1
|
Bullock JL, Hickey TE, Kemp TJ, Metz J, Loftus S, Haynesworth K, Castro N, Luke BT, Lowy DR, Pinto LA. Longitudinal Assessment of BNT162b2- and mRNA-1273-Induced Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike IgG Levels and Avidity Following Three Doses of Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:516. [PMID: 38793767 PMCID: PMC11125776 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-induced protection against infection is likely to be affected by functional antibody features. To understand the kinetics of antibody responses in healthy individuals after primary series and third vaccine doses, sera from the recipients of the two licensed SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines were assessed for circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG levels and avidity for up to 6 months post-primary series and 9 months after the third dose. Following primary series vaccination, anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG levels declined from months 1 to 6, while avidity increased through month 6, irrespective of the vaccine received. The third dose of either vaccine increased anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG levels and avidity and appeared to enhance antibody level persistence-generating a slower rate of decline in the 3 months following the third dose compared to the decline seen after the primary series alone. The third dose of both vaccines induced significant avidity increases 1 month after vaccination compared to the avidity response 6 months post-primary series vaccination (p ≤ 0.001). A significant difference in avidity responses between the two vaccines was observed 6 months post-third dose, where the BNT162b2 recipients had higher antibody avidity levels compared to the mRNA-1273 recipients (p = 0.020).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmie L. Bullock
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Thomas E. Hickey
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Troy J. Kemp
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Jordan Metz
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Sarah Loftus
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Katarzyna Haynesworth
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Nicholas Castro
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| | - Brian T. Luke
- Bioinformatics and Computational Science Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Douglas R. Lowy
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Ligia A. Pinto
- Vaccine, Immunity and Cancer Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.L.B.J.); (T.E.H.); (T.J.K.); (J.M.); (S.L.); (K.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li C, Yu J, Wang Y, Li X, Li Y, An M, Ni W, Liu K, Hu S. Efficacy of H 2O 2 inactivated bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine in mice. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:43. [PMID: 38308297 PMCID: PMC10837870 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an acute febrile infectious disease caused by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), which has brought huge economic losses to the world's cattle industry. At present, commercial inactivated BVDV vaccines may cause some adverse reactions during use. This study aims to develop a safer and more efficient inactivated BVDV vaccine. METHODS Here, we described the generation and preclinical efficacy of a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) inactivated BVDV type 1 vaccine in mice, and administered it separately with commercial vaccine (formaldehyde inactivated) in mice to study its efficacy. RESULTS The BVDV type 1 IgG, IFN- γ, IL-4 and neutralizing antibody in the serum of the H2O2 inactivated vaccine group can be maintained in mice for 70 days. The IgG level reached its maximum value of 0.67 on the 42nd day, significantly higher than the commercial formaldehyde inactivated BVDV type 1 vaccine. IFN- γ and IL-4 reached their maximum values on the 28th day after immunization, at 123.16 pg/ml and 143.80 pg/ml, respectively, slightly higher than commercial vaccines, but the effect was not significant. At the same time the BVDV-1 neutralizing antibody titer reached a maximum of 12 Nu on the 42nd day post vaccination. CONCLUSIONS The H2O2 inactivated BVDV vaccine has good safety and immunogenicity, which provides a potential solution for the further development of an efficient and safe BVDV vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cunyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mingxuan An
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Ni
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Kaiping Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shengwei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
McLean C, Dijkman K, Gaddah A, Keshinro B, Katwere M, Douoguih M, Robinson C, Solforosi L, Czapska-Casey D, Dekking L, Wollmann Y, Volkmann A, Pau MG, Callendret B, Sadoff J, Schuitemaker H, Zahn R, Luhn K, Hendriks J, Roozendaal R. Persistence of immunological memory as a potential correlate of long-term, vaccine-induced protection against Ebola virus disease in humans. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1215302. [PMID: 37727795 PMCID: PMC10505757 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1215302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the absence of clinical efficacy data, vaccine protective effect can be extrapolated from animals to humans, using an immunological biomarker in humans that correlates with protection in animals, in a statistical approach called immunobridging. Such an immunobridging approach was previously used to infer the likely protective effect of the heterologous two-dose Ad26.ZEBOV, MVA-BN-Filo Ebola vaccine regimen. However, this immunobridging model does not provide information on how the persistence of the vaccine-induced immune response relates to durability of protection in humans. Methods and results In both humans and non-human primates, vaccine-induced circulating antibody levels appear to be very stable after an initial phase of contraction and are maintained for at least 3.8 years in humans (and at least 1.3 years in non-human primates). Immunological memory was also maintained over this period, as shown by the kinetics and magnitude of the anamnestic response following re-exposure to the Ebola virus glycoprotein antigen via booster vaccination with Ad26.ZEBOV in humans. In non-human primates, immunological memory was also formed as shown by an anamnestic response after high-dose, intramuscular injection with Ebola virus, but was not sufficient for protection against Ebola virus disease at later timepoints due to a decline in circulating antibodies and the fast kinetics of disease in the non-human primates model. Booster vaccination within three days of subsequent Ebola virus challenge in non-human primates resulted in protection from Ebola virus disease, i.e. before the anamnestic response was fully developed. Discussion Humans infected with Ebola virus may benefit from the anamnestic response to prevent disease progression, as the incubation time is longer and progression of Ebola virus disease is slower as compared to non-human primates. Therefore, the persistence of vaccine-induced immune memory could be considered as a potential correlate of long-term protection against Ebola virus disease in humans, without the need for a booster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Dijkman
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jerry Sadoff
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Roland Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Luhn
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salleh H, Avoi R, Abdul Karim H, Osman S, Dhanaraj P, Ab Rahman MA'I. A Behavioural-Theory-Based Qualitative Study of the Beliefs and Perceptions of Marginalised Populations towards Community Volunteering to Increase Measles Immunisation Coverage in Sabah, Malaysia. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1056. [PMID: 37376445 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the measles-containing vaccine (MCV) has rendered measles a largely preventable disease. In the state of Sabah in Malaysia, a complete course of measles immunisation for infants involves vaccinations at the ages of six, nine, and twelve months. However, it is difficult for marginalised populations to receive a complete course of measles immunisation. This present study used behavioural theory (BT) to examine the beliefs and perceptions of a marginalised population towards community volunteering as a method of increasing the immunisation coverage of measles. Marginalised populations living in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, more specifically, Malaysian citizens living in urban slums and squatter areas, as well as legal and illegal migrants, were extensively interviewed in person for this qualitative study. The 40 respondents were either the parents or primary caregivers of at least one child under the age of five. The components of the Health Belief Model were then used to examine the collected data. The respondents had poor awareness of the measles disease and perceived the disease as not severe, with some even refusing immunisation. The perceived barriers to receiving vaccinations included a nomadic lifestyle; issues with finances, citizenship status, language, and weather; failing to remember immunisation schedules; a fear of health care personnel; having too many children; and a lack of female autonomy in vaccine decision-making. However, the respondents were receptive towards community-based programmes and many welcomed a recall or reminder system, especially when the volunteers were family members or neighbours who spoke the same language and knew their village well. A few, however, found it awkward to have volunteers assisting them. Evidence-based decision making may increase measles immunisation coverage in marginalised populations. The components of the Health Belief Model validated that the respondents lacked awareness of the measles disease and viewed it and its effects as not severe. Therefore, future volunteer programmes should prioritise increasing the receptivity and self-control of marginalised populations to overcome barriers that hinder community involvement. A community-based volunteer programme is highly recommended to increase measles immunisation coverage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazeqa Salleh
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Richard Avoi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Haryati Abdul Karim
- Communications Programme, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Suhaila Osman
- Sabah State Health Department, Ministry of Health, Kota Kinabalu 88590, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Prabakaran Dhanaraj
- Kota Kinabalu District Health Office, Ministry of Health, Kota Kinabalu 88300, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ali 'Imran Ab Rahman
- Social Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Palumbo GA, Cambria D, La Spina E, Duminuco A, Laneri A, Longo A, Vetro C, Giallongo S, Romano A, Di Raimondo F, Tibullo D, Giallongo C. Ruxolitinib treatment in myelofibrosis and polycythemia vera causes suboptimal humoral immune response following standard and booster vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1117815. [PMID: 36865808 PMCID: PMC9974162 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1117815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients affected by myelofibrosis (MF) or polycythemia vera (PV) and treated with ruxolitinib are at high risk for severe coronavirus disease 2019. Now a vaccine against the virus SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for this disease, is available. However, sensitivity to vaccines is usually lower in these patients. Moreover, fragile patients were not included in large trials investigating the efficacy of vaccines. Thus, little is known about the efficacy of this approach in this group of patients. In this prospective single-center study, we evaluated 43 patients (30 MF patients and 13 with PV) receiving ruxolitinib as a treatment for their myeloproliferative disease. We measured anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid IgG against SARS-CoV2 15-30 days after the second and the third BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine booster dose. Patients receiving ruxolitinib showed an impaired antibody response to complete vaccination (2 doses), as 32.5% of patients did not develop any response. After the third booster dose with Comirnaty, results slightly improved, as 80% of these patients produced antibodies above the threshold positivity. However, the quantity of produced antibodies was well below that reached than those reported for healthy individuals. PV patients elicited a better response than patients affected by MF. Thus, different strategies should be considered for this high-risk group of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A. Palumbo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Giuseppe A. Palumbo, ; Daniele Tibullo,
