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Singh S, Sharma AK, Som A, Gehlot V, Mahant S, Sharma P, Das K, Das R. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of babA gene of Helicobacter pylori isolated from Indian patients with gastrointestinal diseases. Gene 2024; 920:148526. [PMID: 38703866 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outer membrane protein (OMP) of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) i.e., blood group antigen binding adhesin (babA) is responsible for the attachment of H. pylori in the gastric epithelium. Its adherence is causative for gastric pathology such as gastritis, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), or digestive tract disorders like erosive reflux disease (ERD) and (NERD) non-erosive reflux disease and together called Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). BabA manifests rapid and varied selection via substitution of amino acid in its Leb-carbohydrate binding domain (CBD) which enables better binding preferences for distinct human populations and ABO blood group phenotypes. The positive evolutionary selection of the pathogenic factor of this genetically diverse bacterium has enabled it to adapt to the host gastric environment. Analyzing the association of virulent genes (cagA, vacA) and babA will help us better understand bacteria's pathogenicity. METHOD 109 H. pylori strains from patients with distinct gastrointestinal diseases were genotyped using Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) for cagA, vacA, and babA followed by Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULT In the babA + ve genotype, a statistically significant association with p = 0.04 and < 0.0001 is seen in gastritis and ERD respectively. A significant association of genotype vacAs1m2 (p = 0.0002) was seen in gastritis, vacAs1m1 (p = 0.02) in NERD, vacAs1m1 (p < 0.0001) and vacAs1m2 (p = 0.002) in ERD. This relationship helps to detect gastritis or ERD where BabA gene can be used as an independent marker for detecting their presence. CONCLUSION The appearance of variants within distinct disease categories is due to local genetic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarika Singh
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, UP, India.
| | - Amresh Kumar Sharma
- Centre of Bioinformatics, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, UP, India.
| | - Anup Som
- Centre of Bioinformatics, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj 211002, UP, India.
| | - Valentina Gehlot
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, UP, India.
| | - Shweta Mahant
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, UP, India.
| | - Prateek Sharma
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, UP, India.
| | - Kunal Das
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yashoda super specialty Hospital, Ghaziabad, 201001, U.P, India.
| | - Rajashree Das
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201301, UP, India.
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Zhao L, Kan Y, Wang L, Pan J, Li Y, Zhu H, Yang Z, Xiao L, Fu X, Peng F, Ren H. Roles of long non‑coding RNA SNHG16 in human digestive system cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2024; 52:106. [PMID: 38940337 PMCID: PMC11234248 DOI: 10.3892/or.2024.8765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of tumors in the human digestive system is relatively high, including esophageal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer. These malignancies arise from a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Among them, long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which cannot be translated into proteins, serve an important role in the development, progression, migration and prognosis of tumors. Small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (SNHG16) is a typical lncRNA, and its relationship with digestive system tumors has been widely explored. The prevailing hypothesis suggests that the principal molecular mechanism of SNHG16 in digestive system tumors involves it functioning as a competitive endogenous RNA that interacts with other proteins, regulates various genes and influences a downstream target molecule. The present review summarizes recent research on the relationship between SNHG16 and numerous types of digestive system cancer, encompassing its biological functions, underlying mechanisms and potential clinical implications. Furthermore, it outlines the association between SNHG16 expression and pertinent risk factors, such as smoking, infection and diet. The present review indicated the promise of SNHG16 as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in human digestive system cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujie Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Kan
- Central Laboratory of Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong 256600, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Jiquan Pan
- School of Clinical Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Yun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Zhongfa Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Fu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Fujun Peng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation of Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment and Molecular Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Haipeng Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
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Zhang Z, Huang H, Chen Z, Yan M, Lu C, Xu Z, Li Z. Helicobacter pylori promotes gastric cancer through CagA-mediated mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation by targeting CYP11A1 redistribution. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:4007-4028. [PMID: 39113698 PMCID: PMC11302876 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.96425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are both risk factors for gastric cancer (GC). However, the relationship between cholesterol and H. pylori and their function in the progression of GC are controversial. In this study, we addressed that H. pylori could induce mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation and promote GC proliferation and protect GC cells against apoptosis via cholesterol. Metabolomic and transcriptomic sequencing were used to identify CYP11A1 responsible for H. pylori-induced cholesterol accumulation. In vitro and in vivo function experiments revealed that cholesterol could promote the proliferation of GC and inhibit apoptosis. Mechanically, the interaction of Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and CYP11A1 redistributed mitochondrial CYP11A1 outside the mitochondria and subsequently caused mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation. The CYP11A1-knockdown upregulated cholesterol accumulation and reproduced the effect of cholesterol on GC in a cholesterol-dependent manner. Moreover, CYP11A1-knockdown or H. pylori infection inhibited mitophagy and maintained the mitochondria homeostasis. H. pylori could contribute to the progression of GC through the CagA/CYP11A1-mitoCHO axis. This study demonstrates that H. pylori can contribute to the progression of GC via cholesterol, and eradicating H. pylori is still prognostically beneficial to GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
| | - Zetian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
| | - Mengpei Yan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
| | - Chen Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
| | - Zekuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
- Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
- Institute for Gastric Cancer Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
- Gastric Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P. R. China
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Shirani M, Shariati S, Bazdar M, Sojoudi Ghamnak F, Moradi M, Shams Khozani R, Taki E, Arabsorkhi Z, Heidary M, Eskandari DB. The immunopathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer: a narrative review. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1395403. [PMID: 39035439 PMCID: PMC11258019 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is a well-established risk factor for the development of gastric cancer (GC). Understanding the immunopathogenesis underlying this association is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies. This narrative review comprehensively explores the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC by delving into several key aspects, emphasizing the pivotal roles played by H. pylori virulence factors, including cytotoxin-associated gene A (cagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA), blood group antigen-binding adhesin (babA), and sialic acid binding adhesin (sabA). Moreover, the review focuses on the role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines in the complex interplay between chronic infection and gastric carcinogenesis. Finally, the study examines the association between H. pylori evasion of the innate and adaptive immune response and development of GC. A comprehensive understanding of the immunopathogenesis of H. pylori-induced GC is essential for designing targeted interventions to prevent and manage this disease. Further research is warranted to elucidate the intricate immune responses involved and identify potential therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Shirani
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Shariati
- Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Monireh Bazdar
- School of Medicine, Razi Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | | | - Melika Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Elahe Taki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Arabsorkhi
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Dilip H, Thiruvenkatam V, Kirubakaran S. Studies on Methylpyrazole-Substituted Benzimidazoles to Target Helicobacter pylori Infection through HpIMPDH Inhibition. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:2262-2275. [PMID: 38787329 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection has been increasing rapidly due to the genetic heterogeneity and antibacterial resistance shown by the bacteria, affecting over 50% of the world population and over 80% of the Indian population, in particular. In this regard, novel drug targets are currently being explored, one of which is the crucial metabolic enzyme inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) involved in the de novo nucleotide biosynthesis pathway, in order to combat the infection and devise efficient therapeutic strategies. The present study reports the development of methylpyrazole-substituted benzimidazoles as small molecule inhibitors of H. pylori IMPDH with a nanomolar range of enzyme inhibition. A set of 19 small molecules have been designed, synthesized, and further evaluated for their inhibitory potential against H. pylori IMPDH using in silico, in vitro, biochemical, and biophysical techniques. Compound 7j was found to inhibit H. pylori IMPDH with an IC50 value of 0.095 ± 0.023 μM, which is close to 1.5-fold increase in the inhibitory activity, in comparison to the previously reported benzimidazole-based hit C91. Moreover, kinetic characterization has provided significant insights into the uncompetitive inhibition shown by these small molecules on H. pylori IMPDH, thus providing details about the enzyme inhibition mechanism. In conclusion, methylpyrazole-based small molecules indicate a promising path to develop cheap and bioavailable drugs to efficiently treat H. pylori infection in the coming years, in comparison to the currently available therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Dilip
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India
| | - Vijay Thiruvenkatam
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India
| | - Sivapriya Kirubakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382055, India
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Wongsuwanlert M, Teanpaisan R, Pahumunto N, Kaewdech A, Ruangsri P, Sunpaweravong S. Prevalence and virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori isolated from oral cavity of non-disease, gastritis, and gastric cancer patients. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:1036-1043. [PMID: 38618069 PMCID: PMC11010610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose The oral cavity is considered a reservoir of Helicobacter pylori associated with gastric infection. It aimed to examine the prevalence of H. pylori strains from the oral cavity and gastric tissue of patients with different stage of gastric-diseases. Strains were further characterized for virulence genes, adhesion ability, and inflammation responses. Materials and methods 11 non-disease, 15 gastritis, and 15 gastric cancer participated in the study. After clinical examination, gastric biopsies, saliva and plaque samples were collected and H. pylori levels were examined by real-time PCR and cultivation. The cagA and vacA genes were investigated from the culture strains. Adhesion ability and pro-inflammatory responses were analyzed in comparison between the presence of virulent genes and disease status. Results Relatively poor periodontal condition was found among gastric cancer patients. Prevalence of H. pylori-positive was 84.8% and 19.5% by real-time PCR and cultivation, respectively. The cagA and vacA gene-positive strains were 52.6% and 5.3%, respectively, which were found more in gastric cancer patients. The cagA gene-positive strains were found to be higher in gastric cancer patients, and strains had significantly higher adhesion ability and pro-inflammation expressions than the cagA gene-negative strains. Conclusion Colonization by H. pylori in oral cavity was confirmed, and the cagA gene-positive strains play a crucial role in both adhesion and inflammatory responses. The presence of H. pylori and its virulence gene in oral cavity should be received attention. An eradication of such strains from oral cavity may help to prevent the transmission and recolonization to gastric organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutita Wongsuwanlert
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Rawee Teanpaisan
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Pahumunto
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Apichat Kaewdech
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Division of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Praphansri Ruangsri
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Somkiat Sunpaweravong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Bhattacharjee A, Sahoo OS, Sarkar A, Bhattacharya S, Chowdhury R, Kar S, Mukherjee O. Infiltration to infection: key virulence players of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. Infection 2024; 52:345-384. [PMID: 38270780 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to comprehensively review the multifaceted factors underlying the successful colonization and infection process of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a prominent Gram-negative pathogen in humans. The focus is on elucidating the functions, mechanisms, genetic regulation, and potential cross-interactions of these elements. METHODS Employing a literature review approach, this study examines the intricate interactions between H. pylori and its host. It delves into virulence factors like VacA, CagA, DupA, Urease, along with phase variable genes, such as babA, babC, hopZ, etc., giving insights about the bacterial perspective of the infection The association of these factors with the infection has also been added in the form of statistical data via Funnel and Forest plots, citing the potential of the virulence and also adding an aspect of geographical biasness to the virulence factors. The biochemical characteristics and clinical relevance of these factors and their effects on host cells are individually examined, both comprehensively and statistically. RESULTS H. pylori is a Gram-negative, spiral bacterium that successfully colonises the stomach of more than half of the world's population, causing peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, MALT lymphoma, and other gastro-duodenal disorders. The clinical outcomes of H. pylori infection are influenced by a complex interplay between virulence factors and phase variable genes produced by the infecting strain and the host genetic background. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of all the major virulence factors has also been appended. CONCLUSION This study illuminates the diverse elements contributing to H. pylori's colonization and infection. The interplay between virulence factors, phase variable genes, and host genetics determines the outcome of the infection. Despite biochemical insights into many factors, their comprehensive regulation remains an understudied area. By offering a panoramic view of these factors and their functions, this study enhances understanding of the bacterium's perspective, i.e. H. pylori's journey from infiltration to successful establishment within the host's stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghyadeep Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
- Department of Microbiology, Kingston College of Science, Beruanpukuria, Barasat, West Bengal, 700219, India
| | - Om Saswat Sahoo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Ahana Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Saurabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O.B. 12272, 9112001, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rukhsana Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, RKM Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute Narendrapur, Kolkata, India
| | - Samarjit Kar
- Department of Mathematics, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India
| | - Oindrilla Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, 713209, India.
