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Yasobant S, Bhavsar P, Lekha KS, Patil S, Falkenberg T, Bruchhausen W, Saxena D. One Health Risk and Disease (OHRAD): a tool to prioritise the risks for epidemic-prone diseases from One Health perspective. Glob Health Res Policy 2024; 9:20. [PMID: 38863025 PMCID: PMC11165885 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-024-00359-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rise in epidemic-prone diseases daily poses a serious concern globally. Evidence suggests that many of these diseases are of animal origin and contribute to economic loss. Considering the limited time and other resources available for the animal and human health sectors, selecting the most urgent and significant risk factors and diseases is vital, even though all epidemic-prone diseases and associated risk factors should be addressed. The main aim of developing this tool is to provide a readily accessible instrument for prioritising risk factors and diseases that could lead to disease emergence, outbreak or epidemic. METHODS This tool uses a quantitative and semi-quantitative multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method that involves five steps: Identifying risk factors and diseases, Weighting the criteria, Risk and disease scoring, Calculating risk impact and disease burden score, and Ranking risks and diseases. It is intended to be implemented through a co-creation workshop and involves individual and group activities. The last two steps are automated in the MS Excel score sheet. RESULTS This One Health Risk and Disease (OHRAD) prioritisation tool starts with an individual activity of identifying the risks and diseases from the more extensive list. This, then, leads to a group activity of weighing the criteria and providing scores for each risk and disease. Finally, the individual risk and disease scores with the rankings are generated in this tool. CONCLUSIONS The outcome of this OHRAD prioritisation tool is that the top risks and diseases are prioritised for the particular context from One Health perspective. This prioritised list will help experts and officials decide which epidemic-prone diseases to focus on and for which to develop and design prevention and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandul Yasobant
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Gujarat, India.
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Opp. Air Force Head Quarters, Nr. Lekawada, Gandhinagar, 382042, Gujarat, India.
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS), Wardha, India.
- Global Health, Institute for Hygiene & Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Priya Bhavsar
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Opp. Air Force Head Quarters, Nr. Lekawada, Gandhinagar, 382042, Gujarat, India
| | - K Shruti Lekha
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Opp. Air Force Head Quarters, Nr. Lekawada, Gandhinagar, 382042, Gujarat, India
| | - Shailee Patil
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Opp. Air Force Head Quarters, Nr. Lekawada, Gandhinagar, 382042, Gujarat, India
| | - Timo Falkenberg
- Geo Health, Institute for Hygiene & Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Walter Bruchhausen
- Global Health, Institute for Hygiene & Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Gujarat, India
- Centre for One Health Education, Research & Development (COHERD), Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar (IIPHG), Opp. Air Force Head Quarters, Nr. Lekawada, Gandhinagar, 382042, Gujarat, India
- School of Epidemiology & Public Health, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (DMIMS), Wardha, India
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Bera S, Kabadwal LM, Banerjee D. Harnessing alcohols as sustainable reagents for late-stage functionalisation: synthesis of drugs and bio-inspired compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:4607-4647. [PMID: 38525675 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00942d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol is ubiquitous with unparalleled structural diversity and thus has wide applications as a native functional group in organic synthesis. It is highly prevalent among biomolecules and offers promising opportunities for the development of chemical libraries. Over the last decade, alcohol has been extensively used as an environmentally friendly chemical for numerous organic transformations. In this review, we collectively discuss the utilisation of alcohol from 2015 to 2023 in various organic transformations and their application toward intermediates of drugs, drug derivatives and natural product-like molecules. Notable features discussed are as follows: (i) sustainable approaches for C-X alkylation (X = C, N, or O) including O-phosphorylation of alcohols, (ii) newer strategies using methanol as a methylating reagent, (iii) allylation of alkenes and alkynes including allylic trifluoromethylations, (iv) alkenylation of N-heterocycles, ketones, sulfones, and ylides towards the synthesis of drug-like molecules, (v) cyclisation and annulation to pharmaceutically active molecules, and (vi) coupling of alcohols with aryl halides or triflates, aryl cyanide and olefins to access drug-like molecules. We summarise the synthesis of over 100 drugs via several approaches, where alcohol was used as one of the potential coupling partners. Additionally, a library of molecules consisting over 60 fatty acids or steroid motifs is documented for late-stage functionalisation including the challenges and opportunities for harnessing alcohols as renewable resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourajit Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Lalit Mohan Kabadwal
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Catalysis and Organic Synthesis, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.
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Nejati J, Mohammadi M, Okati-Aliabad H. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in a high-prevalence suburban community, southeast of Iran. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23414. [PMID: 38148794 PMCID: PMC10750147 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic viral disease with a high mortality rate. The World Health Organization has classified it as a high-priority pathogen due to its severity. To manage this disease, knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of the community play an important role. This study was conducted in a suburban area in southeastern Iran, an endemic region with a high occurrence of CCHF. A cross-sectional study was performed among 176 livestock farmers in Zahedan suburb, and data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Single-factor and multi-factor analysis of variance was used to identify factors related to participants' knowledge, attitude, and risk of CCHF. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 24, and a significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was adopted to determine statistical significance. Overall, the knowledge level about CCHF was moderate. Participants demonstrated a better understanding of high-risk occupations compared to the transmission routes and symptoms of CCHF. Conversely, their knowledge about the prevention and treatment of CCHF was found to be inadequate. The participants exhibited a good attitude towards CCHF prevention; most considered it a dangerous disease, believed in the effectiveness of preventive measures, and demonstrated the ability to address perceived obstacles. High-frequency engagement in high-risk behaviors related to CCHF was observed among the study participants. In the multi-factor model, the most critical factors associated with knowledge were age (p = 0.044), CCHF infection (p = 0.047), and CCHF education (p = 0.004). Income (p = 0.001), keeping livestock at home (p = 0.028), and receiving CCHF education (p = 0.012) were the most critical factors associated with attitude toward the risk of CCHF. The most important factors related to CCHF high-risk behavior were age (p = 0.045), gender (p = 0.028), and handling livestock (p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the need for maintaining health educational efforts on CCHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Nejati
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mohammadi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hassan Okati-Aliabad
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Moudgil G, Chadha J, Khullar L, Chhibber S, Harjai K. Lumpy skin disease: Insights into current status and geographical expansion of a transboundary viral disease. Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106485. [PMID: 38052279 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an emerging transboundary viral disease of livestock animals which was first reported in 1929 in Zambia. Although LSD is a neglected disease of economic importance, it extends a direct impact on the international trade and economy in livestock-dependent countries. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has been endemic in African countries, where several outbreaks have been reported previously. However, the virus has spread rapidly across the Middle East in the past two decades, reaching Russia and, recently, the Asian subcontinent. With unprecedented cluster outbreaks being reported across Asian countries like India, China, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, LSDV is certainly undergoing an epidemiological shift and expanding its geographical footprint worldwide. Due to high mortality among livestock animals, the recent LSD outbreaks have gained attention from global regulatory authorities and raised serious concerns among epidemiologists and veterinary researchers. Despite networked global surveillance of the disease, recurrent LSD cases pose a threat to the livestock industry. Hence, this review provides recent insights into the LSDV biology by augmenting the latest literature associated with its pathogenesis, transmission, current intervention strategies, and economic implications. The review critically examines the changing epidemiological footprint of LSDV globally, especially in relation to developing countries of the Asian subcontinent. We also speculate the possible reasons contributing to the ongoing LSD outbreaks, including illegal animal trade, climate change, genetic recombination events between wild-type and vaccine strains, reversion of vaccine strains to virulent phenotype, and deficiencies in active monitoring during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jatin Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lavanya Khullar
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Gopinath R, Sundaram ALM, Dhanasezhian A, Arundadhi M, Thangam GS. Seroprevalence of Various Viral Diseases in Tamil Nadu, India. J Glob Infect Dis 2023; 15:144-148. [PMID: 38292695 PMCID: PMC10824225 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_101_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Virus-borne diseases have recently gained significant public health importance. Viruses infect several hosts, including animal reservoirs, evolve quickly, and recombine emerging and reemerging to pose recurring dangers to humans. The Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (VRDL) located at Government Theni Medical College, Theni, Tamil Nadu, conducts the diagnosis of common virus infections. Methods From January 2018 to December 2022, the VRDL received whole blood sera samples from 84,059 patients suspected of having various viral illnesses. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect viral infections in all of the samples. Results A total of 84,059 individuals suspected for various viral infections have been tested and out of these 4948 (5.88%) cases have been reported to be positive and among them, the dengue virus is predominantly followed by, hepatitis B virus, chikungunya virus, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and rubella virus. Conclusion The issue of emerging and re-emerging infectious illnesses, particularly those caused by viruses, has grown in importance in public health. Timely action combined with proper information and the ability to diagnose infections may save many lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Gopinath
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - A. Dhanasezhian
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Arundadhi
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Sucila Thangam
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College, Theni, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chavda VP, Vuppu S, Mishra T, Stojanovska L, Apostolopoulos V. Importance of mental health and exercise in the tough time of viral outbreaks. Maturitas 2023; 176:107751. [PMID: 37002055 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, LM College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Suneetha Vuppu
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Toshika Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Science, Innovation, and Society Research lab 115, Hexagon (SMV), Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Immunology and Translational Research Group, Melbourne 3030, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, VIC, Australia.