| | - Daniela Cambria
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Enrico La Spina
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Duminuco
- Postgraduate School of Hematology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Laneri
- Servizio Immuno-Trasfusionale, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Longo
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Calogero Vetro
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico “G.Rodolico-San Marco”, Catania, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Giallongo
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Dipartimento di Chirurgia Generale e Specialità Medico-Chirurgiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologiche, University of Catania, Catania, Italy,*Correspondence: Giuseppe A. Palumbo, ; Daniele Tibullo,
| | - Cesarina Giallongo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Chirurgiche e Tecnologie Avanzate “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lessons Learned from the Development and Roll-Out of the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Zaire ebolavirus Vaccine to Inform Marburg Virus and Sudan ebolavirus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091446. [PMID: 36146524 PMCID: PMC9505064 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes key aspects of the development of the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccine and key activities which are continuing to further expand our knowledge of the product. Extensive partnerships and innovative approaches were used to address the various challenges encountered during this process. The rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccine was initially approved by the European Medicines Agency and prequalified by the World Health Organization in November 2019. It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration in December 2019 and approved in five African countries within 90 days of prequalification. The development resulted in the first stockpile of a registered Ebola vaccine that is available to support outbreak response. This also provides insights into how the example of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP can inform the development of vaccines for Sudan ebolavirus, Marburg virus, and other emerging epidemic diseases in terms of the types of approaches and data needed to support product registration, availability, and the use of a filovirus vaccine.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Preexisting immunity to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was nonexistent in humans, which coupled with high transmission rates of certain SARS-CoV-2 variants and limited vaccine uptake or availability, has collectively resulted in an ongoing global pandemic. The identification and establishment of one or multiple correlates of protection (CoP) against infectious pathogens is challenging, but beneficial from both the patient care and public health perspectives. Multiple studies have shown that neutralizing antibodies, whether generated following SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, or a combination of both (i.e., hybrid immunity), as well as adaptive cellular immune responses, serve as CoPs for COVID-19. However, the diverse number and type of serologic assays, alongside the lack of cross-assay standardization and emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune evasive characteristics, have collectively posed challenges to determining a robust CoP ‘threshold’ and for the routine utilization of these assays to document ‘immunity,’ as is commonly done for other vaccine preventable diseases. Here, we discuss what CoPs are, review our current understanding of infection-induced, vaccine-elicited and hybrid immunity to COVID-19 and summarize the current and potential future utility of SARS-CoV-2 serologic testing.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fuentes-Villalobos F, Garrido JL, Medina MA, Zambrano N, Ross N, Bravo F, Gaete-Argel A, Oyarzún-Arrau A, Amanat F, Soto-Rifo R, Valiente-Echeverría F, Ocampo R, Esveile C, Ferreira L, Cabrera J, Torres V, Rioseco ML, Riquelme R, Barría S, Alvarez R, Pinos Y, Krammer F, Calvo M, Barria MI. Sustained Antibody-Dependent NK Cell Functions in Mild COVID-19 Outpatients During Convalescence. Front Immunol 2022; 13:796481. [PMID: 35197972 PMCID: PMC8859986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.796481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) pandemic has left researchers scrambling to identify the humoral immune correlates of protection from COVID-19. To date, the antibody mediated correlates of virus neutralization have been extensively studied. However, the extent that non-neutralizing functions contribute to anti-viral responses are ill defined. In this study, we profiled the anti-spike antibody subtype/subclass responses, along with neutralization and antibody-dependent natural killer cell functions in 83 blood samples collected between 4 and 201 days post-symptoms onset from a cohort of COVID-19 outpatients. We observed heterogeneous humoral responses against the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein. Overall, anti-spike profiles were characterized by a rapid rise of IgA and sustained IgG titers. In addition, strong antibody-mediated natural killer effector responses correlated with milder disease and being female. While higher neutralization profiles were observed in males along with increased severity. These results give an insight into the underlying function of antibodies beyond neutralization and suggest that antibody-mediated natural killer cell activity is a key function of the humoral response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose L Garrido
