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Holm TM, Yeo S, Turner KM, Guan JL. Targeting Autophagy in Thyroid Cancer: EMT, Apoptosis, and Cancer Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:821855. [PMID: 35846375 PMCID: PMC9277179 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.821855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved recycling process through which cellular homeostasis is achieved and maintained. With respect to cancer biology, autophagy acts as a double-edged sword supporting tumor cells during times of metabolic and therapeutic stress, while also inhibiting tumor development by promoting genomic stability. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy plays a role in thyroid cancer, acting to promote tumor cell viability and metastatic disease through maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), supporting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and preventing tumor cell death. Intriguingly, well-differentiated thyroid cancer is more prevalent in women as compared to men, though the underlying molecular biology driving this disparity has not yet been elucidated. Several studies have demonstrated that autophagy inhibitors may augment the anti-cancer effects of known thyroid cancer therapies. Autophagy modulation has become an attractive target for improving outcomes in thyroid cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the current knowledge regarding the role of autophagy in thyroid cancer, focusing on the potential mechanism(s) through which inhibition of autophagy may enhance cancer therapy and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Holm
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Syn Yeo
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kevin M Turner
- Department of Surgery, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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2
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Guo J, Du X, Li C. BAG family proteins contributes to autophagy-mediated multidrug resistance of tumor. Clin Transl Oncol 2022; 24:1492-1500. [PMID: 35278199 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02819-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a significant cause of tumor treatment failure. Accumulating evidence suggests that autophagy plays a significant role in the development of MDR. Autophagy is a conserved mechanism that maintains tumor homeostasis by removing damaged mitochondria. However, the specific regulatory mechanism is unclear. Here, we summarize recent studies on the role of autophagy in the development of MDR and the initiation of mitophagy by Bcl-2-associated athanogene (BAG) family proteins. Additionally, this mini-review emphasizes the regulatory role of BAG family proteins, which maintain mitochondrial homeostasis by regulating the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Elucidation of the regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy may foster the development of clinical therapeutic strategies for MDR tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufang Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinniu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelian Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinniu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chaolin Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jinniu District Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, China.
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3
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Rahman MA, Park MN, Rahman MDH, Rashid MM, Islam R, Uddin MJ, Hannan MA, Kim B. p53 Modulation of Autophagy Signaling in Cancer Therapies: Perspectives Mechanism and Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:761080. [PMID: 35155422 PMCID: PMC8827382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.761080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The key tumor suppressor protein p53, additionally known as p53, represents an attractive target for the development and management of anti-cancer therapies. p53 has been implicated as a tumor suppressor protein that has multiple aspects of biological function comprising energy metabolism, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, growth and differentiation, senescence, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cancer biology. Autophagy, a cellular self-defense system, is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process involved in various physiological processes that maintain cellular homeostasis. Numerous studies have found that p53 modulates autophagy, although the relationship between p53 and autophagy is relatively complex and not well understood. Recently, several experimental studies have been reported that p53 can act both an inhibitor and an activator of autophagy which depend on its cellular localization as well as its mode of action. Emerging evidences have been suggested that the dual role of p53 which suppresses and stimulates autophagy in various cencer cells. It has been found that p53 suppression and activation are important to modulate autophagy for tumor promotion and cancer treatment. On the other hand, activation of autophagy by p53 has been recommended as a protective function of p53. Therefore, elucidation of the new functions of p53 and autophagy could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches in cancer biology. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of p53 and autophagy shows reciprocal functional interaction that is a major importance for cancer treatment and manegement. Additionally, several synthetic drugs and phytochemicals have been targeted to modulate p53 signaling via regulation of autophagy pathway in cancer cells. This review emphasizes the current perspectives and the role of p53 as the main regulator of autophagy-mediated novel therapeutic approaches against cancer treatment and managements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Global Biotechnology & Biomedical Research Network (GBBRN), Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Md Ataur Rahman, ; Bonglee Kim,
| | - Moon Nyeo Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - MD Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mamunur Rashid
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Rokibul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Md Jamal Uddin
- ABEx Bio-Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Md Abdul Hannan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Md Ataur Rahman, ; Bonglee Kim,
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4
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Li X, Lin G, Liu T, Zhao N, Xu H, Wang H, Zheng W. Postnatal development of BAG3 expression in mouse cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2629-2650. [PMID: 34357438 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The decreased efficiency of autophagic processing in the central nervous system during aging may be a contributing factor in neurodegenerative diseases. BAG3 (Bcl2 associated athanogene 3) is a major member of the BAG family of co-molecular chaperones that mediate selective macroautophagy. Therefore, we analyzed the expression and distribution of BAG3 in the brain at postnatal 0 day (P0), P15, 1-, 2-, 9-, 12-, and 18 month-old C57BL/6 mice, thus covering almost all ages. Except for a significant steep drop in mRNA and protein levels in the cortex and hippocampus soon after birth, there were minimal differences in the expression and distribution of BAG3 among P15, M1, M2, M9, and M12 mice; however, at 18 months, BAG3 expression was significantly higher. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that BAG3 is mainly located in the neuronal cytoplasm and processes in C57BL/6 the cerebral cortex and hippocampus from P0 to M18 postnatal development. These findings indicate that BAG3 might be stable in young and middle-aged mice, but unstable in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Geng Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Tongtong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shengjing Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - He Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518052, China
| | - Huaqin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
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5
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Wang K, Zheng J. Knockdown of BAG3 synergizes with olaparib to kill ovarian cancer cells via repressing autophagy. J Investig Med 2020; 69:jim-2020-001602. [PMID: 33361105 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at expounding the synergistic effect of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) knockdown and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor on ovarian cancer (OC) cells and the potential mechanism. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting BAG3 (sh-BAG3) was transfected into SK-OV-3 (SKOV-3 ;SKOV3) and A2780 cells, and western blot assay was used to detect transfection efficiency. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by the cell counting kit-8 method, 5-Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) experiment and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. The expressions of apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2, as well as the expressions of autophagy-related proteins LC3-I, LC3-II and Beclin-1, were examined by western blot assay. Additionally, the cells were treated with autophagy activator rapamycin to investigate whether the tumor-suppressive function of BAG3 knockdown+PARP inhibitor was dependent on autophagy. In this work, we demonstrated that BAG3 knockdown further sensitized OC cells to olaparib treatment, reducing cellular viability and promoting apoptosis. Both sh-BAG3 and olaparib decreased the expression of Beclin-1 and the LC3-Ⅱ:LC3-I ratio, and their synergism further inhibited the process of autophagy. However, the aforementionede effects were reversed after the cells were treated with rapamycin. Based on these results, we concluded that BAG3 knockdown synergizes with olaparib to kill OC cells in vitro by repressing autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianhua Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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6
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BAG3 Proteomic Signature under Proteostasis Stress. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112416. [PMID: 33158300 PMCID: PMC7694386 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional HSP70 co-chaperone BAG3 (BCL-2-associated athanogene 3) represents a key player in the quality control of the cellular proteostasis network. In response to stress, BAG3 specifically targets aggregation-prone proteins to the perinuclear aggresome and promotes their degradation via BAG3-mediated selective macroautophagy. To adapt cellular homeostasis to stress, BAG3 modulates and functions in various cellular processes and signaling pathways. Noteworthy, dysfunction and deregulation of BAG3 and its pathway are pathophysiologically linked to myopathies, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we report a BAG3 proteomic signature under proteostasis stress. To elucidate the dynamic and multifunctional action of BAG3 in response to stress, we established BAG3 interactomes under basal and proteostasis stress conditions by employing affinity purification combined with quantitative mass spectrometry. In addition to the identification of novel potential BAG3 interactors, we defined proteins whose interaction with BAG3 was altered upon stress. By functional annotation and protein-protein interaction enrichment analysis of the identified potential BAG3 interactors, we confirmed the multifunctionality of BAG3 and highlighted its crucial role in diverse cellular signaling pathways and processes, ensuring cellular proteostasis and cell viability. These include protein folding and degradation, gene expression, cytoskeleton dynamics (including cell cycle and transport), as well as granulostasis, in particular.