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Chaleshtori ZA, Rastegari AA, Nayeri H, Doosti A. Chitosan-LeoA-DNA Nanoparticles Promoted the Efficacy of Novel LeoA-DNA Vaccination on Mice Against Helicobacter pylori. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:125. [PMID: 38558085 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
More than half of the world's population is infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), which may lead to chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and stomach cancer. LeoA, a conserved antigen of H. pylori, aids in preventing this infection by triggering specific CD3+ T-cell responses. In this study, recombinant plasmids containing the LeoA gene of H. pylori are created and conjugated with chitosan nanoparticle (CSNP) to immunize BALB/c mice against the H. pylori infection. We used the online Vaxign tool to analyze the genomes of five distinct strains of H. pylori, and we chose the outer membrane as a prospective vaccine candidate. Afterward, the proteins' immunogenicity was evaluated. The DNA vaccine was constructed and then encapsulated in CSNPs. The effectiveness of the vaccine's immunoprotective effects was evaluated in BALB/c mice. Purified activated splenic CD3+ T cells are used to test the anticancer effects in vitro. Nanovaccines had apparent spherical forms, were small (mean size, 150-250 nm), and positively charged (41.3 ± 3.11 mV). A consistently delayed release pattern and an entrapment efficiency (73.35 ± 3.48%) could be established. Compared to the non-encapsulated DNA vaccine, vaccinated BALB/c mice produced higher amounts of LeoA-specific IgG in plasma and TNF-α in splenocyte lysate. Moreover, BALB/c mice inoculated with nanovaccine demonstrated considerable immunity (87.5%) against the H. pylori challenge and reduced stomach injury and bacterial burdens in the stomach. The immunological state in individuals with GC with chronic infection with H. pylori is mimicked by the H. pylori DNA nanovaccines by inducing a shift from Th1 to Th2 in the response. In vitro human GC cell development is inhibited by activated CD3+ T lymphocytes. According to our findings, the H. pylori vaccine-activated CD3+ has potential immunotherapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Asghar Rastegari
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hashem Nayeri
- Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan Branch, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbas Doosti
- Biotechnology Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord Branch, Shahrekord, Iran
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Mazzei L, Paul A, Cianci M, Devodier M, Mandelli D, Carloni P, Ciurli S. Kinetic and structural details of urease inactivation by thiuram disulphides. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112398. [PMID: 37879152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the molecular details of the reactivity of urease, a nickel-dependent enzyme that catalyses the last step of organic nitrogen mineralization, with thiuram disulphides, a class of molecules known to inactivate the enzyme with high efficacy but for which the mechanism of action had not been yet established. IC50 values of tetramethylthiuram disulphide (TMTD or Thiram) and tetraethylthiuram disulphide (TETD or Disulfiram) in the low micromolar range were determined for plant and bacterial ureases. The X-ray crystal structure of Sporosarcina pasteurii urease inactivated by Thiram, determined at 1.68 Å resolution, revealed the presence of a covalent modification of the catalytically essential cysteine residue. This is located on the flexible flap that modulates the size of the active site channel and cavity. Formation of a Cys-S-S-C(S)-N(CH3)2 functionality responsible for enzyme inactivation was observed. Quantum-mechanical calculations carried out to rationalise the large reactivity of the active site cysteine support the view that a conserved histidine residue, adjacent to the cysteine in the active site flap, modulates the charge and electron density along the thiol SH bond by shifting electrons towards the sulphur atom and rendering the thiol proton more reactive. We speculate that this proton could be transferred to the nickel-coordinated urea amide group to yield a molecule of ammonia from the generated Curea-NH3+ functionality during catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mazzei
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, Bologna I-40127, Italy.
| | - Arundhati Paul
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, Bologna I-40127, Italy
| | - Michele Cianci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche 10, Ancona I-60131, Italy
| | - Marta Devodier
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute of Advanced Simulations IAS-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52428, Germany; Università degli Studi di Parma, Via Università 12, Parma I-43121, Italy
| | - Davide Mandelli
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute of Advanced Simulations IAS-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52428, Germany
| | - Paolo Carloni
- Computational Biomedicine, Institute of Advanced Simulations IAS-5/Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine INM-9, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich D-52428, Germany; Department of Physics and Universitätsklinikum, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen D-52074, Germany
| | - Stefano Ciurli
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Viale Giuseppe Fanin 40, Bologna I-40127, Italy
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Buyuk F, Karakaya E, Akar M, Kayman T, Tarhane S, Ozcan HE, Celebi O, Saticioglu IB, Anuk T, Abay S, Otlu S, Aydin F. A comprehensive study of Helicobacter pylori infection: molecular analysis, antibacterial susceptibility, and histopathological examination. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2023; 116:1261-1273. [PMID: 37603113 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-023-01868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a pathogen associated with gastroduodenal diseases. This study aimed; (i) to investigate H. pylori presence by invasive tests in adult dyspeptic patients, (ii) to determine antibiotic susceptibility and genotypic characteristics of the H. pylori isolates, and (iii) to investigate the relationship between the H. pylori genotypes and the histopathological findings. In this cross-sectional study, gastric biopsy samples from 208 adult dyspeptic patients were used for culture, tissue Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and histopathological analysis. Antibiotic susceptibility of the H. pylori isolates was analyzed by gradient method. Analysis of the virulence genes was performed by monoplex PCR. Genetic profiles (from A to H) were created based on the virulence genes presence. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) was used for the genotyping of the H. pylori isolates. The mean age of the patients was 46 (± 15) years and 128 (61.5%) of them were female. H. pylori positivity was detected by culture, tissue PCR and histopathological examination in 59 (28.4%), 114 (54.8%) and 81 (38.9%) patients, respectively. The overall prevalence of H. pylori was found to be 63% (131/208). All H. pylori isolates were susceptible to tetracycline and amoxicillin. The resistance rates for metronidazole, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, and rifampicin were 67.2%, 27.9%, 34.4% and 13.11%, respectively. Multi drug resistance (MDR) was detected at the rate of 45.9% (28/61). While the most common virulence gene was cagA (93.44%), the least common was vacAm1 (23%). The predominant genetic profile was profile A (47.5%). ERIC-PCR results revealed a total of 26 different patterns. A high prevalence of H. pylori was detected in adult dyspeptic patients as in developing countries. It was observed significant genotypic heterogeneity and virulence gene diversity within the isolates. A considerable resistance rate detected against antibiotics such as clarithromycin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin, which are frequently used in the eradication of H. pylori, should be taken into consideration when creating regional empirical treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Buyuk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Türkiye.
| | - Emre Karakaya
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Mustafa Akar
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Health Sciences, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Tuba Kayman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Türkiye
| | - Serdal Tarhane
- Veterinary Department, Eldivan Vocational School of Health Services, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Türkiye
| | - Hacer Ece Ozcan
- Department of Medical Pathology, Mersin City Hospital, Mersin, Türkiye
| | - Ozgur Celebi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Türkiye
| | - Izzet Burcin Saticioglu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Uludağ University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Turgut Anuk
- Department of General Surgery, Erzurum Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Secil Abay
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Salih Otlu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, Kars, Türkiye
| | - Fuat Aydin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye
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11
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Gomez-Ramirez U, Nolasco-Romero CG, Contreras-Rodríguez A, Zuñiga G, Mendoza-Elizalde S, Prado-Galbarro FJ, Pérez Aguilar F, Pedraza Tinoco JE, Valencia-Mayoral P, Velázquez-Guadarrama N. Dysbiosis by Eradication of Helicobacter pylori Infection Associated with Follicular Gastropathy and Pangastropathy. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2748. [PMID: 38004759 PMCID: PMC10673246 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis plays an important role in the development of bacterial infections in the gastric mucosa, particularly Helicobacter pylori. The international guidelines for the treatment of H. pylori infections suggest standard triple therapy (STT). Nevertheless, because of the increasing resistance rates to clarithromycin, metronidazole has been widely considered in several countries. Unfortunately, the non-justified administration of antibiotics induces dysbiosis in the target organ. We characterized the gastric microbiota of patients diagnosed with follicular gastropathy and pangastropathy attributed to H. pylori infection, before and after the administration of STT with metronidazole. Dominant relative abundances of Cutibacterium were observed in pre-treatment patients, whereas H. pylori was observed at <11%, suggesting the multifactor property of the disease. The correlation of Cutibacterium acnes and H. pylori with gastric infectious diseases was also evaluated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The dominance of C. acnes over H. pylori was observed in gastritis, gastropathies, and non-significant histological alterations. None of the microorganisms were detected in the intestinal metaplasia. Post-treatment alterations revealed an increase in the relative abundances of Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Klebsiella. Non-H. pylori gastrointestinal bacteria can be associated with the initiation and development of gastric diseases, such as pathobiont C. acnes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel Gomez-Ramirez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (U.G.-R.); (C.G.N.-R.); (S.M.-E.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Carolina G. Nolasco-Romero
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (U.G.-R.); (C.G.N.-R.); (S.M.-E.)
- Posgrado en Ciencias Quimicobiológicas, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Araceli Contreras-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Zuñiga
- Laboratorio de Variación Biológica y Evolución, Departamento de Zoología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Sandra Mendoza-Elizalde
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (U.G.-R.); (C.G.N.-R.); (S.M.-E.)
| | | | - Fernando Pérez Aguilar
- Servicio de Endoscopía Gastrointestinal, Hospital General Dr. Fernando Quiroz, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico City 01140, Mexico;
| | | | - Pedro Valencia-Mayoral
- Departamento de Patología Clínica y Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Norma Velázquez-Guadarrama
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico; (U.G.-R.); (C.G.N.-R.); (S.M.-E.)