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Suma R, Netravathi M, Gururaj G, Thomas PT, Singh B, Solomon T, Desai A, Vasanthapuram R, Banandur PS. Profile of Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Patients from South India. J Glob Infect Dis 2023; 15:156-165. [PMID: 38292694 PMCID: PMC10824229 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_19_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Encephalitis is a major public health problem worldwide that causes huge emotional and economic loss to humanity. Encephalitis, being a serious illness, affects people of all ages. The aim is to describe the sociodemographic, clinical, etiological, and neuroimaging profile among 101 acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) patients visiting a tertiary neuro-specialty care hospital in India. Methods Record review of medical records of all patients attending neurology emergency and outpatient services at NIMHANS Hospital, diagnosed with AES in 2019, was conducted. Data were collected using standardized data collection forms for all cases in the study. Descriptive analyses (mean and standard deviation for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables) were conducted. The Chi-square test/Fisher's exact test was used for the comparison of independent groups for categorical variables, and t-test for comparing means for continuous variables. Results About 42.6% of AES patients had viral etiology, while in 57.4%, etiology was not ascertained. Common presenting symptoms were fever (96%), altered sensorium (64.4%), seizures (70.3%), headache (42.6%), and vomiting (27.7%). Herpes simplex was the most common (21.8%) identified viral encephalitis, followed by chikungunya (5%), arboviruses (chikungunya and dengue) (4%), Japanese encephalitis (4%), rabies (3%), dengue (1%), and varicella virus (1%). About 40% of AES patients showed cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis (44%), increased protein (39.6%), abnormal computed tomography brain (44.6%), and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities (41.6%). Conclusion The study highlights the need to ascertain etiology and importance of evidence-based management of AES patients. A better understanding of opportunities and limitations in the management and implementation of standard laboratory and diagnostic algorithms can favor better diagnosis and management of AES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rache Suma
- Department of Epidemiology NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - M. Netravathi
- Department of Neurology NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | - Bhagteshwar Singh
- Clinical Research Fellow, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Solomon
- Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, National Institute of Health Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK
| | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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George A, Murugan T, Sampath S, N S M. Epidemiology of COVID-19 and the Utility of Cycle Threshold (Ct) Values in Predicting the Severity of Disease. Cureus 2023; 15:e43679. [PMID: 37724229 PMCID: PMC10505265 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Advanced molecular diagnostic methods like real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) play a vital role in the early recognition of viral infections, including the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, in the context of the recent COVID-19 pandemic, this study aimed to determine the correlation of cycle threshold (Ct) values with symptoms in COVID-19-positive patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was conducted in a virus research diagnostic laboratory (VRDL) at a COVID-19-dedicated tertiary care hospital in South India. A total of 5563 COVID-19-positive patients were analyzed for symptom spectrum and duration of illness with Ct values of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). RESULTS Around 80% (n= 4401) of the patients were symptomatic and the rest were asymptomatic. Among the symptomatic patients, fever (66%) was the most common symptom. About 44% of symptomatic patients had a low Ct value (Ct ≤ 24). There was a significant difference in symptoms among patients with low, medium, and high Ct values. In the subpopulation of symptomatic patients analyzed for the association of Ct value and duration of illness, the mean duration of illness was three days and almost 88% of the patients were tested within five days of onset of symptoms. It has been observed that a shorter duration of illness lowers the Ct values. A significant association was seen between the mean Ct value and days since symptom onset (p-value = 0.016). CONCLUSION Most of the symptomatic patients had lower Ct values in comparison to the asymptomatic patients. A significant association between low Ct values and the duration of symptoms observed in our study explains the viral dynamics, i.e., higher viral shedding at the onset of symptoms and declines thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja George
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Puducherry, IND
| | - Thamizharasi Murugan
- Microbiology, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Puducherry, IND
| | - Srinivasan Sampath
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Puducherry, IND
| | - Madhusudhan N S
- Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Puducherry, IND
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Sharma V, Chhabra T, Singh TG. Correlation of covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome: A Mechanistic Perspective. OBESITY MEDICINE 2023; 40:100493. [PMID: 37131407 PMCID: PMC10091783 DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2023.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aims Coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 particles are spherical and have proteins called spikes that stick out on the surface. COVID-19 most commonly affects the respiratory system, but various clinical manifestations on coronavirus have revealed their potential neurotropism. The neuroinvasive affinity of Coronavirus infections has been reported nearly for all the β Coronavirus infections, including MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, HCoV-OC43 and HEV. Coronavirus invasion occurs through hypoxia injury, immune injury, ACE2, and direct infection. The pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 and other human Coronaviruses reveals the possible mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Methods A systematic literature review carried out from various search engines like Scopus, PubMed, Medline, and Elsevier for investigating the therapeutic perspective of association between Covid-19 and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Results SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 as its entry receptor and enters the central nervous system through a Blood-brain barrier constituted of inflammatory mediators, direct infection of the endothelial cells, or endothelial injury. Guillain-Barré syndrome is an autoimmune disease that injures and attacks the nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Studies suggest that the virus can infect peripheral neurons to cause direct damage through various mechanisms, including direct damage by cytokine-related injury, ACE2 receptors, and the sequelae of hypoxia. Conclusion we have discussed the possible mechanisms between neuroinvasion of SARs-cov2 and Guillain-barre syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerta Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Tarun Chhabra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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Ullah M, Li Y, Munib K, Zhang Z. Epidemiology, host range, and associated risk factors of monkeypox: an emerging global public health threat. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1160984. [PMID: 37213509 PMCID: PMC10196482 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on recent multiregional epidemiological investigations of Monkeypox (MPX), on 24 July 2022, the World Health Organization declared it a global public health threat. Retrospectively MPX was an ignored zoonotic endemic infection to tropical rainforest regions of Western and Central African rural communities until a worldwide epidemic in May 2022 verified the potential threat of monkeypox virus (MPXV) to be propagated across the contemporary world via transnational tourism and animal movements. During 2018-2022, different cases of MPX diagnosed in Nigerian travelers have been documented in Israel, the United Kingdom, Singapore, and the United States. More recently, on 27 September 2022, 66,000 MPX cases have been confirmed in more than 100 non-endemic countries, with fluctuating epidemiological footprinting from retrospective epidemics. Particular disease-associated risk factors fluctuate among different epidemics. The unpredicted appearance of MPX in non-endemic regions suggests some invisible transmission dynamic. Hence, broad-minded and vigilant epidemiological attention to the current MPX epidemic is mandatory. Therefore, this review was compiled to highlight the epidemiological dynamic, global host ranges, and associated risk factors of MPX, concentrating on its epidemic potential and global public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munib Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kainat Munib
- Department of Sociology, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
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Shekhawat J, Kumar D, Bhardwaj P, Meena DS, Garg MK. Trends and Pattern of Diseases Under Integrated Disease Surveillance Project in Jodhpur, Rajasthan: A Retrospective Observational Study. Indian J Community Med 2023; 48:321-325. [PMID: 37323727 PMCID: PMC10263029 DOI: 10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_334_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Progress of the Integrated Disease Surveillance (IDSP) is of utmost importance to ensure optimal performance in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The purpose of the study was to document the physical performance of the surveillance system on its core and support functions. Material and Methods Mixed method study was conducted between September 2020 to October 2020. Quantitative data was collected from the district IDSP unit of the Chief Medical and Health Office (CMHO) for various blocks of Rajasthan using syndromic, presumptive, and laboratory-confirmed reporting formats. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee of AIIMS, Jodhpur. Results Rajasthan reported outbreaks between 0.55 to 1.2% of the national average between 2015-2019. Acute respiratory infections, fever of unknown origin, and acute diarrhea were the leading diseases under the presumptive reporting format. Major syndromic cases reported were cough with/without fever (more than three weeks) and fever less than seven days with the rash. Laboratory-confirmed Dengue, Malaria, and hepatitis were reported more in urban Jodhpur. Conclusion Despite some pitfalls, IDSP has made satisfactory improvements in its core and support functions in the Jodhpur district of Rajasthan. The number of preventable morbidity and mortality cases associated with notifiable infectious diseases in our country can be effectively countered by strengthening the IDSP reporting system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Kumar
- General Medicine, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Pankaj Bhardwaj
- Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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Abdul Taib NI, Nik Jaafar NR, Azman N, Leong Bin Abdullah MFI, Mohamad Kamal NA, Baharudin A, Bin Abdullah MN, Chidambaram SK, Adlan A, Tan LH, Tamilselvam S, Mohamed Said MS, Abd Samad A, Binti Dollah SN. Stigma, Sociodemographic Factors, and Clinical Factors Associated with Psychological Distress among COVID-19 Survivors during the Convalescence Period: A Multi-Centre Study in Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3795. [PMID: 36900807 PMCID: PMC10000815 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High rates of psychological distress among COVID-19 survivors and stigmatisation have been reported in both early and late convalescence. This study aimed to compare the severity of psychological distress and to determine the associations among sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, stigma, and psychological distress among COVID-19 survivors across two different cohorts at two different time points. Data were collected cross-sectionally in two groups at one month and six months post-hospitalisation among COVID-19 patient from three hospitals in Malaysia. This study assessed psychological distress and the level of stigma using the Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress (K6) and the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC) stigma scale, respectively. At one month after discharge, significantly lower psychological distress was found among retirees (B = -2.207, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = -4.139 to -0.068, p = 0.034), those who received up to primary education (B = -2.474, 95% CI = -4.500 to -0.521, p = 0.014), and those who had an income of more than RM 10,000 per month (B = -1.576, 95% CI = -2.714 to -0.505, p = 0.006). Moreover, those with a history of psychiatric illness [one month: (B = 6.363, 95% CI = 2.599 to 9.676, p = 0.002), six months: (B = 2.887, CI = 0.469-6.437, p = 0.038)] and sought counselling services [one month: (B = 1.737, 95% CI = 0.385 to 3.117, p = 0.016), six months: (B = 1.480, CI = 0.173-2.618, p = 0.032)] had a significantly higher severity of psychological distress at one month and six months after discharge from the hospital. The perceived stigma of being infected with COVID-19 contributed to greater severity of psychological distress. (B = 0.197, CI = 0.089-0.300, p = 0.002). Different factors may affect psychological distress at different periods of convalescence after a COVID-19 infection. A persistent stigma contributed to psychological distress later in the convalescence period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Iwana Abdul Taib
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan 94300, Malaysia
| | - Nik Ruzyanei Nik Jaafar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Azman
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | | | - Nurul Ain Mohamad Kamal
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Azlin Baharudin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Najib Bin Abdullah
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar Chidambaram
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Alif Adlan
- Department of Medicine, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Loong Hui Tan
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Satya Tamilselvam
- Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Hospital Sungai Buloh, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Sungai Buloh 47000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrir Mohamed Said
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Anuar Abd Samad
- Health Technology Assessment Section, Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya 62590, Malaysia
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Ethnopharmacological Potential of Phytochemicals and Phytogenic Products against Human RNA Viral Diseases as Preventive Therapeutics. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:1977602. [PMID: 36860811 PMCID: PMC9970710 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1977602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses have been the most destructive due to their transmissibility and lack of control measures. Developments of vaccines for RNA viruses are very tough or almost impossible as viruses are highly mutable. For the last few decades, most of the epidemic and pandemic viral diseases have wreaked huge devastation with innumerable fatalities. To combat this threat to mankind, plant-derived novel antiviral products may contribute as reliable alternatives. They are assumed to be nontoxic, less hazardous, and safe compounds that have been in uses in the beginning of human civilization. In this growing COVID-19 pandemic, the present review amalgamates and depicts the role of various plant products in curing viral diseases in humans.