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7
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Ozgun GS, Ozgun E. The cytotoxic concentration of rosmarinic acid increases MG132-induced cytotoxicity, proteasome inhibition, autophagy, cellular stresses, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:514-523. [PMID: 31876192 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119896614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural polyphenolic compound derived from many common herbal plants. Although it is known that RA has many important biological activities, its effect on proteasome inhibitor-induced changes in cancer treatment or its effects on any experimental proteasome inhibition model is unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of RA on MG132-induced cytotoxicity, proteasome inhibition, autophagy, cellular stresses, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells were treated with 10, 100, and 1000 µM RA in the presence of MG132 for 24 h; 10 and 100 µM RA did not affect but 1000 µM RA decreased cell viability in HepG2 cells. MG132 caused a significant decrease in cell viability and phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin and a significant increase in levels of polyubiquitinated protein, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II), heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), protein carbonyl, and cleaved poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1); 10 and 100 µM RA did not significantly change these effects of MG132 in HepG2 cells; 1000 µM RA caused a significant decrease in cell viability and a significant increase in polyubiquitinated protein, LC3B-II, HSP70, BiP, ATF4, protein carbonyl, and cleaved PARP1 levels in MG132-treated cells. Our study showed that only 1000 µM RA increased MG132-induced cytotoxicity, proteasome inhibition, autophagy, cellular stresses, and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. According to our results, cytotoxic concentration of RA can potentiate the effects of MG132 in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Ozgun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
| | - E Ozgun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey
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8
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Liu DM, Yang D, Zhou CY, Wu JS, Zhang GL, Wang P, Wang F, Meng XL. Aloe-emodin induces hepatotoxicity by the inhibition of multidrug resistance protein 2. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 68:153148. [PMID: 32028185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.153148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aloe-emodin (AE) is among the primary bioactive anthraquinones present in traditional Chinese medicinal plants such as Rheum palmatum L. Multidrug resistance protein 2 (ABCC2/ MRP2) is an important efflux transporter of substances associated with cellular oxidative stress. However, the effects of traditional Chinese medicine on this protein remain unclear. PURPOSE The aim of this research is to study the role of ABCC2 in AE-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS The expression of ABCC2 protein and mRNA levels were analyzed by Western-Blotting and qRT-PCR, respectively. The intracellular oxidative stress caused by AE was evaluated by quantifying the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, malondialdehyde, glutathione reduced and oxidized glutathione. The levels of adenosine triphosphate, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial DNA were explored to evaluate the effects of AE on mitochondrial function. The effects of AE on cell apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by flow cytometry. To further clarify the key role of ABCC2 in AE induced cytotoxicity, we used pCI-neo-ABCC2 plasmid to over express ABCC2 protein, and small interfering RNA was used to knockdown ABCC2 in HepG2 cells. Additionally, we investigated the impact of AE on ABCC2 degradation pathway and the hepatotoxic effects of AE in mice. RESULTS AE was found to inhibit ABCC2 transport activity, downregulate ABCC2 expression and altered intracellular redox balance. Induction of oxidative stress resulted in depletion of intracellular glutathione reduced, mitochondria dysfunction and activation of apoptosis. ABCC2 overexpression significantly reduced AE-induced intracellular oxidative stress and cell death, which was enhanced by ABCC2 knockdown. Furthermore, AE was observed to promote ABCC2 degradation through induction of autophagy and hepatotoxicity was induced in mice by promoting ABCC2 degradation. CONCLUSIONS The inhibition of ABCC2 is a novel effect of AE that triggers oxidative stress and apoptosis. These findings are helpful in understanding the toxicological effects of AE-containing medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Ming Liu
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China; Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
| | - Dong Yang
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China
| | - Chun-Yan Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400011, China
| | - Jia-Si Wu
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China
| | - Guo-Lin Zhang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Wang
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Natural Products Research, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xian-Li Meng
- College Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610037, China.
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9
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McDermott-Roe C, Lv W, Maximova T, Wada S, Bukowy J, Marquez M, Lai S, Shehu A, Benjamin I, Geurts A, Musunuru K. Investigation of a dilated cardiomyopathy-associated variant in BAG3 using genome-edited iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. JCI Insight 2019; 4:128799. [PMID: 31723063 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.128799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in B cell lymphoma 2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) are recurrently associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and muscular dystrophy. Using isogenic genome-edited human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs), we examined how a DCM-causing BAG3 mutation (R477H), as well as complete loss of BAG3 (KO), impacts myofibrillar organization and chaperone networks. Although unchanged at baseline, fiber length and alignment declined markedly in R477H and KO iPSC-CMs following proteasome inhibition. RNA sequencing revealed extensive baseline changes in chaperone- and stress response protein-encoding genes, and protein levels of key BAG3 binding partners were perturbed. Molecular dynamics simulations of the BAG3-HSC70 complex predicted a partial disengagement by the R477H mutation. In line with this, BAG3-R477H bound less HSC70 than BAG3-WT in coimmunoprecipitation assays. Finally, myofibrillar disarray triggered by proteasome inhibition in R477H cells was mitigated by overexpression of the stress response protein heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). These studies reveal the importance of BAG3 in coordinating protein quality control subsystem usage within the cardiomyocyte and suggest that augmenting HSF1 activity might be beneficial as a means to mitigate proteostatic stress in the context of BAG3-associated DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris McDermott-Roe
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wenjian Lv
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tania Maximova
- Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Shogo Wada
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Bukowy
- Cardiovascular Center & Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Maribel Marquez
- Cardiovascular Center & Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Shuping Lai
- Cardiovascular Center & Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amarda Shehu
- Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
| | - Ivor Benjamin
- Cardiovascular Center & Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aron Geurts
- Cardiovascular Center & Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kiran Musunuru
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Mohseni Ahooyi T, Torkzaban B, Shekarabi M, Tahrir FG, Decoppet EA, Cotto B, Langford D, Amini S, Khalili K. Perturbation of synapsins homeostasis through HIV-1 Tat-mediated suppression of BAG3 in primary neuronal cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:473. [PMID: 31209204 PMCID: PMC6572798 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat is known to be released by HIV infected non-neuronal cells in the brain, and after entering neurons, compromises brain homeostasis by impairing pro-survival pathways, thus contributing to the development of HIV-associated CNS disorders commonly observed in individuals living with HIV. Here, we demonstrate that synapsins, phosphoproteins that are predominantly expressed in neuronal cells and play a vital role in modulating neurotransmitter release at the pre-synaptic terminal, and neuronal differentiation become targets for Tat through autophagy and protein quality control pathways. We demonstrate that the presence of Tat in neurons results in downregulation of BAG3, a co-chaperone for heat shock proteins (Hsp70/Hsc70) that is implicated in protein quality control (PQC) processes by eliminating mis-folded and damaged proteins, and selective macroautophagy. Our results show that treatment of cells with Tat or suppression of BAG3 expression by siRNA in neuronal cells disturbs subcellular distribution of synapsins and synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) leading to their accumulation in the neuronal soma and along axons in a punctate pattern, rather than being properly distributed at axon-terminals. Further, our results revealed that synapsins partially lost their stability and their removal via lysosomal autophagy was noticeably impaired in cells with low levels of BAG3. The observed impairment of lysosomal autophagy, under this condition, is likely caused by cells losing their ability to process LC3-I to LC3-II, in part due to a decrease in the ATG5 levels upon BAG3 knockdown. These observations ascribe a new function for BAG3 in controlling synaptic communications and illuminate a new downstream target for Tat to elicit its pathogenic effect in impacting neuronal cell function and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Bahareh Torkzaban
- Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Masoud Shekarabi
- Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Farzaneh G Tahrir
- Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Emilie A Decoppet
- Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Bianca Cotto
- Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Proteasomal Inhibition Redirects the PrP-Like Shadoo Protein to the Nucleus. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7888-7904. [PMID: 31129810 PMCID: PMC6815274 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Shadoo protein (Sho) exhibits homology to the hydrophobic region of the cellular isoform of prion protein (PrPC). As prion-infected brains gradually accumulate infectivity-associated isoforms of prion protein (PrPSc), levels of mature endogenous Sho become reduced. To study the regulatory effect of the proteostatic network on Sho expression, we investigated the action of lactacystin, MG132, NH4Cl, and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) in two cell culture models. In primary mixed neuronal and glial cell cultures (MNGCs) from transgenic mice expressing wild-type Sho from the PrP gene promoter (Tg.Sprn mice), lactacystin- and MG132-mediated inhibition of proteasomal activity shifted the repertoire of Sho species towards unglycosylated forms appearing in the nuclei; conversely, the autophagic modulators NH4Cl and 3-MA did not affect Sho or PrPC glycosylation patterns. Mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells expressing Sho under control of a housekeeping gene promoter treated with MG132 or lactacystin also showed increased nuclear localization of unglycosylated Sho. As two proteasomal inhibitors tested in two cell paradigms caused redirection of Sho to nuclei at the expense of processing through the secretory pathway, our findings define a balanced shift in subcellular localization that thereby differs from the decreases in net Sho species seen in prion-infected brains. Our data are indicative of a physiological pathway to access Sho functions in the nucleus under conditions of impaired proteasomal activity. We also infer that these conditions would comprise a context wherein Sho’s N-terminal nucleic acid–binding RGG repeat region is brought into play.