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Matías A Medina
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nicole Zambrano
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalia Ross
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Bravo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Aracelly Gaete-Argel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aarón Oyarzún-Arrau
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Valiente-Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Virology, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Leonila Ferreira
- Hospital Clínico Regional Dr. Guillermo Grant Benavente, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Vivianne Torres
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria L Rioseco
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Raúl Riquelme
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sebastián Barría
- Hospital Puerto Montt Dr. Eduardo Schütz Schroeder, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Raymond Alvarez
- Ichor Biologics LLC, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mario Calvo
- Institute of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria I Barria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Theel ES. Performance Characteristics of High-Throughput Serologic Assays for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 with Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization: A Review. Clin Lab Med 2022; 42:15-29. [PMID: 35153046 PMCID: PMC8563341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This review provides a broad summary of the performance characteristics of high-throughput severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) serologic assays with Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization, which are commonly found in central clinical laboratories. In addition, this review discusses the current roles of serologic testing for SARS-CoV-2 and provides a perspective for the future.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hou J, Wang S, Li D, Carpp LN, Zhang T, Liu Y, Jia M, Peng H, Liu C, Wu H, Huang Y, Shao Y. Early Pro-Inflammatory Signal and T-Cell Activation Associate With Vaccine-Induced Anti-Vaccinia Protective Neutralizing Antibodies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:737487. [PMID: 34707608 PMCID: PMC8542877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.737487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Both vaccine “take” and neutralizing antibody (nAb) titer are historical correlates for vaccine-induced protection from smallpox. We analyzed a subset of samples from a phase 2a trial of three DNA/HIV-1 primes and a recombinant Tiantan vaccinia virus-vectored (rTV)/HIV-1 booster and found that a proportion of participants showed no anti-vaccinia nAb response to the rTV/HIV-1 booster, despite successful vaccine “take.” Using a rich transcriptomic and vaccinia-specific immunological dataset with fine kinetic sampling, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying nAb response. Blood transcription module analysis revealed the downregulation of the activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathway in responders, but not in non-responders, and the upregulation of T-cell activation in responders. Furthermore, transcriptional factor network reconstruction revealed the upregulation of AP-1 core genes at hour 4 and day 1 post-rTV/HIV-1 vaccination, followed by a downregulation from day 3 until day 28 in responders. In contrast, AP-1 core and pro-inflammatory genes were upregulated on day 7 in non-responders. We speculate that persistent pro-inflammatory signaling early post-rTV/HIV-1 vaccination inhibits the nAb response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jue Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lindsay N Carpp
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Manxue Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunda Huang
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Yiming Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun C, Chen XC, Kang YF, Zeng MS. The Status and Prospects of Epstein-Barr Virus Prophylactic Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:677027. [PMID: 34168649 PMCID: PMC8218244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.677027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus that is common among the global population, causing an enormous disease burden. EBV can directly cause infectious mononucleosis and is also associated with various malignancies and autoimmune diseases. In order to prevent primary infection and subsequent chronic disease, efforts have been made to develop a prophylactic vaccine against EBV in recent years, but there is still no vaccine in clinical use. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global cooperation in vaccine development against SARS-CoV-2 provide insights for next-generation antiviral vaccine design and opportunities for developing an effective prophylactic EBV vaccine. With improvements in antigen selection, vaccine platforms, formulation and evaluation systems, novel vaccines against EBV are expected to elicit dual protection against infection of both B lymphocytes and epithelial cells. This would provide sustainable immunity against EBV-associated malignancies, finally enabling the control of worldwide EBV infection and management of EBV-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yin-Feng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A 100-fold increasing in measles virus titer following enrichment of culture medium with MgSO4. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
13
|
