we demonstrate that it is a novel WMV strain. The VP1 segment of KUNDV shares a common ancestor with Colorado tick fever virus, Eyach virus, Tai Forest reovirus, and Tarumizu tick virus from the Coltivirus genus. Based on VP1, VP6, VP7, and VP12 nucleotide and amino acid identities, KUNDV is proposed to be a new species of Coltivirus Electron microscopy supported the classification of KARYV and KUNDV as reoviruses and identified replication morphology consistent with other orbi- and coltiviruses. The identification of novel tick-borne viruses carried by the CCHF vector is an important step in the characterization of their potential role in human and animal pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Ticks and mosquitoes, as well Culicoides, can transmit viruses in the Reoviridae family. With the help of next-generation sequencing (NGS), previously unreported reoviruses such as equine encephalosis virus, Wad Medani virus (WMV), Kammavanpettai virus (KVPTV), and, with this report, KARYV and KUNDV have been discovered and characterized in India. The isolation of KUNDV and KARYV from Hyalomma anatolicum, which is a known vector for zoonotic pathogens, such as Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Babesia, Theileria, and Anaplasma species, identifies arboviruses with the potential to transmit to humans. Characterization of KUNDV and KARYV isolated from Hyalomma ticks is critical for the development of specific serological and molecular assays that can be used to determine the association of these viruses with disease in humans and livestock.
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Sarkale P, Shrivastava A, Mohandas S, Patil SL, Kore P, Soman V, Yadav PD. Growth Kinetics of Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus in Mammalian Cell Lines and Development of Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:630-636. [PMID: 30994413 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) is a tick-borne flavivirus identified in 1957 in the Karnataka state of India causing fatalities in monkeys and humans. Even after the introduction of a vaccine in the endemic areas, hundreds of cases are reported every year. Being a high-risk category pathogen, the studies on this virus in India were limited till the past decade. The growth characteristics of this virus in various mammalian cell lines have not yet been studied. In this study, we have demonstrated the growth pattern of virus in BHK-21, Vero E6, Vero CCL81, rhabdomyosarcoma, porcine stable kidney, and Pipistrellus ceylonicus bat embryo cell lines, and found BHK-21 to be the best. We have developed KFDV plaque reduction neutralization test for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pravin Kore
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Vinod Soman
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
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Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Ullas P, Bhardwaj SD, Sahay RR, Chadha MS, Shete AM, Jadhav S, Gupta N, Gangakhedkar RR, Khasnobis P, Singh SK. Emerging/re-emerging viral diseases & new viruses on the Indian horizon. Indian J Med Res 2019; 149:447-467. [PMID: 31411169 PMCID: PMC6676836 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1239_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain as the major causes of human and animal morbidity and mortality leading to significant healthcare expenditure in India. The country has experienced the outbreaks and epidemics of many infectious diseases. However, enormous successes have been obtained against the control of major epidemic diseases, such as malaria, plague, leprosy and cholera, in the past. The country's vast terrains of extreme geo-climatic differences and uneven population distribution present unique patterns of distribution of viral diseases. Dynamic interplays of biological, socio-cultural and ecological factors, together with novel aspects of human-animal interphase, pose additional challenges with respect to the emergence of infectious diseases. The important challenges faced in the control and prevention of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases range from understanding the impact of factors that are necessary for the emergence, to development of strengthened surveillance systems that can mitigate human suffering and death. In this article, the major emerging and re-emerging viral infections of public health importance have been reviewed that have already been included in the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P.T. Ullas
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, Pune, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nivedita Gupta
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Raman R. Gangakhedkar
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Munivenkatappa A, Sahay RR, Yadav PD, Viswanathan R, Mourya DT. Clinical & epidemiological significance of Kyasanur forest disease. Indian J Med Res 2019; 148:145-150. [PMID: 30381537 PMCID: PMC6206778 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_688_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a known viral haemorrhagic fever in India, for the last 60 years. However, in recent years, the change in epidemiological profile of the disease has suggested that it is now time to consider KFD as an emerging tropical disease in India. The preference should be to educate not only the villagers where it is being reported or detected but also to public health experts, veterinarians, forest officials and medical professionals to pay attention while seeing a patient overlapping with endemic diseases such as Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, dengue, chikungunya, malaria and tuberculosis. Although the existence of KFD is known for a long time, updated understanding of its clinical profile in humans is still limited. This article describes in detail the clinical presentation of KFD reported till date. It also highlights geographical distribution of the disease, risk factors for virus transmission, biochemical/haematological findings and control measures. There is an urgent need for research on KFD, particularly for understanding biphasic nature of illness, development of cost-effective diagnostic tools, utility of non-invasive samples for diagnosis and development of new vaccines.