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12
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Zhao S, Wang JM, Yan J, Zhang DL, Liu BQ, Jiang JY, Li C, Li S, Meng XN, Wang HQ. BAG3 promotes autophagy and glutaminolysis via stabilizing glutaminase. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:284. [PMID: 30910998 PMCID: PMC6433946 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is an important molecule that maintains oncogenic features of cancer cells via diverse mechanisms. One of the important functions assigned to BAG3 is implicated in selective macroautophagy/autophagy, which attracts much attention recently. However, the mechanism underlying regulation of autophagy by BAG3 has not been well defined. Here, we describe that BAG3 enhances autophagy via promotion of glutamine consumption and glutaminolysis. Glutaminolysis initiates with deamination of glutamine by glutaminase (GLS), by which yields glutamate and ammonia in mitochondria. The current study demonstrates that BAG3 stabilizes GLS via prohibition its interaction with SIRT5, thereby hindering its desuccinylation at Lys158 and Lys164 sites. As an underlying molecular mechanism, we demonstrate that BAG3 interacts with GLS and decreases SIRT5 expression. The current study also demonstrates that occupation by succinyl at Lys158 and Lys164 sites prohibits its Lys48-linked ubiquitination, thereby preventing its subsequent proteasomal degradation. Collectively, the current study demonstrates that BAG3 enhances autophagy via stabilizing GLS and promoting glutaminolysis. For the first time, this study reports that succinylation competes with ubiquitination to regulate proteasomal GLS degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121001, China
| | - Jia-Mei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Da-Lin Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Bao-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Jing-Yi Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Si Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Xiao-Na Meng
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China
| | - Hua-Qin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China. .,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110026, China.
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13
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Potential role of autophagy in proteolysis in Trichomonas vaginalis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2018; 52:336-344. [PMID: 30503389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of several protists, offering prospects for the developments of new drugs targeting autophagy. However, there is no evidence illustrating functional autophagy in the deep-branching trichomonads. The human parasitic protist Trichomonas vaginalis has been predicted to possess reduced autophagic machinery, with only autophagy-related protein 8 (Atg8) conjugation system required for autophagosome formation. METHODS The recombinant protein of TvAtg8 (rTvAtg8) and the polyclonal antibody against rTvAtg8 were generated. The expression and localization of TvAtg8 was monitored upon autophagy induction by glucose restriction (GR) compared with glucose-rich cultivation. The role of TvAtg8 in proteolysis was clarified. RESULTS Here, we report that T. vaginalis Atg8 (TvAtg8) is upregulated and conjugated to autophagosome-like vesicles upon autophagy induction by GR. Moreover, we investigate, for the first time, the role of autophagy in T. vaginalis. Proteasome inhibition (PI)-induced autophagy compensates for the removal of polyubiquitinated proteins under glucose-rich condition. GR-induced autophagy is a major proteolytic system in T. vaginalis. These results suggest that autophagy is vital for proteolysis in T. vaginalis with an impaired ubiquitin-proteasome system or under glucose-limited environment. CONCLUSION Our findings unveiled previously unidentified functions of autophagy in proteostasis in trichomonads, advancing our understanding of this highly conserved process in the ancient eukaryote.
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14
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Tahrir FG, Langford D, Amini S, Mohseni Ahooyi T, Khalili K. Mitochondrial quality control in cardiac cells: Mechanisms and role in cardiac cell injury and disease. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8122-8133. [PMID: 30417391 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an important role in maintaining cardiac homeostasis by supplying the major energy required for cardiac excitation-contraction coupling as well as controlling the key intracellular survival and death pathways. Healthy mitochondria generate ATP molecules through an aerobic process known as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial injury during myocardial infarction (MI) impairs OXPHOS and results in the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), bioenergetic insufficiency, and contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, mitochondrial biogenesis along with proper mitochondrial quality control machinery, which removes unhealthy mitochondria is pivotal for mitochondrial homeostasis and cardiac health. Upon damage to the mitochondrial network, mitochondrial quality control components are recruited to segregate the unhealthy mitochondria and target aberrant mitochondrial proteins for degradation and elimination. Impairment of mitochondrial quality control and accumulation of abnormal mitochondria have been reported in the pathogenesis of various cardiac disorders and heart failure. Here, we provide an overview of the recent studies describing various mechanistic pathways underlying mitochondrial homeostasis with the main focus on cardiac cells. In addition, this review demonstrates the potential effects of mitochondrial quality control dysregulation in the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh G Tahrir
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shohreh Amini
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Taha Mohseni Ahooyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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15
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Sannino S, Guerriero CJ, Sabnis AJ, Stolz DB, Wallace CT, Wipf P, Watkins SC, Bivona TG, Brodsky JL. Compensatory increases of select proteostasis networks after Hsp70 inhibition in cancer cells. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs217760. [PMID: 30131440 PMCID: PMC6140321 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.217760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells thrive when challenged with proteotoxic stress by inducing components of the protein folding, proteasome, autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways. Consequently, specific molecular chaperones have been validated as targets for anti-cancer therapies. For example, inhibition of Hsp70 family proteins (hereafter Hsp70) in rhabdomyosarcoma triggers UPR induction and apoptosis. To define how these cancer cells respond to compromised proteostasis, we compared rhabdomyosarcoma cells that were sensitive (RMS13) or resistant (RMS13-R) to the Hsp70 inhibitor MAL3-101. We discovered that endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy were activated in RMS13-R cells, suggesting that resistant cells overcome Hsp70 ablation by increasing misfolded protein degradation. Indeed, RMS13-R cells degraded ERAD substrates more rapidly than RMS cells and induced the autophagy pathway. Surprisingly, inhibition of the proteasome or ERAD had no effect on RMS13-R cell survival, but silencing of select autophagy components or treatment with autophagy inhibitors restored MAL3-101 sensitivity and led to apoptosis. These data indicate a route through which cancer cells overcome a chaperone-based therapy, define how cells can adapt to Hsp70 inhibition, and demonstrate the value of combined chaperone and autophagy-based therapies.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sannino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | | | - Amit J Sabnis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donna Beer Stolz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Callen T Wallace
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Brodsky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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16
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Li N, Chen M, Cao Y, Li H, Zhao J, Zhai Z, Ren F, Li K. Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3(BAG3) is associated with tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:793. [PMID: 30081850 PMCID: PMC6080525 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRC is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Elevated levels of BAG3 have been reported in various tumors. The present study aimed to explore the expression and function of BAG3 in CRC. METHODS BAG3 protein expression was evaluated in 90 CRC specimens using immunohistochemistry in tissue microarrays, and the correlation between BAG3 expression and the clinicopathological features were assessed. In HCT116 cells BAG3 overexpression cell models were constructed, and CRISPR/Cas9 was used for BAG3 knockout. Western blotting and quantitative real-time PCR were used to determine BAG3 expression in HCT-116 Cells. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were analyzed by cell counting, colony formation assay, EdU cell proliferation assay, RTCA growth curve assays, wound-healing migration assay and transwell invasion assay. The influence of BAG3 expression level on chemoresistance in HCT-116 cells was examined. Gene expression microarray and IPA analyses were employed to explore signaling pathways associated with the control of BAG3. RESULTS Using immunohistochemistry, this study found that BAG3 was markedly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues and that BAG3 levels were significantly associated with tumor size and gender. BAG3 overexpression promoted HCT-116 cell growth, migration and invasion in vitro. In contrast, BAG3 knockout inhibited HCT-116 cell growth, migration and invasion. HCT-116 cells with high expression of BAG3 had higher cell viability and lower apoptosis rate than control cells after treatment with 5-FU, while the BAG3 knockout group demonstrated the opposite effects. So BAG3 expression level was associated with chemoresistance to 5-FU in HCT-116 cells. Gene expression microarrays and bioinformatics analyses of HCT-116 cells with BAG3 knockout demonstrated the involvement of BAG3 in signaling pathways associated with the control of cell proliferation, migration, invasion and chemoresistance in CRC. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study provided evidence that BAG3 has a relevant role in CRC biology, and defined potential molecular pathways and networks. So BAG3 may be considered as a potential therapeutic target for anti-tumor therapy in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China.,Department of Biological Anthropology Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Minghong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Yansha Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- The Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis and Microenvironment, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhai