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12
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Balendra V, Amoroso C, Galassi B, Esposto J, Bareggi C, Luu J, Scaramella L, Ghidini M. High-Salt Diet Exacerbates H. pylori Infection and Increases Gastric Cancer Risks. J Pers Med 2023; 13:1325. [PMID: 37763093 PMCID: PMC10533117 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13091325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer ranks as the fifth-leading contributor to global cancer incidence and the fourth-highest in terms of cancer-related mortality. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection leads to inflammation and ulceration, atrophic and chronic gastritis, and eventually, increases the risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma. In this paper, we delve into the combined impact of a high-salt diet (HSD) and concurrent H. pylori infection, which act as predisposing factors for gastric malignancy. A multitude of mechanisms come into play, fostering the development of gastric adenocarcinoma due to the synergy between an HSD and H. pylori colonization. These encompass the disruption of mucosal barriers, cellular integrity, modulation of H. pylori gene expression, oxidative stress induction, and provocation of inflammatory responses. On the whole, gastric cancer patients were reported to have a higher median sodium intake with respect to healthy controls. H. pylori infection constitutes an additional risk factor, with a particular impact on the population with the highest daily sodium intake. Consequently, drawing from epidemiological discoveries, substantial evidence suggests that diminishing salt intake and employing antibacterial therapeutics could potentially lower the susceptibility to gastric cancer among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Amoroso
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Barbara Galassi
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Josephine Esposto
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L0G2, Canada;
| | - Claudia Bareggi
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.G.); (C.B.)
| | - Jennie Luu
- The University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78235, USA;
| | - Lucia Scaramella
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (L.S.)
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (B.G.); (C.B.)
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13
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Eslami O, Nakhaie M, Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd M, Azimi M, Shahabi E, Honarmand A, Khazaneha M. Global Trend on Machine Learning in Helicobacter within One Decade: A Scientometric Study. Glob Health Epidemiol Genom 2023; 2023:8856736. [PMID: 37600599 PMCID: PMC10439832 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8856736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to create a science map, provide structural analysis, investigate evolution, and identify new trends in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) research articles. Methods All Helicobacter publications were gathered from the Web of Science (WoS) database from August 2010 to 2021. The data were required for bibliometric analysis. The bibliometric analysis was performed with Bibliometrix R Tool. Bibliometric data were analyzed using the Bibliometrix Biblioshiny R-package software. Results A total of 17,413 articles were reviewed and analyzed, with descriptive characteristics of the H. pylori literature included. In journals, 21,102 keywords plus and 20,490 author keywords were reported. These articles were also written by 56,106 different authors, with 262 being single-author articles. Most authors' abstracts, titles, and keywords included "Helicobacter-pylori." Since 2010, the total number of H. pylori-related publications has been decreasing. Gut, PLOS ONE, and Gastroenterology are the most influential H. pylori journals, according to source impact. China, the United States, and Japan are the countries with most affiliations and subjects. In addition, Seoul National University has published the most articles about H. pylori. According to the cloud word plot, the authors' most frequently used keywords are gastric cancer (GC), H. pylori, gastritis, eradication, and inflammation. "Helicobacter pylori" and "infection" have the steepest slopes in terms of the upward trend of words used in articles from 2010 to 2021. Subjects such as GC, intestinal metaplasia, epidemiology, peptic ulcer, eradication, and clarithromycin are included in the diagram's motor theme section, according to strategic diagrams. According to the thematic evolution map, topics such as Helicobacter pylori infection, B-cell lymphoma, CagA, Helicobacter pylori, and infection were largely discussed between 2010 and 2015. From 2016 to 2021, the top topics covered included Helicobacter pylori, H. pylori infection, and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Eslami
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nakhaie
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Azimi
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Traditional Medicine, School of Persian Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ellahe Shahabi
- Faculty of Management and Economics, Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman, Iran
| | - Amin Honarmand
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahdiyeh Khazaneha
- Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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14
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Koch MRA, Gong R, Friedrich V, Engelsberger V, Kretschmer L, Wanisch A, Jarosch S, Ralser A, Lugen B, Quante M, Vieth M, Vasapolli R, Schulz C, Buchholz VR, Busch DH, Mejías-Luque R, Gerhard M. CagA-specific Gastric CD8 + Tissue-Resident T Cells Control Helicobacter pylori During the Early Infection Phase. Gastroenterology 2023; 164:550-566. [PMID: 36587707 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Infection with Helicobacter pylori strongly affects global health by causing chronic gastritis, ulcer disease, and gastric cancer. Although extensive research into the strong immune response against this persistently colonizing bacterium exists, the specific role of CD8+ T cells remains elusive. METHODS We comprehensively characterize gastric H pylori-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in mice and humans by flow cytometry, RNA-sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and ChipCytometry, applying functional analyses including T-cell depletion, H pylori eradication, and ex vivo restimulation. RESULTS We define CD8+ T-cell populations bearing a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype, which infiltrate the gastric mucosa shortly after infection and mediate pathogen control by executing antigen-specific effector properties. These induced CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) show a skewed T-cell receptor beta chain usage and are mostly specific for cytotoxin-associated gene A, the distinctive oncoprotein injected by H pylori into host cells. As the infection progresses, we observe a loss of the TRM phenotype and replacement of CD8+ by CD4+ T cells, indicating a shift in the immune response during the chronic infection phase. CONCLUSIONS Our results point toward a hitherto unknown role of CD8+ T-cell response in this bacterial infection, which may have important clinical implications for treatment and vaccination strategies against H pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian R A Koch
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruolan Gong
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Friedrich
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Engelsberger
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kretschmer
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Wanisch
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jarosch
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Ralser
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Bob Lugen
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Quante
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Department of Internal Medicine II, Munich, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Vieth
- Institute of Pathology, Hospital Bayreuth, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Riccardo Vasapolli
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany; Medical Department II, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schulz
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany; Medical Department II, University Hospital Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit R Buchholz
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejías-Luque
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus Gerhard
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), School of Medicine, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Munich, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany.
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15
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Srisuphanunt M, Wilairatana P, Kooltheat N, Duangchan T, Katzenmeier G, Rose JB. Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance and Novel Treatment Strategies for Helicobacter pylori Infections. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:163. [PMID: 36977164 PMCID: PMC10057134 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infects approximately 50% of the world's population and is considered the major etiological agent of severe gastric diseases, such as peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma. Increasing resistance to standard antibiotics has now led to an ever-decreasing efficacy of eradication therapies and the development of novel and improved regimens for treatment is urgently required. Substantial progress has been made over the past few years in the identification of molecular mechanisms which are conducive to resistant phenotypes as well as for efficient strategies to counteract strain resistance and to avoid the use of ineffective antibiotics. These involve molecular testing methods, improved salvage therapies, and the discovery of novel and potent antimicrobial compounds. High rates of prevalence and gastric cancer are currently observed in Asian countries, including Japan, China, Korea, and Taiwan, where concomitantly intensive research efforts were initiated to explore advanced eradication regimens aimed at reducing the risk of gastric cancer. In this review, we present an overview of the known molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and discuss recent intervention strategies for H. pylori diseases, with a view of the research progress in Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuna Srisuphanunt
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Excellent Center for Dengue and Community Public Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nateelak Kooltheat
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Hematology and Transfusion Science Research Center, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Thitinat Duangchan
- Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Hematology and Transfusion Science Research Center, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Gerd Katzenmeier
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Joan B. Rose
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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16
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Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Cancer: Pathogenetic Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032895. [PMID: 36769214 PMCID: PMC9917787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the main risk factors for this type of neoplasia. Carcinogenetic mechanisms associated with H. pylori are based, on the one hand, on the onset of chronic inflammation and, on the other hand, on bacterial-specific virulence factors that can damage the DNA of gastric epithelial cells and promote genomic instability. Here, we review and discuss the major pathogenetic mechanisms by which H. pylori infection contributes to the onset and development of gastric cancer.
