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Severino ME, Richardson LS, Kacerovsky M, Menon R. Histologic Evidence of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Autophagy in Human Fetal Membranes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 194:684-692. [PMID: 38320630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Preterm, prelabor rupture of the human fetal membranes (pPROM) is involved in 40% of spontaneous preterm births worldwide. Cellular-level disturbances and inflammation are effectors of membrane degradation, weakening, and rupture. Maternal risk factors induce oxidative stress (OS), senescence, and senescence-associated inflammation of the fetal membranes as reported mechanisms related to pPROM. Inflammation can also arise in fetal membrane cells (amnion/chorion) due to OS-induced autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Autophagy, EMT, and their correlation in pPROM, along with OS-induced autophagy-related changes in amnion and chorion cells in vitro, were investigated. Immunocytochemistry staining of cytokeratin-18 (epithelial marker)/vimentin (mesenchymal marker) and proautophagy-inducing factor LC3B were performed in fetal membranes from pPROM, term not in labor, and term labor. Ultrastructural changes associated with autophagy were verified by transmission electron microscopy of the fetal membranes and in cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (an OS inducer). EMT and LC3B staining was compared in the chorion from pPROM versus term not in labor. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed autophagosome formation in pPROM amnion and chorion. In cell culture, autophagosomes were formed in the amnion with OS treatment, while autophagosomes were accumulated in both cell types with autophagy inhibition. This study documents the association between pPROMs and amniochorion autophagy and EMT, and supports a role for OS in inducing dysfunctional cells that increase inflammation, predisposing membranes to rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Severino
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas; College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Lauren S Richardson
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Marian Kacerovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science and Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas.
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2
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Shome R, Sen P, Sarkar S, Ghosh SS. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the intra-tumoral heterogeneity and SQSTM1/P62 and Wnt/β-catenin mediated epithelial to mesenchymal transition and stemness of triple-negative breast cancer. Exp Cell Res 2024; 438:114032. [PMID: 38583856 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by the complex tumor microenvironment (TME) consisting of an abundance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which is known to facilitate epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The development of single-cell genomics is a powerful method for defining the intricate genetic landscapes of malignancies. In this study, we have employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to dissect the intra-tumoral heterogeneity and analyze the single-cell transcriptomic landscape to detect rare consequential cell subpopulations of significance. The scRNA-seq analysis of TNBC and Normal patient derived samples revealed that EMT markers and transcription factors were most upregulated in MSC population. Further, exploration of gene expression analysis among TNBC and Normal patient-derived MSCs ascertained the role of SQSTM1/P62 and Wnt/β-catenin in TNBC progression. Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/PCP signaling pathways are prominent contributors of EMT, stemness, and cancer stem cell (CSC) properties of TNBC. SQSTM1/P62 cooperates with the components of the Wnt/PCP signaling pathway and is critically involved at the interface of autophagy and EMT. Moreover, siRNA targeting SQSTM1/P62 and inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin (FH535) in conjunction was used to explore molecular modification of EMT and stemness markers. Although SQSTM1/P62 is not crucial for cell survival, cytotoxicity assay revealed synergistic interaction between the siRNA/inhibitor. Modulation of these important pathways helped in reduction of expression of genes and proteins contributing to CSC properties. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed the induction of EMT to MET. Moreover, co-treatment resulted in inactivation of non-canonical Wnt VANGL2-JNK signaling axis. The synergistic impact of inhibition of SQSTM1/P62 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling facilitates the development of a potential therapeutic regimen for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Shome
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 39, Assam, India
| | - Plaboni Sen
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 39, Assam, India
| | - Shilpi Sarkar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 39, Assam, India
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 39, Assam, India; Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 39, Assam, India.
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3
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Mathur A, Ritu, Chandra P, Das A. Autophagy: a necessary evil in cancer and inflammation. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:87. [PMID: 38390576 PMCID: PMC10879063 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03864-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a highly regulated cellular process, assumes a dual role in the context of cancer. On the one hand, it functions as a crucial homeostatic pathway, responsible for degrading malfunctioning molecules and organelles, thereby maintaining cellular health. On the other hand, its involvement in cancer development and regression is multifaceted, contingent upon a myriad of factors. This review meticulously examines the intricacies of autophagy, from its molecular machinery orchestrated by Autophagy-Related Genes (ATG) initially discovered in yeast to the various modes of autophagy operative within cells. Beyond its foundational role in cellular maintenance, autophagy reveals context-specific functions in processes like angiogenesis and inflammation. Our analysis delves into how autophagy-related factors directly impact inflammation, underscoring their profound implications for cancer dynamics. Additionally, we extend our inquiry to explore autophagy's associations with cardiovascular conditions, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune diseases, illuminating the broader medical relevance of this process. Furthermore, this review elucidates how autophagy contributes to sustaining hallmark cancer features, including stem cell maintenance, proliferation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and metabolic reprogramming. Autophagy emerges as a pivotal process that necessitates careful consideration in cancer treatment strategies. To this end, we investigate innovative approaches, ranging from enzyme-based therapies to MTOR inhibitors, lysosomal blockers, and nanoparticle-enabled interventions, all aimed at optimizing cancer treatment outcomes by targeting autophagy pathways. In summary, this comprehensive review provides a nuanced perspective on the intricate and context-dependent role of autophagy in cancer biology. Our exploration not only deepens our understanding of this fundamental process but also highlights its potential as a therapeutic target. By unraveling the complex interplay between autophagy and cancer, we pave the way for more precise and effective cancer treatments, promising better outcomes for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Mathur
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042 India
| | - Ritu
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042 India
| | - Prakash Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042 India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042 India
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4
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Xu Y, Zhu C, Zhu C, Peng L, Ji D, Wu Q, Bai P, Bai Z, Da M. SQSTM1/p62 promotes the progression of gastric cancer through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24409. [PMID: 38322900 PMCID: PMC10844054 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background SQSTM1/p62 is an autophagy-related receptor protein that participates in regulating tumorigenesis and multiple signaling pathways. Gastric cancer (GC) is a common tumor in the digestive tract and continues to pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of p62 on gastric cancer. Methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were employed to assess the expression level of the p62 protein in gastric cancer tissues and its correlation with prognosis. Subsequently, in vitro cell experiments were conducted to determine the role of p62 in gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Result The expression of p62 in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than in normal tissues. The expression of p62 was positively correlated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. In vitro cell experiments indicated that p62 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, elevated p62 expression induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin. Conclusion This study provides novel and robust evidence for the mechanism by which elevated p62 expression promotes the progression of gastric cancer. It offers promising therapeutic targets for anti-tumor treatment strategies in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou,730000, China
| | - Ciba Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou,730000, China
| | - Chenglou Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lingzhi Peng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dandan Ji
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou,730000, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengwei Bai
- Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, 750000, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaozhao Bai
- Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, 750000, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxu Da
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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5
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Severino MEL, Richardson L, Kammala AK, Radnaa E, Khanipov K, Dalmacio LMM, Mysorekar IU, Kacerovsky M, Menon R. Autophagy Determines Distinct Cell Fates in Human Amnion and Chorion Cells. AUTOPHAGY REPORTS 2024; 3:2306086. [PMID: 38370394 PMCID: PMC10871702 DOI: 10.1080/27694127.2024.2306086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Human fetal membranes (amniochorion) that line the intrauterine cavity consist of two distinct cell layers; single-layer amnion epithelial cells (AEC) and multilayer chorion trophoblast cells (CTC). These layers are connected through a collagen-rich extracellular matrix. Cellular remodeling helps support membrane growth and integrity during gestation and helps to maintain pregnancy. Preterm prelabor rupture of the human amniochorionic (fetal) membrane (pPROM) is antecedent to 40% of all spontaneous preterm birth. Oxidative stress (OS) induced activation of the p38 MAPK due to various maternal risk exposures and the amniochorion cells' senescence are reported pathological features of pPROM. Our transcriptomics analysis implicated dysregulated autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in fetal membranes from pPROM. The molecular interplay between OS-induced p38 MAPK activation, autophagy, and EMT was investigated in AECs and CTCs to better understand the involvement of autophagy and EMT. We report the differential impact of OS on the autophagic machinery in AECs and CTCs, resulting in distinct cell fates. In AECs, OS-induced p38 MAPK activation causes autophagosome accumulation and reduced autophagic flux mediated by decreased ULK1 activity and kinase activity, leading to senescence. In CTCs, induction of autophagy has a limited effect; however, inhibition of autophagy led to SQSTM1-mediated EMT of trophoblast cells. Autophagy, EMT, and senescence were associated with proinflammatory changes. Thus, AECs and CTCs respond differently to OS via differential autophagy response, partly mediated via p38 MAPK. Besides senescence, OS-induced autophagy dysregulation in amniochorion cells may play a mechanistic role in pPROM pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Elise L. Severino
- Division of Basic Science & Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Lauren Richardson
- Division of Basic Science & Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ananth Kumar Kammala
- Division of Basic Science & Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Enkhtuya Radnaa
- Division of Basic Science & Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kamil Khanipov
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Indira U. Mysorekar
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Huffington Centre on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marian Kacerovsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czechia
| | - Ramkumar Menon
- Division of Basic Science & Translational Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA
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6
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Gulia S, Chandra P, Das A. The Prognosis of Cancer Depends on the Interplay of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Anoikis within the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:621-658. [PMID: 37787970 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, the fight between the immune system and cancer influences tumor transformation. Metastasis formation is an important stage in the progression of cancer. This process is aided by cellular detachment and resistance to anoikis, which are achieved by altering intercellular signaling. Autophagy, specifically pro-survival autophagy, aids cancer cells in developing treatment resistance. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy promotes tumor growth and resistance to anoikis. To regulate protective autophagy, cancer-related genes phosphorylate both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Apoptosis, a type of controlled cell death, eliminates damaged or unwanted cells. Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death in which cells lose contact with the extracellular matrix. The dysregulation of these cellular pathways promotes tumor growth and spread. Apoptosis, anoikis, and autophagy interact meticulously and differently depending on the cellular circumstances. For instance, autophagy can protect cancer cells from apoptosis by removing cellular components that are damaged and might otherwise trigger apoptotic pathways. Similarly, anoikis dysregulation can trigger autophagy by causing cellular harm and metabolic stress. In order to prevent or treat metastatic disease, specifically, targeting these cellular mechanisms may present a promising prospect for cancer therapy. This review discourses the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor transformation and the establishment of metastatic tumors. To enhance the prognosis for cancer, we highlight and discuss potential therapeutic approaches that target these processes and genes involved in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Gulia