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Tripathi S, Sharma N, Naorem LD, Raghava GPS. ViralVacDB: A manually curated repository of viral vaccines. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103523. [PMID: 36764575 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, numerous vaccines have been developed against viral infections; however, a complete database that provides comprehensive information on viral vaccines has been lacking. In this review, along with our freely accessible database ViralVacDB, we provide details of the viral vaccines, their type, routes of administration and approving agencies. This repository systematically covers additional information such as disease name, adjuvant, manufacturer, clinical status, age and dosage against 422 viral vaccines, including 145 approved vaccines and 277 in clinical trials. We anticipate that this database will be highly beneficial to researchers and others working in pharmaceuticals and immuno-informatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Tripathi
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase 3, New Delhi 110020, India.
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase 3, New Delhi 110020, India.
| | - Leimarembi Devi Naorem
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase 3, New Delhi 110020, India.
| | - Gajendra P S Raghava
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Okhla Phase 3, New Delhi 110020, India.
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Gulati P, Chadha J, Harjai K, Singh S. Targeting envelope proteins of poxviruses to repurpose phytochemicals against monkeypox: An in silico investigation. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1073419. [PMID: 36687601 PMCID: PMC9849581 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1073419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has become a major threat due to the increasing global caseload and the ongoing multi-country outbreak in non-endemic territories. Due to limited research in this avenue and the lack of intervention strategies, the present study was aimed to virtually screen bioactive phytochemicals against envelope proteins of MPXV via rigorous computational approaches. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, and MM/PBSA analysis were used to investigate the binding affinity of 12 phytochemicals against three envelope proteins of MPXV, viz., D13, A26, and H3. Silibinin, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid were computationally identified as potential phytochemicals that showed strong binding affinity toward all the tested structural proteins of MPXV through molecular docking. The stability of the docked complexes was also confirmed by MD simulations and MM/PBSA calculations. Results from the iMODS server also complemented the findings from molecular docking and MD simulations. ADME analysis also computationally confirmed the drug-like properties of the phytochemicals, thereby asserting their suitability for consumption. Hence, this study envisions the candidature of bioactive phytochemicals as promising inhibitors against the envelope proteins of the MPXV, serving as template molecules that could further be experimentally evaluated for their efficacy against monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Gulati
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jatin Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sandeepa Singh
- Department of Botany, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India,*Correspondence: Sandeepa Singh, ✉
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Khan M, Altamish M, Samal M, Srivastav V, Insaf A, Parveen R, Akhtar J, Krishnan A, Ahmad S. Antiviral Potential of Traditional Unani Medicine with Special Emphasis on Dengue: A Review. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1317-1334. [PMID: 38037908 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501257577231103044735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever has become a major public health concern. It is usually related to intravascular leaking, bleeding disorders, and thrombocytopenia and is recognized as a potent threat to humans. The scarcity of anti-dengue medication or vaccine for such a serious disease leads to an upsurge in the usage of traditional medicines for its proper management. India has diverse biodiversity and a long history of using plant-based remedies. Several medicinal plant extracts have been studied for producing anti-dengue viral activity. AYUSH traditional systems provide a plethora of plants that have been reported to be useful in the treatment of fever. Single and compound plant- based formulations in natural form have been used in Unani holistic approaches. This review serves as a new approach to illustrate the most recent evidence regarding the antiviral activity of various plants by providing scientific proof and also to validate the traditional formulations as effective treatments in dengue fever for global acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzayyana Khan
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Altamish
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Monalisha Samal
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Varsha Srivastav
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Areeba Insaf
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rabea Parveen
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Jamal Akhtar
- Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi, 110058, India
| | - Anuja Krishnan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences and Technology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Sayeed Ahmad
- Centre of Excellence in Unani Medicine, Bioactive Natural Product Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Department of Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Gujjar P, Chaudhay R, Verma I, Bansal N, Gupta S, Bansal S. Recent Advances in the Prevention and Management of Monkeypox Viral Infection in Humans. Curr Drug Targets 2023; 24:1032-1045. [PMID: 37842888 DOI: 10.2174/0113894501258154231008194028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There have been several neglected infectious pathogens that have reemerged in the last few decades, including the monkeypox virus, a virus from the orthopoxviral genus that causes monkeypox and is transmitted between animals and humans. The human monkeypox outbreak has spread to several different countries. Because of the outbreak's unusually high case count and lack of connections to endemic nations, there are concerns that the monkeypox transmission pattern may have changed. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to provide recent advancements in the prevention and management of the monkeypox virus in humans. METHODOLOGY We have highlighted recent advancements in the prevention and management of the monkeypox virus in humans in this work. RESULTS For the treatment and prevention of monkeypox, new medications and vaccinations are being used, and more study is needed to understand the epidemiology, biology, and ecology of the virus in endemic regions and stop future global outbreaks. Vaccines available in the market for the treatment of viruses are JYNEOS and ACAM2000. Some of the antiviral drugs, such as tecovirimat, brincidofovir, cidofovir, trifluridine, and vaccinia immune globulin, are used for the treatment of the monkeypox virus. Some of the vaccines, such as NIOCH-14, Cidofovir, CMX-001, and ST-246, are currently in clinical trials. CONCLUSION We have, herein, covered features of monkeypox viral biology that are important for risk assessment and getting ready for an outbreak of the monkeypox virus, with a focus on recent advances in knowledge of the virus's host range, evolutionary potential, and potential targets for neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Gujjar
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Rishabh Chaudhay
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Inderjeet Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmacy, Chaudhary Bansilal University, Bhiwani, India
| | - Sumeet Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
| | - Seema Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana, 133206, India
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ALOsaimi MM, Almeslet AS, ALWisali QM. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Infection Control among Dental Healthcare Personnel: The Updated Guidelines for COVID-19 in Dental Settings. J Contemp Dent Pract 2022; 23:1150-1156. [PMID: 37073940 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
AIM The study sought to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of infection control among dental healthcare personnel (DHCP) in dental settings, with updated guidelines and recommendations regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was an observational cross-sectional study. A self-administrative online survey consisting of 45 close-ended statements was prepared, validated, and revised by an expert panel, and pilot tested with a convenience sample. The survey comprised four parts covering the following aspects: demographic data, infection control facilities in the dental office, knowledge of infection control measures, and attitude toward infection control. Data were collected, analyzed, and presented as frequencies and percentages or means and standard deviations, when applicable. The independent t-test or analysis of variance (ANOVA), as appropriate, were used for differences in knowledge and attitude scores between the groups, with the significance level of p-value < 0.05. RESULTS Out of 176 participants, 54 (30.7%) were men, and 122 (69.3%) were women. A total of 143 participants were dental practitioners (81.3%), and more than half [94 (53.4%)] were from governmental universities, followed by those from government dental clinics [44 (25%)]. In general, most participants acknowledged the infection control facilities in their dental offices. Dental assistants, respondents working in private universities, and respondents working in the eastern region showed better knowledge than their counterparts (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were noticed between the different groups concerning attitude toward infection control (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The participants exhibited acceptable knowledge and attitude, with respondents from private universities and dental assistance attaining better knowledge scores. More infection control programs and training courses should be implemented in dental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Mohammed ALOsaimi
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Saleh Almeslet
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, Phone: +966557936523, e-mail:
