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Gutiérrez-Iñiguez C, Cervantes-Rodríguez P, González-Hernández LA, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Gutiérrez-Silerio GY, Peña Rodríguez M, Rubio-Sánchez AX, García-Castillo E, Marín-Contreras ME, Del Toro-Arreola S, Bueno-Topete MR, Vega-Magaña N. Unraveling the non-fitness status of NK cells: Examining the NKp30 receptor and its isoforms distribution in HIV/HCV coinfected patients. Mol Immunol 2024; 172:9-16. [PMID: 38850777 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV/HCV coinfection is associated with a rapid progression to liver damage. Specifically, NK cell population dysregulation is of particular interest, as these cells have been shown to block HCV replication effectively and have an anti-fibrogenic activity. The NKp30 receptor is linked to tumor cell lysis and has a crucial role during viral infections. In the present study, we determined the subpopulations of NK cells based on CD56 and CD16 expression, NKp30 receptor expression, its isoforms A, B, and C, along with the cytotoxicity molecules in patients with HIV/HCV. RESULTS evidenced by the APRI and FIB-4 indices, the HCV-infected patients presented greater liver damage than the HIV and HIV/HCV groups. The HCV group presented a decreased expression of NKp30 isoform A, and NK cell frequency was not different between groups; however, CD56brigth subpopulation, NKp30 receptor, and CD247 adaptor chain were decreased in HIV/HCV patients; further, we described increased levels of soluble IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 in the serum of HIV/HCV patients. CONCLUSIONS HCV and HIV/HCV patients have multiple parameters of non-fitness status in NK cells; awareness of these dysfunctional immunological parameters in HIV/HCV and HCV patients can elucidate possible novel therapeutics directed towards the improvement of NK cell fitness status, in order to improve their function against liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Gutiérrez-Iñiguez
- Maestría en Microbiología Médica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44340, Mexico
| | - Paulina Cervantes-Rodríguez
- Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44430, Mexico
| | - Luz Alicia González-Hernández
- Unidad de VIH del Antiguo Hospital Civil "Fray Antonio Alcalde", Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44200, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Inmunodeficiencias y VIH (InIVIH), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44200, Mexico
| | | | - Gloria Yareli Gutiérrez-Silerio
- Laboratorio de endocrinología y nutrición, Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro CP.76140, Mexico
| | - Marcela Peña Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes (LaDEER), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44340, Mexico
| | - Alina Xcaret Rubio-Sánchez
- Maestría en Microbiología Médica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44340, Mexico
| | - Estefania García-Castillo
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44340, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Marín-Contreras
- Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44340, Mexico
| | - Susana Del Toro-Arreola
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas (IECD), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44340, Mexico
| | - Miriam Ruth Bueno-Topete
- Instituto de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas (IECD), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44340, Mexico
| | - Natali Vega-Magaña
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes (LaDEER), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco CP.44340, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Mexico.
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2
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Engelskircher SA, Chen PC, Strunz B, Oltmanns C, Ristic T, Owusu Sekyere S, Kraft AR, Cornberg M, Wirth T, Heinrich B, Björkström NK, Wedemeyer H, Woller N. Impending HCC diagnosis in patients with cirrhosis after HCV cure features a natural killer cell signature. Hepatology 2024; 80:202-222. [PMID: 38381525 PMCID: PMC11191062 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The risk of developing HCC in chronically infected patients with AQ2 HCV with liver cirrhosis is significantly elevated. This risk remains high even after a sustained virological response with direct-acting antivirals. To date, disease-associated signatures of NK cells indicating HCC development are unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS This study investigated NK cell signatures and functions in 8 cohorts covering the time span of HCC development, diagnosis, and onset. In-depth analysis of NK cell profiles from patients with cirrhosis who developed HCC (HCV-HCC) after sustained virological response compared with those who remained tumor-free (HCV-noHCC) revealed increasingly dissimilar NK cell signatures over time. We identified expression patterns with persistently high frequencies of TIM-3 and CD38 on NK cells that were largely absent in healthy controls and were associated with a high probability of HCC development. Functional assays revealed that the NK cells had potent cytotoxic features. In contrast to HCV-HCC, the signature of HCV-noHCC converged with the signature found in healthy controls over time. Regarding tissue distribution, single-cell sequencing showed high frequencies of these cells in liver tissue and the invasive margin but markedly lower frequencies in tumors. CONCLUSIONS We show that HCV-related HCC development has profound effects on the imprint of NK cells. Persistent co-expression of TIM-3hi and CD38 + on NK cells is an early indicator for HCV-related HCC development. We propose that the profiling of NK cells may be a rapid and valuable tool to assess the risk of HCC development in a timely manner in patients with cirrhosis after HCV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Anna Engelskircher
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Po-Chun Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- ZIB program, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg Str., Hannover, Germany
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center of Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Oltmanns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tijana Ristic
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Solomon Owusu Sekyere
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anke R.M. Kraft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg, Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Heinrich