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Prakash Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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7
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Komarla A, Dufresne S, Towers CG. Recent Advances in the Role of Autophagy in Endocrine-Dependent Tumors. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:629-646. [PMID: 36631217 PMCID: PMC10335171 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a complex role in several cancer types, including endocrine-dependent cancers, by fueling cellular metabolism and clearing damaged substrates. This conserved recycling process has a dual function across tumor types where it can be tumor suppressive at early stages but tumor promotional in established disease. This review highlights the controversial roles of autophagy in endocrine-dependent tumors regarding cancer initiation, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and treatment response. We summarize clinical trial results thus far and highlight the need for additional mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical studies in endocrine-dependent tumors, particularly in breast cancer and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvita Komarla
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- The Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Suzanne Dufresne
- The Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Christina G Towers
- The Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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8
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Hong X, Ma N, Li D, Zhang M, Dong W, Huang J, Ci X, Zhang S. UBE2E2 enhances Snail-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant activity in ovarian cancer. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:100. [PMID: 36765041 PMCID: PMC9918489 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05636-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissemination of ovarian cancer (OvCa) cells can lead to inoperable metastatic lesions in the bowel and omentum, which have a poor prognosis despite surgical and chemotherapeutical options. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying metastasis is urgently needed. In this study, bioinformatics analyses revealed that UBE2E2, a less-studied ubiquitin (Ub)-conjugating enzyme (E2), was upregulated in OvCa and was associated with poor prognosis. Subsequently, we performed western blot analysis and IHC staining with 88 OvCa and 26 normal ovarian tissue samples, which further confirmed that UBE2E2 protein is highly expressed in OvCa tissue but weakly expressed in normal tissue. Furthermore, the silencing of UBE2E2 blocked OvCa cell migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in vitro, whereas UBE2E2 overexpression exerted the opposite effects. Mechanistically, UBE2E2 promoted p62 accumulation and increased the activity of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element (ARE) system, which ultimately activated the Snail signaling pathway by inhibiting the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Snail. Additionally, co-IP and immunofluorescence demonstrated that a direct interaction exists between UBE2E2 and Nrf2, and the N-terminal of UBE2E2 (residues 1-52) is required and sufficient for its interaction with Nrf2 protein. Mutations in the active site cysteine (Cys139) impaired both the function and cellular distribution of UBE2E2. More importantly, the deletion of UBE2E2 reduced tumorigenicity and metastasis in xenograft OvCa mouse models. Taken together, our findings reveal the role of the UBE2E2-Nrf2-p62-Snail signaling axis in OvCa and thus provides novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of OvCa metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ning Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Danjie Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Mengwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wenqiuzi Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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9
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Chen F, Song C, Meng F, Zhu Y, Chen X, Fang X, Ma D, Wang Y, Zhang C. 5'-tRF-GlyGCC promotes breast cancer metastasis by increasing fat mass and obesity-associated protein demethylase activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 226:397-409. [PMID: 36464183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are a class of regulatory non-coding RNAs that play essential biological functions in cancer and stress-induced diseases. Several lines of evidence suggest that 5'-tRF-GlyGCC participates in tumor progression; however, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we explored the function of 5'-tRF-GlyGCC in breast cancer (BC) progression and studied the related potential molecular mechanisms. 5'-tRF-GlyGCC expression increased in human BC, and it promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BC cells in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. 5'-tRF-GlyGCC was found for the first time to bind directly to fat mass and obesity-associated proteins, and increase the activity of FTO demethylase, reducing eIF4G1 methylation, inhibiting autophagy, and promoting BC proliferation and metastasis. These findings suggest that 5'-tRF-GlyGCC might be a therapeutic target for treating BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chengchuang Song
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China; Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fantong Meng
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China; Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China; Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingtang Fang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China; Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Daifu Ma
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai District, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Sweetpotato, Ministry of Agriculture, Sweetpotato Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China; Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China; Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
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10
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Trelford CB, Dagnino L, Di Guglielmo GM. Transforming growth factor-β in tumour development. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:991612. [PMID: 36267157 PMCID: PMC9577372 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.991612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a ubiquitous cytokine essential for embryonic development and postnatal tissue homeostasis. TGFβ signalling regulates several biological processes including cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, immune function, and tissue repair following injury. Aberrant TGFβ signalling has been implicated in tumour progression and metastasis. Tumour cells, in conjunction with their microenvironment, may augment tumourigenesis using TGFβ to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, immune suppression, and autophagy. Therapies that target TGFβ synthesis, TGFβ-TGFβ receptor complexes or TGFβ receptor kinase activity have proven successful in tissue culture and in animal models, yet, due to limited understanding of TGFβ biology, the outcomes of clinical trials are poor. Here, we review TGFβ signalling pathways, the biology of TGFβ during tumourigenesis, and how protein quality control pathways contribute to the tumour-promoting outcomes of TGFβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Trelford
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Children’s Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gianni M. Di Guglielmo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Gianni M. Di Guglielmo,
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11
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Sanati M, Binabaj MM, Ahmadi SS, Aminyavari S, Javid H, Mollazadeh H, Bibak B, Mohtashami E, Jamialahmadi T, Afshari AR, Sahebkar A. Recent advances in glioblastoma multiforme therapy: A focus on autophagy regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113740. [PMID: 36166963 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite conventional treatment options including chemoradiation, patients with the most aggressive primary brain tumor, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), experience an average survival time of less than 15 months. Regarding the malignant nature of GBM, extensive research and discovery of novel treatments are urgently required to improve the patients' prognosis. Autophagy, a crucial physiological pathway for the degradation and recycling of cell components, is one of the exciting targets of GBM studies. Interventions aimed at autophagy activation or inhibition have been explored as potential GBM therapeutics. This review, which delves into therapeutic techniques to block or activate autophagy in preclinical and clinical research, aims to expand our understanding of available therapies battling GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Sanati
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran; Experimental and Animal Study Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Maryam Moradi Binabaj
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Seyed Sajad Ahmadi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Samaneh Aminyavari
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Javid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Bahram Bibak
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Elmira Mohtashami
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir R Afshari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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12
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Yang CC, Zheng CC, Luo Y, Guo KW, Gao D, Zhang L, Li L, Zhang L. Cornel Iridoid Glycoside and Its Effective Component Regulate ATPase Vps4A/JNK to Alleviate Autophagy Deficit with Autophagosome Accumulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:1599-1615. [PMID: 35786171 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Improving autophagy-lysosome fusion has been considered a key method in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cornel iridoid glycoside (CIG) is extracted from Cornus officinalis and has been shown to promote the clearance of tau oligomers via the autophagy pathway. However, the mechanisms of CIG on autophagy deficits are not understood. Here, we found autophagy deficit and tau aggregation in the brains of P301S tau transgenic mice and MAPT cells edited using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. CIG decreased tau aggregation and alleviated autophagic markers involving the JNK/Beclin-1 signaling pathway which demonstrated CIG that might enhance lysosome formation by upregulating ATPase Vps4A expression. Knocking down VPS4A increased autophagosome accumulation and attenuated the effect of CIG on p62. In addition, CIG had no effect on tau oligomers but still inhibited the level of tau monomer in VPS4A knockout cells. The effective component (Sweroside, SWE) of CIG attenuated tau oligomers accumulation and increased Vps4A level but not CHMP2B. SWE could not change the level of tau oligomers in VPS4A knockout cells. In conclusion, CIG suppressed autophagosome accumulation by regulating the ATPase Vps4A/JNK. SWE is a core of active factors of CIG in Vps4A regulation. These findings suggest CIG may be a potential drug in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Cui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Ceng-Ceng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Yi Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Kai-Wen Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Dan Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital, Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Nervous System Drugs, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Ministry of Education, 45 Changchun St, Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, P. R. China
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13
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Shi YX, Sun ZW, Jia DL, Wang HB. Autophagy deficiency promotes lung metastasis of prostate cancer via stabilization of TWIST1. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1403-1412. [PMID: 35133601 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The role of autophagy in prostate cancer metastasis remains controversial, and the effects of the autophagy-related gene ATG5 on prostate cancer metastasis are poorly understood. This study aims to explore the effects of ATG5 on prostate cancer metastasis and its molecular mechanism. METHODS The metastatic characteristics of LNCaP and DU145 cells were assessed by NOD/SCID mouse experiments, western blot, transwell assay, and wound-healing assay. Double membrane autophagic vesicle observation and the adenovirus-expressing mCherry-GFP-LC3B fusion protein were used to assess the autophagic characteristics of LNCaP and DU145 cells. The role of p62 in the accumulation of TWIST1 was confirmed by western blot under different conditions. The lentivirus particles of shATG5, NOD/SCID mice experiments, western blot, transwell assay, and wound-healing assay were used to confirm the role of ATG5 in TWIST1 accumulation and prostate cancer cell metastasis. RESULTS We identified a stabilizing effect of p62 on TWIST1 in the autophagic regulation of EMT and prostate cancer metastasis. The loss of ATG5 in DU145 cells resulted in autophagy deficiency and p62 accumulation, which stabilized TWIST1 and increased the TWIST1 level in prostate cancer cells, and eventually promoted EMT and metastasis. In comparison, LNCaP cells with regular ATG5 expression and autophagy status retained remarkable epithelial cell characteristics and had limited metastatic characteristics. Similar results were also found in wild-type LNCaP cells and LNCaP cells with stable ATG5 interference. CONCLUSIONS Our research revealed ATG5-mediated autophagy as a key mechanism that controls the metastasis of prostate cancer by regulating p62 abundance and TWIST1 stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 129 Hehua Road, Jining, Shandong, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Z W Sun
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixue Yuan Road, Chongqing, China
| | - D L Jia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 129 Hehua Road, Jining, Shandong, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - H B Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 129 Hehua Road, Jining, Shandong, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, No. 89 Guhuai Road, Jining, Shandong, China.