- The Laboratory of Tumor Angiogenesis and Microenvironment, The First Hospital Affiliated to Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China.,Department of Oncology, Cancer Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Fu Ren
- Department of Biological Anthropology Institute, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, Liaoning, China
| | - Keyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou Medical University, No. 2, Section 5, Renmin Road, Ling he District, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121000, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Roperto S, Russo V, Rosati A, Ceccarelli DM, Munday JS, Turco MC, Roperto F. Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy in healthy and papillomavirus-associated neoplastic urothelium of cattle. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:134-142. [PMID: 29981700 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) is a newly-described selective tension-induced macroautophagy pathway mediated by Bag3 that is believed to be essential for mechanotransduction in skeletal muscle and to be an important regulator of the immune system. We investigated CASA machinery both in healthy and in fifteen papillomavirus-associated neoplastic bovine urothelium. The components of CASA complex, that comprises the molecular chaperones HspA8/Hsc70 and Hsp8B/Hsp22 and the cochaperones Bag3 and STUB1/CHIP, were studied by molecular, microscopic and submicroscopic investigations. CASA complex was found to be constitutively expressed in healthy bovine urothelium; its expression increased in urothelial cancers of cattle, namely thirteen papillary carcinomas and two papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMPs). We suggest that basal levels of CASA are important in the healthy urothelium which interfaces with the community of urinary microbiota thus representing an important epithelial cell-autonomous mechanism of antibacterial defense. Co-immunoprecipitation studies using an antibody against bovine papillomavirus E5 protein revealed that the oncoprotein co-localized with CASA complex in urothelial cancer cells. This suggests that infection by BPV E5 could influence cell behaviour by interfering with basal autophagy processes although this study did not conclusively show that this interaction increased the expression of CASA proteins. In neoplastic urothelium, CASA could be involved in regulating fundamental cellular processes such adhesion, migration, and proliferation and so might influence the biological behaviour of urothelial tumors in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sante Roperto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Valeria Russo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rosati
- Dipartimento di Medicina Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Schola Medica Salernitana, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Dora M Ceccarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - John S Munday
- Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Maria C Turco
- Dipartimento di Medicina Chirurgia ed Odontoiatria, Schola Medica Salernitana, Università di Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Franco Roperto
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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18
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Kalathil D, Prasad M, Chelladurai M, John S, Nair AS. Thiostrepton degrades mutant p53 by eliciting an autophagic response in SW480 cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6938-6950. [PMID: 29665004 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in p53 gene are one of the hallmarks of tumor development. Specific targeting of mutant p53 protein has a promising role in cancer therapeutics. Our preliminary observation showed destabilization of mutant p53 protein in SW480, MiaPaCa and MDAMB231 cell lines upon thiostrepton treatment. In order to elucidate the mechanism of thiostrepton triggered mutant p53 degradation, we explored the impact of proteasome inhibition on activation of autophagy. Combined treatment of thiostrepton and cycloheximide/chloroquine prevented the degradation of mutant p53 protein, reinforcing autophagy as the means of mutant p53 destabilization. Our initial studies suggested that mutant p53 degradation post THSP treatment was carried out by BAG3 mediated autophagy, based on the evidence of BAG1 to BAG3 switching. Subsequent interactome analysis performed post thiostrepton treatment revealed an association of p53 with autophagosome complex associated proteins such as BAG3, p62 and HSC70. Reaccumulation of p53 was seen in BAG3 silenced cells treated with thiostrepton, thereby confirming the role of BAG3 in destabilization of this molecule. Further, localization of p53 into the lysosome upon THSP treatment substantiated our findings that mutant p53 was degraded by an autopahgic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Kalathil
- Cancer Research Program-4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Manu Prasad
- Cancer Research Program-4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Maharrish Chelladurai
- Cancer Research Program-4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Samu John
- Cancer Research Program-4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Asha S Nair
- Cancer Research Program-4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, India
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19
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Fu Y, Chang Y, Chen S, Li Y, Chen Y, Sun G, Yu S, Ye N, Li C, Sun Y. BAG3 promotes the phenotypic transformation of primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells via TRAIL. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2917-2926. [PMID: 29484366 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Under normal physiological condition, the mature vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) show differentiated phenotype. In response to various environmental stimuluses, VSMCs convert from the differentiated phenotype to dedifferentiated phenotype characterized by the increased ability of proliferation/migration and the reduction of contractile ability. The phenotypic transformation of VSMCs played an important role in atherosclerosis. Both Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) and tumor necrosis factor-related apopt-osis inducing ligand (TRAIL) involved in apoptosis. The relationship between BAG3 and TRAIL and their effects the proliferation and migration in VSMCs are rarely reported. This study investigated the effects of BAG3 on the phenotypic modulation and the potential underlying mechanisms in primary rat VSMCs. Primary rat VSMCs were extracted and cultured in vitro. Cell proliferation was detected by cell counting, real-time cell analyzer (RTCA) and EdU incorporation. Cell migration was detected by wound healing, Transwell and RTCA. BAG3 and TRAIL were detected using real-time PCR and western blotting and the secreted proteins in the cultured media by dot blot. The expression of BAG3 increased with continued passages in cultured primary VSMCs. BAG3 promoted the proliferation and migration of primary rat VSMC in a time-dependent manner. BAG3 significantly increased the expression of TRAIL while had no effects on its receptors. TRAIL knockdown or blocking by neutralizing antibody inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs induced by BAG3. TRAIL knockdown exerted no obvious influence on the migration of VSMCs. Based on this study, we report for the first time that BAG3 was expressed in cultured primary rat VSMCs and the expression of BAG3 increased with continued passages. Furthermore, BAG3 promoted the proliferation of VSMCs via increasing the expression of TRAIL. In addition, we also demonstrated that BAG3 promoted the migration of VSMCs independent of TRAIL upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Shenjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Ye Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yintao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shasha Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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20
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Jennewein L, Ronellenfitsch MW, Antonietti P, Ilina EI, Jung J, Stadel D, Flohr LM, Zinke J, von Renesse J, Drott U, Baumgarten P, Braczynski AK, Penski C, Burger MC, Theurillat JP, Steinbach JP, Plate KH, Dikic I, Fulda S, Brandts C, Kögel D, Behrends C, Harter PN, Mittelbronn M. Diagnostic and clinical relevance of the autophago-lysosomal network in human gliomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:20016-32. [PMID: 26956048 PMCID: PMC4991435 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, the conserved intracellular digestion mechanism ‘autophagy’ has been considered to be involved in early tumorigenesis and its blockade proposed as an alternative treatment approach. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether blocking autophagy has positive or negative effects in tumor cells. Since there is only poor data about the clinico-pathological relevance of autophagy in gliomas in vivo, we first established a cell culture based platform for the in vivo detection of the autophago-lysosomal components. We then investigated key autophagosomal (LC3B, p62, BAG3, Beclin1) and lysosomal (CTSB, LAMP2) molecules in 350 gliomas using immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and qPCR. Autophagy was induced pharmacologically or by altering oxygen and nutrient levels. Our results show that autophagy is enhanced in astrocytomas as compared to normal CNS tissue, but largely independent from the WHO grade and patient survival. A strong upregulation of LC3B, p62, LAMP2 and CTSB was detected in perinecrotic areas in glioblastomas suggesting micro-environmental changes as a driver of autophagy induction in gliomas. Furthermore, glucose restriction induced autophagy in a concentration-dependent manner while hypoxia or amino acid starvation had considerably lesser effects. Apoptosis and autophagy were separately induced in glioma cells both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our findings indicate that autophagy in gliomas is rather driven by micro-environmental changes than by primary glioma-intrinsic features thus challenging the concept of exploitation of the autophago-lysosomal network (ALN) as a treatment approach in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Jennewein