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Lu H, Ma L, Zhang H, Feng L, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Li L, Zhou Y, Song L, Li W, Zhao J, Liu L. The Comparison of Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing with Conventional Microbiological Tests for Identification of Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Infectious Diseases. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:6115-6128. [PMID: 36277249 PMCID: PMC9586124 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s370964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has been widely studied, due to its ability of detecting all the microbial genetic information unbiasedly in a sample at one time and not relying on traditional culture. However, the application of mNGS in the diagnosis of clinical pathogens remains challenging. Methods From December 2019 to March 2021, 134 specimens including Broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BAFL), blood, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bile, pleural fluid, pus, were continuously collected in The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, and their retrospective diagnoses were classified into infectious disease (128, 95.5%) and noninfectious disease (6, 4.5%). The pathogen-detection performance of mNGS was compared with conventional microbiological tests (CMT) and culture method. In addition, the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and evolutionary relationship of common drug-resistant A. baumannii were also analyzed. Results Compared with CMT and culture methods, mNGS showed higher sensitivity in pathogen detection (74.2% vs 57.8%; P < 0.001 and 66.3% vs 31.7%; P < 0.001, respectively). Importantly, for cases that mNGS-positive only, 18 (35%) cases result in diagnosis modification, and 7 (23%) cases confirmed the clinical diagnosis. In 17 cases that A. baumannii were both detected in mNGS and culture, ade genes were the most frequently detected ARGs (from 13 cases), followed by sul2 and APH(3”)-Ib (both from 12 cases). High consistency was observed among these ARGs and the related phenotype (100% for ade genes, 91.6% for sul2 and APH(3”)-Ib). A. baumannii strains were classified into three groups, and most were well-clustered. It suggested those strains may be the epidemic strains. Conclusion In our study, mNGS had a higher sensitivity than CMT and culture method. And the result of ARGs frequency and cluster analysis of A. baumannii was of great significance to the anti-infective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihan Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Song
- Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wushuang Li
- Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangman Zhao
- Shanghai Biotecan Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China,Shanghai Zhangjiang Institute of Medical Innovation, Shanghai, 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanxiang Liu
- Medical Imaging Center, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, 066000, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Lanxiang Liu, Department of Medical Imaging Center, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, 258 Wenhua Road, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei, People’s Republic of China, Email
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Emerging and Re-Emerging Viral Infections: An Indian Perspective. Cureus 2022; 14:e30062. [PMID: 36381846 PMCID: PMC9637451 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral infections pose a constant threat, especially in healthcare settings. Viral infections can be thought of as an ecological system, like a forest or a pond, with different species competing for resources. Pandemics tend to occur when there is a disruption to this ecosystem, such as introducing a strain of virus into humans or animals that they have no immunity against. Around 60% of human infectious diseases and 75% of emerging infections are zoonotic, with two-thirds originating in wildlife. There is an ongoing risk of viral diseases as the human population continues to grow and the rate of urbanization increases. The emergence and re-emergence of viral diseases are influenced by a variety of virologic and environmental factors. These factors can be roughly categorized as affecting humans, the environment and/or ecology, and viruses. The spread of zoonotic diseases among humans can be prevented by reducing the transmission risk associated with wildlife and exotic pets through education, legislation, and behavioral change programs that target individuals at risk for exposure.
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Rahman MA, Shorobi FM, Uddin MN, Saha S, Hossain MA. Quercetin attenuates viral infections by interacting with target proteins and linked genes in chemicobiological models. In Silico Pharmacol 2022; 10:17. [PMID: 36119653 PMCID: PMC9477994 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-022-00132-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinally active compounds in the flavonoid class of phytochemicals are being studied for antiviral action against various DNA and RNA viruses. Quercetin is a flavonoid present in a wide range of foods, including fruits and vegetables. It is said to be efficient against a wide range of viruses. This research investigated the usefulness of Quercetin against Hepatitis C virus, Dengue type 2 virus, Ebola virus, and Influenza A using computational models. A molecular docking study using the online tool PockDrug was accomplished to identify the best binding sites between Quercetin and PubChem-based receptors. Network-pharmacological assay to opt to verify function-specific gene-compound interactions using STITCH, STRING, GSEA, Cytoscape plugin cytoHubba. Quercetin explored tremendous binding affinity against NS5A protein for HCV with a docking score of - 6.268 kcal/mol, NS5 for DENV-2 with a docking score of - 5.393 kcal/mol, VP35 protein for EBOV with a docking score of - 4.524 kcal/mol, and NP protein for IAV with a docking score of - 6.954 kcal/mol. In the network-pharmacology study, out of 39 hub genes, 38 genes have been found to interact with Quercetin and the top interconnected nodes in the protein-protein network were (based on the degree of interaction with other nodes) AKT1, EGFR, SRC, MMP9, MMP2, KDR, IGF1R, PTK2, ABCG2, and MET. Negative binding energies were noticed in Quercetin-receptor interaction. Results demonstrate that Quercetin could be a potential antiviral agent against these viral diseases with further study in in-vivo models. Graphical abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-022-00132-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331 Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Nazim Uddin
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Qudrat-E-Khuda Road, Dhaka, 1205 Bangladesh
| | - Srabonti Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Amjad Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, 4320 Bangladesh
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22
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Inferences of actinobacterial metabolites to combat Corona virus. ADVANCES IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9469815 DOI: 10.1007/s13596-022-00661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The entire globe is reeling under the magnitude of the current corona virus pandemic. This menace has proposed severe health and economic threats for all, thereby challenging our human existence itself. Since its outbreak, it has raised the concern and imperative need of developing novel and effective agents to combat viral diseases and now its variants as well. Despite the sincere and concerted efforts of scientists and pharma giants all over the world, there seems to be no ideal recourse found till date. Natural products are rich sources of novel compounds used in the treatment of infectious and non-infectious diseases. There are reports on natural products from microbes, plants and marine organisms that are active against viral targets. Actinobacteria, the largest phylum under the bacterial kingdom, is known for its secondary metabolite production with diverse bioactive potentials. Nearly 65% of antibiotics used in medicine are contributed by Actinobacteria. Compared to antibacterial and antifungal agents, antiviral compounds from Actinobacteria are less studied. In recent years Actinobacteria from under studied/extreme ecosystems are explored for their antiviral properties. Ivermectin and teicoplanin are examples of Actinobacteria-derived antiviral drugs available for commercial use. This review highlights the importance of actinobacteria as future sources of antiviral drug discovery.
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Banerjee S, Wang X, Du S, Zhu C, Jia Y, Wang Y, Cai Q. Comprehensive role of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein in regulating host signaling pathway. J Med Virol 2022; 94:4071-4087. [PMID: 35488404 PMCID: PMC9348444 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, global public health and the economy have suffered unprecedented damage. Based on the increasing related literature, the characteristics and pathogenic mechanisms of the virus, and epidemiological and clinical features of the disease are being rapidly discovered. The spike glycoprotein (S protein), as a key antigen of SARS-CoV-2 for developing vaccines, antibodies, and drug targets, has been shown to play an important role in viral entry, tissue tropism, and pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of interaction between S protein and host factors, especially receptor-mediated viral modulation of host signaling pathways, and highlight the progression of potential therapeutic targets, prophylactic and therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Department of Biotechnology and BioengineeringKoba Institutional AreaGandhinagarGujaratIndia
| | - Xinyu Wang
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Shujuan Du
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Caixia Zhu
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yuping Jia
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical SciencesJinanChina
| | - Yuyan Wang
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE&NHC&CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Institute of Infections Disease and Biosecurity, & School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Singh V, Eljaaly K, Md S, Alhakamy NA, Kesharwani P. Triblock copolymeric drug delivery as an emerging nanocarrier for treatment of infectious diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Chadha J, Khullar L, Gulati P, Chhibber S, Harjai K. Insights into the Monkeypox virus: making of another pandemic within the pandemic? Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:4547-4560. [PMID: 35974453 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Just when the world started to adapt to the 'new normal' amid the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, the world is witnessing the wrath of another viral disease, the monkeypox virus (MPXV). The virus is endemic to African countries, where several outbreaks have been reported in the past. However, the present cases have been reported in non-endemic countries worldwide. Although MPX is considered to be a self-limiting disease, recent reports on its incidence have proved otherwise. The 2022 multi-country MPX outbreak has drawn the attention of global surveillance organizations and epidemiologists to trace its origin, however, there are existing gaps regarding the animal reservoirs, biological implications, and management of MPX. In view of the recent events, the World Health Organization (WHO) has also declared the ongoing MPX outbreak a global health emergency. Hence, the geographically expanding MPXV poses a significant threat to human health and public safety. In this review, the latest insights into the biology of MPXV have been provided by discussing its biological implications on human health, changing epidemiological footprint, and presently available intervention strategies. This review also sheds light on the existing lacunas and possible reasons that may have been responsible for the ongoing MPX outbreak. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Chadha
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lavanya Khullar
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pallavi Gulati
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Nimavat N, Hasan MM, Charmode S, Mandala G, Parmar GR, Bhangu R, Khan I, Singh S, Agrawal A, Shah A, Sachdeva V. COVID-19 pandemic effects on the distribution of healthcare services in India: A systematic review. World J Virol 2022; 11:186-197. [PMID: 36159611 PMCID: PMC9372784 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i4.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought fundamental changes to our problems and priorities, especially those related to the healthcare sector. India was one of the countries severely affected by the harsh consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.