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14
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Ravasio A, Morselli E, Bertocchi C. Mechanoautophagy: Synergies Between Autophagy and Cell Mechanotransduction at Adhesive Complexes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917662. [PMID: 35721483 PMCID: PMC9198486 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells are exposed and respond to various mechanical forces and physical cues stemming from their environment. This interaction has been seen to differentially regulate various cellular processes for maintenance of homeostasis, of which autophagy represents one of the major players. In addition, autophagy has been suggested to regulate mechanical functions of the cells including their interaction with the environment. In this minireview, we summarize the state of the art of the fascinating interplay between autophagy and the mechanotransduction machinery associated with cell adhesions, that we name ¨Mechanoautophagy¨
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravasio
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Cristina Bertocchi, ; Andrea Ravasio,
| | - Eugenia Morselli
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Sciences, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristina Bertocchi
- Laboratory for Molecular Mechanics of Cell Adhesion, Department of Physiology Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Cristina Bertocchi, ; Andrea Ravasio,
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15
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Autophagy and EMT in cancer and metastasis: Who controls whom? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166431. [PMID: 35533903 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis consists of hallmark events, including Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), angiogenesis, initiation of inflammatory tumor microenvironment, and malfunctions in apoptosis. Autophagy is known to play a pivotal role in the metastatic process. Autophagy has pulled researchers towards it in recent times because of its dual role in the maintenance of cancer cells. Evidence states that cells undergoing EMT need autophagy in order to survive during migration and dissemination. Additionally, it orchestrates EMT markers in certain cancers. On the other side of the coin, autophagy plays an oncosuppressive role in impeding early metastasis. This review aims to project the interrelationship between autophagy and EMT. Targeting EMT via autophagy as a useful strategy is discussed in this review. Furthermore, for the first time, we have covered the possible reciprocating roles of EMT and autophagy and its consequences in cancer metastasis.
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16
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Lai R, Ji L, Zhang X, Xu Y, Zhong Y, Chen L, Hu H, Wang L. Stanniocalcin2 inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of trophoblasts via activation of autophagy under high-glucose conditions. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 547:111598. [PMID: 35157929 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal pregnancy hyperglycemia is often accompanied by placental dysfunction. During placental development, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to the transformation of relatively noninvasive trophoblasts into highly invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs). However, the specific role of EMT in placentas under hyperglycemia environments remains relatively unexplored. Stanniocalcin2 (STC2) regulates EMT in many cancers. In this study, we first demonstrated that STC2 expression was upregulated in GDM placenta. We found that STC2 activated autophagy and suppressed EMT in high-glucose-treated EVTs and was associated with a lack of invasiveness. Specifically, STC2 inhibited the interactions between p62/SQSTM1 (p62) and EMT transcription factors to promote the degradation of Twist1 and Snail via a proteasome-dependent pathway. Furthermore, the PI3K/AKT/AMPK signaling pathway was involved in the regulation of autophagy and EMT by STC2. Taken together, our results reveal that STC2 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker in GDM and sheds light on the regulatory mechanisms of trophoblast invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujie Lai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lulu Ji
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yating Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hanyang Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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17
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Hasan A, Rizvi SF, Parveen S, Pathak N, Nazir A, Mir SS. Crosstalk Between ROS and Autophagy in Tumorigenesis: Understanding the Multifaceted Paradox. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852424. [PMID: 35359388 PMCID: PMC8960719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer formation is a highly regulated and complex process, largely dependent on its microenvironment. This complexity highlights the need for developing novel target-based therapies depending on cancer phenotype and genotype. Autophagy, a catabolic process, removes damaged and defective cellular materials through lysosomes. It is activated in response to stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are multifaceted molecules that drive several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. Moreover, autophagy also plays a dual role, initially inhibiting tumor formation but promoting tumor progression during advanced stages. Mounting evidence has suggested an intricate crosstalk between autophagy and ROS where they can either suppress cancer formation or promote disease etiology. This review highlights the regulatory roles of autophagy and ROS from tumor induction to metastasis. We also discuss the therapeutic strategies that have been devised so far to combat cancer. Based on the review, we finally present some gap areas that could be targeted and may provide a basis for cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Suroor Fatima Rizvi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sana Parveen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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18
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Si L, Yang Z, Ding L, Zhang D. Regulatory effects of lncRNAs and miRNAs on the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT in cancer: a new era for cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:547-564. [PMID: 35083552 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03892-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Autophagy and EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) are the two principal biological processes and ideal therapeutic targets during cancer development. Autophagy, a highly conserved process for degrading dysfunctional cellular components, plays a dual role in tumors depending on the tumor stage and tissue types. The EMT process is the transition differentiation from an epithelial cell to a mesenchymal-like cell and acquiring metastatic potential. There is evidence that the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT is complex in cancer. In recent years, more studies have shown that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in autophagy, EMT, and their crosstalk. Therefore, accurate understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNAs and miRNAs in autophagy, EMT and their interactions is crucial for the clinical management of cancers. METHODS An extensive literature search was conducted on the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The keywords used for the search included: autophagy, EMT, crosstalk, lncRNAs, miRNAs, cancers, diagnostic biomarkers, and therapeutic targets. This search provided relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals until 2021. Data from these various studies were extracted and used in this review. RESULTS The results showed that lncRNAs/miRNAs as tumor inhibitors or tumor inducers could regulate autophagy, EMT, and their interaction by regulating several molecular signaling pathways. The lncRNAs/miRNAs involved in autophagy and EMT processes could have potential uses in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. CONCLUSION Such information could help find and develop lncRNAs/miRNAs based new tools for diagnosing, prognosis, and creating anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Si
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zecheng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Lu Ding
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Duoduo Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin Province, China
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19
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The Autophagic Route of E-Cadherin and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246328. [PMID: 34944948 PMCID: PMC8699259 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A hallmark of carcinoma progression is the loss of epithelial integrity. In this context, the deregulation of adhesion molecules, such as E-cadherin, affects epithelial structures and associates with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This, in turn, fosters cancer progression. Autophagy endows cancer cells with the ability to overcome intracellular and environmental stress stimuli, such as anoikis, nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and drugs. Furthermore, it plays an important role in the degradation of cell adhesion proteins and in EMT. This review focuses on the interplay between the turnover of adhesion molecules, primarily E-cadherin, and autophagy in cancer progression. Abstract Cell-to-cell adhesion is a key element in epithelial tissue integrity and homeostasis during embryogenesis, response to damage, and differentiation. Loss of cell adhesion and gain of mesenchymal features, a phenomenon known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), are essential steps in cancer progression. Interestingly, downregulation or degradation by endocytosis of epithelial adhesion molecules (e.g., E-cadherin) associates with EMT and promotes cell migration. Autophagy is a physiological intracellular degradation and recycling process. In cancer, it is thought to exert a tumor suppressive role in the early phases of cell transformation but, once cells have gained a fully transformed phenotype, autophagy may fuel malignant progression by promoting EMT and conferring drug resistance. In this review, we discuss the crosstalk between autophagy, EMT, and turnover of epithelial cell adhesion molecules, with particular attention to E-cadherin.