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niklas K. Björkström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center of Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Norman Woller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
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3
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Yang Y, Zhang C, Jiang Y, He Y, Cai J, Liang L, Chen Z, Pan S, Hua C, Wu K, Wang L, Zhang Z. Harnessing cytokine-induced killer cells to accelerate diabetic wound healing: an approach to regulating post-traumatic inflammation. Regen Biomater 2024; 11:rbad116. [PMID: 38333727 PMCID: PMC10850840 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbad116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Impaired immunohomeostasis in diabetic wounds prolongs inflammation and cytokine dysfunction, thus, delaying or preventing wound-surface healing. Extensive clinical studies have been conducted on cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells recently, as they can be easily proliferated using a straightforward, inexpensive protocol. Therefore, the function of CIK cells in regulating inflammatory environments has been drawing attention for clinical management. Throughout the current investigation, we discovered the regenerative capacity of these cells in the challenging environment of wounds that heal poorly due to diabetes. We demonstrated that the intravenous injection of CIK cells can re-establish a proregenerative inflammatory microenvironment, promote vascularization and, ultimately, accelerate skin healing in diabetic mice. The results indicated that CIK cell treatment affects macrophage polarization and restores the function of regenerative cells under hyperglycemic conditions. This novel cellular therapy offers a promising intervention for clinical applications through specific inflammatory regulation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Yang
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Yijun He
- Department of Osteoarthropathy and Sports Medicine, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou 511400, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Cai
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Lin Liang
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Zhaohuan Chen
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Sicheng Pan
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Chu Hua
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Keke Wu
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Le Wang
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Translational Research Centre of Regenerative Medicine and 3D Printing of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Province Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical Technology and Related Equipment Research for Spinal Injury Treatment, City Key Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510150, P. R. China
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4
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Ragab D, Samaha D, Mohamed N, Rafik M, Abdel Hady W. Chronic hepatitis C virus infection impairs natural killer cells-dendritic cells cross-talk: An in vitro culture study. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:76-84. [PMID: 33150993 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To examine the cross-talk between NK cells and DCs in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we isolated monocytes and NK cells from 20 chronic HCV patients and 20 healthy controls. Monocytes were used to generate immature DCs which were pulsed with HCV peptides (core, NS3-NS4, and NS5). Four different cocultures were carried out: E1, both DCs and NK cells were from a chronic HCV patient; E2, NK cells from a healthy control cocultured with DCs from a chronic HCV patient; E3, NK cells from a chronic HCV patient cocultured with DCs from a healthy control; and E4, both DCs and NK cells were from a healthy control. Using flow cytometry, we assessed the effect of these different cocultures on levels of maturation markers on DCs and levels of activation/inhibition markers on NK cells. Results showed that peptide-pulsed HCV DCs showed a maturation defect in the form of decreased HLA-DR, decreased CD86, and increased CD83 expression especially when cocultured with HCV NK. This was mainly due to core peptide pulsing and to a lesser extent due to NS5 pulsing, whereas there was no effect with NS3-NS4 pulsing. Alternatively, HCV NK cells upregulated both activation and inhibition markers especially when cocultured with healthy DCs. Compared with E2, E1 resulted in higher apoptosis of both NK cells and DCs with the percentage of NK apoptosis higher than that of DCs. Taken together, the data indicate that HCV infection impairs NK-DC cross-talk which may be a leading cause in viral persistence and chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ragab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia Samaha
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nesrine Mohamed
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona Rafik
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Walid Abdel Hady
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Casey JL, Feld JJ, MacParland SA. Restoration of HCV-Specific Immune Responses with Antiviral Therapy: A Case for DAA Treatment in Acute HCV Infection. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040317. [PMID: 30959825 PMCID: PMC6523849 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, 71 million individuals are chronically infected with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Chronic HCV infection can lead to potentially fatal outcomes including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV-specific immune responses play a major role in viral control and may explain why approximately 20% of infections are spontaneously cleared before the establishment of chronicity. Chronic infection, associated with prolonged antigen exposure, leads to immune exhaustion of HCV-specific T cells. These exhausted T cells are unable to control the viral infection. Before the introduction of direct acting antivirals (DAAs), interferon (IFN)-based therapies demonstrated successful clearance of viral infection in approximately 50% of treated patients. New effective and well-tolerated DAAs lead to a sustained virological response (SVR) in more than 95% of patients regardless of viral genotype. Researchers have investigated whether treatment, and the subsequent elimination of HCV antigen, can reverse this HCV-induced exhausted phenotype. Here we review literature exploring the restoration of HCV-specific immune responses following antiviral therapy, both IFN and DAA-based regimens. IFN treatment during acute HCV infection results in greater immune restoration than IFN treatment of chronically infected patients. Immune restoration data following DAA treatment in chronically HCV infected patients shows varied results but suggests that DAA treatment may lead to partial restoration that could be improved with earlier administration. Future research should investigate immune restoration following DAA therapies administered during acute HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia L Casey