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Naren Babu N, Jayaram A, Hemanth Kumar H, Pareet P, Pattanaik S, Auti AM, Abdulmajeed J, Maity H, Devadiga S, Bhandari Y, Agre Deepchand H, Shakir M, Kumar N, Arunkumar G. Spatial distribution of Haemaphysalis species ticks and human Kyasanur Forest Disease cases along the Western Ghats of India, 2017-2018. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2019; 77:435-447. [PMID: 30809731 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a viral haemorrhagic fever, transmitted to humans and other hosts by a tick vector of genus Haemaphysalis. It affects 400-500 people annually in the Western Ghats region of India through spring to summer season. To understand the species composition, distribution, and abundance of Haemaphysalis ticks in endemic taluks (sub-districts) of India, a surveillance for ticks was conducted between October 2017 and January 2018. In total 105 sites were selected based on grid sampling from five taluks representing five KFD endemic states in south India. A sum of 8373 ticks were collected by using standard flagging method. The study showed a wide distribution of host seeking tick species among the selected taluks, wherein Haemaphysalis spinigera was predominant in 3/5 taluks, Haemaphysalis bispinosa in 1/5 taluks, and both the species in 1/5 taluks. Further, the H. spinigera abundance was categorised and compared with the incidence of human cases during the same season. The grids with very high and high H. spinigera abundance had 70% of the 205 human cases reported. This method of tick surveillance could be efficiently used as a standard model for KFD transmission risk assessment and prediction of impending outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Naren Babu
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Anup Jayaram
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - H Hemanth Kumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Prashant Pareet
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Sarthak Pattanaik
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Amogh Milind Auti
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Jazeel Abdulmajeed
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Hindol Maity
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Santhosha Devadiga
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Yuvraj Bhandari
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - H Agre Deepchand
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Muhammed Shakir
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Nishikant Kumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India
| | - Govindakarnavar Arunkumar
- Manipal Centre for Virus Research (Regional Reference Laboratory for Influenza Viruses and ICMR Virology Network Laboratory-Grade-I), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (Deemed to be University), Manipal, Karnataka State, 576104, India.
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Balasubramanian R, Yadav PD, Sahina S, Arathy Nadh V. Distribution and prevalence of ticks on livestock population in endemic area of Kyasanur forest disease in Western Ghats of Kerala, South India. J Parasit Dis 2019; 43:256-262. [PMID: 31263331 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01086-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick borne zoonotic diseases are one of the major emerging threats to live stock and public health in India, especially in Western Ghats of south India. Since livestock and wild animals share habitats and grasslands, it is important to know the species composition of major tick parasitism on live stock as well as their geographical distribution for effective control of tick and tick borne diseases. This study provides basic knowledge that is necessary to initiate Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) prevention programs in these areas. Ticks were sampled from Wayanad districts of Kerala from domestic animals and identified morphologically. A total of 195 cattle searched, in which 168 (86.15%) cattle were infested with ticks and a total of 3633 ticks comprising three genera and seven species were collected, Rhipicephalus microplus (52.71%) was prevalent species followed by Haemaphysalis bispinosa (16.9%), Rhipicephalus decoloratus (15.77%), Haemaphysalis turturis (11.42%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (1.32%), Amblyomma integrum (1.15%) and Haemaphysalis spinigera (0.71%) were identified based on their morphological characters. As R. microplus was the prevalent species, the risk of transmission of babesiosis and anaplasmosis to cattle increases and the presence of Haemaphysalis sp. point out the risk of KFD in among the tribal colony people and it can be reduced by applying with acaricides on domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Balasubramanian
- 1T D Medical College and Hospital, National Institute of Virology - Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala 688005 India
| | | | - S Sahina
- 1T D Medical College and Hospital, National Institute of Virology - Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala 688005 India
| | - V Arathy Nadh
- 1T D Medical College and Hospital, National Institute of Virology - Kerala Unit, Alappuzha, Kerala 688005 India
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16
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Positivity of dengue and chikungunya among Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever-negative cases in India: 2013–2016. J Infect Public Health 2018; 11:900-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Yadav PD, Sahay RR, Mourya DT. Detection of Kyasanur forest disease in newer areas of Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra State. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:453-455. [PMID: 30666009 PMCID: PMC6362715 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1292_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