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20
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Alvur O, Kucuksayan H, Baygu Y, Kabay N, Gok Y, Akca H. The dicyano compound induces autophagic or apoptotic cell death via Twist/c-Myc axis depending on metastatic characteristics of breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:39-50. [PMID: 34775571 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease with various subtypes, therefore, the illumination of distinctive mechanisms between subtypes for the development of novel treatment strategies is important. Here, we revealed the antiproliferative effects of our customized dicyano compound (DC) on BC cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined the antiproliferative effect of the DC on non-metastatic MCF-7 and metastatic MDA-MB-231 cell lines by MTT. We evaluated protein levels of LC3BI-II and p62 to detect effects of the DC on autophagy. Furthermore, we examined whether the DC induce apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by performing TUNEL and western blotting. We showed that the DC induces autophagic cell death in MDA-MB-231 while it leads to apoptosis in MCF-7, demonstrating that DC can induce different cell death mechanisms in BC cells according to what they represent subtypes. To understand the reason of different cell response to the DC, we evaluated the expressions of several regulator proteins involved in survival, cell arrest and proliferation. All findings revealed that c-Myc expression is directly correlated with autophagy induction in BC cells and it could be a marker for the selection of cell death mechanism against anti-cancer drugs. Interestingly, we showed that the overexpression of Twist, responsible for metastatic features of BC cells, imitates the effects of autophagy on c-Myc expression in MCF-7 cells, indicating that it is implicated in both the regulation of c-Myc as a upstream factor and subsequently the selection of cell death mechanisms. CONCLUSION Taken together, we suggest that Twist/c-Myc axis may have a role in different response to the DC-induced cell death pathways in BC subtypes with different invasive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Alvur
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hakan Kucuksayan
- Department of Medical Biology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Baygu
- Department of Chemistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Kabay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yasar Gok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Hakan Akca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
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21
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Tang J, Li Y, Xia S, Li J, Yang Q, Ding K, Zhang H. Sequestosome 1/p62: A multitasker in the regulation of malignant tumor aggression (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:77. [PMID: 34414460 PMCID: PMC8425587 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62 is an adapter protein mainly involved in the transportation, degradation and destruction of various proteins that cooperates with components of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. Numerous studies have shown that SQSTM1/p62 functions at multiple levels, including involvement in genetic stability or modification, post-transcriptional regulation and protein function. As a result, SQSTM1/p62 is a versatile protein that is a critical core regulator of tumor cell genetic stability, autophagy, apoptosis and other forms of cell death, malignant growth, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and chemoradiotherapeutic response, and an indicator of patient prognosis. SQSTM1/p62 regulates these processes via its distinct molecular structure, through which it participates in a variety of activating or inactivating tumor-related and tumor microenvironment-related signaling pathways, particularly positive feedback loops and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related pathways. Therefore, functioning as a proto-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in various types of cancer and tumor-associated microenvironments, SQSTM1/p62 is capable of promoting or retarding malignant tumor aggression, giving rise to immeasurable effects on tumor occurrence and development, and on patient treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Tang
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Shuli Xia
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jinfan Li
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Honghe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
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22
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Wu Q, Xiang M, Wang K, Chen Z, Long L, Tao Y, Liang Y, Yan Y, Xiao Z, Qiu S, Yi B. Overexpression of p62 Induces Autophagy and Promotes Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells through Promoting ERK Signaling Pathway. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 20:624-637. [PMID: 32329689 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200424145122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence has shown that p62 plays an important role in tumorigenesis. However, relatively little is known about the association between p62 and tumor invasion and metastasis; in addition, its role in NPC (nasopharyngeal carcinoma, NPC) has been rarely investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of p62 on tumorigenesis and metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS Western blotting, immunofluorescent staining and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate p62 protein expression. Subsequently, cell viability, colony formation, migration, invasion and autophagy assays were performed. anti-p62 autoantibodies in sera were detected by ELISA. These data were correlated with clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS We confirmed that p62 was significantly up-regulated in NPC tissues. Furthermore, high expression of p62 was observed in NPC cell lines, and especially in the highly metastatic 5-8F cells. In vitro, down-regulation of p62 inhibited proliferation, clone forming ability, autophagy, migration, and invasion in 5-8F cells, whereas p62 overexpression resulted in the opposite effects in 6-10B cells. Moreover, we confirmed that p62 promotes NPC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by activating ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, ERK). Clinical analysis indicated that high p62 expression correlates with lymph node and distant metastasis (P<0.05). Serum anti-p62 autoantibodies were increased in NPC patients and levels were associated with metastasis. CONCLUSION Our data establish p62 targeting ERK as potential determinant in the NPC, which supplies a new pathway to treat NPC. Furthermore, p62 is a potential biomarker which might be closely related to the tumorigenesis and metastasis in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Manlin Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Lu Long
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Ya Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Yunlai Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Yahui Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Zhiqiang Xiao
- Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Shiyang Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410008, China
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23
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Du C, Tian Y, Duan W, Chen X, Ren W, Deng Q. Curcumin Enhances the Radiosensitivity of Human Urethral Scar Fibroblasts by Apoptosis, Cell Cycle Arrest and Downregulation of Smad4 via Autophagy. Radiat Res 2021; 195:452-462. [PMID: 33755170 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00239.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The goals of this study were to determine whether curcumin can radiosensitize human urethral scar fibroblasts (HUSFs) and inhibit the synthesis of collagen, and to explore the molecular mechanism. Here, HUSFs were established and cultured in vitro and cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) experiment and plate clone formation assay were performed to determine the appropriate concentration of curcumin and radiation dose. The radiosensitization of curcumin was confirmed by plate clone formation assay. Cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry and apoptosis rate by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL). Western blot was used to detect the levels of collagen I, collagen III, Smad2, Smad3, Smad4, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), Beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), as a means of determining the mechanism. Our findings showed that curcumin enhanced radiosensitivity of HUSFs in vitro (sensitization enhancement ratio = 2.030). Furthermore, curcumin and radiation treatments promoted the apoptosis of HUSFs and blocked the cells in G2/M phase. In addition, curcumin combined with radiation inhibited the synthesis of collagen I and collagen III through Smad4 pathway, with possible involvement of autophagy. These results suggest that curcumin could be a radiosensitizer of HUSFs, inhibit the proliferation of HUSFs and suppress fibrosis by downregulation of Smad4 via autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Du
- Department of a Urology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | | | - Wanli Duan
- Department of a Urology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of a Urology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
| | - Qian Deng
- Department of a Urology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an 710068, China
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24
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Garg M. Epithelial Plasticity, Autophagy and Metastasis: Potential Modifiers of the Crosstalk to Overcome Therapeutic Resistance. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 16:503-510. [PMID: 32125607 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-019-09945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) initiates malignant transformation of cancer cells and is responsible for the generation of heterogenic subsets of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Signals in the form of environmental cues and paracrine factors within tumor microenvironment (TME) niche, support the possibility of generation of pool of CSCs with two distinct functional transition states. Cyclic CSCs with predominant epithelial phenotype, self-renew and differentiate into mature cancer cells. Subsets of autophagic/ non-cyclic CSCs with predominant mesenchymal phenotype have capacity to invade, metastasize, resist to apoptosis, escape immunosurveillance, survive chemotherapies and are majorly responsible for cancer mortality. Differences in phenotypic plasticity may form the basis of differential impact of therapeutic outcomes on heterogeneous subpopulations of CSCs. Activation of autophagy is responsible for the recycling of damaged organelles and protein aggregates, regulates EMT, confers the survival advantage to neoplastic cells to anti-cancer therapies, significantly affects the invasive potential of cancer cells and supports their metastatic dissemination in a tissue and tumor stage dependent manner. Therapy resistance is the primary obstacle in the complete ablation of tumor cells. Combinational treatments based on targeting autophagic CSCs and inhibiting EMT regulators may represent potential anticancer strategies for the prevention of cancer invasion, metastatic spread and disease relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Garg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
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25
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Trelford CB, Ng E, Campbell CI, Di Guglielmo GM. p62/Sequestosome 1 regulates transforming growth factor beta signaling and epithelial to mesenchymal transition in A549 cells. Cell Signal 2021; 85:110040. [PMID: 34000385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) receptor trafficking regulates many TGFβ-dependent cellular outcomes including epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT in A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells has recently been linked to the regulation of cellular autophagy. Here, we investigated the role of the autophagy cargo receptor, p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), in regulating TGFβ receptor trafficking, TGFβ1-dependent Smad2 phosphorylation and EMT in A549 NSCLC cells. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, p62/SQSTM1 was observed to co-localize with TGFβ receptors in the late endosome. Small interfering RNA (SiRNA)-mediated silencing of p62/SQSTM1 resulted in an attenuated time-course of Smad2 phosphorylation but did not alter Smad2 nuclear translocation. However, p62/SQSTM1 silencing promoted TGFβ1-dependent EMT marker expression, actin stress fiber formation and A549 cell migration. We further observed that Smad4-independent TGFβ1 signaling decreased p62/SQSTM1 protein levels via a proteasome-dependent mechanism. Although p62/SQSTM1 silencing did not impede TGFβ-dependent autophagy, our results suggest that p62/SQSTM1 may aid in maintaining A549 cells in an epithelial state and TGFβ1 decreases p62/SQSTM1 prior to inducing EMT and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B Trelford
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Evelyn Ng
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Craig I Campbell
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gianni M Di Guglielmo
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada.