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Sonya A MacParland
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
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6
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Sasaki R, Meyer K, Moriyama M, Kato N, Yokosuka O, Ray RB, Aurora R, Ray R, Kanda T. Rapid hepatitis C virus clearance by antivirals correlates with immune status of infected patients. J Med Virol 2019; 91:411-418. [PMID: 30192392 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Altered immune parameters associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1b infection and their correlation with virus eradication in direct-acting antivirals (DAA)-treated patients were examined. Thirty-one HCV-infected patients were treated with DAAs for 12 weeks. Pre-DAA-treatment and post-DAA-treatment sera were analyzed for cytokines/chemokines using MILLIPLEX MAP. Serum complement level and antibody neutralization activity were measured separately. Sera from 11 spontaneously cleared HCV subjects were included for comparison. Rapid virological responders (RVR) or end-of-treatment responders (EOTR) were defined as patients with HCV RNA negative at week 4 or positive at week 4 and negative at week 12, respectively. HCV RNA eradication and a decrease in liver fibrosis-related cytokines after treatment were observed when compared with pretreatment sera from RVR and EOTR. In pretreatment sera, interferons and T-helper 1 or 2 cell-associated cytokines/chemokines were significantly higher among RVR as compared with EOTR. Furthermore, serum complement and virus neutralizing antibody levels were higher in pretreatment RVR sera. Eradication of HCV RNA by DAA decreased liver fibrosis-related cytokines. Pretreatment sera from RVR displayed an enhanced cytokine/chemokine, complement and virus neutralizing antibody response as compared with EOTR sera. Our results suggested that enhanced host immune status may play an additive role on HCV RNA clearance by DAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Mitsuhiko Moriyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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7
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Villani R, Vendemiale G, Serviddio G. Molecular Mechanisms Involved in HCC Recurrence after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010049. [PMID: 30583555 PMCID: PMC6337751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C is associated with a high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) because of a direct effect of the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) proteins and an indirect oncogenic effect of chronic inflammation and impaired immune response. The treatment of chronic hepatitis C markedly reduces all-cause mortality; in fact, interferon-based treatment has shown a reduction of HCC incidence of more than 70%. The recent introduction of the highly effective direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has completely changed the scenario of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with rates of HCV cure over 90%. However, an unexpectedly high incidence of HCC recurrence was observed in patients after DAA treatment (27% versus 0.4–2% in patients who received interferon treatment). The mechanism that underlies the high rate of tumor relapse is currently unknown and is one of the main issues in hepatology. We reviewed the possible mechanisms involved in HCC recurrence after DAA treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Interferons/therapeutic use
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/virology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Villani
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gianluigi Vendemiale
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Serviddio
- C.U.R.E. University Centre for Liver Disease Research and Treatment, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Institute of Internal Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy.
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Cytokine-Modulated Natural Killer Cells Differentially Regulate the Activity of the Hepatitis C Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092771. [PMID: 30223493 PMCID: PMC6163477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HCV genotype 2a strain JFH-1 replicates and produces viral particles efficiently in human hepatocellular carcinoma (huh) 7.5 cells, which provide a stable in vitro cell infection system for the hepatitis C virus (HCVcc system). Natural killer (NK) cells are large lymphoid cells that recognize and kill virus-infected cells. In this study, we investigated the interaction between NK cells and the HCVcc system. IL-10 is a typical immune regulatory cytokine that is produced mostly by NK cells and macrophages. IL-21 is one of the main cytokines that stimulate the activation of NK cells. First, we used anti-IL-10 to neutralize IL-10 in a coculture of NK cells and HCVcc. Anti-IL-10 treatment increased the maturation of NK cells by enhancing the frequency of the CD56+dim population in NK-92 cells. However, with anti-IL-10 treatment of NK cells in coculture with J6/JFH-1-huh 7.5 cells, there was a significant decrease in the expression of STAT1 and STAT5 proteins in NK-92 cells and an increase in the HCV Core and NS3 proteins. In addition, rIL-21 treatment increased the frequency of the CD56+dim population in NK-92 cells, Also, there was a dramatic increase in the expression of STAT1 and STAT5 proteins in rIL-21 pre-stimulated NK cells and a decrease in the expression of HCV Core protein in coculture with J6/JFH-1-huh 7.5 cells. In summary, we found that the functional activation of NK cells can be modulated by anti-IL-10 or rIL-21, which controls the expression of HCV proteins as well as HCV RNA replication.