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Shah SZ, Jabbar B, Ahmed N, Rehman A, Nasir H, Nadeem S, Jabbar I, Rahman ZU, Azam S. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of a Tick-Borne Disease- Kyasanur Forest Disease: Current Status and Future Directions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:149. [PMID: 29868505 PMCID: PMC5954086 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In South Asia, Haemaphysalis spinigera tick transmits Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV), a flavivirus that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with neurological manifestations such as mental disturbances, severe headache, tremors, and vision deficits in infected human beings with a fatality rate of 3-10%. The disease was first reported in March 1957 from Kyasanur forest of Karnataka (India) from sick and dying monkeys. Since then, between 400 and 500 humans cases per year have been recorded; monkeys and small mammals are common hosts of this virus. KFDV can cause epizootics with high fatality in primates and is a level-4 virus according to the international biosafety rules. The density of tick vectors in a given year correlates with the incidence of human disease. The virus is a positive strand RNA virus and its genome was discovered to code for one polyprotein that is cleaved post-translationally into 3 structural proteins (Capsid protein, Envelope Glycoprotein M and Envelope Glycoprotein E) and 7 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). KFDV has a high degree of sequence homology with most members of the TBEV serocomplex. Alkhurma virus is a KFDV variant sharing a sequence similarity of 97%. KFDV is classified as a NIAID Category C priority pathogen due to its extreme pathogenicity and lack of US FDA approved vaccines and therapeutics; also, the infectious dose is currently unknown for KFD. In India, formalin-inactivated KFDV vaccine produced in chick embryo fibroblast is being used. Nevertheless, further efforts are required to enhance its long-term efficacy. KFDV remains an understudied virus and there remains a lack of insight into its pathogenesis; moreover, specific treatment to the disease is not available to date. Environmental and climatic factors involved in disseminating Kyasanur Forest Disease are required to be fully explored. There should be a mapping of endemic areas and cross-border veterinary surveillance needs to be developed in high-risk regions. The involvement of both animal and health sector is pivotal for circumscribing the spread of this disease to new areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Z. Shah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Basit Jabbar
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Ahmed
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anum Rehman
- Center of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hira Nasir
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sarooj Nadeem
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Jabbar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zia ur Rahman
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shafiq Azam
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Sadanandane C, Gokhale MD, Elango A, Yadav P, Mourya DT, Jambulingam P. Prevalence and spatial distribution of Ixodid tick populations in the forest fringes of Western Ghats reported with human cases of Kyasanur forest disease and monkey deaths in South India. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2018; 75:135-142. [PMID: 29594846 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-018-0223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a major tick-borne viral haemorrhagic fever caused by KFD virus (KFDV) (Flaviviridae). The disease was reported to be confined to five districts of Karnataka state India until 2011. During 2012-2016, emergence of KFD has been reported in newer areas of Karnataka and adjoining states. Therefore, survey of tick vectors was carried out in these new areas of Karnataka and adjoining states reported with monkey deaths and human cases of KFD. In all selected sites, ticks from the forest floor were collected by lint clothes using flagging method. Tick samples were tested for KFDV nucleic acid by real-time RT-PCR. A total of 4772 ticks, comprising eight species of genus Haemaphysalis and one species each of genus Amblyomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus was collected. Haemaphysalis spinigera, the principal vector of KFDV was the predominant tick species (59.5%) collected followed by H. turturis (8.6%). The abundance of H. spinigera ranged from 9.2 to 33.9 per man-hour in the six districts surveyed. Of 214 (4418 tick samples) pools screened by real-time RT-PCR, two pools of H. spinigera were positive for KFDV. High abundance of Haemaphysalis vectors in the six districts indicated that the districts are receptive for KFD outbreaks. KFDV was detected in the tick vectors in the new foci of the KFD. Data on tick distribution will be useful in creating KFD risk map for strengthening the ongoing preventive measures such as vaccination and supply of insect repellents to the high risk groups and intensive health education.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sadanandane
- Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, 605 006, India
| | - M D Gokhale
- National Institute of Virology (Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India), Pune, Maharashtra, 411 001, India
| | - A Elango
- Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, 605 006, India.