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17
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Chen Q, Yang W, Gong W, Chen X, Zhu Z, Chen H. Advanced Sensing Strategies Based on Different Types of Biomarkers toward Early Diagnosis of H. pylori. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-13. [PMID: 36598423 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2163585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a bacterium that can colonize human gastric epithelial cells and cause H. pylori infection, closely related to many gastric diseases. Compared with conventional H. pylori detection methods, emerging diagnostic approaches (such as biosensors) have become potentially more effective alternatives due to their high sensitivity, good selectivity and noninvasiveness. This review begins with a brief overview of H. pylori infection, the processes that lead to diseases, and current diagnostic methods. Subsequently, advanced biosensors in different target-based for diagnosing H. pylori infection are focused, including the detection of H. pylori-related nucleic acid, H. pylori-related protein (such as the cytotoxin, urease), and intact H. pylori. In addition, prospects for the development of H. pylori detection methods are also discussed in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Wenyi Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Weihua Gong
- Department of Oncology, Chongming Branch of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Zhongzheng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongxia Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, PR China
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18
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Mannion A, Sheh A, Shen Z, Dzink-Fox J, Piazuelo MB, Wilson KT, Peek R, Fox JG. Shotgun Metagenomics of Gastric Biopsies Reveals Compositional and Functional Microbiome Shifts in High- and Low-Gastric-Cancer-Risk Populations from Colombia, South America. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2186677. [PMID: 36907988 PMCID: PMC10026914 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2186677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with Helicobacter pylori infection, the gastric microbiota is hypothesized to modulate stomach cancer risk in susceptible individuals. Whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing (WMS) is a sequencing approach to characterize the microbiome with advantages over traditional culture and 16S rRNA sequencing including identification of bacterial and non-bacterial taxa, species/strain resolution, and functional characterization of the microbiota. In this study, we used WMS to survey the microbiome in extracted DNA from antral gastric biopsy samples from Colombian patients residing in the high-risk gastric cancer town Túquerres (n = 10, H. pylori-positive = 7) and low-risk town of Tumaco (n = 10, H. pylori-positive = 6). Kraken2/Bracken was used for taxonomic classification and abundance. Functional gene profiles were inferred by InterProScan and KEGG analysis of assembled contigs and gene annotation. The most abundant taxa represented bacteria, non-human eukaryota, and viral genera found in skin, oral, food, and plant/soil environments including Staphylococus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Aspergillus, and Siphoviridae. H. pylori was the predominant taxa present in H. pylori-positive samples. Beta diversity was significantly different based on H. pylori-status, risk group, and sex. WMS detected more bacterial taxa than 16S rRNA sequencing and aerobic, anaerobic, and microaerobic culture performed on the same gastric biopsy samples. WMS identified significant differences in functional profiles found between H. pylori-status, but not risk or sex groups. H. pylori-positive samples were significantly enriched for H. pylori-specific genes including virulence factors such as vacA, cagA, and urease, while carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism genes were enriched in H. pylori-negative samples. This study shows WMS has the potential to characterize the taxonomy and function of the gastric microbiome as risk factors for H. pylori-associated gastric disease. Future studies will be needed to compare and validate WMS versus traditional culture and 16S rRNA sequencing approaches for characterization of the gastric microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Mannion
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - JoAnn Dzink-Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard Peek
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Fu HW, Lai YC. The Role of Helicobacter pylori Neutrophil-Activating Protein in the Pathogenesis of H. pylori and Beyond: From a Virulence Factor to Therapeutic Targets and Therapeutic Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010091. [PMID: 36613542 PMCID: PMC9820732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori neutrophil-activating protein (HP-NAP), a major virulence factor of H. pylori, plays a role in bacterial protection and host inflammation. HP-NAP activates a variety of innate immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, and mast cells, to induce their pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory activities. This protein also induces T-helper type 1 (Th1) immune response and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, supporting that HP-NAP is able to promote gastric inflammation by activation of adaptive immune responses. Thus, HP-NAP is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation. The inflammatory responses triggered by HP-NAP are mediated by a PTX-sensitive G protein-coupled receptor and Toll-like receptor 2. Drugs designed to block the interactions between HP-NAP and its receptors could alleviate the inflammation in gastric mucosa caused by H. pylori infection. In addition, HP-NAP acts as a promising therapeutic agent for vaccine development, allergy treatment, and cancer immunotherapy. The high antigenicity of HP-NAP makes this protein a component of vaccines against H. pylori infection. Due to its immunomodulatory activity to stimulate the Th1-inducing ability of dendritic cells, enhance Th1 immune response and CTL activity, and suppress Th2-mediated allergic responses, HP-NAP could also act as an adjuvant in vaccines, a drug candidate against allergic diseases, and an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer. This review highlights the role of HP-NAP in the pathogenesis of H. pylori and the potential for this protein to be a therapeutic target in the treatment of H. pylori infection and therapeutic agents against H. pylori-associated diseases, allergies, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Wen Fu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-574-2485
| | - Yu-Chang Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Potential association of eEF1A dimethylation at lysine 55 in the basal area of Helicobacter pylori-eradicated gastric mucosa with the risk of gastric cancer: a retrospective observational study. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:490. [PMID: 36437464 PMCID: PMC9703661 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although eradication therapy for chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) reduces the risk of gastric cancer (GC), its effectiveness is not complete. Therefore, it is also critically important to identifying those patients who remain at high risk after H. pylori eradication therapy. Accumulation of protein methylation is strongly implicated in cancer, and recent study showed that dimethylation of eEF1A lysine 55 (eEF1AK55me2) promotes carcinogenesis in vivo. We aimed to investigate the relationship between eEF1A dimethylation and H. pylori status, efficacy of eradication therapy, and GC risk in H. pylori-eradicated mucosa, and to reveal the potential downstream molecules of eEF1A dimethylation. METHODS Records of 115 patients (11 H. pylori-negative, 29 H. pylori-positive, 75 post-eradication patients) who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were retrospectively reviewed. The eEF1A dimethyl level was evaluated in each functional cell type of gastric mucosa by immunofluorescent staining. We also investigated the relationship between eEF1AK55me2 downregulation by CRISPR/Cas9 mediated deletion of Mettl13, which is known as a dimethyltransferase of eEF1AK55me2. RESULTS The level of eEF1A dimethylation significantly increased in the surface and basal areas of H. pylori-positive mucosa compared with the negative mucosa (surface, p = 0.0031; basal, p = 0.0036, respectively). The eEF1A dimethyl-levels in the surface area were significantly reduced by eradication therapy (p = 0.005), but those in the basal area were maintained even after eradication therapy. Multivariate analysis revealed that high dimethylation of eEF1A in the basal area of the mucosa was the independent factor related to GC incidence (odds ratio = 3.6611, 95% confidence interval = 1.0350-12.949, p = 0.0441). We also showed the relationship between eEF1A dimethylation and expressions of reprogramming factors, Oct4 and Nanog, by immunohistochemistry and in vitro genome editing experiments. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that H. pylori infection induced eEF1A dimethylation in gastric mucosa. The accumulation of dimethyl-eEF1A in the basal area of the mucosa might contribute to GC risk via regulation of reprograming factors in H. pylori eradicated-gastric mucosa.
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Song MY, Lee DY, Han YM, Kim EH. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Korean Propolis on Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Mucosal Injury Mice Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214644. [PMID: 36364906 PMCID: PMC9659254 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis, a natural resinous substance obtained from a variety of buds and plants, has been reported to possess various biological functions. Several recent studies have demonstrated the inhibitory effects of propolis on the growth of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) in vitro; however, current research efforts on Korean propolis (KP) remain insufficient especially in vivo. Our study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect and molecular mechanism of KP on mouse gastric mucosa during H. pylori infection. We examined an in vivo H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal injury mice model. We found that KP inhibited the growth of H. pylori and attenuated the expression of H. pylori virulence factors such as cytotoxin-associated gene A, encoding urease A subunit, surface antigen gene and neutrophil-activating protein A. Moreover, KP reduced both gross lesions and pathological scores in H. pylori-challenged mice. In addition, KP markedly restrained the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide levels compared with an untreated H. pylori-infected group. In particular, we found that KP repressed the phosphorylation of IκBα and NF-κB p65 subunit, and subsequently suppressed their downstream target genes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of KP on inflammation through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling as well as inhibition of H. pylori growth in a mouse model infected with H. pylori. This suggests the potential application of KP as a natural supplement for patient’s suffering from gastric mucosal injury caused by H. pylori infection.
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Belén LH, Beltrán JF, Pessoa A, Castillo RL, de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui C, Farías JG. Helicobacter pyloril-asparaginase: a study of immunogenicity from an in silico approach. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:286. [PMID: 36276451 PMCID: PMC9489821 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori has become the causal agent of multiple forms of gastric disease worldwide, including gastric cancer. The enzyme l-asparaginase (ASNase) has been studied as a virulence factor. In this work, we performed an in silico investigation to characterize the immunological profile of H. pylori ASNase (HpASNase) to ascertain the possible implication of HpASNase immunogenicity in the H. pylori virulence mechanism. We applied a workflow based on bioinformatics tools, which, by calculating the relative frequency of immunogenic T-cell and B-cell epitopes, allowed us to predict the immunogenicity and allergenicity of HpASNase in silico. We also visualized the epitopes by mapping them into the native structure of the enzyme. We report for the first time the T-cell and B-cell epitope composition that contributes to the immunogenicity of this HpASNase, as well as the regions that could generate a hypersensitivity response in humans. ASNase from H. pylori resulted in highly immunogenic and allergenic. The high immunogenicity of HpASNase could imply the pathogenic mechanisms of H. pylori. This knowledge could be important for the development of new drugs against H. pylori infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03359-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisandra Herrera Belén
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avda. Francisco Salazar 01145, P.O. Box: 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jorge F. Beltrán
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avda. Francisco Salazar 01145, P.O. Box: 54-D, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adalberto Pessoa
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L. Castillo
- Department of Internal Medicine East, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlota de Oliveira Rangel-Yagui
- Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge G. Farías
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universidad de La Frontera, Avda. Francisco Salazar 01145, P.O. Box: 54-D, Temuco, Chile
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Wang YK, Li C, Zhou YM, Zeng L, Li YY, Huang SL, Zhu CY, Wang Y, Wang SN, Chen XD. Histopathological Features of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Gastric Mucosa. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6231-6243. [PMID: 36386590 PMCID: PMC9661999 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s383075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the histopathological characteristics of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection in the gastric mucosa in the process from occurrence to intraepithelial neoplasia. Methods Specimens obtained from the endoscopic biopsy and endoscopic submucosal dissection of 2457 cases of gastric Hp infection were observed and assessed in detail using histology and immunohistochemistry techniques. The condition was divided according to the histopathological characteristics of gastric mucosal damage caused by Hp infection. The histopathological characteristics and immunophenotype of each stage were subsequently elucidated. Results Helicobacter pylori is initially implanted in the mucus layer covered by the epithelium on the surface of the gastric mucosa. It then selectively adheres to the cytoplasm of the surface mucus cells, which makes the oval and spherical particles containing mucus that is wrapped by the bounded membrane in the cytoplasm on the nucleus of the surface mucus cells disappear, while the cytoplasm undergoes spiderweb-like vacuolar degeneration. This leads to the proliferation and transformation of the surface mucous cells before developing into intraepithelial neoplasia. In the process of histomorphology, mucosal ulcers, mucosal lymphoid tissue proliferation, gland atrophy, intestinal epithelial metaplasia, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and adenocarcinoma may occur. In this study, the condition was divided into five stages according to the histopathological characteristics of gastric mucosal damage caused by Hp infection, as well as the degree of gastric mucosal damage and involvement depth as follows: the mucus infection stage, the surface epithelial cell infection stage, the lamina propria lesion stage, the mucosal atrophy stage, and the intraepithelial neoplasia stage. Conclusion Understanding the histopathological characteristics of gastric Hp infection in terms of its occurrence and development into intraepithelial neoplasia is conducive to the precise treatment and tracking of malignant cell transformation, and is of great significance in controlling the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Kun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Foresea Life Insurance Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou, 511300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Foresea Life Insurance Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou, 511300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Foresea Life Insurance Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou, 511300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-Lin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, South China Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518111, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao-Ya Zhu
- Department of Pathology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Shenzhen Hezheng Hospital, Shenzhen, 518053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Su-Nan Wang
- Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Su-Nan Wang; Xiao-Dong Chen, Email ;
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Foresea Life Insurance Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou, 511300, People’s Republic of China
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Saxena K, Kumar A, Chauhan N, Khanuja M, Malhotra BD, Jain U. Electrochemical Immunosensor for Detection of H. pylori Secretory Protein VacA on g-C 3N 4/ZnO Nanocomposite-Modified Au Electrode. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32292-32301. [PMID: 36120075 PMCID: PMC9476209 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A g-C3N4/ZnO (graphitic carbon nitride/zinc oxide) nanocomposite-decorated gold electrode was employed to design an antigen-antibody-based electrochemical biosensor to detect Helicobacter pylori specific toxin, vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). The thermal condensation method was used to synthesize the g-C3N4/ZnO nanocomposite, and the nanocomposite was deposited electrochemically on a gold electrode. The morphology as well as the structure of the synthesized nanocomposite were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared techniques. The nanocomposite efficiently increased the sensor performance by amplifying the signals. EDC-NHS chemistry was exploited for attachment of VacA antibodies covalently with the g-C3N4/ZnO-modified gold electrode. This modified electrode was exploited for immunosensing of H. pylori-specific VacA antigen. The immunosensor was stable for up to 30 days and exhibited good sensitivity of 0.3 μA-1 ng mL-1 in a linear detection range of 0.1 to 12.8 ng mL-1. Apart from this, the fabricated sensor showed unprecedented reproducibility and remarkable selectivity toward the H. pylori toxin VacA. Thus, the highly sensitive immunosensor is a desirable platform for H. pylori detection in practical applications and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Saxena
- Amity
Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University
Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Centre
for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia
Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity
Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University
Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Manika Khanuja
- Centre
for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia
Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Nanobioelectronics
Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi 110042, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity
Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University
Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
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Helicobacter pylori, Protected from Antibiotics and Stresses Inside Candida albicans Vacuoles, Cause Gastritis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158568. [PMID: 35955701 PMCID: PMC9368807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to (i) the simultaneous presence of Helicobacter pylori (ulcer-induced bacteria) and Candida albicans in the stomach and (ii) the possibility of prokaryotic–eukaryotic endosymbiosis (intravacuolar H. pylori in the yeast cells) under stresses, we tested this symbiosis in vitro and in vivo. To that end, intravacuolar H. pylori were induced by the co-incubation of C. albicans with H. pylori under several stresses (acidic pH, non-H. pylori-enrichment media, and aerobic environments); the results were detectable by direct microscopy (wet mount) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Indeed, intravacuolar H. pylori were predominant under all stresses, especially the lower pH level (pH 2–3). Interestingly, the H. pylori (an amoxicillin-sensitive strain) inside C. albicans were protected from the antibiotic (amoxicillin), while extracellular H. pylori were neutralizable, as indicated by the culture. In parallel, the oral administration of intravacuolar H. pylori in mice caused H. pylori colonization in the stomach resulting in gastritis, as indicated by gastric histopathology and tissue cytokines, similar to the administration of free H. pylori (extra-Candida bacteria). In conclusion, Candida protected H. pylori from stresses and antibiotics, and the intravacuolar H. pylori were able to be released from the yeast cells, causing gastric inflammation with neutrophil accumulations.