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26
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Li J, Ye W, Xu W, Chang T, Zhang L, Ma J, Pei R, He M, Zhou J. Activation of autophagy inhibits epithelial to mesenchymal transition process of human lens epithelial cells induced by high glucose conditions. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109768. [PMID: 32896607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Subcapsular cataracts are common phenotype of diabetic cataracts, and abnormal lens epithelial cells (LECs) under the lens capsules have been considered to involve in the pathogenesis. Our previous studies have shown that the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is responsible for the LECs to lose their original polarity and tight junctions, occurs in a diabetic cataract mouse model. Autophagy is known to function in the EMT process in multiple tissues. However, the relationship between autophagy and EMT process in LECs has not yet been fully demonstrated. We found that high glucose retreatment reducing expression level of E-cadherin, an epithelial marker, but increasing that of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), a mesenchymal marker, by Western blot and immunoflurence staining assays, and increased the cell migration by Transwell assay in human lens epithelial cell line HLE-B3. High glucose retreatment also led to impairment of autophagy, representing by downregulation of Beclin, LC3II/LC3I, and reducing the number of autophagosomes. Activation of autophagy by rapamycin could prevent high glucose-induced EMT. In addition, the levels of p62 and Snail were increased in high glucose-treated HLE-B3 cells, and their interactions were demonstrated by co-immunoprecipitation and immunoflurence staining, but all these changes were attenuated by application of rapamycin. These findings delineated a novel autophagy-mediated mechanism, p62 might mediate Snail underlying high glucose-induced EMT in LECs, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for diabetic cataract by regulating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wenqin Xu
- The Orbital Disease Institute of the Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, 69 Yongding Road, Haidian District, 100039, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tianfang Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Luning Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jiyuan Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Rui Pei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Mengmei He
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute of China PLA, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China.
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27
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Towers CG, Wodetzki D, Thorburn A. Autophagy and cancer: Modulation of cell death pathways and cancer cell adaptations. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201909033. [PMID: 31753861 PMCID: PMC7039213 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is intricately linked with many intracellular signaling pathways, particularly nutrient-sensing mechanisms and cell death signaling cascades. In cancer, the roles of autophagy are context dependent. Tumor cell-intrinsic effects of autophagy can be both tumor suppressive and tumor promotional. Autophagy can therefore not only activate and inhibit cell death, but also facilitate the switch between cell death mechanisms. Moreover, autophagy can play opposing roles in the tumor microenvironment via non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Preclinical data support a tumor-promotional role of autophagy in established tumors and during cancer therapy; this has led to the launch of dozens of clinical trials targeting autophagy in multiple cancer types. However, many questions remain: which tumors and genetic backgrounds are the most sensitive to autophagy inhibition, and which therapies should be combined with autophagy inhibitors? Additionally, since cancer cells are under selective pressure and are prone to adaptation, particularly after treatment, it is unclear if and how cells adapt to autophagy inhibition. Here we review recent literature addressing these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G Towers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Darya Wodetzki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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28
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Santarelli R, Arteni AMB, Gilardini Montani MS, Romeo MA, Gaeta A, Gonnella R, Faggioni A, Cirone M. KSHV dysregulates bulk macroautophagy, mitophagy and UPR to promote endothelial to mesenchymal transition and CCL2 release, key events in viral-driven sarcomagenesis. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:3500-3510. [PMID: 32559816 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of KS, an aggressive neoplasm that mainly occurs in immune-compromised patients. Spindle cells represent the main feature of this aggressive malignancy and arise from KSHV-infected endothelial cells undergoing endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT), which changes their cytoskeletal composition and organization. As in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), EndMT is driven by transcription factors such as SNAI1 and ZEB1 and implies a cellular reprogramming mechanism regulated by several molecular pathways, particularly PI3K/AKT/MTOR. Here we found that KSHV activated MTOR and its targets 4EBP1 and ULK1 and reduced bulk macroautophagy and mitophagy to promote EndMT, activate ER stress/unfolded protein response (UPR), and increase the release of the pro-angiogenic and pro-inflammatory chemokine CCL2 by HUVEC cells. Our study suggests that the manipulation of macroautophagy, mitophagy and UPR and the interplay between the three could be a promising strategy to counteract EndMT, angiogenesis and inflammation, the key events of KSHV-driven sarcomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Santarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Ana Maria Brindusa Arteni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Saveria Gilardini Montani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Anele Romeo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Gaeta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gonnella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Faggioni
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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29
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Liang C, Xu J, Meng Q, Zhang B, Liu J, Hua J, Zhang Y, Shi S, Yu X. TGFB1-induced autophagy affects the pattern of pancreatic cancer progression in distinct ways depending on SMAD4 status. Autophagy 2020; 16:486-500. [PMID: 31177911 PMCID: PMC6999639 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1628540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies. Given that macroautophagy/autophagy activation is prevalent in PDAC, the dual roles of autophagy could be involved in PDAC heterogeneity. In this work, we demonstrated that TGFB1 induced autophagic flux through SMAD4-dependent or SMAD4-independent pathways based on a distinct genetic context. In SMAD4-positive PDAC cells, TGFB1-induced autophagy promoted proliferation and inhibited migration by decreasing the nuclear translocation of SMAD4. Conversely, TGFB1-induced autophagy inhibited proliferation and promoted migration in SMAD4-negative cells through the regulation of MAPK/ERK activation. TGFB1 expression also positively correlated with LC3B expression in PDAC specimens. A high level of LC3B was associated with unfavorable overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in SMAD4-negative PDAC patients, although LC3B could not predict OS and DFS for the 110 PDAC patients. Thus, TGFB1-induced autophagy contributed to the different patterns of PDAC progression. This knowledge can aid in improving our understanding of the molecular classification of PDAC and might guide the development of therapeutic strategies for PDAC, especially for SMAD4-negative PDAC.Abbreviations: CDH1: cadherin 1; CDH2: cadherin 2; CI: combination index; CQ: chloroquine; DFS: disease-free survival; EMT: epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; IHC: immunohistochemistry; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; OS: overall survival; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; RAP: rapamycin; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RT: room temperature; shRNA: short-hairpin RNA; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TGFB1: transforming growth factor beta 1; TMA: tissue microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Liang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingcai Meng
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hua
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiyin Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Si Shi
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
- Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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30
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Yang Z, Bian E, Xu Y, Ji X, Tang F, Ma C, Wang H, Zhao B. Meg3 Induces EMT and Invasion of Glioma Cells via Autophagy. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:989-1000. [PMID: 32099402 PMCID: PMC6999788 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s239648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is one of the most common malignant tumors. Glioblastoma (grade IV) is considered the most malignant form of human brain tumors. Maternal expression gene 3 (Meg3) encodes a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that plays an important role in the development and progression of cancer. However, the role of Meg3 in glioma cells remains largely unclear. Methods Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q) PCR was conducted to evaluate the mRNA expression related to cell autophagy and EMT while protein expression was detected by Western blotting. Staining of acidic vacuoles and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect autophagy. The ability of cells to migrate and invade was detected by Transwell migration and invasion assays. Results In the present study, it was found that the overexpression of Meg3 induced EMT, migration and invasion of glioma cells, whereas Meg3 overexpression induced autophagy of glioma cells. More importantly, the inhibition of autophagy impaired the EMT of glioma cells. In addition, Meg3-induced EMT, migration and invasion could be partially reversed by autophagy inhibitors, chloroquine (CQ) and Lys05, in glioma cells. Conclusion All data suggest that Meg3 induces EMT and invasion of glioma cells via autophagy. Overall, the findings of the present study demonstrate the importance of Meg3 in the molecular etiology of glioma, which also indicate its potential applications in the treatment of glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Erbao Bian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghu Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunchun Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China.,Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Center, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, People's Republic of China
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31
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Tam SY, Wu VW, Law HK. JNK Pathway Mediates Low Oxygen Level Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Stemness Maintenance in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12010224. [PMID: 31963305 PMCID: PMC7017419 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer cell stemness maintenance (SM) are important factors for cancer metastasis. Although hypoxia has been considered as a possible factor for EMT induction and promotion of SM, studies in this area, apart from hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathways and severe hypoxia, are scant. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different oxygen levels on EMT induction and SM and elucidate the signaling pathways involved in colorectal cancer cells. (2) Methods: Cell morphological analysis, migration assay, immunofluorescence staining of cytoskeleton and Western blotting were performed on human colorectal cancer cells HT-29, DLD-1, and SW-480 cultured at 1%, 10%, and normal (21%) O2 levels. The role played by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was evaluated through the use of the specific JNK inhibitor SP600125. (3) Results: This study evaluated 1% and 10% O2 are possible conditions for EMT induction and SM. This study also demonstrated the partial relieve of EMT induction and SM by SP600125, showing the importance of the JNK pathway in these processes. Furthermore, this study proposed a novel pathway on the regulation of Akt by JNK-c-Jun. (4) Conclusions: This study suggests 10% O2 as another possible condition for EMT induction, and SM and JNK pathways play important roles in these processes through multiple factors. Inhibition of JNK could be explored as treatment for inhibiting metastasis in colorectal cancer cells.