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael W Ronellenfitsch
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Antonietti
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elena I Ilina
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniela Stadel
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lisa-Marie Flohr
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Janusz von Renesse
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ulrich Drott
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anne K Braczynski
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cornelia Penski
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael C Burger
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Joachim P Steinbach
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Plate
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ivan Dikic
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Brandts
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Experimental Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Behrends
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Lewis y antigen promotes p27 degradation by regulating ubiquitin-proteasome activity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:110064-110076. [PMID: 29299130 PMCID: PMC5746365 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
As a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen, elevated expression of Lewis y promotes the malignant behaviors of tumor cells. Although our preliminary study showed that the increased expression of Lewis y antigen decreased the expression of cell cycle inhibitor protein p27, the relevant mechanism remains unclear. Autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system are two main ways of intracellular protein degradation, whose abnormal activities are closely associated with progression of malignant tumors. In our present study, we constructed two stable transfected cell lines with high expression of Lewis y antigen, named CAOV3-FUT1 and SKOV3-FUT1. We showed that the proportion of cells at S phase was significantly increased after FUT1 transfection, whereas p27 protein was obviously decreased. The autophagy activity, the levels of ubiquitination, and chymotrypsin-like protease activity were increased remarkably in the transfected cells. Interestingly, Lewis y antigen promoted the degradation of p27 by increasing ubiquitin-proteasome activity. In the vivo studies, Lewis y antigen improved the tumorigenic ability of ovarian cancer cells in nude mice and reduced the expression of p27. These findings suggested that Lewis y antigen activated both the autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome activity and promoted the degradation of p27 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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22
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Hirt J, Liton PB. Autophagy and mechanotransduction in outflow pathway cells. Exp Eye Res 2017; 158:146-153. [PMID: 27373974 PMCID: PMC5199638 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Because of elevations in IOP and other forces, cells in the trabecular meshwork (TM) are constantly subjected to mechanical strain. In order to preserve cellular function and regain homeostasis, cells must sense and adapt to these morphological changes. We and others have already shown that mechanical stress can trigger a broad range of responses in TM cells; however, very little is known about the strategies that TM cells use to respond to this stress, so they can adapt and survive. Autophagy, a lysosomal degradation pathway, has emerged as an important cellular homeostatic mechanism promoting cell survival and adaptation to a number of cytotoxic stresses. Our laboratory has reported the activation of autophagy in TM cells in response to static biaxial strain and high pressure. Moreover, our newest data also suggest the activation of chaperon-assisted selective autophagy, a recently identified tension-induced autophagy essential for mechanotransduction, in TM cells under cyclic mechanical stress. In this review manuscript we will discuss autophagy as part of an integrated response triggered in TM cells in response to strain, exerting a dual role in repair and mechanotransduction, and the potential effects of dysregulated in outflow pathway pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hirt
- Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paloma B Liton
- Duke University, Department of Ophthalmology, Durham, NC, USA.
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23
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Li C, Chang Y, Li Y, Chen S, Chen Y, Ye N, Dai D, Sun Y. Advanced glycation end products promote the proliferation and migration of primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells via the upregulation of BAG3. Int J Mol Med 2017; 39:1242-1254. [PMID: 28350077 PMCID: PMC5403185 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on advanced glycation end product (AGE)-induced proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and whether Bcl-2‑associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) is involved in the process. Primary rat VSMCs were extracted and cultured in vitro. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay and cell proliferation was detected by EdU incorporation assay. Cell migration was detected by wound healing and Transwell assays. BAG3 was detected using qPCR and western blot analysis. Transcriptional and translational inhibitors (actinomycin D and cycloheximide, respectively) were used to study the effect of AGEs on the expression of BAG3 in VSMCs. Lentiviral plasmids containing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against rat BAG3 or control shRNA were transduced into VSMCs. Cellular ROS were detected by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRE) staining. AGEs significantly increased the expression of BAG3 in a dose-and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, AGEs mainly increased the expression of BAG3 mRNA by increasing the RNA synthesis rather than inhibiting the RNA translation. BAG3 knockdown reduced the proliferation and migration of VSMCs induced by AGEs. BAG3 knockdown reduced the generation of ROS and sustained the mitochondrial membrane potential of VSMCs. Reduction of ROS production by N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a potent antioxidant, also reduced the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. On the whole, the present study demonstrated for the first time that AGEs could increase ROS production and promote the proliferation and migration of VSMCs by upregulating BAG3 expression. This study indicated that BAG3 should be considered as a potential target for the prevention and/or treatment of vascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunshu Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ye Chang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yintao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ning Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Dongxue Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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24
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Sok SPM, Arshad NM, Azmi MN, Awang K, Ozpolat B, Hasima Nagoor N. The apoptotic effect of 1'S-1'-Acetoxychavicol Acetate (ACA) enhanced by inhibition of non-canonical autophagy in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171329. [PMID: 28158287 PMCID: PMC5291426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a role in deciding the fate of cells by inducing either survival or death. 1’S-1-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA) is a phenylpropanoid isolated from rhizomes of Alpinia conchigera and has been reported previously on its apoptotic effects on various cancers. However, the effect of ACA on autophagy remains ambiguous. The aims of this study were to investigate the autophagy-inducing ability of ACA in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and to determine its role as pro-survival or pro-death mechanism. Cell viability assay was conducted using MTT. The effect of autophagy was assessed by acridine orange staining, GFP-LC3 punctate formation assay, and protein level were analysed using western blot. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining was performed to detect percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis by using flow cytometry. ACA inhibits the cell viability and induced formation of cytoplasmic vacuoles in NSCLC cells. Acidic vesicular organelles and GFP-LC3 punctate formation were increased in response to ACA exposure in A549 and SK-LU-1 cell lines; implying occurrence of autophagy. In western blot, accumulation of LC3-II accompanied by degradation of p62 was observed, which further confirmed the full flux of autophagy induction by ACA. The reduction of Beclin-1 upon ACA treatment indicated the Beclin-1-independent autophagy pathway. An early autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyaldenine (3-MA), failed to suppress the autophagy triggered by ACA; validating the existence of Beclin-1-independent autophagy. Silencing of LC3-II using short interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the autophagy effects, enhancing the cytotoxicity of ACA through apoptosis. This proposed ACA triggered a pro-survival autophagy in NSCLC cells. Consistently, co-treatment with lysosomal inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ), exerted a synergistic effect resulting in apoptosis. Our findings suggested ACA induced pro-survival autophagy through Beclin-1-independent pathway in NSCLC. Hence, targeting autophagy pathway using autophagy inhibitor such as CQ represented a novel promising approach to potentiate the cytotoxicity of ACA through apoptosis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia P. M. Sok