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Wang YK, Zhou JL, Meng NL, Zhu CY, Wang SN, Chen XD. How Does Helicobacter pylori Infection Cause Gastric Mucosal Atrophy. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:3619-3629. [PMID: 35837536 PMCID: PMC9273833 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s355981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the occurrence and development of gastric mucosal atrophy due to Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and the accompanying histomorphological features. Methods Detailed histological observations and immunohistochemical examinations were conducted via 197 endoscopic biopsies and endoscopic submucosal dissection specimens of gastric mucosal atrophic lesions with gastric Hp infection. Detailed observation was made of columnar cells in the proliferative region of the deep gastric pit and the isthmus of the gastric gland, as well as the upper part of the glandular cervix. Results The infection of the gastric mucosa by Hp firstly led to the proliferative disorder of stem cells in the normal proliferative region of the gastric mucosa. This caused substantial propagation of cells in the proliferative region of the deep gastric pit and the isthmus of the gastric gland, as well as the upper part of the glandular cervix, as a means to replenish the damaged surface mucus cells. However, the propagation of stem cells in the proliferative region was insufficient for downward migration, and the normal physiological process of differentiation into fundic/pyloric gland cells was disrupted, resulting in glandular atrophy of the intrinsic layer of the gastric mucosa. Persistent Hp infection and disruption of stem cell proliferation in the proliferative region subsequently resulted in extensive segmental hyperplasia of the gastric mucosa and glandular atrophy of the lamina propria. Conclusion The occurrence, development, and histomorphological features of gastric mucosal atrophy due to gastric Hp infection provide a reliable pathological basis for precise treatment by clinicians and are of great significance for controlling the development of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Kun Wang
- Department of Pathology, Foresea Life Insurance Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou, 511300, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ling Zhou
- Shenzhen Nanshan District People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518067, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian-Long Meng
- Department of Pathology, The 989th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Luoyang, Henan, 471031, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Ya Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Nan Wang
- Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Foresea Life Insurance Guangzhou General Hospital, Guangzhou, 511300, People's Republic of China
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Mehdipour A, Chaboki P, Rasouli Asl F, Aghaali M, Sharifinejad N, Shams S. Comparing the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori and virulence factors cagA, vacA, and dupA in supra-gingival dental plaques of children with and without dental caries: a case-control study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:170. [PMID: 35534888 PMCID: PMC9087938 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most common infectious diseases in humans. Dental plaque is considered as a reservoir of this bacterium, which could play an important role in the development of gastrointestinal problems. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of H. pylori and its virulence factors in dental plaques in children with and without dental caries. Methods Among children aged 6 to 12 years, a total of 72 children were enrolled in the study, including 36 cases with total DMFT/dmft > 3 (case group) and 36 participants with total DMFT/dmft < 1 (control group). After removing supra-gingival plaques from the lower first permanent molar teeth, the samples were examined using PCR method for the presence of H. pylori and some of its virulence factors. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, Fisher' exact test, t-tests, and logistic regression. Results Of 72 participants, 40 cases were male, and 32 cases were female. The minimum and maximum values of total DMFT/dmft indices were zero and ten, respectively, and the mean ± SD value of total DMFT/dmft was 2.78 ± 3.22. Except for vegetable consumption (p = 0.045), there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding gastrointestinal disorders, feeding methods in infancy (p = 0.058), frequency of daily brushing (p = 0.808), frequency of dental visits (p = 0.101), and history of dental scaling (p = 0.246) and professional topical fluoride therapy (p = 0.5). Out of 72 samples, 15 cases were positive for H. pylori DNA (20.8%), and there was no significant association between the presence of this bacterium in dental plaque and dental caries (p = 0.281). The frequency of virulence factors detected in 15 H. pylori cases was as follows: cagA in six cases (40.0%), vacAm1 in three cases (20.0%), and vacAs1 in one case (6.7%). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the prevalence of virulence factors. Conclusion Our results indicate the presence of H. pylori along with some virulence factors in dental plaques as a reservoir of this bacterium in children in Iran. Although there was no significant association between this bacterium and the incidence of dental caries, dental health in children needs to be seriously taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Mehdipour
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Parisa Chaboki
- Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rasouli Asl
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghaali
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Negar Sharifinejad
- Student Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
| | - Saeed Shams
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
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Tilahun M, Gedefie A, Belayhun C, Sahle Z, Abera A. Helicobacter pylori Pathogenicity Islands and Giardia lamblia Cysteine Proteases in Role of Coinfection and Pathogenesis. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:21-34. [PMID: 35023934 PMCID: PMC8747529 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s346705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a well-known human-specific stomach pathogen that infects more than half of the world’s population. The infection with this bacterium can cause a variety of gastrointestinal problems, including chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, and even cancer. H. pylori is a highly infectious bacterium. H. pylori causes an increase in gastric mucosa pH or gastric mucosa intestinal metaplasia. These modifications in the stomach environment are necessary for G. lamblia colonization to occur. Giardia lamblia is a flagellate protozoan parasite that can cause giardiasis in humans and other mammals. It dwells in the duodenum and upper jejunum. Globally, over 280 million cases of human giardiasis are predicted to occur each year. Simultaneous human colonization by G. lamblia and H. pylori is a typical occurrence since the viruses’ predisposing factors are similar in both groups. Giardiasis is a parasitic infection that affects both children and adults worldwide. Infection with Giardia is more common in underdeveloped countries. Globally, more than 200 million cases of giardiasis are detected each year. In contrast, the presence of G. lamblia in the host body triggers an immunological response comparable to that of H. pylori, with lymphocytes strongly polarized towards Th1. As a result, their combined presence exacerbates host tissue damage. The major goal of this seminar is to describe the pathophysiology, immunology, and clinical aspects of G. lamblia and H. pylori coinfection using a comprehensive search of PubMed, Lancet, and Google Scholar sources. Upper gastrointestinal problems such as upper abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain/burning, and belching are all caused by both organisms. Differentiation by physical examination is impossible in people infected with both bacteria. For this coinfection distinction, a laboratory diagnosis is required. G. lamblia and H. pylori, when present together, have a synergistic effect on the host and can cause serious damage. As a result, researchers should delve deeper into the mechanics underlying this potential microbial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihret Tilahun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Alemu Gedefie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Chernet Belayhun
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Mehal Meda Hospital, North Showa, Ethiopia
| | - Zenawork Sahle
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Birhan Health Science College, North Showa, Ethiopia
| | - Admasu Abera
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Debre Birhan Health Science College, North Showa, Ethiopia
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The Effects of HP0044 and HP1275 Knockout Mutations on the Structure and Function of Lipopolysaccharide in Helicobacter pylori Strain 26695. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010145. [PMID: 35052824 PMCID: PMC8773439 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with several gastric diseases, including gastritis, peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Due to the prevalence and severeness of H. pylori infection, a thorough understanding of this pathogen is necessary. Lipopolysaccharide, one of the major virulence factors of H. pylori, can exert immunomodulating and immunostimulating functions on the host. In this study, the HP0044 and HP1275 genes were under investigation. These two genes potentially encode GDP-D-mannose dehydratase (GMD) and phosphomannomutase (PMM)/phosphoglucomutase (PGM), respectively, and are involved in the biosynthesis of fucose. HP0044 and HP1275 knockout mutants were generated; both mutants displayed a truncated LPS, suggesting that the encoded enzymes are not only involved in fucose production but are also important for LPS construction. In addition, these two gene knockout mutants exhibited retarded growth, increased surface hydrophobicity and autoaggregation as well as being more sensitive to the detergent SDS and the antibiotic novobiocin. Furthermore, the LPS-defective mutants also had significantly reduced bacterial infection, adhesion and internalization in the in vitro cell line model. Moreover, disruptions of the HP0044 and HP1275 genes in H. pylori altered protein sorting into outer membrane vesicles. The critical roles of HP0044 and HP1275 in LPS biosynthesis, bacterial fitness and pathogenesis make them attractive candidates for drug inventions against H. pylori infection.