AIM To understand the challenges faced by the healthcare system during a pandemic.
METHODS The literature search for this review was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. We also used Reference Citation Analysis (RCA) to search and improve the results. We focused on the published scientific articles concerned with two major vital areas: (1) The Indian healthcare system; and (2) COVID-19 pandemic effects on the Indian healthcare system.
RESULTS The Indian healthcare system was suffering even before the pandemic. The pandemic has further stretched the healthcare services in India. The main obstacle in the healthcare system was to combat the rising number of communicable as well as noncommunicable diseases. Besides the pandemic measures, there was a diversion of focus of the already established healthcare services away from the chronic conditions and vaccinations. The disruption of the vaccination services may have more severe short and long-term consequences than the pandemic’s adverse effects.
CONCLUSION Severely restricted resources limited the interaction of the Indian healthcare system with the COVID-19 pandemic. Re-establishment of primary healthcare services, maternal and child health services, noncommunicable diseases programs, National Tuberculosis Elimination Program, etc. are important to prevent serious long-term consequences of this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Nimavat
- Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Kiran C Patel Medical College and Research Institute, Bharuch 392001, India
| | - Mohammad Mehedi Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Sundip Charmode
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot 360006, Gujarat, India
| | - Gowthamm Mandala
- Independent Researcher, Centre Groove High School, Greenwood, IN 46143, United States
| | | | - Ranvir Bhangu
- Department of Medical, Caribbean Medical University, Des Plaines, IL 60018, United States
| | - Israr Khan
- Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad 999010, Pakistan
| | - Shruti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Department of Paediatrics, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal 462001, India
| | - Ashish Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Vishi Sachdeva
- Department of Medical, Adesh Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151009, India
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A Review on SARS-CoV-2 Genome in the Aquatic Environment of Africa: Prevalence, Persistence and the Future Prospects. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14132020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic (Coronavirus disease 2019) remains problematic in all its manifestations on the global stage where countless events of human-to-human exposure have led to fatal cases; thus, the aftermath being an unprecedented public health concern, with inaccessible health care and the instability of economies and financial institutions. These pose massive obstacles that can insatiably devour existing human resources causing negative impacts, especially in developing countries. Tracking the origin, dissemination and mutating strains of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on population-wide scales is a somewhat overwhelming task, with the urgent need to map the dissemination and magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 in near real-time. This review paper focuses on the poor sanitation of some waterbodies and wastewater management policies in low-income African countries, highlighting how these contribute to the COVID-19 pandemic on the continent. Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus pandemic, there has been an upsurge in scientific literature and studies concerning SARS-CoV-2 with different opinions and findings. The current paper highlights the challenges and also summarizes the environmental aspects related to the monitoring and fate of the SARS-CoV-2 genomes in the aquatic milieu of Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Purohit N, Mehta S, Hossain MM. Compliance to Public Health Advisory amid COVID-19 Scare: The Communication Conundrum and Public Health Ethics. JOURNAL OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09720634221088065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Discussion of ethics in the public health arena has primarily focused on the practices of public health doctors and professionals. The community could not get the required attention in terms of their role in compliance with the communication in the form of public health advisory in times of public health crisis. Even though public health is the societal approach to protecting and promoting health, ethics in public health have prioritised behaviours of and moral dilemmas faced by public health professionals only. Leaving out the community’s responsibility makes the entire gamut of public health efforts incomplete and deficient. Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, non-compliance to the public health advisory raised an important aspect of expectation of ethical behaviour by the community and what could facilitate and hinder compliance of ethical behaviour ensuring the safety of self and others. Public health ought to consider the community as not only an important but also responsible stakeholder in its pursuit of promotion of health and prevention of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Md M. Hossain
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences, Texas A&M School of Public Health, TX 77843, USA
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Refay ASE, Shehata MA, Sherif LS, Nady HGE, Kholoussi N, Kholoussi S, Baroudy NRE, Gomma MR, Mahmoud SH, Shama NMA, Bagato O, Taweel AE, kandeil A, Ali MA. Prevalence of viral pathogens in a sample of hospitalized Egyptian children with acute lower respiratory tract infections: a two-year prospective study. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:103. [PMID: 35431533 PMCID: PMC9006499 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viral pneumonias are a major cause of childhood mortality. Proper management needs early and accurate diagnosis. This study objective is to investigate the viral etiologies of pneumonia in children. RESULTS This prospective study enrolled 158 and 101 patients in the first and second year, respectively, and their mean age was 4.72 ± 2.89. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and subjected to virus diagnosis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Viral etiologies of pneumonia were evidenced in 59.5% of the samples in the first year, all of them were affirmative for influenza A, 2 samples were affirmative for Human coronavirus NL63, and one for Human coronavirus HKU1. In the second year, 87% of patients had a viral illness. The most prevalent agents are human metapneumovirus which was detected in 44 patients (43.6%) followed by human rhinovirus in 35 patients (34.7%) and then parainfluenza-3 viruses in 33 patients (32.7%), while 14 patients had a confirmed diagnosis for both Pan coronavirus and Flu-B virus. CONCLUSIONS Viral infection is prevalent in the childhood period; however, the real magnitude of viral pneumonia in children is underestimated. The reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction has to be a vital tool for epidemiological research and is able to clear the gaps in-between clinical pictures and final diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S. El Refay
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El Tahrir St.), PO Box 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal A. Shehata
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El Tahrir St.), PO Box 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Lobna S. Sherif
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El Tahrir St.), PO Box 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hala G. El Nady
- Child Health Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth Street (Former El Tahrir St.), PO Box 12622, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Naglaa Kholoussi
- Immunogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Shams Kholoussi
- Immunogenetics Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | | | - Mokhtar R. Gomma
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Lal R, Singh B, Sar P, Phale P. Microbiology in India: Status, Challenges, and Scope. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2607-2611. [PMID: 35411614 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rup Lal
- The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi, 110003, India
| | - Brajesh Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Pinaki Sar
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, 2751, Australia
| | - Prashant Phale
- Environmental Microbiology and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
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31
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Wong CSA, Lim CW, Mohammed HI, Liew KY, Tham CL, Tan JW, Chee HY. Current Perspective of Plant-Based Diets on Communicable Diseases Caused by Viruses: A Mini Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:786972. [PMID: 35369089 PMCID: PMC8966492 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.786972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Communicable diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic biological agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and protozoa. Such diseases spread among people through contact with contaminated surfaces, bodily fluids, or blood products, or through the air, insect bites, or consuming contaminated food and beverages. Although some communicable diseases can be treated or prevented by taking medication and vaccines, there has been an increase in awareness of adopting a healthy diet to aid in the prevention and reversal of these diseases. One popular diet is a plant-based diet. Plant-based diets generally consist of vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds, legumes, and fruits, without any animal-source foods or artificial ingredients. Over the years, this diet has continuously increased in popularity. Reasons for following a plant-based diet are varied but include health benefits, such as improving immunity, and reducing the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and some cancers. Scientific evidence even shows that just an increased vegetable intake can decrease the occurrence of chronic diseases caused by viruses, such as hepatitis viruses, and reduce the risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019. Therefore, this mini review discusses the effectiveness of adopting a plant-based diet in ameliorating diseases caused by selected viruses and its limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheng Wei Lim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Kong Yen Liew
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ji Wei Tan
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Ji Wei Tan
| | - Hui Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
- Hui Yee Chee
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Zaremba A, Zaremba P, Budzanivska I, Zahorodnia S. PATTERNS OF THE INFLUENCE OF VACCINATION ON THE DYNAMICS OF DIFFERENT SARS-COV-2 VARIANTS SPREAD. TWO-YEAR ANALYSIS. BULLETIN OF TARAS SHEVCHENKO NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF KYIV. SERIES: BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.17721/1728.2748.2022.89.39-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The new coronavirus, now known as SARS-CoV-2, has attracted the attention of thousands of scientists around the world. This attention is primarily due to the significant impact of this pathogen on the economic and social aspects of the existence of a large number of people. Rapid and powerful anti-epidemic measures in most countries have led to a slowdown in the pandemic. And with the creation of a number of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, we have learned to counteract its spread in the field of resistance of each individual. Which obviously created an additional selection factor. And according to the classical concept of the host-parasite system, human impact on SARS-CoV-2 theoretically requires appropriate adaptive changes of the latter. In this work, by analyzing the statistical data available in open sources, we try to identify and study the existing patterns of the impact of vaccination on the dynamics of the spread of different SARS-CoV-2 variants for the period from the beginning of the pandemic to November 2021.