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9
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Vahedi F, Lee AJ, Collins SE, Chew MV, Lusty E, Chen B, Dubey A, Richards CD, Feld JJ, Russell RS, Mossman KL, Ashkar AA. IL-15 and IFN-γ signal through the ERK pathway to inhibit HCV replication, independent of type I IFN signaling. Cytokine 2018; 124:154439. [PMID: 29908921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite effective new treatments for Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, development of drug resistance, safety concerns and cost are remaining challenges. More importantly, there is no vaccine available against hepatitis C infection. Recent data suggest that there is a strong correlation between spontaneous HCV clearance and human NK cell function, particularly IFN-γ production. Further, IL-15 has innate antiviral activity and is also one of the main factors that activates NK cells to produce IFN-γ. To examine whether IL-15 and IFN-γ have direct antiviral activity against HCV, Huh7.5 cells were treated with either IFN-γ or IL-15 prior to HCV infection. Our data demonstrate that IFN-γ and IL-15 block HCV replication in vitro. Additionally, we show that IL-15 and IFN-γ do not induce anti-HCV effects through the type I interferon signaling pathway or nitric oxide (NO) production. Instead, IL-15 and IFN-γ provide protection against HCV via the ERK pathway. Treatment of Huh7.5 cells with a MEK/ERK inhibitor abrogated the anti-HCV effects of IL-15 and IFN-γ and overexpression of ERK1 prevented HCV replication compared to control transfection. Our in vitro data support the hypothesis that early production of IL-15 and activation of NK cells in the liver lead to control of HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Vahedi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Amanda J Lee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Susan E Collins
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Marianne V Chew
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Evan Lusty
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Branson Chen
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Anisha Dubey
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Carl D Richards
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Jordan J Feld
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rodney S Russell
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Karen L Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Ali A Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON, Canada; MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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10
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Tosello-Trampont A, Surette FA, Ewald SE, Hahn YS. Immunoregulatory Role of NK Cells in Tissue Inflammation and Regeneration. Front Immunol 2017; 8:301. [PMID: 28373874 PMCID: PMC5357635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells represent an important first line of defense against viral infection and cancer and are also involved in tissue homeostasis. Studies of NK cell activation in the last decade have revealed that they are able to respond to the inflammatory stimuli evoked by tissue damage and contribute to both progression and resolution of diseases. Exacerbation of the inflammatory response through interactions between immune effector cells facilitates the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) into steatosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). When hepatic damage is incurred, macrophage activation is crucial for initiating cross talk with neighboring cells present in the liver, including hepatocytes and NK cells, and the importance of this interaction in shaping the immune response in liver disease is increasingly recognized. Inflicted structural damage can be in part regenerated via the process of self-limiting fibrosis, though persistent hepatic damage will lead to chronic fibrosis and loss of tissue organization and function. The cytotoxic activity of NK cells plays an important role in inducing hepatic stellate cell apoptosis and thus curtailing the progression of fibrosis. Alternatively, in some diseases, such as HCC, NK cells may become dysregulated, promoting an immunosuppressive state where tumors are able to escape immune surveillance. This review describes the current understanding of the contributions of NK cells to tissue inflammation and metabolic liver diseases and the ongoing effort to develop therapeutics that target the immunoregulatory function of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fionna A Surette
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Sarah E Ewald
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Young S Hahn
- Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, Charlottesville, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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11
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Sun Y, Guo M, Feng Y, Zheng H, Lei P, Ma X, Han X, Guan H, Hou D. Effect of ginseng polysaccharides on NK cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3773-3777. [PMID: 28105109 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of Ginseng polysaccharides (GPS) on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice. Cyclophosphamide (Cy) was used to construct an immunosuppressed mouse model. The mice in each group were submitted to gavages with 200 or 400 mg/kg GPS every day for 10 days. Magnetic-activated cell sorting was used to isolate spleen NK cells, and the NK cell cytotoxicity, blood distribution, expression levels of perforin and granzyme, and the mRNA expression levels of interferon (IFN)-γ were detected. Compared with the normal control group, the cytotoxicity and proportion of NK cells in the blood, and the expression levels of perforin, granzyme and IFN-γ mRNA in the Cy model group were significantly reduced (P<0.05). In addition, compared with the Cy model group, the cytotoxicity and proportion of NK cells in the whole blood, and the expression levels of perforin and granzyme in the NK cells in the Cy + low-dose GPS and Cy + high-dose GPS groups were significantly increased (P<0.05). However, the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ in the NK cells did not significantly change (P>0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the cytotoxicity and proportion of NK cells in the whole blood, and the expression levels of perforin in the Cy + low-dose GPS and the Cy + high-dose GPS groups were significantly lower (P<0.05). However, the expression levels of granzyme in the NK cells was not significantly different, as compared with the normal control group (P>0.05). These results suggested that GPS promotes NK cell cytotoxicity in immunosuppressed mice by increasing the number of NK cells in the whole blood and upregulating the expression of perforin and granzyme. Thus, the present study investigated the molecular mechanism underlying NK cell activation by GPS, the research showed that GPS have a wide application prospects in the treatment of cancer and immunodeficiency diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Sun