- Institute of Biological Sciences (Genetics and Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norhafiza M. Arshad
- Institute of Biological Sciences (Genetics and Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Nurul Azmi
- Centre of Natural Product Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khalijah Awang
- Centre of Natural Product Research and Drug Discovery (CENAR), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Bulent Ozpolat
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noor Hasima Nagoor
- Institute of Biological Sciences (Genetics and Molecular Biology), Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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25
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Rodríguez AE, López-Crisosto C, Peña-Oyarzún D, Salas D, Parra V, Quiroga C, Morawe T, Chiong M, Behl C, Lavandero S. BAG3 regulates total MAP1LC3B protein levels through a translational but not transcriptional mechanism. Autophagy 2016; 12:287-96. [PMID: 26654586 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1124225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is mainly regulated by post-translational and lipid modifications of ATG proteins. In some scenarios, the induction of autophagy is accompanied by increased levels of certain ATG mRNAs such as MAP1LC3B/LC3B, ATG5 or ATG12. However, little is known about the regulation of ATG protein synthesis at the translational level. The cochaperone of the HSP70 system BAG3 (BCL2-associated athanogene 3) has been associated to LC3B lipidation through an unknown mechanism. In the present work, we studied how BAG3 controls autophagy in HeLa and HEK293 cells. Our results showed that BAG3 regulates the basal amount of total cellular LC3B protein by controlling its mRNA translation. This effect was apparently specific to LC3B because other ATG protein levels were not affected. BAG3 knockdown did not affect LC3B lipidation induced by nutrient deprivation or proteasome inhibition. We concluded that BAG3 maintains the basal amount of LC3B protein by controlling the translation of its mRNA in HeLa and HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Rodríguez
- a Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Camila López-Crisosto
- a Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Daniel Peña-Oyarzún
- a Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Daniela Salas
- a Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Valentina Parra
- a Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Clara Quiroga
- a Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Tobias Morawe
- c Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Mario Chiong
- a Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Christian Behl
- c Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz , Mainz , Germany
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- a Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,b Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell (CEMC), Institute for Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile , Santiago , Chile.,d Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division) , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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26
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Kong DH, Li S, Du ZX, Liu C, Liu BQ, Li C, Zong ZH, Wang HQ. BAG3 elevation inhibits cell proliferation via direct interaction with G6PD in hepatocellular carcinomas. Oncotarget 2016; 7:700-11. [PMID: 26621836 PMCID: PMC4808027 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-2 associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) contains multiple protein-binding motifs to mediate potential interactions with chaperons and/or other proteins, which is possibly ascribed to the multifaceted functions assigned to BAG3. The current study demonstrated that BAG3 directly interacted with glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the rate-limiting enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). BAG3 suppressed the PPP flux, de novo DNA synthesis and cell growth in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). The growth defect of HCCs with forced BAG3 expression can be rescued by enforced G6PD expression. However, BAG3 elevation did not cause a reduction in cellular NADPH concentrations, another main product of G6PD. In addition, supplement of nucleosides alone was sufficient to recover the growth defect mediated by BAG3 elevation. Collectively, the current study established a tumor suppressor-like function of BAG3 via direct interaction with G6PD in HCCs at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hui Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Si Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhen-Xian Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The 1st Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bao-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua-Qin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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27
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Dupont N, Nascimbeni AC, Morel E, Codogno P. Molecular Mechanisms of Noncanonical Autophagy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:1-23. [PMID: 28069131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a lysosomal catabolic process that maintains the homeostasis of eukaryotic cells, tissues, and organisms. Macroautophagy plays important physiological roles during development and aging processes and also contributes to immune responses. The process of macroautophagy is compromised in diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and diabetes. The autophagosome, the double-membrane-bound organelle that sequesters cytoplasmic material to initiate macroautophagy, is formed by the hierarchical recruitment of about 15 autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and associated proteins, such as DFCP1, AMBRA1, the class III phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase VPS34, and p150/VPS15. Evidence suggests that in addition to the canonical pathway, noncanonical pathways that do not require the entire repertoire of ATGs can also result in formation of autophagosomes. Here we will discuss recent discoveries concerning the molecular regulation of these noncanonical forms of macroautophagy and their potential roles in cellular responses to stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dupont
- Institut Necker-Enfant Malades (INEM), INSERM, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A C Nascimbeni
- Institut Necker-Enfant Malades (INEM), INSERM, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - E Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfant Malades (INEM), INSERM, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfant Malades (INEM), INSERM, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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28
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Tahrir FG, Knezevic T, Gupta MK, Gordon J, Cheung JY, Feldman AM, Khalili K. Evidence for the Role of BAG3 in Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cardiomyocytes. J Cell Physiol 2016; 232:797-805. [PMID: 27381181 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities impact the development of myofibrillar myopathies. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria from cells is of great importance toward understanding the molecular events involved in the genesis of cardiomyopathy. Earlier studies have ascribed a role for BAG3 in the development of cardiomyopathy in experimental animals leading to the identification of BAG3 mutations in patients with heart failure which may play a part in the onset of disease development and progression. BAG3 is co-chaperone of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), which has been shown to modulate apoptosis and autophagy, in several cell models. In this study, we explore the potential role of BAG3 in mitochondrial quality control. We demonstrate that siRNA mediated suppression of BAG3 production in neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVCs) significantly elevates the level of Parkin, a key component of mitophagy. We found that both BAG3 and Parkin are recruited to depolarized mitochondria and promote mitophagy. Suppression of BAG3 in NRVCs significantly reduces autophagy flux and eliminates clearance of Tom20, an essential import receptor for mitochondria proteins, after induction of mitophagy. These observations suggest that BAG3 is critical for the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis under stress conditions, and disruptions in BAG3 expression impact cardiomyocyte function. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 797-805, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh G Tahrir
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tijana Knezevic
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Manish K Gupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arthur M Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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29