| | - P Yadav
- National Institute of Virology (Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India), Pune, Maharashtra, 411 001, India
| | - D T Mourya
- National Institute of Virology (Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India), Pune, Maharashtra, 411 001, India
| | - P Jambulingam
- Vector Control Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, 605 006, India
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20
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Chaubal G, Sarkale P, Kore P, Yadav P. Development of single step RT-PCR for detection of Kyasanur forest disease virus from clinical samples. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00549. [PMID: 29560461 PMCID: PMC5857640 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD), a tick borne flavivirus, which was earlier endemic to Karnataka state, India, has been confirmed and detected from neighboring states of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Goa and Kerala states in India. Increased human and vector surveillance therefore becomes essential for the identification of KFD affected regions and control of further spread of the disease. Currently, available KFD detection assays include realtime RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR assays. Here we describe the development of a sensitive single step RT-PCR assay for the detection of KFD viral RNA. This can be easily used in any BSL-2 laboratory for screening of KFD suspected cases or for differential diagnosis of viral hemorrhagic fever panel. Method Three primer sets were designed and checked for sensitivity using known dilutions of KFD viral RNA (Ranging from 106 copies to 10 copies). The primer set (2) was found to be most sensitive was selected and tested for specificity for Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) by testing against zika, dengue, chikungunya, crimean congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), yellow fever, japanese encephalitis (JE) and west nile viruses. A total of 104 samples (human, monkey and tick positive and negative samples) were tested using this assay. Result No false positive or false negative results were seen for human, monkey or tick samples. The assay was specific for KFD and could detect upto 100 copies of KFD viral RNA. Discussion and conclusion The previously published sensitive real time RT-PCR assay requires higher cost in terms of reagents and machine setup and technical expertise has been the primary reason for development of this assay. A single step RT-PCR is relatively easy to perform and more cost effective than real time RT-PCR in smaller setups in the absence of Biosafety Level-3 facility. This study reports the development and optimization of single step RT-PCR assay which is more sensitive and less time-consuming than nested RT-PCR and cost effective for rapid diagnosis of KFD viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouri Chaubal
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 410021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Prasad Sarkale
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 410021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravin Kore
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 410021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Sus Road, Pashan, Pune, 410021, Maharashtra, India
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Spengler JR, Bente DA, Bray M, Burt F, Hewson R, Korukluoglu G, Mirazimi A, Weber F, Papa A. Second International Conference on Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever. Antiviral Res 2018; 150:137-147. [PMID: 29199036 PMCID: PMC6497152 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Second International Conference on Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) was held in Thessaloniki, Greece, from September 10-13, 2017, and brought together international public health professionals, clinicians, ecologists, and basic laboratory researchers. Nearly 100 participants, representing 24 countries and the World Health Organization (WHO), were in attendance. Meeting sessions covered the epidemiology of CCHF in humans; ticks and virus-tick interactions; wild and domestic animal hosts; molecular virology; taxonomic classification; pathogenesis and animal models; clinical aspects and diagnosis; clinical management and clinical trials; and disease prevention in humans. The concluding session focused on recent WHO recommendations for public health measures and future research. This report summarizes lectures by the invited speakers and highlights advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dennis A Bente
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Felicity Burt