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Mofei Guo
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Yuanjie Feng
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Ping Lei
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiande Ma
- Experiment and Technology Center, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Hongquan Guan
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
| | - Diandong Hou
- Department of Immunization and Pathogen Biology, Basic Medical Science College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, P.R. China
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12
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Mina MM, Cameron B, Luciani F, Vollmer-Conna U, Lloyd AR. Natural killer cells in highly exposed hepatitis C-seronegative injecting drug users. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:464-72. [PMID: 26833632 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Injecting drug use remains the major risk factor for hepatitis C (HCV) transmission. A minority of long-term injecting drug users remain seronegative and aviraemic, despite prolonged exposure to HCV - termed highly exposed seronegative subjects. Natural killer (NK) cells have been implicated in this apparent protection. A longitudinal nested, three group case-control series of subjects was selected from a prospective cohort of seronegative injecting drug users who became incident cases (n = 11), remained seronegative (n = 11) or reported transient high-risk behaviour and remained uninfected (n = 11). The groups were matched by age, sex and initial risk behaviour characteristics. Stored peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assayed in multicolour flow cytometry to enumerate natural killer cell subpopulations and to assess functional activity using Toll-like receptor ligands before measurement of activation, cytokine production and natural cytotoxicity receptor expression. Principal components were derived to describe the detailed phenotypic characteristics of the major NK subpopulations (based on CD56 and CD16 co-expression), before logistic regression analysis to identify associations with exposed, seronegative individuals. The CD56(dim) CD16(+) (P = 0.05, OR 6.92) and CD56(dim) CD16(-) (P = 0.05, OR 6.07) principal components differed between exposed, seronegative individuals and pre-infection samples of the other two groups. These included CD56(dim) CD16(+) and CD56(dim) CD16(-) subsets with CD56(dim) CD16(+) IFN-γ and TNF-α on unstimulated cells, and CD56(dim) CD16(-) CD69(+) , CD107a(+) , IFN-γ and TNF-α following TLR stimulation. The cytotoxic CD56(dim) NK subset thus distinguished highly exposed, seronegative subjects, suggesting NK cytotoxicity may contribute to protection from HCV acquisition. Further investigation of the determinants of this association and prospective assessment of protection against HCV infection are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mina
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Cameron
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - F Luciani
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - U Vollmer-Conna
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A R Lloyd
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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13
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Tatsumi T, Takehara T. Impact of natural killer cells on chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:416-22. [PMID: 26574168 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recent immunological progresses have revealed the molecular mechanisms of activation or inhibition of NK cells. In patients infected with HCV, the percentages of NK cells are decreased and the NK receptor expression and function of NK cells including cytotoxicity and cytokine production are altered. These alterations in NK cells are associated with persistent infection with HCV, liver injury, liver fibrosis and liver carcinogenesis. In HCV treatment, NK cells play a role in the eradication of HCV in both interferon (IFN)-based therapy and IFN-free therapy using direct-acting antivirals (DAA). In HCC patients, the exhaustion of NK cells that represents lower cytotoxicity and impaired cytokine production may contribute to the progression of HCC. Several immunotherapies targeting NK cells have been reported. NK cell transfer and NK-activating gene therapy have been demonstrated to be effective in mouse liver cancer models and several clinical trials are ongoing. Recently, the role of major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A (MICA), a human ligand of NKG2D, has attracted attention in the development of HCC. The expression of MICA could be controlled by anti-HCC drugs including sorafenib. A new chemo-immunotherapy may be expected in the treatment of HCC. In this review, we summarize the impact of NK cells on chronic hepatitis C and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohide Tatsumi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
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14
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Yoon JC, Yang CM, Song Y, Lee JM. Natural killer cells in hepatitis C: Current progress. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1449-1460. [PMID: 26819513 PMCID: PMC4721979 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are characterized by a high incidence of chronic infection, which results in chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The functional impairment of HCV-specific T cells is associated with the evolution of an acute infection to chronic hepatitis. While T cells are the important effector cells in adaptive immunity, natural killer (NK) cells are the critical effector cells in innate immunity to virus infections. The findings of recent studies on NK cells in hepatitis C suggest that NK cell responses are indeed important in each phase of HCV infection. In the early phase, NK cells are involved in protective immunity to HCV. The immune evasion strategies used by HCV may target NK cells and might contribute to the progression to chronic hepatitis C. NK cells may control HCV replication and modulate hepatic fibrosis in the chronic phase. Further investigations are, however, needed, because a considerable number of studies observed functional impairment of NK cells in chronic HCV infection. Interestingly, the enhanced NK cell responses during interferon-α-based therapy of chronic hepatitis C indicate successful treatment. In spite of the advances in research on NK cells in hepatitis C, establishment of more physiological HCV infection model systems is needed to settle unsolved controversies over the role and functional status of NK cells in HCV infection.