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Haque M, Godman B, Sharma P, Chowdhury K, Kumar S, Bhatt R, Hirani T, Duseja S, Lutfor A, Etando A, Škrbić R, Shahwan M, Jairoun A. A pilot study regarding the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare education in India and the implications. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_34_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Aladelusi TO, Atiba FA, Gbadebo SO, Adeyemo YI, Olusanya AA, Akadiri OA. COVID-19 outbreak and dental health care provision in Nigeria: a national survey. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:493. [PMID: 34607593 PMCID: PMC8489369 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01860-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world is unprecedented, posing greater threats to vulnerable healthcare systems, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of dental healthcare providers in Nigeria about the disease and evaluate their responses to the preventive measures necessitated by COVID-19. Methods This was an online self-administered questionnaire-based study conducted among dentists practicing in Nigeria. A message containing the link to the survey was sent widely via social medial platforms and electronic mails to dentists practicing in Nigeria. The data collection was done between the 2nd of June and 3rd of July 2020. Results A total of 314 responses was recorded. Fever was the most specified generalized symptom (97.5%), while the use of masks (100%), hand hygiene (99.7%), social distancing (97.7%) and surface cleaning (99.4%) were the most commonly employed general preventive methods. The main identified risk of transmission in the clinic was aerosol generating procedures (98.7%). Conclusion The general knowledge of dental personnel in our study population appears to be adequate on the common clinical features of COVID-19 but less adequate regarding the less common features. The COVID-19 pandemic has also modified some aspects of dental service delivery but more needs to be done in this regard. Preventive measures against the transmission of COVID-19 in dental practice settings include proper utilization of teledentistry, clinical triage, preprocedural 1% hydrogen peroxide oral rinses, and the use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) which should always be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Olukunle Aladelusi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Foluso Ayobami Atiba
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Shakeerah Olaide Gbadebo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Yewande Isabella Adeyemo
- Department of Child Dental Health, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria.
| | - Adeola Adenike Olusanya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Oladimeji Adeniyi Akadiri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Anywar G, Akram M, Chishti MA. African and Asian Medicinal Plants as a Repository for Prospective Antiviral Metabolites Against HIV-1 and SARS CoV-2: A Mini Review. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:703837. [PMID: 34512337 PMCID: PMC8424073 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.703837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The worldwide burden of viral infections has triggered a resurgence in the search for new and more efficient antiviral drugs. Scientists are also repurposing existing natural compounds such as the antimalarial drug artemisinin from Artemesia annua L. as potential drug candidates for some of the emerging and re-emerging viral infections such as covid-19 Aim: The aim of this review was to analyse the existing literature to explore the actual or potential natural antiviral compounds from African and Asian medicinal plants as lead compounds in the drug discovery process. Methods: We searched the literature on African and Asian medicinal plant species as antiviral agents for HIV-1 and the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in various databases and search engines such as Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed. The search was limited to in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies and excluded in silico studies. Results: We present 16 plant species with actual or potential antiviral activity against HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. These plant species span the continents of Africa and Asia where they are widely used for treating several other ailments. Conclusion: Natural compounds from plants can play a significant role in the clinical management of HIV/AIDS and the covid-19 pandemic. More research needs to be conducted to investigate the potential toxicities of the various compounds and their efficacies in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Anywar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Muhammad Akram
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Amjad Chishti
- Department of Eastern Medicine, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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PATEL MAMTA, GOEL AKHILDHANESH, BHARDWAJ PANKAJ, JOSHI NITIN, KUMAR NITESH, GUPTA MANOJKUMAR, JAIN VIDHI, SAURABH SUMAN, PATEL KAMLESH. Emerging and re-emerging viral infections in India. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2021; 62:E628-E634. [PMID: 34909490 PMCID: PMC8639133 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.3.1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The number of outbreaks have progressively increased since many years in India. In this era of globalization and rapid international travel, any infectious disease in one country can become a potential threat to the entire globe. Outbreaks of Nipah, Zika, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever and Kyasanur Forest Disease have been reported since a decade and now we are facing COVID-19 pandemic. One of the challenges in the prevention of these outbreaks is that as the cases decrease, the felt need declines, the public demand decreases and the mitigation responses get overshadowed by the need of emergency responses elsewhere. The One Health approach is a movement to promote alliance between medicine field, veterinary medicine and environmental sciences to upgrade the health of humans, animals, and ecosystem. The data in this article is compiled from different websites and publications of World Health Organization (WHO), Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP), grey literature and media. There is an urgent need for better surveillance and disease burden assessments in the country and to gain detailed insights into vector biology, factors of environment influencing the diseases, mapping of endemic areas, strengthen intersectoral coordination, infection control practices, and ensure use of Personal Protective Equipment's (PPE) and availability of drugs and vaccines to handle the outbreaks in a better way.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - NITESH KUMAR
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Jodhpur
| | | | - VIDHI JAIN
- Department of Microbiology, AIIMS Jodhpur
| | - SUMAN SAURABH
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, AIIMS Jodhpur
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37
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Gunathilake TMSU, Ching YC, Uyama H, Chuah CH. Nanotherapeutics for treating coronavirus diseases. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021; 64:102634. [PMID: 34127930 PMCID: PMC8190278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Viral diseases have recently become a threat to human health and rapidly become a significant cause of mortality with a continually exacerbated unfavorable socio-economic impact. Coronaviruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), have threatened human life, with immense accompanying morbidity rates; the COVID-19 (caused by SARS-CoV-2) epidemic has become a severe threat to global public health. In addition, the design process of antiviral medications usually takes years before the treatments can be made readily available. Hence, it is necessary to invest scientifically and financially in a technology platform that can then be quickly repurposed on demand to be adequately positioned for this kind of pandemic situation through lessons learned from the previous pandemics. Nanomaterials/nanoformulations provide such platform technologies, and a proper investigation into their basic science and biological interactions would be of great benefit for potential vaccine and therapeutic development. In this respect, intelligent and advanced nano-based technologies provide specific physico-chemical properties, which can help fix the key issues related to the treatments of viral infections. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest research on the effective use of nanomaterials in the treatment of coronaviruses. Also raised are the problems, perspectives of antiviral nanoformulations, and the possibility of using nanomaterials effectively against current pandemic situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thennakoon M Sampath U Gunathilake
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Centre of Advanced Materials (CAM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hiroshi Uyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Cheng Hock Chuah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Dutta D, Debnath M, Nagappa M, Das SK, Wahatule R, Sinha S, Taly AB, Ravi V. Antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome patients from south India. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2021; 26:298-306. [PMID: 34254392 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is the commonest post-infectious inflammatory peripheral neuropathy with undiscerned aetiology. The commonly reported antecedent infections implicated in India include Campylobacter jejuni, chikungunya, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis (JE). In this study from south India, we investigated the role of these four agents in triggering GBS. This case-control study was performed on 150 treatment-naive patients with GBS and 150 age and sex-matched controls from the same community. IgM immunoreactivity for C. jejuni, chikungunya, and dengue was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum of patients with GBS and control subjects. Immunoreactivity against JE was detected in serum as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients (n = 150) and orthopaedic control (n = 45) subjects. The immunoreactivity against infections was compared between demyelinating and axonal subtypes of GBS. Overall, 119/150 patients with GBS had serological evidence of antecedent infection. Amongst those with evidence of antecedent infection, 24 (16%), 8 (5%), and 9 (6%) patients were exclusively immunoreactive to chikungunya, JE, and C. jejuni, respectively. In the remaining patients (78/119), immunoreactivity to multiple pathogens was noted. Immunoreactivity to C. jejuni infection was found in 32% of GBS patients compared to 2.7% controls (P < .001), whereas to chikungunya virus was reported in 66.7% of patients with GBS compared to 44.7% controls (P = .006). Anti-dengue immunoreactivity was significantly associated with the demyelinating subtype of GBS. Patients positive for JE IgM (CSF) manifested demyelinating electrophysiology. In this large case-control study, immunoreactivity against multiple infectious agents was observed in a subset of patients. Chikungunya was the commonest antecedent infection, followed by C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debprasad Dutta
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Madhu Nagappa
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Das
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Rahul Wahatule
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjib Sinha
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Arun B Taly
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Vasanthapuram Ravi