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Knezevic T, Myers VD, Gordon J, Tilley DG, Sharp TE, Wang J, Khalili K, Cheung JY, Feldman AM. BAG3: a new player in the heart failure paradigm. Heart Fail Rev 2016; 20:423-34. [PMID: 25925243 PMCID: PMC4463985 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-015-9487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BAG3 is a cellular protein that is expressed predominantly in skeletal and cardiac muscle but can also be found in the brain and in the peripheral nervous system. BAG3 functions in the cell include: serving as a co-chaperone with members of the heat-shock protein family of proteins to facilitate the removal of misfolded and degraded proteins, inhibiting apoptosis by interacting with Bcl2 and maintaining the structural integrity of the Z-disk in muscle by binding with CapZ. The importance of BAG3 in the homeostasis of myocytes and its role in the development of heart failure was evidenced by the finding that single allelic mutations in BAG3 were associated with familial dilated cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, significant decreases in the level of BAG3 have been found in end-stage failing human heart and in animal models of heart failure including mice with heart failure secondary to trans-aortic banding and in pigs after myocardial infarction. Thus, it becomes relevant to understand the cellular biology and molecular regulation of BAG3 expression in order to design new therapies for the treatment of patients with both hereditary and non-hereditary forms of dilated cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Knezevic
- />Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Valerie D. Myers
- />Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- />Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Douglas G. Tilley
- />Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Thomas E. Sharp
- />Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - JuFang Wang
- />Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- />Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Joseph Y. Cheung
- />Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Arthur M. Feldman
- />Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
- />Department of Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Suite 1150, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
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30
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Ulbricht A, Gehlert S, Leciejewski B, Schiffer T, Bloch W, Höhfeld J. Induction and adaptation of chaperone-assisted selective autophagy CASA in response to resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle. Autophagy 2016; 11:538-46. [PMID: 25714469 PMCID: PMC4502687 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1017186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA) is a tension-induced degradation pathway essential for muscle maintenance. Impairment of CASA causes childhood muscle dystrophy and cardiomyopathy. However, the importance of CASA for muscle function in healthy individuals has remained elusive so far. Here we describe the impact of strength training on CASA in a group of healthy and moderately trained men. We show that strenuous resistance exercise causes an acute induction of CASA in affected muscles to degrade mechanically damaged cytoskeleton proteins. Moreover, repeated resistance exercise during 4 wk of training led to an increased expression of CASA components. In human skeletal muscle, CASA apparently acts as a central adaptation mechanism that responds to acute physical exercise and to repeated mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ulbricht
- a Institute for Cell Biology; Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn ; Bonn , Germany
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31
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Liu J, Qu CB, Xue YX, Li Z, Wang P, Liu YH. MiR-143 enhances the antitumor activity of shikonin by targeting BAG3 expression in human glioblastoma stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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32
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Liu J, Wang P, Xue YX, Li Z, Qu CB, Liu YH. Enhanced antitumor effect of shikonin by inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via JNK/c-Jun pathway in human glioblastoma stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 466:103-10. [PMID: 26321663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Though previous study demonstrated that shikonin could exert its antitumor activity by inducing apoptosis and necrosis, the pro-survival mechanisms involved in its antitumor process are still little to know. In the present study, for the first time, we found a protective mechanism was simultaneously activated which caused the reduced sensitivity of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) to the cytotoxicity of shikonin. Reduced active caspase-9 expression and enhanced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were intriguingly observed within 24 h treatment by shikonin in GSCs. Further investigation identified that Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS) was involved in its antitumor process, which compromised the cytotoxicity of shikonin toward GSCs. Inhibiting ERS by 4-phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) markedly enhanced the cytotoxicity of shikonin in GSCs. The consistent result was simultaneously observed in the GSCs-xenografted mice. Furthermore, our results identified that JNK/c-Jun pathway was involved in the antitumor process of shikonin, providing a mechanism by which ERS reduced the cytotoxicity of shikonin toward GSCs. Altogether, the novel observation in the present study identified that inhibiting ERS would be an attractive new approach to enhance the therapeutic potency of shikonin toward GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Yi-Xue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China; Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Cheng-Bin Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China
| | - Yun-Hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, PR China.
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33
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Nishikawa Y, Okuzaki D, Fukushima K, Mukai S, Ohno S, Ozaki Y, Yabuta N, Nojima H. Withaferin A Induces Cell Death Selectively in Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells but Not in Normal Fibroblast Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134137. [PMID: 26230090 PMCID: PMC4521694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WA), a major bioactive component of the Indian herb Withania somnifera, induces cell death (apoptosis/necrosis) in multiple types of tumor cells, but the molecular mechanism underlying this cytotoxicity remains elusive. We report here that 2 μM WA induced cell death selectively in androgen-insensitive PC-3 and DU-145 prostate adenocarcinoma cells, whereas its toxicity was less severe in androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate adenocarcinoma cells and normal human fibroblasts (TIG-1 and KD). WA also killed PC-3 cells in spheroid-forming medium. DNA microarray analysis revealed that WA significantly increased mRNA levels of c-Fos and 11 heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in PC-3 and DU-145, but not in LNCaP and TIG-1. Western analysis revealed increased expression of c-Fos and reduced expression of the anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP(L). Expression of HSPs such as HSPA6 and Hsp70 was conspicuously elevated; however, because siRNA-mediated depletion of HSF-1, an HSP-inducing transcription factor, reduced PC-3 cell viability, it is likely that these heat-shock genes were involved in protecting against cell death. Moreover, WA induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PC-3 and DU-145, but not in normal fibroblasts. Immunocytochemistry and immuno-electron microscopy revealed that WA disrupted the vimentin cytoskeleton, possibly inducing the ROS generation, c-Fos expression and c-FLIP(L) suppression. These observations suggest that multiple events followed by disruption of the vimentin cytoskeleton play pivotal roles in WA-mediated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
- DNA-chip Development Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Kohshiro Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Satomi Mukai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Shouichi Ohno
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Ozaki
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
- DNA-chip Development Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3–1 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka, 565–0871, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Estrogen receptor α regulates non-canonical autophagy that provides stress resistance to neuroblastoma and breast cancer cells and involves BAG3 function. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1812. [PMID: 26158518 PMCID: PMC4650728 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and approximately 70% of newly diagnosed breast cancers are estrogen receptor (ER) positive. Out of the two ER types, α and β, ERα is the only ER that is detectable by immunohistochemistry in breast cancer biopsies and is the predominant subtype expressed in breast tumor tissue. ER-positive tumors are currently treated with anti-hormone therapy to inhibit ER signaling. It is well known that breast cancer cells can develop endocrine resistance and resistance to anti-hormone therapy and this can be facilitated via the autophagy pathway, but so far the description of a detailed autophagy expression profile of ER-positive cancer cells is missing. In the present study, we characterized tumor cell lines ectopically expressing ERα or ERβ as well as the breast cancer-derived MCF-7 cell line endogenously expressing ERα but being ERβ negative. We could show that ERα-expressing cells have a higher autophagic activity than cells expressing ERβ and cells lacking ER expression. Additionally, for autophagy-related gene expression we describe an ERα-specific ‘autophagy-footprint' that is fundamentally different to tumor cells expressing ERβ or lacking ER expression. This newly described ERα-mediated and estrogen response element (ERE)-independent non-canonical autophagy pathway, which involves the function of the co-chaperone Bcl2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3), is independent of classical mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) signaling networks and provides stress resistance in our model systems. Altogether, our study uncovers a novel non-canonical autophagy pathway that might be an interesting target for personalized medicine and treatment of ERα-positive breast cancer cells that do not respond to anti-hormone therapy and classical autophagy inhibitors.