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15
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Martínez-Esparza M, Tristán-Manzano M, Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, García-Peñarrubia P. Inflammatory status in human hepatic cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:11522-11541. [PMID: 26556984 PMCID: PMC4631958 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i41.11522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on new findings about the inflammatory status involved in the development of human liver cirrhosis induced by the two main causes, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and chronic alcohol abuse, avoiding results obtained from animal models. When liver is faced to a persistent and/or intense local damage the maintained inflammatory response gives rise to a progressive replacement of normal hepatic tissue by non-functional fibrotic scar. The imbalance between tissue regeneration and fibrosis will determine the outcome toward health recovery or hepatic cirrhosis. In all cases progression toward liver cirrhosis is caused by a dysregulation of mechanisms that govern the balance between activation/homeostasis of the immune system. Detecting differences between the inflammatory status in HCV-induced vs alcohol-induced cirrhosis could be useful to identify specific targets for preventive and therapeutic intervention in each case. Thus, although survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis seems to be similar to that of patients with HCV-related cirrhosis (HCV-C), there are important differences in the altered cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in the progression toward human liver cirrhosis. The predominant features of HCV-C are more related with those that allow viral evasion of the immune defenses, especially although not exclusively, inhibition of interferons secretion, natural killer cells activation and T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. On the contrary, the inflammatory status of alcohol-induced cirrhosis is determined by the combined effect of direct hepatotoxicity of ethanol metabolites and increases of the intestinal permeability, allowing bacteria and bacterial products translocation, into the portal circulation, mesenteric lymph nodes and peritoneal cavity. This phenomenon generates a stronger pro-inflammatory response compared with HCV-related cirrhosis. Hence, therapeutic intervention in HCV-related cirrhosis must be mainly focused to counteract HCV-immune system evasion, while in the case of alcohol-induced cirrhosis it must try to break the inflammatory loop established at the gut-mesenteric lymph nodes-peritoneal-systemic axis.
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16
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Hajarizadeh B, Grady B, Page K, Kim AY, McGovern BH, Cox AL, Rice TM, Sacks-Davis R, Bruneau J, Morris M, Amin J, Schinkel J, Applegate T, Maher L, Hellard M, Lloyd AR, Prins M, Dore GJ, Grebely J. Patterns of hepatitis C virus RNA levels during acute infection: the InC3 study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122232. [PMID: 25837807 PMCID: PMC4383375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the patterns of HCV RNA levels during acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection provides insights into immunopathogenesis and is important for vaccine design. This study evaluated patterns of HCV RNA levels and associated factors among individuals with acute infection. METHODS Data were from an international collaboration of nine prospective cohorts of acute HCV (InC3 Study). Participants with well-characterized acute HCV infection (detected within three months post-infection and interval between the peak and subsequent HCV RNA levels ≤ 120 days) were categorised by a priori-defined patterns of HCV RNA levels: i) spontaneous clearance, ii) partial viral control with persistence (≥ 1 log IU/mL decline in HCV RNA levels following peak) and iii) viral plateau with persistence (increase or <1 log IU/mL decline in HCV RNA levels following peak). Factors associated with HCV RNA patterns were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS Among 643 individuals with acute HCV, 162 with well-characterized acute HCV were identified: spontaneous clearance (32%), partial viral control with persistence (27%), and viral plateau with persistence (41%). HCV RNA levels reached a high viraemic phase within two months following infection, with higher levels in the spontaneous clearance and partial viral control groups, compared to the viral plateau group (median: 6.0, 6.2, 5.3 log IU/mL, respectively; P = 0.018). In the two groups with persistence, Interferon lambda 3 (IFNL3) CC genotype was independently associated with partial viral control compared to viral plateau (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.75; 95%CI: 1.08, 7.02). In the two groups with viral control, female sex was independently associated with spontaneous clearance compared to partial viral control (AOR: 2.86; 95%CI: 1.04, 7.83). CONCLUSIONS Among individuals with acute HCV, a spectrum of HCV RNA patterns is evident. IFNL3 CC genotype is associated with initial viral control, while female sex is associated with ultimate spontaneous clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Hajarizadeh
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia (University of New South Wales), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bart Grady
- Cluster Infectious Diseases, GGD Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly Page
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Arthur Y. Kim
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barbara H. McGovern
- Tufts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Abbvie, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Cox
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Rice
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Sacks-Davis
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie Bruneau
- CRCHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meghan Morris
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Janaki Amin
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia (University of New South Wales), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Tanya Applegate
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia (University of New South Wales), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa Maher
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia (University of New South Wales), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Margaret Hellard
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew R. Lloyd