- Division of Virology, National Health Laboratory Service Universitas and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Gülay Korukluoglu
- Public Health Institution of Turkey, National Virology Reference Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ali Mirazimi
- Department for Clinical Microbiology, LabMed, Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden; Public Health Agency of Sweden, Sweden; National Veterinary Institute, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Patil D, Yadav P, Shete A, Nuchina J, Meti R, Bhattad D, Someshwar S, Mourya D. Occupational exposure of cashew nut workers to Kyasanur Forest disease in Goa, India. Int J Infect Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
The emergence of Zika virus (ZiV), a mosquito borne Flavivirus like dengue (DEN) and chikungunya (CHIK), in Brazil in 2014 and its spread to various countries have led to a global health emergency. Aedes aegypti is the major vector for ZiV. Fast dissemination of this virus in different geographical areas posses a major threat especially to regions where the population lacks herd immunity against the ZiV and there is abundance of Aedes mosquitoes. In this review, we focus on current global scenario, epidemiology, biology, diagnostic challenges and remedial measures for ZiVconsidering the Indian perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pratip Shil
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune, India
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Wangchuk S, Pelden S, Dorji T, Tenzin S, Thapa B, Zangmo S, Gurung R, Dukpa K, Tenzin T. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus IgG in Goats, Bhutan. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:919-20. [PMID: 27088568 PMCID: PMC4861520 DOI: 10.3201/eid2205.151777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Yadav PD, Patil DY, Shete AM, Kokate P, Goyal P, Jadhav S, Sinha S, Zawar D, Sharma SK, Kapil A, Sharma DK, Upadhyay KJ, Mourya DT. Nosocomial infection of CCHF among health care workers in Rajasthan, India. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:624. [PMID: 27809807 PMCID: PMC5094004 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1971-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ever since Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever [CCHF] discovered in India, several outbreaks of this disease have been recorded in Gujarat State, India. During the year 2011 to 2015 several districts of Gujarat and Rajasthan state (Sirohi) found to be affected with CCHF including the positivity among ticks and livestock. During these years many infected individuals succumbed to this disease; which subsequently led to nosocomial infections. Herein, we report CCHF cases recorded from Rajasthan state during January 2015. This has affected four individuals apparently associated with one suspected CCHF case admitted in a private hospital in Jodhpur, Rajasthan. CASE PRESENTATION A 30-year-old male was hospitalized in a private hospital in Jodhpur, Rajasthan State, who subsequently had developed thrombocytopenia and showed hemorrhagic manifestations and died in the hospital. Later on, four nursing staff from the same hospital also developed the similar symptoms (Index case and Case A, B, C). Index case succumbed to the disease in the hospital at Jodhpur followed by the death of the case A that was shifted to AIIMS hospital, Delhi due to clinical deterioration. Blood samples of the index case and Case A, B, C were referred to the National institute of Virology, Pune, India for CCHF diagnosis from the different hospitals in Rajasthan, Delhi and Gujarat. However, a sample of deceased suspected CCHF case was not referred. Subsequently, blood samples of 5 nursing staff and 37 contacts (Case D was one of them) from Pokhran area, Jaisalmer district were referred to NIV, Pune. CONCLUSIONS It clearly indicated that nursing staff acquired a nosocomial infection while attending the suspected CCHF case in an Intensive Care Unit of a private hospital in Jodhpur. However, one case was confirmed from the Pokhran area where the suspected CCHF case was residing. This case might have got the infection from suspected CCHF case or through other routes. CCHF strain associated with these nosocomial infections shares the highest identity with Afghanistan strain and its recent introduction from Afghanistan cannot be ruled out. However, lack of active surveillance, unawareness among health care workers leads to such nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya D. Yadav
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Deepak Y. Patil
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Anita M. Shete
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Prasad Kokate
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Pulkit Goyal