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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Sahoo KC, Negi S, Dash GC, Sahoo RK, Kshatri JS, Panda S, Pattanaik M, Badaik G, Pati S, Bhattacharya D. Health system preparedness & community participation in Japanese encephalitis/acute encephalitis syndrome (JE/AES) prevention in a tribal district of Odisha, India. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:388-393. [PMID: 33907003 PMCID: PMC8204823 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_645_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Objectives Japanese encephalitis/acute encephalitis syndrome (JE/AES) is one of the major zoonotic arbodiseases that has a significant effect on human and animal health. Though many studies have been published on the epidemiology and transmission mechanisms of JE/AES, but there is little evidence on health system preparedness, including community-based engagement. This study was undertaken to explore a multi-stakeholder perspective on health system preparedness for the prevention of JE/AES in a tribal district of Odisha, India. Methods This study was conducted at Malkangiri district of Odisha. A total of nine focus group discussions (FGDs) among women having under-five children, community volunteers, and community health workers (CHWs), and 20 in-depth-interviews (IDIs) among community leaders, healthcare providers, and programme managers were conducted. The FGDs and IDIs were digitally recorded, transcribed, translated and analysed using content analysis approach. Results Health system preparedness for the prevention of JE/AES was improved, including effective vector management, implementation of the surveillance system, and vaccination programme. The JE vaccine was introduced under Universal Immunization Programme in Odisha in 2016. Behavioural Change Communication activities were provided with the support of community volunteers on Village Health Nutrition and Sanitation Day (VHNSD) under Gaon Kalyan Samiti (GKS) platforms. The CHWs were actively involved in vector management and raising sanitation and hygiene awareness. Interpretation & conclusions Community participation and coordination between different stakeholders have a significant impact on the successful implementation of the programme. It was suggested that there was a need for a sustainability approach to active participation, orientation and capacity building training among CHWs and community volunteers to successfully implement the programme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sapna Negi
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Girish Chandra Dash
- HTA Regional Hub, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Sahoo
- HTA Regional Hub, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jaya Singh Kshatri
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sheetal Panda
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Matrujyoti Pattanaik
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Goldi Badaik
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sanghamitra Pati
- HTA Regional Hub; Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Debdutta Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and One Health, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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Mourya DT, Yadav PD, Patil DY, Sahay RR, Rahi M. Experiences of Indian Council of Medical Research with tick-borne zoonotic infections: Kyasanur Forest disease & Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in India with One Health focus. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:339-347. [PMID: 33906997 PMCID: PMC8204825 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_532_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence and re-emergence of several pathogens have been witnessed by this century in the form of outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics. In India, the influencing factor that promotes dissemination of emerging and re-emerging viral infections is the biogeographical zones: a megadiverse country, characterized by varied geographical, climatic conditions and ever-changing socio-economical and geopolitical issues. These influence the movement of humans and animals and add layers of complexity for the identification and timely management of infectious diseases. This review focuses on two tick-borne infections: Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) and Kyasanur forest disease (KFD). In the last two decades, these viruses have emerged and caused outbreaks in different parts of India. KFD virus was initially identified in 1957 and was known to be endemic in Karnataka State while CCHF virus was first identified during 2010 in Gujarat State, India. These viruses have managed to emerge in new areas within the last decade. With changing epidemiology of these arboviruses, there is a probability of the emergence of these viruses from new areas in future. The investigations on these two diseases under the One Health focus involved early detection, quickly developing diagnostic tools, identifying stakeholders, capacity building by developing collaboration with major stakeholders to understand the epidemiology and geographical spread in domestic animal reservoirs and tick vectors in the affected areas, developing laboratory network, providing diagnostic reagents and biosafety and laboratory diagnosis training to the network laboratories to control these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pragya D Yadav
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Deepak Y Patil
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rima R Sahay
- Maximum Containment Facility, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manju Rahi
- Division of Epidemiology and Communicable Diseases, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Vashisht D, Neema S, Venugopalan R, Pathania V, Sandhu S, Vasudevan B. Dermatology practice in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021; 87:603-610. [PMID: 33969653 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_364_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is implicated in the ongoing pandemic across the globe since December 2019. It was first notified by China from Wuhan on 31 December 2020 and transmission to healthcare workers was first reported on 20 January 2020. Human-to-human transmission is mainly by droplet infection. At present no effective vaccine is available. Our speciality needs to collectively address the urgent issue of risk of transmission in dermatology practice. A case series of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Wuhan described that 41.3% of their patients may have acquired the infection from the hospital. Of all the infected health care workers, 77.5% worked in general wards and departments. These data highlight the significant risk of nosocomial transmission of COVID-19 and also the higher risk in general wards and departments compared to the emergency room or intensive care unit. Dermatology patients are generally seen in clinics and in outpatient departments in hospitals. Patients wait together in the waiting area, intermingle and then are seen by the physician in their chamber. This can cause transmission of the pathogen among patients and from patient to physician. Social distancing, hand hygiene and the use of personal protective equipment are important for preventing the spread of infection and dermatology practices also have to incorporate these aspects. Telemedicine is becoming an important tool for the management of dermatology patients in these times. At-risk patients in dermatology also need to be given priority care. Protocols for the use of immunosuppressants and biologics in dermatology during the pandemic are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Vashisht
- Department of Dermatology, AFMC and Command Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shekhar Neema
- Department of Dermatology, AFMC and Command Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruby Venugopalan
- Department of Dermatology, AFMC and Command Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vikas Pathania
- Department of Dermatology, AFMC and Command Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunmeet Sandhu
- Department of Dermatology, AFMC and Command Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Biju Vasudevan
- Department of Dermatology, AFMC and Command Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Negi T, Kandari LS, Arunachalam K. Update on prevalence and distribution pattern of tick-borne diseases among humans in India: a review. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1523-1539. [PMID: 33797610 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present scenario, tick-borne diseases (TBDs) are well known for their negative impacts on humans as well as animal health in India. The reason lies in their increased incidences due to global warming, environmental and ecological changes, and availability of suitable habitats. On a global basis, they are now considered a serious threat to human as well as livestock health. The major tick-borne diseases in India include Kyasanur forest disease (KFD), Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), Lyme disease (LD), Q fever (also known as coxiellosis), and Rickettsial infections. In recent years, other tick-borne diseases such as Babesiosis, Ganjam virus (GANV), and Bhanja virus (BHAV) infections have also been reported in India. The purpose of this paper is to review the history and the current state of knowledge of tick-borne diseases in the country. The conclusion of this review is extending the requirement of greater efforts in research and government management for the diagnosis and treatment and as well as prevention of these diseases so that tick-borne disease burden should be minimizing in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Negi
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 012, India.
| | - Laxman Singh Kandari
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, School of Agriculture and Allied Science, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, 246 174, India
| | - Kusum Arunachalam
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248 012, India
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Singh N, Rai SN, Singh V, Singh MP. Molecular characterization, pathogen-host interaction pathway and in silico approaches for vaccine design against COVID-19. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 110:101874. [PMID: 33091590 PMCID: PMC7571424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has forsaken the world because of extremely high infection rates and high mortality rates. At present we have neither medicine nor vaccine to prevent this pandemic. Lockdowns, curfews, isolations, quarantines, and social distancing are the only ways to mitigate their infection. This is badly affecting the mental health of people. Hence, there is an urgent need to address this issue. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel Betacorona virus named SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) which has emerged in the city of Wuhan in China and declared a pandemic by WHO since it affected almost all the countries the world, infected 24,182,030 people and caused 825,798 death as per data are compiled from John Hopkins University (JHU). The genome of SARS-CoV-2 has a single-stranded positive (+) sense RNA of ∼30 kb nucleotides. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that SARS-CoV-2 shares the highest nucleotide sequence similarity (∼79 %) with SARS-CoV. Envelope and nucleocapsids are two evolutionary conserved regions of SARS-CoV-2 having a sequence identity of about 96 % and 89.6 %, respectively as compared to SARS-CoV. The characterization of SARS-CoV-2 is based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Transmission of this virus in the human occurs through the respiratory tract and decreases the respiration efficiency of lungs. Humans are generally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 with an incubation period of 2-14 days. The virus first infects the lower airway and bind with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of alveolar epithelial cells. Due to the unavailability of drugs or vaccines, it is very urgent to design potential vaccines or drugs for COVID-19. Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatic play an important role in designing potential vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. The suitable vaccine selects for SARS-CoV-2 based on binding energy between the target protein and the designed vaccine. The stability and activity of the designed vaccine can be estimated by using molecular docking and dynamic simulation approaches. This review mainly focused on the brief up to date information about COVID-19, molecular characterization, pathogen-host interaction pathways involved during COVID-19 infection. It also covers potential vaccine design against COVID-19 by using various computational approaches. SARS-CoV-2 enters brain tissue through the different pathway and harm human's brain and causes severe neurological disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Centre of Bioinformatics, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Sachchida Nand Rai
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India
| | - Veer Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Mohan P Singh
- Centre of Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, India.