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Nguyen TH, Ho TTM, Nguyen-Hoang TP, Qumar S, Pham TTD, Bui QN, Bulach D, Nguyen TV, Rahman M. The endemic Helicobacter pylori population in Southern Vietnam has both South East Asian and European origins. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:57. [PMID: 34593031 PMCID: PMC8482589 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00452-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer varies based on predominant H. pylori population in various geographical regions. Vietnam is a high H. pylori burden country with the highest age-standardized incidence rate of gastric cancer (16.3 cases/100,000 for both sexes) in Southeast Asia, despite this data on the H. pylori population is scanty. We examined the global context of the endemic H. pylori population in Vietnam and present a contextual and comparative genomics analysis of 83 H. pylori isolates from patients in Vietnam. Results There are at least two major H. pylori populations are circulating in symptomatic Vietnamese patients. The majority of the isolates (~ 80%, 66/83) belong to the hspEastAsia and the remaining belong to hpEurope population (~ 20%, 17/83). In total, 66 isolates (66/83) were cagA positive, 64 were hspEastAsia isolates and two were hpEurope isolates. Examination of the second repeat region revealed that most of the cagA genes were ABD type (63/66; 61 were hspEastAsia isolates and two were hpEurope isolates). The remaining three isolates (all from hspEastAsia isolates) were ABC or ABCC types. We also detected that 4.5% (3/66) cagA gene from hspEastAsia isolates contained EPIYA-like sequences, ESIYA at EPIYA-B segments. Analysis of the vacA allelic type revealed 98.8% (82/83) and 41% (34/83) of the strains harboured the s1 and m1 allelic variant, respectively; 34/83 carried both s1m1 alleles. The most frequent genotypes among the cagA positive isolates were vacA s1m1/cagA + and vacA s1m2/cagA + , accounting for 51.5% (34/66) and 48.5% (32/66) of the isolates, respectively. Conclusions There are two predominant lineages of H. pylori circulating in Vietnam; most of the isolates belong to the hspEastAsia population. The hpEurope population is further divided into two smaller clusters. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13099-021-00452-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Hoa Nguyen
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Trang Thi My Ho
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thien-Phuc Nguyen-Hoang
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Thuc Tran Dang Pham
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quy Nhuan Bui
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gia Dinh Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne and Doherty Applied Microbial Genomics, The Doherty Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thuy-Vy Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Motiur Rahman
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, 764 Vo Van Kiet Street, Ward 1, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. .,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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Yuan LZ, Shi X, Tang D, Zheng SP, Xiao ZM, Wang F. Construction and preservation of a stable and highly expressed recombinant Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin A with apoptotic activity. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:229. [PMID: 34407768 PMCID: PMC8371779 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background H. pylori is closely related to the occurrence and development of various digestive gastritis, peptic ulcer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. H. pylori is also a class I carcinogen of gastric cancer. VacA is the only exocrine toxin of H. pylori, which plays a very important role in the pathogenesis of H. pylori. The production of VacA in natural circumstances is complex with heavy workload and low yield. Therefore, it is very important to obtain recombinant VacA protein which is stable and biologically active. This study therefore aims to explore the expression, purification and stable storage of VacA toxin of H. pylori in E.coli, and to provide experimental basis for further exploration of the role of VacA in H. pylori -induced inflammation of cancer. Results A 2502-bp fragment and VacA gene were identified. An 89.7-kDa VacA34–854 recombinant protein was expressed and purified from the recombinant engineering bacteria and was preserved stably in 50 mM acetic acid buffer (pH 2.9). The amount of the recombinant protein was larger in the inclusion bodies than in the supernatant. In addition, after a 24-h culture with VacA recombinant protein, GES-1 cells demonstrated evidence of apoptosis including early nuclear immobilization and clustering under inverted microscope and TEM. It was found that VacA recombinant protein induced apoptosis by TUNEL assay. Conclusions A VacA recombinant protein that is stably and highly expressed and possesses pro-apoptotic activity is successfully constructed. The protein is stably preserved in 50 mM acetic acid buffer (pH 2.9). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02262-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Zhi Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Xiao Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Dan Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Shao-Peng Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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Baltierra-Uribe SL, Montañez-Barragán A, Romero-Ramírez H, Klimov-Kravtchenko K, Martínez-Pedro KI, Sánchez-Salguero E, Camorlinga-Ponce M, Torres J, Santos-Argumedo L. Colostrum IgA1 antibodies recognize antigens from Helicobacter pylori and prevent cytoskeletal changes in human epithelial cells. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2641-2650. [PMID: 34398472 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium found on the luminal surface of the gastric mucosa in at least 50% of the world's human population. The protective effect of breastfeeding against H. pylori infection has been extensively reported; however, the mechanisms behind this protection remain poorly understood. Human IgA from colostrum has reactivity against H. pylori antigens. Despite that IgA1 and IgA2 display structural and functional differences, their reactivity against H. pylori had not been previously determined. We attested titers and reactivity of human colostrum-IgA subclasses by ELISA, immunoblot, and flow cytometry. Colostrum samples from healthy mothers had higher titers of IgA; and IgA1 mostly recognized H. pylori antigens. Moreover, we found a correlation between IgA1 reactivity and their neutralizing effect determined by inhibition of cytoskeletal changes in AGS cells infected with H. pylori. In conclusion, colostrum-IgA reduces H. pylori infection of epithelial gastric cells, suggesting an important role in preventing the bacteria establishment during the first months of life. As a whole, these results suggest that IgA1 from human colostrum provides protection that may help in the development of the mucosal immune system of newborn children. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantal Lizbeth Baltierra-Uribe
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Montañez-Barragán
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Romero-Ramírez
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ksenia Klimov-Kravtchenko
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences (CUCBA), University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Karla Ivette Martínez-Pedro
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico.,"La Cañada" University (UNCA), Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Erick Sánchez-Salguero
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Margarita Camorlinga-Ponce
- Infectious and Parasitic Disease Medical Research Unit (UIMEIP) at Pediatric Hospital in National Medical Center (CMN- SIGLO XXI) Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Torres
- Infectious and Parasitic Disease Medical Research Unit (UIMEIP) at Pediatric Hospital in National Medical Center (CMN- SIGLO XXI) Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Santos-Argumedo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
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Afsar MNA, Jhinu ZN, Bhuiyan MAI, Islam Z, Siddiqua TJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and micronutrient deficiency in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2021; 7:bmjgast-2020-000490. [PMID: 33093020 PMCID: PMC7583068 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last few years, epidemiological studies have shown that infection with Helicobacter pylori has a major effect on micronutrient deficiency as well as on adverse pregnancy outcomes. Importantly, there are gaps in understanding the linkage of H. pylori infection with micronutrients deficiency in pregnant women. Objective We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the association between H. pylori infection and micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant women. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted for relevant articles using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus database from inception to March 2020. The OR with 95% CIs was determined by meta-analysis of data extracted from the selected studies. Results From 2384 primary articles, 6 studies were selected for systematic reviews and 4 studies distinctively (with 1274 participants: 553 cases and 721 controls) were selected for meta-analysis. The meta-analysed fixed effect model estimated the odds of having H. pylori infection was not significantly higher among pregnant women with micronutrient deficiencies than those without deficiencies (OR=1.12, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.42, p=0.37). In the subgroup analysis, no correlation was found between H. pylori infection and vitamin B12 (OR=0.74, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.21, p=0.22), folate (OR=1.07, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.58, p=0.73), and ferritin (OR=0.81, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.31, p=0.4). However, a positive correlation was found between iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) and H. pylori infection (OR=16.23, 95% CI 4.19 to 62.93, p<0.0001) during pregnancy. Conclusion H. pylori infection is associated with increased risk of IDA but not with deficiency of other micronutrients in pregnancy. PROSPERO registration number CRD42019135683.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nure Alam Afsar
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Zhahirul Islam
- Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling, Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, ICDDRB, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Silvan JM, Gutierrez-Docio A, Guerrero-Hurtado E, Domingo-Serrano L, Blanco-Suarez A, Prodanov M, Alarcon-Cavero T, Martinez-Rodriguez AJ. Pre-Treatment with Grape Seed Extract Reduces Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress Induced by Helicobacter pylori Infection in Human Gastric Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:943. [PMID: 34208004 PMCID: PMC8230724 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a pathogenic bacteria identified as a potential risk factor for gastritis, gastric ulcers and gastric cancer. During the stomach colonization, H. pylori triggers a strong inflammatory response and subsequent oxidative stress, which are associated with tissue damage. For this reason, it is of particular interest to develop alternative natural tools that enable modulation of the associated damaging immune response. With this purpose, we obtained grape seed extract (GSE) from sweet (not fermented) food grade seeds. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of GSE and its two enriched procyanidins fractions (OPC and PPC) on the inflammatory process and oxidative stress produced by different H. pylori strains in human gastric epithelial cells (AGS). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring the level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) secretion. IL-8 production was significantly reduced in H. pylori-infected human gastric epithelial cells pre-treated with GSE or its enriched fractions when compared with non-pre-treated infected cells (from 21.6% to 87.8%). Pre-treatment with GSE or its fractions significantly decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in AGS cells after infection, depending on the H. pylori strain. Our results also showed that GSE and its fractions demonstrate antibacterial activity against all strains of H. pylori used in the study. This work demonstrates the effectiveness of GSE enriched in procyanidins against the main events associated with H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Silvan
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alba Gutierrez-Docio
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (E.G.-H.); (M.P.)
| | - Esperanza Guerrero-Hurtado
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (E.G.-H.); (M.P.)
| | - Lucia Domingo-Serrano
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Blanco-Suarez
- Microbiology Department, Sanitaria Princesa Research Institute, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-S.); (T.A.-C.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marin Prodanov
- Department of Production and Characterization of Novel Foods, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolas Cabrera 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-D.); (E.G.-H.); (M.P.)
| | - Teresa Alarcon-Cavero
- Microbiology Department, Sanitaria Princesa Research Institute, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.B.-S.); (T.A.-C.)
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo J. Martinez-Rodriguez
- Microbiology and Food Biocatalysis Group (MICROBIO), Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Science Research (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), C/Nicolás Cabrera, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
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Padda J, Khalid K, Cooper AC, Jean-Charles G. Association Between Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Carcinoma. Cureus 2021; 13:e15165. [PMID: 34168929 PMCID: PMC8216031 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. In 2018, the incidence of gastric carcinoma worldwide was over 1,000,000 new cases, with approximately 783,000 deaths. The rate of new cases is noticeably increased in Eastern Asia. Helicobacter pylori is responsible for the increased incidence of gastric cancer. In the year 2015, H. pylori had an approximate prevalence of 4.4 billion positive cases worldwide, with the most positive cases found within the region of Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and of Asia. H. pylori is known to have multiple strains which allow it to survive in the host cell epithelium chronically. Research has shown many factors which play a significant role in developing infection and thereafter its progression to gastric carcinoma. After H. pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa, its effects can be potentiated by virulence factors, host factors, and environmental factors. H. pylori contains virulence factors that aid in the adhesion, translocation, inflammation, and infectivity of the host gastric epithelium. It alters the functions of the host immune response and cytokines, utilizing these factors to invade and persist in the gastric epithelium for a long period of time. The human body will identify H. pylori to be foreign and will exacerbate an inflammatory response in an effort to eradicate the bacterium. Consequently, this will cause H. pylori to induce a serious infection which may progress to cancer. In this review, we will discuss the various factors involved in the infectious process of H. pylori and how they help the infection progress to gastric carcinoma. This will allow us to better understand and modulate treatments to effectively eradicate this bacterium before it triggers the body into developing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gutteridge Jean-Charles
- Internal Medicine, Advent Health and Orlando Health Hospital/JC Medical Center, Orlando, USA
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González MF, Díaz P, Sandoval-Bórquez A, Herrera D, Quest AFG. Helicobacter pylori Outer Membrane Vesicles and Extracellular Vesicles from Helicobacter pylori-Infected Cells in Gastric Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094823. [PMID: 34062919 PMCID: PMC8124820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived vesicles important in intercellular communication that play an essential role in host-pathogen interactions, spreading pathogen-derived as well as host-derived molecules during infection. Pathogens can induce changes in the composition of EVs derived from the infected cells and use them to manipulate their microenvironment and, for instance, modulate innate and adaptive inflammatory immune responses, both in a stimulatory or suppressive manner. Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide and infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is considered the main risk factor for developing this disease, which is characterized by a strong inflammatory component. EVs released by host cells infected with H. pylori contribute significantly to inflammation, and in doing so promote the development of disease. Additionally, H. pylori liberates vesicles, called outer membrane vesicles (H. pylori-OMVs), which contribute to atrophia and cell transformation in the gastric epithelium. In this review, the participation of both EVs from cells infected with H. pylori and H. pylori-OMVs associated with the development of gastric cancer will be discussed. By deciphering which functions of these external vesicles during H. pylori infection benefit the host or the pathogen, novel treatment strategies may become available to prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda González
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Paula Díaz
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Alejandra Sandoval-Bórquez
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Daniela Herrera
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Andrew F. G. Quest
- Center for studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile; (M.F.G.); (P.D.); (A.S.-B.); (D.H.)