- Goyal Hospital and Research Center, Jodhpur, Rajasthan India
| | - Santosh Jadhav
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | - Sanjeev Sinha
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Zawar
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
| | | | - Arti Kapil
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - D. K. Sharma
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Devendra T. Mourya
- National Institute of Virology, 20-A, Dr. Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra Pin Code: 411001 India
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Mourya DT, Sapkal GN, Yadav PD. Difference in vector ticks dropping rhythm governs the epidemiology of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever & Kyasanur forest disease in India. Indian J Med Res 2016; 144:633-635. [PMID: 28256476 PMCID: PMC5345314 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.200892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devendra T. Mourya
- Viral Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan N. Sapkal
- Viral Diagnostic Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pragya D. Yadav
- Maximum Containment Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune 411 001, Maharashtra, India
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Sadanandane C, Elango A, Marja N, Sasidharan PV, Raju KHK, Jambulingam P. An outbreak of Kyasanur forest disease in the Wayanad and Malappuram districts of Kerala, India. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 8:25-30. [PMID: 27692988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) is a zoonotic viral haemorrhagic fever and has been endemic to Karnataka State, India. Outbreaks of KFD were reported in new areas of Wayanad and Malappuram districts of Kerala, India during 2014-2015. Investigation of the outbreaks was carried out in these districts during May 2015. The line-list data of KFD cases available with District Medical Office, Wayanad were analysed. Case investigation was carried out to determine the risk factors associated with the outbreak and possible site of contraction infections. Ticks from the forest floor were collected in areas associated with monkey deaths by flagging method to estimate species abundance. Of 102 confirmed cases of KFD reported in Wayanad, 91% were adults aged >15years. About 43% of the cases were from the areas of Poothady Primary Health Centre (PHC) followed by Chethalayam PHC (22%). Most of the affected individuals belong to Kattunayakan tribe, dependent on forest for their livelihood. Those tribes are engaged in trench digging and fire line works in summer months and hence are at a higher risk. In Malappuram, the Cholanaickan tribe, are under high risk of exposure to infected ticks as they live deep in the forest and trap monkeys for game meat. High abundance of Haemaphysalis spinigera and H. turturis, the established vectors of KFD virus was recorded in all affected areas. Incidence of KFD cases/monkey deaths and high abundance of Haemaphysalis vectors in the forest ranges of Wayanad and Malappuram districts indicate that the area has become receptive for KFD outbreaks. Preventive measures (vaccination of high risk groups) coupled with intensive health education should be carried out prior to transmission season.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sadanandane
- Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry 605 006, India.
| | - A Elango
- Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry 605 006, India
| | - Noonu Marja
- Deputy District Medical Officer (Public Health), Malappuram district, Kerala, India
| | - P V Sasidharan
- District Medical Officer (Public Health), Wayanad district, Kerala, India
| | - K H K Raju
- Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry 605 006, India
| | - P Jambulingam
- Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Indira Nagar, Pondicherry 605 006, India
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Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Shete AM, Sathe PS, Sarkale PC, Pattnaik B, Sharma G, Upadhyay KJ, Gosavi S, Patil DY, Chaubal GY, Majumdar TD, Katoch VM. Cross-sectional Serosurvey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus IgG in Livestock, India, 2013-2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:1837-9. [PMID: 26402332 PMCID: PMC4593432 DOI: 10.3201/eid2110.141961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional serosurvey of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) among livestock in 22 states and 1 union territory of India. A total of 5,636 samples from bovines, sheep, and goats were screened for CCHF virus IgG. IgG was detected in 354 samples, indicating that this virus is widespread in this country.