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Chakrabarti SS, Kaur U, Singh A, Chakrabarti S, Krishnatreya M, Agrawal BK, Mittal A, Singh A, Khanna R, Gambhir IS, Jin K, Chakrabarti S. Of Cross-immunity, Herd Immunity and Country-specific Plans: Experiences from COVID-19 in India. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1339-1344. [PMID: 33269091 PMCID: PMC7673860 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
India has witnessed a high number of COVID-19 cases, but mortality has been quite low, and most cases have been asymptomatic or mild. In early April, we had hypothesized a low COVID-19 mortality in India, based on the concept of cross-immunity. The presence of cross-immunity is presumed to lead to a milder course of disease and allow the time necessary for the development of adaptive immunity by the body to eliminate the virus. Evidence supporting our hypothesis has started showing up. Multiple studies have shown the generation of different T cell subsets and B cells responding to epitopes of viral proteins, especially of the spike protein, as a part of adaptive immunity against SARS-CoV-2. Cross-reactive T-cells have been demonstrated in patients who have been previously exposed to endemic coronaviruses. The interplay of cross-immunity and herd immunity is apparent in the COVID-19 scenario in India from the presence of a large number of asymptomatic or mild cases, a low infection-fatality ratio and a generally flat curve of percentage positivity of cases with respect to total testing, both in periods of strict lock-down and step-wise unlocking. It seems that cross-immunity resulted in faster generation of herd immunity. Although the initial restrictive measures such as lockdown prevented the rapid spread of the outbreak, further extension of such measures and overly expensive ones such as enhanced testing in India will result in a huge burden on the health economics as well as the society. Hence, we propose a restructuring of the health services and approach to COVID-19. The restructured health services should move away from indiscriminate testing, isolation and quarantine, and instead, the emphasis should be on improving facilities for testing and management of only critical COVID cases and the replacement of complete lockdowns by the selective isolation and quarantine of susceptible persons such as the aged and those with co-morbidities. In the process of describing India-specific plans, we emphasize why the development of country-specific plans for tackling epidemics is important, instead of adopting a "one policy fits all" approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankha Shubhra Chakrabarti
- 1Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Upinder Kaur
- 2Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Anup Singh
- 3Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | | | - Manigreeva Krishnatreya
- 5Department of Cancer Registry and Epidemiology, Dr. B Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Agrawal
- 6Department of General Medicine, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, India
| | - Amit Mittal
- 7Department of Radiodiagnosis, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, India
| | - Amit Singh
- 8Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Khanna
- 9Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Indrajeet Singh Gambhir
- 10Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 11Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- 12Department of Biochemistry and Central Research Cell, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be) University, Mullana, India
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Schütz D, Ruiz-Blanco YB, Münch J, Kirchhoff F, Sanchez-Garcia E, Müller JA. Peptide and peptide-based inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 167:47-65. [PMID: 33189768 PMCID: PMC7665879 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To date, no effective vaccines or therapies are available against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative pandemic agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Due to their safety, efficacy and specificity, peptide inhibitors hold great promise for the treatment of newly emerging viral pathogens. Based on the known structures of viral proteins and their cellular targets, antiviral peptides can be rationally designed and optimized. The resulting peptides may be highly specific for their respective targets and particular viral pathogens or exert broad antiviral activity. Here, we summarize the current status of peptides inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 entry and outline the strategies used to design peptides targeting the ACE2 receptor or the viral spike protein and its activating proteases furin, transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), or cathepsin L. In addition, we present approaches used against related viruses such as SARS-CoV-1 that might be implemented for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Schütz
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Yasser B Ruiz-Blanco
- Computational Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Computational Biochemistry, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Janis A Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Walsh MG, Hossain S. Population structure and diet generalism define a preliminary ecological profile of zoonotic virus hosts in the Western Ghats, India. Epidemics 2020; 33:100416. [PMID: 33161184 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2020.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rainforests of the Western Ghats exhibit some of the highest biodiversity on the planet, and yet are undergoing rapid land use change due to the expansion of agriculture and other industries. As the landscape of the region is transformed, more people are coming into conflict with wildlife and becoming exposed to pathogens that previously circulated beyond the boundaries of human incursion. Despite an ecological knowledge imperative, this emerging landscape is ill-defined with respect to the ecology of zoonotic viruses and their mammalian wildlife hosts. Without a better understanding of the underlying infection ecology, the epidemiology of viral spillover will remain elusive and unsuited to the task of predicting and preventing outbreaks. The current investigation explored the association between mammalian zoonotic virus richness and species-level landscape, life-history, and dietary traits to describe an initial ecological profile of zoonotic virus hosts in the Western Ghats. Social group composition and dietary forage were both non-linearly associated with greater zoonotic viral richness among these species, whereby species active in smaller social groups, albeit in higher population densities, and exhibiting a tendency toward a generalist diet hosted more zoonotic viruses. While these findings provide no definitive ecological demarcation of zoonotic virus hosts or their contribution to viral maintenance or amplification, it is expected that this preliminary profile can help to develop targeted wildlife pathogen surveillance programs and to expand the current approach to epidemiological modelling of emerging zoonoses in the region, which typically do not account for the macroecological parameters of infection transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Walsh
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Shah Hossain
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Mathur R. Ethics preparedness for infectious disease outbreaks research in India: A case for novel coronavirus disease 2019. Indian J Med Res 2020; 151:124-131. [PMID: 32362641 PMCID: PMC7288766 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_463_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roli Mathur
- ICMR Bioethics Unit, ICMR-National Centre for Disease Informatics & Research, Bengaluru 562 110, Karnataka, India
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Post-COVID-19 precautions based on lessons learned from past pandemics: a review. JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH-HEIDELBERG 2020; 30:973-981. [PMID: 32837846 PMCID: PMC7402078 DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aim In view of the spread of the contagious coronavirus disease (COVID-19) globally, the present review focuses on the details of past pandemic diseases, along with comparisons and lessons learned. A general awareness of COVID-19 infection is addressed, and it is compared with the Spanish flu pandemic. Based on the successes, failures and lessons learned in the past, governmental efforts must be undertaken to empower citizens by providing accurate information and implementing post-COVID-19 precautions that need to be taken now to stop the spread and recurrence of the virus locally, and to restore health and economic normalcy. Methods A detailed literature survey of past pandemics is undertaken in order to extract the successes, failures and lessons learned from previous breakouts. The comparison of past pandemics will enable us to determine post-COVID-19 precautions that should be followed. Separate tables are prepared to highlight the lessons learned and measures to be taken. Both general precautions and preventive measures for pregnant women are compiled. Results The literature shows a continuous struggle of humans with disease outbreaks, with the most adverse impact of the Spanish flu killing 20–50 million people. Precautions need to be taken including social distancing, compulsory mask-wearing, avoiding public gatherings and washing hands regularly. The lessons from earlier pandemics show that they were equally devastating, and vaccines were not available at the time of outbreaks. Vaccines developed for polio, H1N1, measles, and other viral diseases have proven to save countless lives. Living with COVID-19 and evolving the work culture of protecting oneself and protecting others also has to be adopted. Conclusions COVID-19 has become an everyday topic of discussion throughout the world, indicating the increasing number of COVID-19 cases, deaths and recoveries. The lessons learned from past pandemics such as social distancing, wearing masks, avoiding public gatherings and adherence to guidelines, along with personal hygiene, are the key measures that must be taken in order to live with COVID-19. Precautions for the elderly and pregnant women advised by medical authorities are to be strictly adhered to. These will help in reducing COVID-19 cases and in turn will reduce the pressure on hospitals to serve those in need. India has learned lessons from the past and the present pandemic and will move towards growth through its self-reliance.
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Abstract
Despite consistent public health efforts, the burden of viral disease in India remains high. The present study was undertaken to understand the aetiology, frequency and distribution of viral disease outbreaks in the state of Odisha between 2010 and 2019. This was a prospective study conducted at the Virology Research and Diagnostic Laboratory located at ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, wherein all the outbreaks of viral aetiologies were investigated and analysed to provide a comprehensive picture of the state of viral disease outbreaks in the region. A total of 191 suspected viral outbreaks were investigated by the team from VRDL during September 2010 and September 2019 reported from all the 30 districts of Odisha. Annual number of suspected cases ranged from 185 to 1002. The most commonly suspected outbreaks were of viral hepatitis (55 outbreaks; 1223 cases) followed by dengue (45 outbreaks; 1185 cases), chickenpox (30 outbreaks; 421 cases), viral encephalitis (27 outbreaks; 930 cases), measles (23 outbreaks; 464 cases), chikungunya (10 outbreaks; 593 cases) and rubella (1 outbreak; 60). The outbreaks peaked in frequency and intensity during the months of July and September. The epidemiology of viral disease outbreaks in the region is presented in the study. Health system preparedness based on evidence is essential for early detection and adequate response to such viral outbreaks.
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Ahmad T, Haroon, Dhama K, Sharun K, Khan FM, Ahmed I, Tiwari R, Musa TH, Khan M, Bonilla-Aldana DK, J Rodriguez-Morales A, Hui J. Biosafety and biosecurity approaches to restrain/contain and counter SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid-review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 44:132-145. [PMID: 32595350 PMCID: PMC7314504 DOI: 10.3906/biy-2005-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases pose significant public health risks that are continuously haunting human civilization in the past several decades. Such emerging pathogens should be considered as a high threat to humans, animals, and environmental health. The year 2020 was welcomed by another significant virus from family Coronaviridae called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease was first reported in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province, China. Within a short time, this disease attained the status of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Presently, COVID-19 has spread to more than 150 countries, therefore, the World Health Organization (WHO) called it a pandemic. The Chinese government, along with WHO, other health agencies, and many nations, are monitoring the current situation closely to analyze the impact of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 on humans, animals, and environmental health. In the context of the current situation, biosafety and biosecurity measure that focus on One Health aspects of the disease outbreaks and the SARS-CoV-2 spread are of great importance to restrain this pathogen. Along with these efforts, standard precaution and control measures should also be taken at personal and community level to prevent the spreading of any contagion diseases, including COVID-19. Researchers are putting their very high efforts to develop suitable vaccines and therapeutics/drugs to combat COVID-19. This review aims to highlight the importance of biosafety, biosecurity, One Health approach, and focusing on recent developments and the ways forward to prevent and control COVID-19 in a useful way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing China
| | - Haroon
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xian China
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Fazal Mehmood Khan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan China
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Physics, Government Postgraduate College, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Veterinary Science University and Cattle Research Institute, Mathura India
| | - Taha Hussien Musa
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing China
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Human Genetics, Hazara University Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Islamic Republic of Pakistan
| | - D Katterine Bonilla-Aldana
- Semillero de Zoonosis, Grupo de Investigación BIOECOS, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Sede Pereira, Pereira, Risaralda Colombia.,Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira Colombia
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Public Health and Infection Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Tecnologica de Pereira, Pereira Colombia.,Grupo de Investigacion Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda Colombia
| | - Jin Hui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, School of Public Health, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing China
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