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Corporación Centro de Estudios Científicos de las Enfermedades Crónicas (CECEC), Santiago 7680201, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-29786832
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Karbalaei M, Sahebkar A, Keikha M. Helicobacter pylori infection and susceptibility to cardiac syndrome X: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:208-219. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i2.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac syndrome X (CSX) is characterized by persistent angina with normal coronary arteries. Several pathophysiologic mechanisms have been introduced, particularly Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection.
AIM To investigate the association between H. pylori infection and CSX.
METHODS All studies related to H. pylori infection and CSX were evaluated by comprehensive searches of global databases such as ISI Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google scholar. Statistical analyses of selected articles were evaluated based on the summary odds ratio (OR). Finally, heterogeneity and publication bias were estimated using the I2 statistic and Cochrane Q-test as well as Begg’s and Egger’s tests.
RESULTS A total of 11 studies met our inclusion criteria and 1435 patients (63% female, and 37% male) were reviewed. A significant association was observed between female patients and this syndrome (P = 0.02). Our results showed a positive association between infection with this pathogen and presence of CSX (OR: 5.65; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.17-7.64; I2: 82.20). However, no significant association was observed with cagA-positive H. pylori strains and this syndrome (OR: 0.97; 0.56-1.70 with 95%CI). Given the heterogeneity and publication bias, the results need to confirmed by further prospective investigation.
CONCLUSION Based on our results, H. pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of CSX. This bacterium appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of CXS by inducing persistent inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft 43317803, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Keikha
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948974, Iran
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Karbalaei M, Sahebkar A, Keikha M. Helicobacter pylori infection and susceptibility to cardiac syndrome X: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:207-218. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i2.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Outer Membrane Vesicle Production by Helicobacter pylori Represents an Approach for the Delivery of Virulence Factors CagA, VacA and UreA into Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma (AGS) Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083942. [PMID: 33920443 PMCID: PMC8069053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the etiology of several gastric-related diseases including gastric cancer. Cytotoxin associated gene A (CagA), vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA) and α-subunit of urease (UreA) are three major virulence factors of H. pylori, and each of them has a distinct entry pathway and pathogenic mechanism during bacterial infection. H. pylori can shed outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Therefore, it would be interesting to explore the production kinetics of H. pylori OMVs and its connection with the entry of key virulence factors into host cells. Here, we isolated OMVs from H. pylori 26,695 strain and characterized their properties and interaction kinetics with human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells. We found that the generation of OMVs and the presence of CagA, VacA and UreA in OMVs were a lasting event throughout different phases of bacterial growth. H. pylori OMVs entered AGS cells mainly through macropinocytosis/phagocytosis. Furthermore, CagA, VacA and UreA could enter AGS cells via OMVs and the treatment with H. pylori OMVs would cause cell death. Comparison of H. pylori 26,695 and clinical strains suggested that the production and characteristics of OMVs are not only limited to laboratory strains commonly in use, but a general phenomenon to most H. pylori strains.
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Schimmel P, Kleinjans L, Bongers RS, Knol J, Belzer C. Breast milk urea as a nitrogen source for urease positive Bifidobacterium infantis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:fiab019. [PMID: 33538807 PMCID: PMC7947585 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk stimulates a health-promoting gut microbiome in infants. However, it is unclear how the microbiota salvages and processes its required nitrogen from breast milk. Human milk nitrogen sources such as urea could contribute to the composition of this early life microbiome. Urea is abundant in human milk, representing a large part of the non-protein nitrogen (NPN). We found that B. longum subsp. infantis (ATCC17930) can use urea as a main source of nitrogen for growth in synthetic medium and enzyme activity was induced by the presence of urea in the medium. We furthermore confirmed the expression of both urease protein subunits and accessory proteins of B. longum subsp. infantis through proteomics. To the same end, metagenome data were mined for urease-related genes. It was found that the breastfed infant's microbiome possessed more urease-related genes than formula fed infants (51.4:22.1; 2.3-fold increase). Bifidobacteria provided a total of 106 of urease subunit alpha alignments, found only in breastfed infants. These experiments show how an important gut commensal that colonizes the infant intestine can metabolize urea. The results presented herein further indicate how dietary nitrogen can determine bacterial metabolism in the neonate gut and shape the overall microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schimmel
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Helix Building, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lennart Kleinjans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Helix Building, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roger S Bongers
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Helix Building, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Danone Nutricia Research, Uppsalalaan 12, 3584CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Clara Belzer
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, Helix Building, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Qumar S, Nguyen TH, Nahar S, Sarker N, Baker S, Bulach D, Ahmed N, Rahman M. A comparative whole genome analysis of Helicobacter pylori from a human dense South Asian setting. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12766. [PMID: 33073485 PMCID: PMC7816255 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative bacterium, is associated with a wide range of gastric diseases such as gastritis, duodenal ulcer, and gastric cancer. The prevalence of H pylori and risk of disease vary in different parts of the world based on the prevailing bacterial lineage. Here, we present a contextual and comparative genomics analysis of 20 clinical isolates of H pylori from patients in Bangladesh. Despite a uniform host ethnicity (Bengali), isolates were classified as being part of the HpAsia2 (50%) or HpEurope (50%) population. Out of twenty isolates, eighteen isolates were cagA positive, with two HpEurope isolates being cagA negative, three EPIYA motif patterns (AB, AB-C, and ABC-C) were observed among the cagA-positive isolates. Three vacA genotypes were observed with the s1m1i1dic1 genotype observed in 75% of isolates; the s1m2i1d1c2 and s2m2i2d2c2 genotypes were found to be 15% and 10% of isolates, respectively. The non-virulent genotypes s2m2i2d2c2 was only observed in HpEurope population isolates. Genotypic analysis of oipA gene, present in all isolates, revealed five different patterns of the CT repeat; all HpAsia2 isolates were in "ON" while 20% of HpEurope isolates were genotypically "OFF." The three blood group antigen binding adhesins encoded genes (bab genes) examined and we observed that the most common genotype was (babA/babB/-) found in eight isolates, notably six were HpAsia2 isolates. The babA gene was found in all HpAsia2 isolates but present in only half of the HpEurope isolates. In silico antibiotic susceptibility analysis revealed that 40% of the strains were multi-drug resistant. Mutations associated with resistance to metronidazole, fluoroquinolone, and clarithromycin were detected 90%, 45%, and 5%, respectively, in H pylori strain. In conclusion, it is evident that two populations of H pylori with similar antibiotic profiles are predominant in Bangladesh, and it appears that genotypically the HpAisa2 isolates are potentially more virulent than the HpEurope isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsul Qumar
- Department of Biotechnology and BioinformaticsUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia
| | - Trang Hoa Nguyen
- The Hospital for Tropical DiseasesOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
| | - Shamsun Nahar
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Nishat Sarker
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Stephen Baker
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious DiseaseCambridge UniversityCambridgeUK
| | - Dieter Bulach
- The University of Melbourne and The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Niyaz Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology and BioinformaticsUniversity of HyderabadHyderabadIndia,International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research BangladeshDhakaBangladesh
| | - Motiur Rahman
- The Hospital for Tropical DiseasesOxford University Clinical Research UnitHo Chi Minh CityVietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global HealthNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineOxford UniversityOxfordUK
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42
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FitzGerald R, Sinha C, Yadegar A, Smith SM. Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factor Genotyping. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2283:93-106. [PMID: 33765313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1302-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Bacterial, host, and environmental factors influence the progression of disease from superficial gastritis to cancer. H. pylori is genetically diverse, and expression of its specific virulence factors has been linked to increased risk of more severe pathologies. Described in this chapter is a protocol for detecting important H. pylori virulence factors by firstly extracting DNA from culture material or stomach tissue biopsies, followed by PCR amplification and agarose gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chavi Sinha
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Abbas Yadegar
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sinéad M Smith
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori causes one of the most common chronic bacterial infections. Clinical manifestations include asymptomatic chronic gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers, adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in adults. In children, most H pylori infections are asymptomatic despite being associated with microscopic gastric inflammation, and children rarely develop complications associated with infection. Due to rising resistance and lack of symptomatic improvement in the absence of peptic ulcer disease, testing and eradication therapy are recommended only for the subset of patients in whom there is a high suspicion of peptic ulcer disease. Studies do not support the role of H pylori infection in functional disorders such as recurrent abdominal pain. A variety of diagnostic modalities exist; therefore, it is important to understand the appropriate approach to diagnosing H pylori infection. The joint European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines were updated in 2016. Antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor weight-based dosing guidelines have changed to prevent ineffective treatment from increasing antimicrobial resistance. Treatment can also be guided by antibiotic sensitivities obtained from H pylori culture. Patients should be tested again after treatment to confirm eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Korotkaya
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Darla Shores
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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44
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Gudra D, Pupola D, Skenders G, Leja M, Radovica-Spalvina I, Gorskis H, Vangravs R, Fridmanis D. Lack of significant differences between gastrointestinal tract microbial population structure of Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects before and 2 years after a single eradication event. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12748. [PMID: 32776403 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to recent estimates 80% of Latvian population is infected with Helicobacter pylori thus their susceptibility to numerous gastric tract diseases is increased. The 1st line H. pylori eradication therapy includes treatment with clarithromycin in combination with amoxicillin or metronidazole and a proton pump inhibitor. However, potential adverse events caused by such therapies to microbiome are insufficiently studied. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effect of H. pylori eradication on human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome. METHODS The assessment of H pylori eradication impact on GIT microbiome was done by analyzing 120 samples acquired from 60 subjects. Each individual was prescribed the following 10-day eradication regimen: Esomeprazolum 40 mg, Clarithromycinum 500 mg, and Amoxicillinum 1000 mg, BID. Samples from each individual were collected before starting H pylori eradication therapy, and 2 years after the completion of the therapy in OC-Sensor (Eiken Chemical Co.) sample collection containers and stored at -86°C. Prior to DNA extraction, the samples were lyophilized, and total DNA was extracted using FastDNA Spin Kit for Soil. 16S V3 rRNA gene sequencing was done employing Ion Torrent PGM, and the obtained raw sequences were analyzed using vsearch and R (phyloseq, cluster packages). RESULTS Alpha diversity measurements-observed OTUs, Chao1 and Shannon index did not differ significantly between the pre- and post-eradication states (two-tailed paired t test: P = .95; P = .71, P = .24, respectively). Unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances of beta diversity analysis indicated a non-specific pattern of sample clustering. Enterotype shift was observed for the majority of individuals comparing pre- and post-eradication study groups. Association analysis revealed that certain bacterial genera significantly correlated with age (eg, Dialister, Paraprevotella, Bifidobacterium), individual (eg, Thermotunica, Streptomyces, Faecalibacterium), and history of respiratory and/or allergic diseases (eg, Colinsella, Faecalibacterium). Redundancy analysis confirmed that the individual was a significant determinant of the subject's microbial community composition (ANOVA, 999 perm., P = .001) with the further lower impact of subject-specific medical history (eg, medication used as prescribed: P = .005, history of cardiovascular diseases: P = .005, history of respiratory, and/or allergic diseases: P = .015) and physiological (eg, age: P = .005, gender: P = .02) parameters. In the post-eradication study group, number of influential genera (n = 260) was increased compared to the pre-eradication study group (n = 209). CONCLUSION Modest global differences at the community level exist between individuals before and after the eradication therapy; however, the microbiome structure is more related to the subject-specific parameters rather than by the eradication therapy itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dita Gudra