Martin C, Domingo C, Bottieau E, Buonfrate D, De Wit S, Van Laethem Y, Dauby N. Immunogenicity and duration of protection after yellow fever vaccine in people living with human immunodeficiency virus: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:958-967. [PMID: 33813107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We lack the rationale on which to base the development of a yellow fever (YF) vaccination schedule for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWHIV). OBJECTIVES To report on the current evidence regarding the seroconversion rate and the duration of humoral protection after YF vaccine, as well as the impact of revaccination in PLWHIV. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, Google Scholar, LILACS and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched. METHODS We selected studies on PLWHIV of all ages (including perinatally HIV-infected patients) and all settings (YF endemic and non-endemic zones). Intervention investigated was vaccination against YF, at least once after the HIV diagnosis. The research questions were the seroconversion rate, duration of humoral immunity after YF vaccine and impact of revaccination in PLWHIV. Selected studies were assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. RESULTS Ten, six and six studies were selected for the systematic review of each question, respectively. Only one study addressed the first question in perinatally HIV-infected children. The quality of the studies was assessed as Poor (n = 16), Fair (n = 2) or Good (n = 4). A meta-analysis demonstrated that 97.6% (95% CI 91.6%-100%) of the included population seroconverted. Between 1 and 10 years after YF vaccine, reported persistence of neutralizing antibodies was 72% (95% CI 53.6%-91%), and it was 62% (95% CI 45.4%-78.6%) more than 10 years after YF vaccine. No conclusions could be drawn on impact of revaccination because of the small number of patients. CONCLUSIONS The current evidence regarding seroconversion rate, duration of humoral protection after YF vaccine and impact of revaccination in PLWHIV is limited by the low number and quality of studies. Based on the presently available data, it is difficult to rationally develop yellow fever vaccination guidelines for PLWHIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Martin
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Cristina Domingo
- Robert Koch Institute, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS 1), Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, WHO Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dora Buonfrate
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Van Laethem
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre-Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Environmental Health Research Centre, Public Health School, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Grais RF, Kennedy SB, Mahon BE, Dubey SA, Grant-Klein RJ, Liu K, Hartzel J, Coller BA, Welebob C, Hanson ME, Simon JK. Estimation of the correlates of protection of the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Zaire ebolavirus vaccine: a post-hoc analysis of data from phase 2/3 clinical trials. LANCET MICROBE 2021; 2:e70-e78. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(20)30198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
15
|
Carrillo J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Ávila-Nieto C, Pradenas E, Clotet B, Blanco J. Humoral immune responses and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2; implications in pathogenesis and protective immunity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 538:187-191. [PMID: 33187644 PMCID: PMC7648524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude and the quality of humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 have been associated with clinical outcome. Although the elicitation of humoral responses against different viral proteins is rapid and occurs in most infected individuals, its magnitude is highly variable among them and positively correlates with COVID-19 disease severity. This rapid response is characterized by the almost concomitant appearance of virus-specific IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies that contain neutralizing antibodies directed against different epitopes of the Spike glycoprotein. Of particularly interest, the antibodies against domain of the Spike that interacts with the cellular receptor ACE2, known as the receptor binding domain (RBD), are present in most infected individuals and are block viral entry and infectivity. Such neutralizing antibodies protect different animal species when administered before virus exposure; therefore, its elicitation is the main target of current vaccine approaches and their clinical use as recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) is being explored. Yet, little information exists on the duration of humoral responses during natural infection. This is a key issue that will impact the management of the pandemic and determine the utility of seroconversion studies and the level of herd immunity. Certainly, several cases of reinfection have been reported, suggesting that immunity could be transient, as reported for other coronaviruses. In summary, although the kinetics of the generation of antibodies against SASR-CoV-2 and their protective activity have been clearly defined, their role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and the length of these responses are still open questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain,Corresponding author. Institut de Recerca de la Sida, IrsiCaixa Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Ávila-Nieto