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Prins
- Cluster Infectious Diseases, GGD Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory J. Dore
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia (University of New South Wales), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason Grebely
- The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia (University of New South Wales), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Jia ZS. Viral (hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, HIV) persistence and immune homeostasis. Immunology 2014; 143:319-30. [PMID: 24965611 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is a host characteristic that maintains biological balance within a host. Humans have evolved many host defence mechanisms that ensure the survival of individuals upon encountering a pathogenic infection, with recovery or persistence from a viral infection being determined by both viral factors and host immunity. Chronic viral infections, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and HIV, often result in chronic fluctuating viraemia in the face of host cellular and humoral immune responses, which are dysregulated by multi-faceted mechanisms that are incompletely understood. This review attempts to illuminate the mechanisms involved in this process, focusing on immune homeostasis in the setting of persistent viral infection from the aspects of host defence mechanism, including interferon-stimulated genes, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3), autophagy and interactions of various immune cells, cytokines and regulatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Center for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
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18
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Al Olaby RR, Cocquerel L, Zemla A, Saas L, Dubuisson J, Vielmetter J, Marcotrigiano J, Khan AG, Catalan FV, Perryman AL, Freundlich JS, Forli S, Levy S, Balhorn R, Azzazy HM. Identification of a novel drug lead that inhibits HCV infection and cell-to-cell transmission by targeting the HCV E2 glycoprotein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111333. [PMID: 25357246 PMCID: PMC4214736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infects 200 million individuals worldwide. Although several FDA approved drugs targeting the HCV serine protease and polymerase have shown promising results, there is a need for better drugs that are effective in treating a broader range of HCV genotypes and subtypes without being used in combination with interferon and/or ribavirin. Recently, two crystal structures of the core of the HCV E2 protein (E2c) have been determined, providing structural information that can now be used to target the E2 protein and develop drugs that disrupt the early stages of HCV infection by blocking E2’s interaction with different host factors. Using the E2c structure as a template, we have created a structural model of the E2 protein core (residues 421–645) that contains the three amino acid segments that are not present in either structure. Computational docking of a diverse library of 1,715 small molecules to this model led to the identification of a set of 34 ligands predicted to bind near conserved amino acid residues involved in the HCV E2: CD81 interaction. Surface plasmon resonance detection was used to screen the ligand set for binding to recombinant E2 protein, and the best binders were subsequently tested to identify compounds that inhibit the infection of Huh-7 cells by HCV. One compound, 281816, blocked E2 binding to CD81 and inhibited HCV infection in a genotype-independent manner with IC50’s ranging from 2.2 µM to 4.6 µM. 281816 blocked the early and late steps of cell-free HCV entry and also abrogated the cell-to-cell transmission of HCV. Collectively the results obtained with this new structural model of E2c suggest the development of small molecule inhibitors such as 281816 that target E2 and disrupt its interaction with CD81 may provide a new paradigm for HCV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem R. Al Olaby
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laurence Cocquerel
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204/Inserm-U1019, Pasteur Institute of Lille, University of Lille North of France, Lille, France
| | - Adam Zemla
- Pathogen Bioinformatics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Laure Saas
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204/Inserm-U1019, Pasteur Institute of Lille, University of Lille North of France, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, CNRS-UMR8204/Inserm-U1019, Pasteur Institute of Lille, University of Lille North of France, Lille, France
| | - Jost Vielmetter
- Protein Expression Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America
| | - Joseph Marcotrigiano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Abdul Ghafoor Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Felipe Vences Catalan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexander L. Perryman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Joel S. Freundlich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Emerging & Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rutgers University-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States of America
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Shoshana Levy
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Rod Balhorn
- Department of Applied Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hassan M. Azzazy
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Recent advances in the anti-HCV mechanisms of interferon. Acta Pharm Sin B 2014; 4:241-7. [PMID: 26579391 PMCID: PMC4629091 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) in combination with ribavirin has been the standard of care (SOC) for chronic hepatitis C for the past few decades. Although the current SOC lacks the desired efficacy, and 4 new direct-acting antiviral agents have been recently approved, interferons are still likely to remain the cornerstone of therapy for some time. Moreover, as an important cytokine system of innate immunity, host interferon signaling provides a powerful antiviral response. Nevertheless, the mechanisms by which HCV infection controls interferon production, and how interferons, in turn, trigger anti-HCV activities as well as control the outcome of HCV infection remain to be clarified. In this report, we review current progress in understanding the mechanisms of IFN against HCV, and also summarize the knowledge of induction of interferon signaling by HCV infection.