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Abstract
Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are currently at the forefront of the world's attention due to the recent Zaire ebola virus epidemic in West Africa. This epidemic has highlighted the frailty of the world's public health response mechanisms and demonstrated the potential risks to nations around the world of imported cases of epidemic diseases. While imported cases in children are less likely, the potential for such a scenario remains. It is therefore essential that paediatricians are aware of and prepared for potential imported cases of tropical diseases, VHFs being of particular importance due to their propensity to cause nosocomial spread. Examining the four families of viruses--Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae and Flaviviridae--we describe the different types of VHFs, with emphasis on differentiation from other diseases through detailed history-taking, their presentation and management from a paediatric perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Surjo De
- Imported Fever Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Wiltshire, UK
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Awate P, Yadav P, Patil D, Shete A, Kumar V, Kore P, Dolare J, Deshpande M, Bagde S, Sapkal G, Gurav Y, Mourya DT. Outbreak of Kyasanur Forest disease (monkey fever) in Sindhudurg, Maharashtra State, India, 2016. J Infect 2016; 72:759-761. [PMID: 26997635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Awate
- Integrated Disease Surveillance Program, Health Services, Government of India, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Yadav
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - D Patil
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - A Shete
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - V Kumar
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Kore
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - J Dolare
- Integrated Disease Surveillance Program, Health Services, Government of India, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Deshpande
- Integrated Disease Surveillance Program, Health Services, Government of India, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Bagde
- Integrated Disease Surveillance Program, Health Services, Government of India, Maharashtra, India
| | - G Sapkal
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - Y Gurav
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India
| | - D T Mourya
- National Institute of Virology (ICMR), Pune 411 021, Maharashtra, India.
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31
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Mourya DT, Yadav PD. Recent Scenario of Emergence of Kyasanur Forest Disease in India and Public Health Importance. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-016-0067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Murhekar MV, Kasabi GS, Mehendale SM, Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Tandale BV. On the transmission pattern of Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) in India. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:37. [PMID: 26286631 PMCID: PMC4545326 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD), a tick-borne viral hemorrhagic fever, is endemic in five districts of Karnataka state, India. Recent reports of the spread of disease to neighboring districts of the Western Ghats, namely Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka, Nilgiri district in Tamil Nadu, Wayanad and Malappuram districts in Kerala, and Pali village in Goa are a cause for concern. Besides vaccination of the affected population, establishing an event-based surveillance system for monkey deaths in the national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests of the Western Ghats would help detect the disease early and thereby help implement appropriate control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj V Murhekar
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Sanjay M Mehendale
- National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Tandale BV, Balakrishnan A, Yadav PD, Marja N, Mourya DT. New focus of Kyasanur Forest disease virus activity in a tribal area in Kerala, India, 2014. Infect Dis Poverty 2015; 4:12. [PMID: 25750730 PMCID: PMC4351674 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-015-0044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) is a febrile illness characterized by hemorrhages, and is reported endemic in the Shimoga district in Karnataka state, India. It is caused by the KFD virus (KFDV) of the family Flaviviridae, and is transmitted to monkeys and humans by Haemaphysalis ticks. Findings We investigated a new focus of KFD among tribals in a reserve forest in Kerala state, India. A suspected case was defined as a person presenting with acute fever, headache, or myalgia. Human sera were collected and tested for KFDV RNA by real-time RT-PCR, RT-nPCR assay, and anti-KFDV IgM and IgG by ELISA. The index case was a tribal woman with febrile illness, severe myalgia, gum bleeding, and hematemesis. Anti-KFDV IgM antibody was detected in acute and convalescent sera of the index case along with IgG in the second serum. None of her family members reported fever. On verbal autopsy, two more fatal cases were identified as probable primary cases. Acute serum from a case in the second cluster was detected positive for KFDV RNA by real time RT-PCR (Ct = 32) and RT-nPCR. Sequences of E gene showed highest similarity of 98.0% with the KFDV W-377 isolate nucleotide and 100% identity with amino acid. Anti-KFDV IgM was detected in the serum of one family member of the index case, as well as in one out of 17 other tribals. Conclusions We confirmed a new focus of KFDV activity among tribals in a reserve forest in the Malappuram district of Kerala, India. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40249-015-0044-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babasaheb V Tandale
- National Institute of Virology (NIV), 20-A, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | | | - Pragya D Yadav
- National Institute of Virology (NIV), 20-A, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
| | - Noona Marja
- Deputy District Medical Officer (Public Health), Malappuram, Kerala India
| | - Devendra T Mourya
- National Institute of Virology (NIV), 20-A, Dr Ambedkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411001 India
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