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain,Infectious Diseases Department, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain,University of Vic (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias I Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain,University of Vic (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain,Corresponding author. Institut de Recerca de la Sida, IrsiCaixa Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra. de Canyet s/n. 2a Planta Maternal, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Moris P, Bellanger A, Ofori-Anyinam O, Jongert E, Yarzabal Rodriguez JP, Janssens M. Whole blood can be used as an alternative to isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells to measure in vitro specific T-cell responses in human samples. J Immunol Methods 2021; 492:112940. [PMID: 33493551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccinology is confronted with diseases for which the control of T-cell responses by the vaccine is essential. Among the assays that have been designed to assess T-cell responses, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) combined with flow cytometry is well-suited in the frame of clinical trials. This assay can be used starting from isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or from whole blood (WB), but firm equivalence between the two sample preparation methods has yet to be established. Therefore, we compared both methods by analyzing the frequency of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells expressing at least two of four immune markers in human samples taken from two independent clinical trials (NCT00397943 and NCT00805389) with a qualified ICS assay. In the first study, M72-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were analyzed using WB-ICS and PBMC-ICS in 293 samples. Of these, 128 were double positive (value ≥ lower limit of quantification [LLOQ] with both methods), 130 were double negative and only 35 sample results were discordant, leading to an overall agreement of 88.05%. When analyzing the 128 double positive samples, it was found that the geometric mean of ratios (GMR) for paired observations was 0.98, which indicates a very good alignment between the two methods. The Deming regression fitted between the methods also showed a good correlation with an estimated slope being 1.1085. In the second study, HBsAg-specific CD4+ T-cell responses were analyzed in 371 samples. Of these, 100 were double positive, 195 were double negative and 76 sample results were discordant, leading to an overall agreement of 79.51%. The GMR for paired observations was equal to 1.20, caused by a trend for overestimation in favor of the WB samples in the very high frequencies. The estimated slope of the Deming regression was 1.3057. In conclusion, we demonstrated that WB and PBMC methods of sample collection led to statistically concordant ICS results, indicating that WB-ICS is a suitable alternative to PBMC-ICS to analyze clinical trial samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erik Jongert
- GSK, Rue de l'Institut 89, 1330 Rixensart, Belgium.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gresham LM, Marzario B, Dutz J, Kirchhof MG. An evidence-based guide to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of patients on immunotherapies in dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 84:1652-1666. [PMID: 33482251 PMCID: PMC7816618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated diseases and immunotherapeutics can negatively affect normal immune functioning and, consequently, vaccine safety and response. The COVID-19 pandemic has incited research aimed at developing a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. As SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are developed and made available, the assessment of anticipated safety and efficacy in patients with immune-mediated dermatologic diseases and requiring immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulatory therapy is particularly important. A review of the literature was conducted by a multidisciplinary committee to provide guidance on the safety and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination for dermatologists and other clinicians when prescribing immunotherapeutics. The vaccine platforms being used to develop SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are expected to be safe and potentially effective for dermatology patients on immunotherapeutics. Current guidelines for the vaccination of an immunocompromised host remain appropriate when considering future administration of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Gresham
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Barbara Marzario
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Jan Dutz
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mark G Kirchhof
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa and The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Keay S, Poljak Z, Klapwyk M, O’Connor A, Friendship RM, O’Sullivan TL, Sargeant JM. Influenza A virus vaccine research conducted in swine from 1990 to May 2018: A scoping review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236062. [PMID: 32673368 PMCID: PMC7365442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) are a global zoonotic and economic concern. Primary control is through vaccination yet a formal evidence map summarizing vaccine research conducted in pigs is not available. OBJECTIVE Ten characteristics of English language primary IAV-S vaccine research, conducted at the level of the pig or higher, were charted to identify research gaps, topics for systematic review, and coverage across different publication types. DESIGN Six online databases and grey literature were searched, without geographic, population, or study type restrictions, and abstracts screened independently and in duplicate for relevant research published between 1990 and May 2018. Full text data was charted by a single reviewer. RESULTS Over 11,000 unique citations were screened, identifying 376 for charting, including 175 proceedings from 60 conferences, and 170 journal articles from 51 journals. Reported outcomes were heterogeneous with measures of immunity (86%, n = 323) and virus detection (65%, n = 246) reported far more than production metrics (9%, n = 32). Study of transmissibility under conditions of natural exposure (n = 7), use of mathematical modelling (n = 11), and autogenous vaccine research reported in journals (n = 7), was limited. CONCLUSIONS Most research used challenge trials (n = 219) and may have poor field relevance or suitability for systematic review if the purpose is to inform clinical decisions. Literature on vaccinated breeding herds (n = 89) and weaned pigs (n = 136) is potentially sufficient for systematic review. Research under field conditions is limited, disproportionately reported in conference proceedings versus journal articles, and may be insufficient to support systematic review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Keay