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Du F, Li S, Wang T, Zhang HY, Zong ZH, Du ZX, Li DT, Wang HQ, Liu B, Miao JN, Bian XH. Cordyceps sinensis attenuates renal fibrosis and suppresses BAG3 induction in obstructed rat kidney. Am J Transl Res 2015; 7:932-940. [PMID: 26175854 PMCID: PMC4494144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BAG3 regulates a number of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion and migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the role of BAG3 in renal tubular EMT and renal interstitial fibrosis remains elusive. This study aimed to examine the dynamic expression of BAG3 during renal fibrosis, and to investigate the efficacy of Cordyceps sinensis (C. sinensis) on renal fibrosis. A rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) was established, and the expression of BAG3 and α-SMA, and the efficacy of C. sinensis on renal fibrosis induced by UUO were examined. The results showed that UUO led to collagen accumulation, which was significantly suppressed by C. sinensis. UUO increased the expression of BAG3 and α-SMA, a mesenchymal marker, while UUO induced BAG3 and α-SMA expression was significantly inhibited by C. sinensis. In addition, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that BAG3 immunoreactivity was restricted to tubular epithelium. In conclusion, BAG3 is a potential target for the prevention and/or treatment of renal fibrosis, and C. Sinensis is a promising agent for renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Du
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110004, China
| | - Si Li
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zong
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, China
| | - Zhen-Xian Du
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, The 1 Affiliated Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, China
| | - De-Tian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110004, China
| | - Hua-Qin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110004, China
| | - Jia-Ning Miao
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110004, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Bian
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical UniversityShenyang 110004, China
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Merabova N, Sariyer IK, Saribas AS, Knezevic T, Gordon J, Turco MC, Rosati A, Weaver M, Landry J, Khalili K. WW domain of BAG3 is required for the induction of autophagy in glioma cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:831-41. [PMID: 25204229 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved, selective degradation pathway of cellular components that is important for cell homeostasis under healthy and pathologic conditions. Here we demonstrate that an increase in the level of BAG3 results in stimulation of autophagy in glioblastoma cells. BAG3 is a member of a co-chaperone family of proteins that associates with Hsp70 through a conserved BAG domain positioned near the C-terminus of the protein. Expression of BAG3 is induced by a variety of environmental changes that cause stress to cells. Our results show that BAG3 overexpression induces autophagy in glioma cells. Interestingly, inhibition of the proteasome caused an increase in BAG3 levels and induced autophagy. Further analysis using specific siRNA against BAG3 suggests that autophagic activation due to proteosomal inhibition is mediated by BAG3. Analyses of BAG3 domain mutants suggest that the WW domain of BAG3 is crucial for the induction of autophagy. BAG3 overexpression also increased the interaction between Bcl2 and Beclin-1, instead of disrupting them, suggesting that BAG3 induced autophagy is Beclin-1 independent. These observations reveal a novel role for the WW domain of BAG3 in the regulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Merabova
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Netea-Maier RT, Klück V, Plantinga TS, Smit JWA. Autophagy in thyroid cancer: present knowledge and future perspectives. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:22. [PMID: 25741318 PMCID: PMC4332359 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Despite having a good prognosis in the majority of cases, when the tumor is dedifferentiated it does no longer respond to conventional treatment with radioactive iodine, the prognosis worsens significantly. Treatment options for advanced, dedifferentiated disease are limited and do not cure the disease. Autophagy, a process of self-digestion in which damaged molecules or organelles are degraded and recycled, has emerged as an important player in the pathogenesis of different diseases, including cancer. The role of autophagy in thyroid cancer pathogenesis is not yet elucidated. However, the available data indicate that autophagy is involved in several steps of thyroid tumor initiation and progression as well as in therapy resistance and therefore could be exploited for therapeutic applications. The present review summarizes the most recent data on the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer and we will provide a perspective on how this process can be targeted for potential therapeutic approaches and could be further explored in the context of multimodality treatment in cancer and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana T. Netea-Maier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Viola Klück
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Theo S. Plantinga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes W. A. Smit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Johannes W. A. Smit, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 8, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, Netherlands e-mail:
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Li S, Zhang HY, Wang T, Meng X, Zong ZH, Kong DH, Wang HQ, Du ZX. BAG3 promoted starvation-induced apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells via attenuation of autophagy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E2298-307. [PMID: 25062457 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT BAG3 plays a regulatory role in a number of cellular processes. Recent studies have attracted much attention on its role in activation of selective autophagy. In addition, we have very recently reported that BAG3 is implicated in a BECN1-independent autophagy, namely noncanonical autophagy. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to investigate the potential involvement of BAG3 in canonical autophagy triggered by Earle's Balanced Salt Solution (EBSS) starvation. SETTING AND DESIGN Replacement of complete medium with EBSS was used to trigger canonical autophagy. BAG3 expression was measured using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot. Autophagy was monitored using LC3-II transition and p62/SQSTM1 accumulation by Western blot, as well as punctate distribution of LC3 by immunofluorescence staining. Cell growth and apoptotic cell death was investigated using real-time cell analyzer and flowcytometry, respectively. RESULTS BAG3 expression was potently reduced by EBSS starvation. Forced expression of BAG3 suppressed autophagy and promoted apoptotic cell death of thyroid cancer cells elicited by starvation. In addition, in the presence of autophagy inhibitor, the enhancing effect of BAG3 on apoptotic cell death was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BAG3 promotes apoptotic cell death in starved thyroid cancer cells, at least in part by autophagy attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Li
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism (S.L., T.W., Z.-X.D.), Geriatrics (H.-Y.Z.), and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (X.M., Z.-H.Z., D.-H.K., H.-Q.W.), the First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Du F, Li S, Wang T, Zhang HY, Li DT, Du ZX, Wang HQ. Implication of Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 in fibroblast growth factor-2-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal epithelial cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 240:566-75. [PMID: 25361773 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214558023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tubular epithelial cells to myofibroblast-like cells plays a substantial role in renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis, which is a common pathological character of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) triggers EMT in tubular epithelial cells and increases Bcl-2-associated athanogene 3 (BAG3) expression in neural progenitor and neuroblastoma cells. In addition, a novel role of regulation of EMT has been ascribed to BAG3 recently. These previous reports urged us to study the potential involvement of BAG3 in EMT triggered by FGF-2 in renal tubular epithelial cells. The current study found that FGF-2 induced EMT, simultaneously increased BAG3 expression in human kidney 2 (HK2) cells. Although FGF-2 induced EMT in nontransfected or scramble short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfected HK2 cells, it was ineffective in BAG3-silenced cells, indicating a favorable role of BAG3 in EMT of tubular cells induced by FGF-2. Knockdown of BAG3 also significantly suppressed motion and invasion of HK2 cells mediated by FGF-2. Furthermore, we confirmed that BAG3 was upregulated in kidney of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) rats, a well-established renal fibrosis model, in which EMT is supposed to exert a substantial influence on renal fibrosis. Importantly, upregulation of BAG3 was limited to tubular epithelial cells. Results of the current study identify BAG3 as a potential player in EMT of tubular epithelial cells, as well as renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Du
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Si Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - De-Tian Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Zhen-Xian Du
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the 1st Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Hua-Qin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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Lei Z, Brizzee C, Johnson GVW. BAG3 facilitates the clearance of endogenous tau in primary neurons. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:241-8. [PMID: 25212465 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule associated protein that is found primarily in neurons, and in pathologic conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) it accumulates and contributes to the disease process. Because tau plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of AD and other tauopathies, and in AD mouse models reducing tau levels improves outcomes, approaches that facilitate tau clearance are being considered as therapeutic strategies. However, fundamental to the development of such interventions is a clearer understanding of the mechanisms that regulate tau clearance. Here, we report a novel mechanism of tau degradation mediated by the co-chaperone BAG3. BAG3 has been shown to be an essential component of a complex that targets substrates to the autophagy pathway for degradation. In rat primary neurons, activation of autophagy by inhibition of proteasome activity or treatment with trehalose resulted in significant decreases in tau and phospho-tau levels. These treatments also induced an upregulation of BAG3. Proteasome inhibition activated JNK, which was responsible for the upregulation of BAG3 and increased tau clearance. Inhibiting JNK or knocking down BAG3 blocked the proteasome inhibition-induced decreases in tau. Further, BAG3 overexpression alone resulted in significant decreases in tau and phospho-tau levels in neurons. These results indicate that BAG3 plays a critical role in regulating the levels of tau in neurons, and interventions that increase BAG3 levels could provide a therapeutic approach in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhinian Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Corey Brizzee
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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ZHAO LIRONG, DU YUJUN, CHEN LEI, LIU ZHIGANG, PAN YUEHAI, LIU JIANFENG, LIU BIN. Quercetin protects against high glucose-induced damage in bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1025-31. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Dupont N, Codogno P. Non-canonical Autophagy: Facts and Prospects. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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