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32
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Hyttinen JMT, Kannan R, Felszeghy S, Niittykoski M, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. The Regulation of NFE2L2 (NRF2) Signalling and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225800. [PMID: 31752195 PMCID: PMC6888570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a mounting cause of loss of sight in the elderly in the developed countries, a trend enhanced by the continual ageing of the population. AMD is a multifactorial and only partly understood, malady. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for most AMD patients. It is known that oxidative stress (OS) damages the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and contributes to the progression of AMD. We review here the potential importance of two OS-related cellular systems in relation to AMD. First, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NFE2L2; NRF2)-mediated OS response signalling pathway is important in the prevention of oxidative damage and a failure of this system could be critical in the development of AMD. Second, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) represents a change in the cellular phenotype, which ultimately leads to the fibrosis encountered in RPE, a characteristic of AMD. Many of the pathways triggering EMT are promoted by OS. The possible interconnections between these two signalling routes are discussed here. From a broader perspective, the control of NFE2L2 and EMT as ways of preventing OS-derived cellular damage could be potentially valuable in the therapy of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha M. T. Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, DVRC 203, 1355 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Szabolcs Felszeghy
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Minna Niittykoski
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS Kuopio, Finland
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Cell-intrinsic survival signals. The role of autophagy in metastatic dissemination and tumor cell dormancy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:28-40. [PMID: 31400500 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths. Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs), which seed metastasis, can remain undetected in a dormant state for decades after treatment of the primary tumor and their persistence is the main cause of late relapse and death in a substantial proportion of cancer patients. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the survival of dormant DTCs is of utmost importance to develop new therapies that effectively kill DTCs while in a quiescent state, therefore preventing metastatic disease and minimizing the chance of future relapses. Besides key interactions with the local microenvironment, dormant DTCs must integrate survival mechanisms to remain viable for long periods of time. Here, the pro-survival role of autophagy in tumor cell dissemination and dormant DTC maintenance are discussed, as well as the implications of the current knowledge for future research efforts.
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Rosales MAB, Shu DY, Iacovelli J, Saint-Geniez M. Loss of PGC-1α in RPE induces mesenchymal transition and promotes retinal degeneration. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/3/e201800212. [PMID: 31101737 PMCID: PMC6526284 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained loss of PGC-1α in RPE cells triggers mitochondrial/autophagic dysfunction and oxidative damage resulting in epithelial dedifferentiation and mesenchymal transition. RPE dysfunction caused by deletion of the PGC-1 coactivators in vivo causes retinal degeneration. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) supports visual processing and photoreceptor homeostasis via energetically demanding cellular functions. Here, we describe the consequences of repressing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial function and biogenesis, on RPE epithelial integrity. The sustained silencing of PGC-1α in differentiating human RPE cells affected mitochondria/autophagy function, redox state, and impaired energy sensor activity ultimately inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Adult conditional knockout of PGC-1 coactivators in mice resulted in rapid RPE dysfunction and transdifferentiation associated with severe photoreceptor degeneration. RPE anomalies were characteristic of autophagic defect and mesenchymal transition comparable with the ones observed in age-related macular degeneration. These findings demonstrate that PGC-1α is required to maintain the functional and phenotypic status of RPE by supporting the cells’ oxidative metabolism and autophagy-mediated repression of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Aparecida Brunini Rosales
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daisy Y Shu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jared Iacovelli
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA .,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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35
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Li H, Li J, Zhang G, Da Q, Chen L, Yu S, Zhou Q, Weng Z, Xin Z, Shi L, Ma L, Huang A, Qi S, Lu Y. HMGB1-Induced p62 Overexpression Promotes Snail-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Glioblastoma Cells via the Degradation of GSK-3β. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1909-1922. [PMID: 31037147 PMCID: PMC6485286 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive brain tumor, characterized by its propensity to invade the surrounding brain parenchyma. The effect of extracellular high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein on glioblastoma (GBM) progression is still controversial. p62 is overexpressed in glioma cells, and has been associated with the malignant features and poor prognosis of GBM patients. Hence, this study aimed to clarify the role of p62 in HMGB1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of GBM both in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR were performed to evaluate EMT progression in both human GBM cell line and primary GBM cells. Transwell and wound healing assays were used to assess the invasion and migration of GBM cells. shRNA technique was used to investigate the role of p62 in HMGB1-induced EMT both in vitro and in vivo orthotopic tumor model. Co-immunoprecipitation assay was used to reveal the interaction between p62 and GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta). Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression levels of proteins in human GBM tissues. Results: In this study, GBM cells treated with recombinant human HMGB1 (rhHMGB1) underwent spontaneous EMT through GSK-3β/Snail signaling pathway. In addition, our study revealed that rhHMGB1-induced EMT of GBM cells was accompanied by p62 overexpression, which was mediated by the activation of TLR4-p38-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Moreover, the results demonstrated that p62 knockdown impaired rhHMGB1-induced EMT both in vitro and in vivo. Subsequent mechanistic investigations showed that p62 served as a shuttling factor for the interaction of GSK-3β with proteasome, and ultimately activated GSK-3β/Snail signaling pathway by augmenting the degradation of GSK-3β. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation between p62 and GSK-3β, and a combination of the both might serve as a more powerful predictor of poor survival in GBM patients. Conclusions: This study suggests that p62 is an effector for HMGB1-induced EMT, and may represent a novel therapeutic target in GBM.
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Skarkova V, Kralova V, Vitovcova B, Rudolf E. Selected Aspects of Chemoresistance Mechanisms in Colorectal Carcinoma-A Focus on Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition, Autophagy, and Apoptosis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030234. [PMID: 30871055 PMCID: PMC6468859 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance has been found in all malignant tumors including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Nowadays chemoresistance is understood as a major reason for therapy failure, with consequent tumor growth and spreading leading ultimately to the patient's premature death. The chemotherapy-related resistance of malignant colonocytes may be manifested in diverse mechanisms that may exist both prior to the onset of the therapy or after it. The ultimate function of this chemoresistance is to ensure the survival of malignant cells through continuing adaptation within an organism, therefore, the nature and spectrum of cell-survival strategies in CRC represent a highly significant target of scientific inquiry. Among these survival strategies employed by CRC cells, three unique but significantly linked phenomena stand out-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and cell death. In this mini-review, current knowledge concerning all three mechanisms including their emergence, timeline, regulation, and mutual relationships will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Skarkova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Vera Kralova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Vitovcova
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Emil Rudolf
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Charles University, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Zborovská 2089, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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Wang Y, Xiong H, Liu D, Hill C, Ertay A, Li J, Zou Y, Miller P, White E, Downward J, Goldin RD, Yuan X, Lu X. Autophagy inhibition specifically promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in RAS-mutated cancer cells. Autophagy 2019; 15:886-899. [PMID: 30782064 PMCID: PMC6517269 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy inhibition is a novel anticancer therapeutic strategy, especially for tumors driven by mutant RAS. Here, we demonstrate that autophagy inhibition in RAS-mutated cells induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is associated with enhanced tumor invasion. This is at least partially achieved by triggering the NFKB/NF-κB pathway via SQSTM1/p62. Knockdown of ATG3 or ATG5 increases oncogenic RAS-induced expression of ZEB1 and SNAI2/Snail2, and activates NFKB activity. Depletion of SQSTM1 abolishes the activation of the NFKB pathway induced by autophagy inhibition in RAS-mutated cells. NFKB pathway inhibition by depletion of RELA/p65 blocks this EMT induction. Finally, accumulation of SQSTM1 protein correlates with loss of CDH1/E-cadherin expression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Together, we suggest that combining autophagy inhibition with NFKB inhibitors may therefore be necessary to treat RAS-mutated cancer. Abbreviations: 4-OHT: 4-hydroxytamoxifen; DIC: differential interference contrast; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ESR: estrogen receptor; MAPK/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; iBMK: immortalized baby mouse kidney epithelial cells; MET: mesenchymal-epithelial transition; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; RNAi: RNA interference; TGFB/TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TRAF6: TNF receptor associated factor 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Wang
- a Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China.,b Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK.,c Institute for Life Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK.,d Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Hua Xiong
- a Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Dian Liu
- a Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Charlotte Hill
- b Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Ayse Ertay
- b Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Juanjuan Li
- b Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences , University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
| | - Yanmei Zou
- a Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Paul Miller
- d Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Eileen White
- e Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Julian Downward
- f Oncogene Biology Laboratory , The Francis Crick Institute , London , UK
| | - Robert D Goldin
- g Centre for Pathology , St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Xianglin Yuan
- a Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Xin Lu
- d Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Annexin A1-suppressed autophagy promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell invasion and metastasis by PI3K/AKT signaling activation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1154. [PMID: 30459351 PMCID: PMC6244011 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is dysregulated in the various tumors. However, the role and mechanism of ANXA1 in the cancers are poorly understood. In this study, we first showed a clinically positive correlation between ANXA1 and autophagy-associated protein SQSTM1 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and ANXA1-regulating SQSTM1 expression through autophagy, and further demonstrated that ANXA1 inhibited BECN1 and ATG5-dependent autophagy in the NPC cells. Using phospho-kinase antibody array to identify signaling through which ANXA1 regulated NPC cell autophagy, we found that ANXA1-suppressed autophagy was associated with PI3K/AKT signaling activation. We also showed that ANXA1 expression was significantly increased in the NPCs with metastasis relative to NPCs without metastasis and positively correlated with lymphonode and distant metastasis; high ANXA1 expression in the NPC cells promoted in vitro tumor cell migration and invasion and in vivo metastasis. Lastly, we showed that inhibition of autophagy restored the ability of tumor cell migration and invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like alterations and in vivo metastasis in the ANXA1 knockdown NPC cells with autophagy activation; ANXA1-suppresed autophagy induced EMT-like alterations possibly by inhibiting autophagy-mediated degradation of Snail. Our data suggest that ANXA1-suppressed autophagy promotes NPC cell migration, invasion and metastasis by activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, highlighting that the activation of autophagy may inhibit metastasis of NPC with high ANXA1 expression.