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Darta Pupola
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Girts Skenders
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Marcis Leja
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Henrihs Gorskis
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Reinis Vangravs
- Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
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Jain U, Gupta S, Soni S, Khurana MP, Chauhan N. Triple-nanostructuring-based noninvasive electro-immune sensing of CagA toxin for Helicobacter pylori detection. Helicobacter 2020; 25:e12706. [PMID: 32468682 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is gram-negative, spiral, and microaerophilic bacteria which can survive in ~2%-10% oxygen level. It was reported to populate in human gastric mucosa and leads to gastric cancer without any age or gender difference. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we are targeting label-free electrochemical immunosensor development for rapid H pylori detection after covalently immobilizing the antibody (CagA) over the nanomaterials modified Au electrode. Titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (c-MWCNT), and conducting polymer polyindole carboxylic acid (Pin5COOH) composites (TiO2 NPs/c-MWCNT/Pin5COOH) were synthesized and further utilized in immunosensor development as an electrochemical interface onto Au electrode. The stepwise modifications of CagAantibody/TiO2 NPs/c-MWNCT/Pin5COOH/Au electrode were electrochemically studied. RESULTS Possessing the unique features of advanced materials, the proposed immunosensor reported low sensing limit of 0.1 ng/mL in dynamic linear range of 0.1-8.0 ng/mL with higher stability and reproducibility. Furthermore, developed sensor-based determination of H pylori in five human stool specimens has shown good results with suitable accuracy. CONCLUSIONS This work lays strong foundation toward developing nanotechnology-enabled electrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive and early detection of H pylori in noninvasively collected clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - Shaivya Gupta
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - Shringika Soni
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - Manish Punit Khurana
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Noida, India
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46
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Fiori-Duarte AT, Rodrigues RP, Kitagawa RR, Kawano DF. Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of the Urease Enzyme - A Major Target for the Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infections. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3967-3982. [PMID: 30827224 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190301143549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Expressed by a variety of plants, fungi and bacteria, the urease enzyme is directly associated with the virulence factor of many bacteria, including Helicobacter pylori, a gram-negative bacterium related to several gastrointestinal diseases and responsible for one of the most frequent bacterial infections throughout the world. The Helicobacter pylori Urease (HPU) is a nickel-dependent metalloenzyme expressed in response to the environmental stress caused by the acidic pH of the stomach. The enzyme promotes the increase of gastric pH through acid neutralization by the products of urea hydrolysis, then critically contributing to the colonization and pathogenesis of the microorganism. At the same time, standard treatments for Helicobacter pylori infections have limitations such as the increasing bacterial resistance to the antibiotics used in the clinical practice. As a strategy for the development of novel treatments, urease inhibitors have proved to be promising, with a wide range of chemical compounds, including natural, synthetic and semisynthetic products to be researched and potentially developed as new drugs. In this context, this review highlights the advances in the field of HPU inhibition, presenting and discussing the basis for the research of new molecules aiming at the identification of more efficient therapeutic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Thereza Fiori-Duarte
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Candido Portinari 200, 13083-871 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Pereira Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center - CCS, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, 29047-105 Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rezende Kitagawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center - CCS, Federal University of Espírito Santo - UFES, Av. Marechal Campos 1468, 29047-105 Vitoria, ES, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fábio Kawano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Candido Portinari 200, 13083-871 Campinas, SP, Brazil.,Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Rua Josué de Castro s/n, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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47
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Suharsono H, Wibawa DN, Muttaqin Z, Agustina KK. Structure of cytotoxic associated antigen A protein of Helicobacter pylori from Bali and Lombok isolates of Indonesia. Vet World 2020; 13:1319-1326. [PMID: 32848306 PMCID: PMC7429398 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1319-1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Helicobacterpylori is a well-known zoonotic agent with worldwide distribution. In Indonesia, only one report regarding the variation within the cytotoxic associated antigen A (CagA) protein of H. pylori has been described in the literature, which was conducted in Manado, South Sulawesi. There remains no report concerning the structure of this protein, particularly for the Bali and Lombok isolates. The objective of this study was to investigate the diversity of H. pylori CagA amino acid sequences of Bali and Lombok isolates, to predict their molecular structures and conduct toxicity examination of CagA on gastric cells. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 samples were used in equal proportions for each pathologic condition. DNA extraction was performed to subculture H. pylori Bali isolates. The amplification of the CagA 3′ variable region was carried out using the primers P1 (5′-GATAACAGGCAAGCTTTTTGAGG-3′) and P2 (5′-CTGCAAAAGATTGTTTGGCAG-3′). The W2, W9, and W35 fragments were selected as a representation of H. pylori Bali isolates, which were modeled through the threading modeling approach using I-TASSER. Results: According to the 12 CagA sequences obtained and phylogenetic analyses, the H. pylori strain originating from Bali can be grouped within the East Asian genotypes and is identical to the Lombok strain. In addition, the Bali isolates are phylogenetically more closely related to Southeast Asian strains, particularly the Filipino strain. The relationship between degree of inflammation induced and CagA-positive infection was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The structure of the H. pylori Bali isolate is identical to that of Lombok isolate, which belongs to the same group of East Asian genotypes, and bacterial virulence is not related to structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamong Suharsono
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Dewa Nyoman Wibawa
- Internal Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Zainul Muttaqin
- Biomedical Research Unit, West Nusa Tenggara General Hospital, Lombok, Indonesia
| | - Kadek Karang Agustina
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
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Helicobacter pylori Oncogenicity: Mechanism, Prevention, and Risk Factors. ScientificWorldJournal 2020; 2020:3018326. [PMID: 32765194 PMCID: PMC7374235 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3018326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the most common cause of gastric ulcer; however, its association with gastric cancer has been proved through a variety of studies. Importantly, H. pylori infection affects around half of the world's population leading to a variety of gastric problems and is mostly present in asymptomatic form. Although about 20% of people infected with H. pylori develop preneoplastic gastric lesions in later stages of their life, around 2% of infected individuals develop gastric cancer. Nevertheless, the outcome of H. pylori infection is determined by complex interaction between the host genetics, its environment, and virulence factors of infecting strain. There are several biomarkers/traits of H. pylori that have been linked with the onset of cancer. Among these, presence of certain major virulence factors including cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA), vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA), and outer inflammatory protein A (OipA) plays a significant role in triggering gastric cancer. These factors of H. pylori make it a potent carcinogen. Therefore, eradication of H. pylori infection has shown positive effects on decreasing the risk of gastric cancer, but this has become a challenge due to the development of antibiotic resistance in H. pylori against the antibiotics of choice. Thus, the unmet need is to develop new and effective treatments for H. pylori infection, considering the antimicrobial resistance in different regions of the world. This review discusses the properties of H. pylori associated with increased risk of gastric cancer, antibiotic resistance pattern, and the possible role of eradication of H. pylori in preventing gastric cancer.
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Targeting the Protein Tunnels of the Urease Accessory Complex: A Theoretical Investigation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122911. [PMID: 32599898 PMCID: PMC7355429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urease is a nickel-containing enzyme that is essential for the survival of several and often deadly pathogenic bacterial strains, including Helicobacter pylori. Notwithstanding several attempts, the development of direct urease inhibitors without side effects for the human host remains, to date, elusive. The recently solved X-ray structure of the HpUreDFG accessory complex involved in the activation of urease opens new perspectives for structure-based drug discovery. In particular, the quaternary assembly and the presence of internal tunnels for nickel translocation offer an intriguing possibility to target the HpUreDFG complex in the search of indirect urease inhibitors. In this work, we adopted a theoretical framework to investigate such a hypothesis. Specifically, we searched for putative binding sites located at the protein–protein interfaces on the HpUreDFG complex, and we challenged their druggability through structure-based virtual screening. We show that, by virtue of the presence of tunnels, some protein–protein interfaces on the HpUreDFG complex are intrinsically well suited for hosting small molecules, and, as such, they possess good potential for future drug design endeavors.
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50
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Machlowska J, Baj J, Sitarz M, Maciejewski R, Sitarz R. Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Classification, Genomic Characteristics and Treatment Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4012. [PMID: 32512697 PMCID: PMC7312039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and it is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. GC is a multifactorial disease, where both environmental and genetic factors can have an impact on its occurrence and development. The incidence rate of GC rises progressively with age; the median age at diagnosis is 70 years. However, approximately 10% of gastric carcinomas are detected at the age of 45 or younger. Early-onset gastric cancer is a good model to study genetic alterations related to the carcinogenesis process, as young patients are less exposed to environmental carcinogens. Carcinogenesis is a multistage disease process specified by the progressive development of mutations and epigenetic alterations in the expression of various genes, which are responsible for the occurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Machlowska
- Center for Medical Genomics OMICRON, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland;
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Monika Sitarz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Ryszard Maciejewski
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.B.); (R.M.)
| | - Robert Sitarz
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (J.B.); (R.M.)
- Department of Surgery, Center of Oncology of the Lublin Region St. Jana z Dukli, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
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