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Key Words
- Antiviral agent
- CHC, chronic hepatitis C
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DNAM1, DNAX accessory molecule-1
- E2, envelop 2
- GAS, IFN-γ-activated site
- GWAS, genome-wide association studies
- Hepatitis C virus
- IFN, interferon
- IFN-α, interferon-α
- IFNAR1, interferon-alpha receptor 1
- IFNAR2, interferon-alpha receptor 2
- IFNGR1, interferon gamma receptor 1
- IFNGR2, interferon gamma receptor 2
- IFNL4, IFN-lambda 4
- IL-10R2, interleukin-10 receptor 2
- IL-29, interleukin-29
- IRF-3, interferon regulatory factor 3
- IRGs, IFN regulatory genes
- ISG15, interferon-stimulated gene 15
- ISGF3, IFN-stimulated gene factor 3
- ISGs, IFN-stimulated genes
- ISREs, IFN-stimulated response elements
- Interferon
- JAKs, Janus activated kinases
- MAVS, mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein
- MDA-5, melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- Molecular mechanism
- NKCs, natural killer cells
- NKTCs, natural killer T cells
- OAS, 2′-5′-oligoadenylate synthetase
- PAMPs, pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PKR, protein kinase R
- PRRs, pattern recognition receptors
- RIG-I, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I
- RLRs, RIG-I-like receptors
- RdRp, RNA dependent RNA polymerase
- SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms
- SOC, standard of care
- STAT1, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1
- STAT2, signal transducer and activator of transcription 2
- SVR, sustained virological response
- TH1, T-helper-1
- TH2, T-helper-2
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TYK2, tyrosine kinase 2
- USP18, ubiquitin specific peptidase 18
- dsRNA, double-stranded RNA
- pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell
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Jouvin-Marche E, Macek Jílková Z, Thelu MA, Marche H, Fugier E, Van Campenhout N, Hoang XS, Marlu A, Sturm N, Callanan M, Leroy V, Zarski JP, Marche PN. Lymphocytes degranulation in liver in hepatitis C virus carriers is associated with IFNL4 polymorphisms and ALT levels. J Infect Dis 2014; 209:1907-15. [PMID: 24415789 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polymorphisms of IFNL4 are strongly associated with both spontaneous hepatitis C virus (HCV) clearance and response to peg-IFN-α/ribavirin treatment. To further establish the biological effects of the IFNL4 and rs1297860 variations, we studied the activity of liver immune cells. METHODS Fresh liver samples were collected from HCV-infected patients before any treatment and from NASH patients as controls. Degranulation activity of each lymphocyte type was assessed by the surface expression of CD107a. IFNL4 polymorphisms and HCV genotypes were determined. RESULTS In the liver, frequency of CD107a(+) immune cells was significantly higher in HCV patients compared to NASH patients. Higher degranulation activity was observed in lymphocytes of HCV patients with favorable IFNL4 genotypes compared to patients with unfavorable genotypes. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that serum ALT levels were dependent on both Metavir activity score and frequency of CD107a positive NKT cells. The high level of degranulation activity observed before treatment was associated with a high HCV RNA decline at the early stage of peg-IFN-α/ribavirin treatment in patients with favorable genotypes. CONCLUSIONS These data underline that intrahepatic lymphocyte degranulation activity in HCV-infected patients is associated with IFNL4 polymorphisms and contributes to the clearance of HCV in patients with favorable genotypes under antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Jouvin-Marche
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine
| | - Zuzana Macek Jílková
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine
| | - Marie-Ange Thelu
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine Pole DiGi-Dune, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Helene Marche
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine
| | - Emilie Fugier
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine
| | - Nicolas Van Campenhout
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine
| | - Xuan Su Hoang
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine
| | - Alice Marlu
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine Pole DiGi-Dune, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Nathalie Sturm
- Pole DiGi-Dune, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, La Tronche, FranceINSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine Pole DiGi-Dune, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Mary Callanan
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine
| | - Vincent Leroy
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine Pole DiGi-Dune, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Zarski
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine Pole DiGi-Dune, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, La Tronche, France
| | - Patrice N Marche
- INSERM, U823, Grenoble, France Université Joseph Fourier-Grenoble 1, Faculté de Médecine Pole DiGi-Dune, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, La Tronche, France
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