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39
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Dower CM, Wills CA, Frisch SM, Wang HG. Mechanisms and context underlying the role of autophagy in cancer metastasis. Autophagy 2018; 14:1110-1128. [PMID: 29863947 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1450020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental cellular degradation mechanism that maintains cell homeostasis, regulates cell signaling, and promotes cell survival. Its role in promoting tumor cell survival in stress conditions is well characterized, and makes autophagy an attractive target for cancer therapy. Emerging research indicates that autophagy also influences cancer metastasis, which is the primary cause of cancer-associated mortality. However, data demonstrate that the regulatory role of autophagy in metastasis is multifaceted, and includes both metastasis-suppressing and -promoting functions. The metastasis-suppressing functions of autophagy, in particular, have important implications for autophagy-based treatments, as inhibition of autophagy may increase the risk of metastasis. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and context underlying the role of autophagy in metastasis, which include autophagy-mediated regulation of focal adhesion dynamics, integrin signaling and trafficking, Rho GTPase-mediated cytoskeleton remodeling, anoikis resistance, extracellular matrix remodeling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signaling, and tumor-stromal cell interactions. Through this, we aim to clarify the context-dependent nature of autophagy-mediated metastasis and provide direction for further research investigating the role of autophagy in cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Dower
- a Department of Pediatrics , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA USA
| | - Carson A Wills
- a Department of Pediatrics , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA USA
| | - Steven M Frisch
- b WVU Cancer Institute, Department of Biochemistry , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV USA
| | - Hong-Gang Wang
- a Department of Pediatrics , Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey , PA USA
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40
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p53-Autophagy-Metastasis Link. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050148. [PMID: 29783720 PMCID: PMC5977121 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 as the “guardian of the genome” plays an essential role in numerous signaling pathways that control the cell cycle, cell death and in maintaining the integrity of the human genome. p53, depending on the intracellular localization, contributes to the regulation of various cell death pathways, including apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. Accumulated evidence suggests that this function of p53 is closely involved in the process of cancer development. Here, present knowledge concerning a p53-autophagy-metastasis link, as well as therapeutic approaches that influence this link, are discussed.
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41
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Maiques O, Barceló C, Panosa A, Pijuan J, Orgaz JL, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Matas-Nadal C, Tell G, Vilella R, Fabra A, Puig S, Sanz-Moreno V, Matias-Guiu X, Canti C, Herreros J, Marti RM, Macià A. T-type calcium channels drive migration/invasion in BRAFV600E melanoma cells through Snail1. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 31:484-495. [PMID: 29385656 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant tumor derived from melanocytes. Once disseminated, it is usually highly resistant to chemotherapy and is associated with poor prognosis. We have recently reported that T-type calcium channels (TTCCs) are overexpressed in melanoma cells and play an important role in melanoma progression. Importantly, TTCC pharmacological blockers reduce proliferation and deregulate autophagy leading to apoptosis. Here, we analyze the role of autophagy during migration/invasion of melanoma cells. TTCC Cav3.1 and LC3-II proteins are highly expressed in BRAFV600E compared with NRAS mutant melanomas, both in cell lines and biopsies. Chloroquine, pharmacological blockade, or gene silencing of TTCCs inhibit the autophagic flux and impair the migration and invasion capabilities, specifically in BRAFV600E melanoma cells. Snail1 plays an important role in motility and invasion of melanoma cells. We show that Snail1 is strongly expressed in BRAFV600E melanoma cells and patient biopsies, and its expression decreases when autophagy is blocked. These results demonstrate a role of Snail1 during BRAFV600E melanoma progression and strongly suggest that targeting macroautophagy and, particularly TTCCs, might be a good therapeutic strategy to inhibit metastasis of the most common melanoma type (BRAFV600E).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jose L Orgaz
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Clara Matas-Nadal
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Gemma Tell
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Vilella
- Department of Immunology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angels Fabra
- Molecular Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre of Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Tumour Plasticity Laboratory, Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Xavier Matias-Guiu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.,Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa M Marti
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Arnau de Vilanova, University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain.,Centre of Biomedical Research on Cancer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Macià
- University of Lleida, IRBLleida, Lleida, Spain
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Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic program that is responsible for the degradation of dysfunctional or unnecessary proteins and organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. Mechanistically, it involves the formation of double-membrane autophagosomes that sequester cytoplasmic material and deliver it to lysosomes for degradation. Eventually, the material is recycled back to the cytoplasm. Abnormalities of autophagy often lead to human diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer. In the case of cancer, increasing evidence has revealed the paradoxical roles of autophagy in both tumor inhibition and tumor promotion. Here, we summarize the context-dependent role of autophagy and its complicated molecular mechanisms in the hallmarks of cancer. Moreover, we discuss how therapeutics targeting autophagy can counter malignant transformation and tumor progression. Overall, the findings of studies discussed here shed new light on exploiting the complicated mechanisms of the autophagic machinery and relevant small-molecule modulators as potential antitumor agents to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Huang
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Xiao Song
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Yongyong Yang
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Xuechao Wan
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Angel A. Alvarez
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Namratha Sastry
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Haizhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Wu J, Chen X, Liu X, Huang S, He C, Chen B, Liu Y. Autophagy regulates TGF-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human retinal pigment epithelium cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:3607-3614. [PMID: 29286127 PMCID: PMC5802162 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells has an important role in the pathophysiology of intraocular fibrotic disorders, which may cause vision impairment and blindness. Autophagy, an intracellular homeostatic pathway, contributes to the physiological and pathological processes of RPE. Furthermore, autophagy has previously been reported to function in the EMT process in numerous tissue and cell types. However, the association between autophagy and the EMT process in RPE cells has not yet been fully determined. The present study demonstrated that TGF-β2-treated human RPE cells (ARPE-19 cell line) exhibited a significantly increased autophagic flux compared with control cells, as determined by western blot analysis of the protein levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II and p62 (also termed sequestosome 1). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that autophagy activation enhanced the TGF-β2-induced EMT process in ARPE-19 cells, and inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine administration attenuated TGF-β2-induced EMT, which was determined by analyzing the expression of mesenchymal and epithelial markers by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and/or western blotting. A transwell migration and invasion assays was also performed that demonstrated that autophagy activation by rapamycin enhanced TGF-β2-stimulated RPE cell migration and invasion, and inhibition of autophagy reduced TGF-β2-stimulated RPE cell migration and invasion. These results also demonstrated that autophagy activation enhanced the TGF-β2-induced EMT process in ARPE-19 cells, and inhibition of autophagy attenuated TGF-β2-induced EMT. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated that TGF-β2-induced EMT may be regulated by autophagy, thus indicating that autophagy may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the attenuation of EMT in intraocular fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xialin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Chang He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Baoxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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Creedon H, Gómez-Cuadrado L, Tarnauskaitė Ž, Balla J, Canel M, MacLeod KG, Serrels B, Fraser C, Unciti-Broceta A, Tracey N, Le Bihan T, Klinowska T, Sims AH, Byron A, Brunton VG. Identification of novel pathways linking epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition with resistance to HER2-targeted therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 7:11539-52. [PMID: 26883193 PMCID: PMC4905492 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer is a major clinical problem. To identify pathways linked to resistance, we generated HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines which are resistant to either lapatinib or AZD8931, two pan-HER family kinase inhibitors. Resistance was HER2 independent and was associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), resulting in increased proliferation and migration of the resistant cells. Using a global proteomics approach, we identified a novel set of EMT-associated proteins linked to HER2-independent resistance. We demonstrate that a subset of these EMT-associated genes is predictive of prognosis within the ERBB2 subtype of human breast cancers. Furthermore, targeting the EMT-associated kinases Src and Axl potently inhibited proliferation of the resistant cells, and inhibitors to these kinases may provide additional options for the treatment of HER2-independent resistance in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Creedon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Laura Gómez-Cuadrado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Žygimantė Tarnauskaitė
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jozef Balla
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Kenneth G MacLeod
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Bryan Serrels
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Craig Fraser
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Asier Unciti-Broceta
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Natasha Tracey
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | | | - Teresa Klinowska
- AstraZeneca Oncology iMed, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Andrew H Sims
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Adam Byron
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
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AEG-1/MTDH-activated autophagy enhances human malignant glioma susceptibility to TGF-β1-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13122-38. [PMID: 26909607 PMCID: PMC4914346 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a tightly regulated process activated in response to metabolic stress and other microenvironmental changes. Astrocyte elevated gene 1 (AEG-1) reportedly induces protective autophagy. Our results indicate that AEG-1 also enhances the susceptibility of malignant glioma cells to TGF-β1-triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through induction of autophagy. TGF-β1 induced autophagy and activated AEG-1 via Smad2/3 phosphorylation in malignant glioma cells. Also increased was oncogene cyclin D1 and EMT markers, which promoted tumor progression. Inhibition of autophagy using siRNA-BECN1 and siRNA-AEG-1 suppressed EMT. In tumor samples from patients with malignant glioma, immunohistochemical assays showed that expression levels of TGF-β1, AEG-1, and markers of autophagy and EMT, all gradually increase with glioblastoma progression. In vivo siRNA-AEG-1 administration to rats implanted with C6 glioma cells inhibited tumor growth and increased the incidence of apoptosis among tumor cells. These findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the invasiveness and progression of malignant gliomas.
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Zhang C, Zhang X, Xu R, Huang B, Chen AJ, Li C, Wang J, Li XG. TGF-β2 initiates autophagy via Smad and non-Smad pathway to promote glioma cells' invasion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:162. [PMID: 29145888 PMCID: PMC5689187 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by lethal aggressiveness and patients with GBM are in urgent need for new therapeutic avenues to improve quality of life. Current studies on tumor invasion focused on roles of cytokines in tumor microenvironment and numerous evidence suggests that TGF-β2 is abundant in glioma microenvironment and vital for glioma invasion. Autopagy is also emerging as a critical factor in aggressive behaviors of cancer cells; however, the relationship between TGF-β2 and autophagy in glioma has been poorly understood. Methods U251, T98 and U87 GBM cell lines as well as GBM cells from a primary human specimen were used in vitro and in vivo to evaluate the effect of TGF-β2 on autophagy. Western blot, qPCR, immunofluorescence and transmission-electron microscope were used to detect target molecular expression. Lentivirus and siRNA vehicle were introduced to establish cell lines, as well as mitotracker and seahorse experiment to study the metabolic process in glioma. Preclinical therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in orthotopic xenograft mouse models. Results Here we demonstrated that TGF-β2 activated autophagy in human glioma cell lines and knockdown of Smad2 or inhibition of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, attenuated TGF-β2-induced autophagy. TGF-β2-induced autophagy is important for glioma invasion due to the alteration of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metabolism conversion, particularly influencing mitochondria trafficking and membrane potential (△Ψm). Autopaghy also initiated a feedback on TGF-β2 in glioma by keeping its autocrine loop and affecting Smad2/3/7 expression. A xenograft model provided additional confirmation on combination of TGF-β inhibitor (Galunisertib) and autophagy inhibitor (CQ) to better “turn off” tumor growth. Conclusion Our findings elucidated a potential mechanism of autophagy-associated glioma invasion that TGF-β2 could initiate autophagy via Smad and non-Smad pathway to promote glioma cells’ invasion. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-017-0628-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Huang
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, China
| | - An-Jing Chen
- Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. .,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, China. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Xin-Gang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Rd, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. .,Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, China. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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Impaired autophagic flux and p62-mediated EMT are involved in arsenite-induced transformation of L-02 cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 334:75-87. [PMID: 28888487 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process essential for preserving cellular homeostasis, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved during tissue development and cancer progression. In arsenite-treated human hepatic epithelial (L-02) cells, arsenite reduced the autophagic flux, which caused accumulation of p62, an adaptor and receptor of autophagy. Further, in arsenite-transformed L-02 cells, the levels of E-cadherin were attenuated, but the levels of vimentin, which is expressed in mesenchymal cells, and Snail, a transcription regulator of the EMT, were up-regulated. Thus, after chronic exposure of L-02 cells to arsenite, the impaired autophagic flux induced the accumulation of p62, which up-regulated the expression of Snail, a protein involved in arsenite-induced EMT of these cells. Knockdown of p62 by siRNA reversed the arsenite-induced EMT and decreased the capacities of arsenite-transformed L-02 cells for colony formation and invasion and migration. Therefore, in arsenite-induced transformation of L-02 cells, the accumulation of p62, by impairing autophagic flux, mediates the EMT via Snail. These results provide a previously unknown mechanism underlying arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity.
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Autophagy and epithelial-mesenchymal transition: an intricate interplay in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2520. [PMID: 27929542 PMCID: PMC5260980 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) are major biological processes in cancer. Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that aids cancer cells to overcome intracellular or environmental stress, including nutrient deprivation, hypoxia and drugs effect. EMT is a complex transdifferentiation through which cancer cells acquire mesenchymal features, including motility and metastatic potential. Recent observations indicate that these two processes are linked in a complex relationship. On the one side, cells that underwent EMT require autophagy activation to survive during the metastatic spreading. On the other side, autophagy, acting as oncosuppressive signal, tends to inhibit the early phases of metastasization, contrasting the activation of the EMT mainly by selectively destabilizing crucial mediators of this process. Currently, still limited information is available regarding the molecular hubs at the interplay between autophagy and EMT. However, a growing number of evidence points to the functional interaction between cytoskeleton and mitochondria as one of the crucial regulatory center at the crossroad between these two biological processes. Cytoskeleton and mitochondria are linked in a tight functional relationship. Controlling mitochondria dynamics, the cytoskeleton cooperates to dictate mitochondria availability for the cell. Vice versa, the number and structure of mitochondria, which are primarily affected by autophagy-related processes, define the energy supply that cancer cells use to reorganize the cytoskeleton and to sustain cell movement during EMT. In this review, we aim to revise the evidence on the functional crosstalk between autophagy and EMT in cancer and to summarize the data supporting a parallel regulation of these two processes through shared signaling pathways. Furthermore, we intend to highlight the relevance of cytoskeleton and mitochondria in mediating the interaction between autophagy and EMT in cancer.
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Hubbs AF, Fluharty KL, Edwards RJ, Barnabei JL, Grantham JT, Palmer SM, Kelly F, Sargent LM, Reynolds SH, Mercer RR, Goravanahally MP, Kashon ML, Honaker JC, Jackson MC, Cumpston AM, Goldsmith WT, McKinney W, Fedan JS, Battelli LA, Munro T, Bucklew-Moyers W, McKinstry K, Schwegler-Berry D, Friend S, Knepp AK, Smith SL, Sriram K. Accumulation of Ubiquitin and Sequestosome-1 Implicate Protein Damage in Diacetyl-Induced Cytotoxicity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2887-2908. [PMID: 27643531 PMCID: PMC5222965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled diacetyl vapors are associated with flavorings-related lung disease, a potentially fatal airway disease. The reactive α-dicarbonyl group in diacetyl causes protein damage in vitro. Dicarbonyl/l-xylulose reductase (DCXR) metabolizes diacetyl into acetoin, which lacks this α-dicarbonyl group. To investigate the hypothesis that flavorings-related lung disease is caused by in vivo protein damage, we correlated diacetyl-induced airway damage in mice with immunofluorescence for markers of protein turnover and autophagy. Western immunoblots identified shifts in ubiquitin pools. Diacetyl inhalation caused dose-dependent increases in bronchial epithelial cells with puncta of both total ubiquitin and K63-ubiquitin, central mediators of protein turnover. This response was greater in Dcxr-knockout mice than in wild-type controls inhaling 200 ppm diacetyl, further implicating the α-dicarbonyl group in protein damage. Western immunoblots demonstrated decreased free ubiquitin in airway-enriched fractions. Transmission electron microscopy and colocalization of ubiquitin-positive puncta with lysosomal-associated membrane proteins 1 and 2 and with the multifunctional scaffolding protein sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1/p62) confirmed autophagy. Surprisingly, immunoreactive SQSTM1 also accumulated in the olfactory bulb of the brain. Olfactory bulb SQSTM1 often congregated in activated microglial cells that also contained olfactory marker protein, indicating neuronophagia within the olfactory bulb. This suggests the possibility that SQSTM1 or damaged proteins may be transported from the nose to the brain. Together, these findings strongly implicate widespread protein damage in the etiology of flavorings-related lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann F Hubbs
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia.
| | - Kara L Fluharty
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Rebekah J Edwards
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jamie L Barnabei
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - John T Grantham
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Scott M Palmer
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Francine Kelly
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Linda M Sargent
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Steven H Reynolds
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Madhusudan P Goravanahally
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; Centers for Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - John C Honaker
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Mark C Jackson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Amy M Cumpston
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - William T Goldsmith
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Walter McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Jeffrey S Fedan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lori A Battelli
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Tiffany Munro
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Winnie Bucklew-Moyers
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Kimberly McKinstry
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Sherri Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alycia K Knepp
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Samantha L Smith
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia; Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Krishnan Sriram
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
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Autophagy in cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2016; 36:1619-1630. [PMID: 27593926 PMCID: PMC5337449 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradative process that has a key role in cellular stress responses and survival. Recent work has begun to explore the function of autophagy in cancer metastasis, which is of particular interest given the dearth of effective therapeutic options for metastatic disease. Autophagy is induced upon progression of various human cancers to metastasis and together with data from genetically engineered mice and experimental metastasis models, a role for autophagy at nearly every phase of the metastatic cascade has been identified. Specifically, autophagy has been shown to be involved in modulating tumor cell motility and invasion, cancer stem cell viability and differentiation, resistance to anoikis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor cell dormancy and escape from immune surveillance, with emerging functions in establishing the pre-metastatic niche and other aspects of metastasis. In this review, we provide a general overview of how autophagy modulates cancer metastasis and discuss the significance of new findings for disease management.
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