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mackenzie Klapwyk
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annette O’Connor
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terri L. O’Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Vaccines are considered one of the most important advances in modern medicine and have greatly improved our quality of life by reducing or eliminating many serious infectious diseases. Successful vaccines have been developed against many of the most common human pathogens, and this success has not been dependent upon any one specific class of vaccine since subunit vaccines, non-replicating whole-virus or whole-bacteria vaccines, and attenuated live vaccines have all been effective for particular vaccine targets. After completing the initial immunization series, one common aspect of successful vaccines is that they induce long-term protective immunity. In contrast, several partially successful vaccines appear to induce protection that is relatively short-lived and it is likely that long-term protective immunity will be critical for making effective vaccines against our most challenging diseases such as AIDS and malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Amanna
- Najít Technologies, Inc, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA
| | - Mark K Slifka
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Plotkin SA. Updates on immunologic correlates of vaccine-induced protection. Vaccine 2019; 38:2250-2257. [PMID: 31767462 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Correlates of protection (CoPs) are increasingly important in the development and licensure of vaccines. Although the study of CoPs was initially directed at identifying a single immune function that could explain vaccine efficacy, it has become increasingly clear that there are often multiple functions responsible for efficacy. This review is meant to supplement prior articles on the subject, illustrating both simple and complex CoPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley A Plotkin
- Emeritus Professor of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Vaxconsult, 4650 Wismer Rd., Doylestown, PA 18902, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Amodio D, Santilli V, Zangari P, Cotugno N, Manno EC, Rocca S, Rossi P, Cancrini C, Finocchi A, Chassiakos A, Petrovas C, Palma P. How to dissect the plasticity of antigen-specific immune response: a tissue perspective. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 199:119-130. [PMID: 31626717 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of antigen-specific humoral responses following vaccination or infection requires the maturation and function of highly specialized immune cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), such as lymph nodes or tonsils. Factors that orchestrate the dynamics of these cells are still poorly understood. Currently, experimental approaches that enable a detailed description of the function of the immune system in SLO have been mainly developed and optimized in animal models. Conversely, methodological approaches in humans are mainly based on the use of blood-associated material because of the challenging access to tissues. Indeed, only few studies in humans were able to provide a discrete description of the complex network of cytokines, chemokines and lymphocytes acting in tissues after antigenic challenge. Furthermore, even fewer data are currently available on the interaction occurring within the complex micro-architecture of the SLO. This information is crucial in order to design particular vaccination strategies, especially for patients affected by chronic and immune compromising medical conditions who are under-vaccinated or who respond poorly to immunizations. Analysis of immune cells in different human tissues by high-throughput technologies, able to obtain data ranging from gene signature to protein expression and cell phenotypes, is needed to dissect the peculiarity of each immune cell in a definite human tissue. The main aim of this review is to provide an in-depth description of the current available methodologies, proven evidence and future perspectives in the analysis of immune mechanisms following immunization or infections in SLO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Amodio
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - V Santilli
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - P Zangari
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - N Cotugno
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - E C Manno
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Rocca
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - P Rossi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - C Cancrini
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - A Finocchi
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - A Chassiakos
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - P Palma
- Research Unit in Congenital and Perinatal Infections, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Academic Department of Pediatrics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Papp KA, Haraoui B, Kumar D, Marshall JK, Bissonnette R, Bitton A, Bressler B, Gooderham M, Ho V, Jamal S, Pope JE, Steinhart AH, Vinh DC, Wade J. Vaccination Guidelines for Patients With Immune-Mediated Disorders on Immunosuppressive Therapies. J Cutan Med Surg 2018; 23:50-74. [PMID: 30463418 PMCID: PMC6330697 DOI: 10.1177/1203475418811335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Patients with immune-mediated diseases on immunosuppressive therapies have more infectious episodes than healthy individuals, yet vaccination practices by physicians for this patient population remain suboptimal. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of vaccines in individuals exposed to immunosuppressive therapies and provide evidence-based clinical practice recommendations. METHODS: A literature search for vaccination safety and efficacy in patients on immunosuppressive therapies (2009-2017) was conducted. Results were assessed using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. RESULTS: Several immunosuppressive therapies attenuate vaccine response. Thus, vaccines should be administered before treatment whenever feasible. Inactivated vaccines can be administered without treatment discontinuation. Similarly, evidence suggests that the live zoster vaccine is safe and effective while on select immunosuppressive therapy, although use of the subunit vaccine is preferred. Caution regarding other live vaccines is warranted. Drug pharmacokinetics, duration of vaccine-induced viremia, and immune response kinetics should be considered to determine appropriate timing of vaccination and treatment (re)initiation. Infants exposed to immunosuppressive therapies through breastmilk can usually be immunized according to local guidelines. Intrauterine exposure to immunosuppressive agents is not a contraindication for inactivated vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines scheduled for infants and children ⩾12 months of age, including measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella, can be safely administered as sufficient time has elapsed for drug clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Immunosuppressive agents may attenuate vaccine responses, but protective benefit is generally maintained. While these recommendations are evidence based, they do not replace clinical judgment, and decisions regarding vaccination must carefully assess the risks, benefits, and circumstances of individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim A Papp
- 1 K Papp Clinical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,2 Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Boulos Haraoui
- 3 Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Deepali Kumar
- 4 University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,5 Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John K Marshall
- 6 Department of Medicine and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Alain Bitton
- 8 McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brian Bressler
- 9 Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,10 St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melinda Gooderham
- 2 Probity Medical Research, Waterloo, ON, Canada.,11 Faculty of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Vincent Ho
- 9 Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shahin Jamal
- 12 Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janet E Pope
- 13 Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,14 St Joseph's Health Care, London, ON, Canada
| | - A Hillary Steinhart
- 5 Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,15 Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- 8 McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.,16 Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - John Wade
- 9 Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,17 Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Heterogeneity and longevity of antibody memory to viruses and vaccines. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2006601. [PMID: 30096134 PMCID: PMC6105026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2006601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the duration of protective immunity requires quantifying the magnitude and rate of loss of antibodies to different virus and vaccine antigens. A key complication is heterogeneity in both the magnitude and decay rate of responses of different individuals to a given vaccine, as well as of a given individual to different vaccines. We analyzed longitudinal data on antibody titers in 45 individuals to characterize the extent of this heterogeneity and used models to determine how it affected the longevity of protective immunity to measles, rubella, vaccinia, tetanus, and diphtheria. Our analysis showed that the magnitude of responses in different individuals varied between 12- and 200-fold (95% coverage) depending on the antigen. Heterogeneity in the magnitude and decay rate contribute comparably to variation in the longevity of protective immunity between different individuals. We found that some individuals have, on average, slightly longer-lasting memory than others—on average, they have higher antibody levels with slower decay rates. We identified different patterns for the loss of protective levels of antibodies to different vaccine and virus antigens. Specifically, we found that for the first 25 to 50 years, virtually all individuals have protective antibody titers against diphtheria and tetanus, respectively, but about 10% of the population subsequently lose protective immunity per decade. In contrast, at the outset, not all individuals had protective titers against measles, rubella, and vaccinia. However, these antibody titers wane much more slowly, with a loss of protective immunity in only 1% to 3% of the population per decade. Our results highlight the importance of long-term longitudinal studies for estimating the duration of protective immunity and suggest both how vaccines might be improved and how boosting schedules might be reevaluated. Immunological memory, mediated by antibodies, is a hallmark of immunity. A key problem for determining the longevity of protective immunity is heterogeneity in the responses of different individuals. We characterize the extent of this heterogeneity and determine how it affects the longevity of protection. We found that some individuals have higher antibody titers and these same individuals tend to have slower decay rates than others. We also found substantial heterogeneity in both the magnitude and decay rate of responses. Furthermore, differences in these two factors contribute comparably to the variation in antibody titers between different individuals over their lifetime. We then use statistical models to determine how variation in the magnitude and decay rate affect how protective immunity is lost at the population level to different virus and vaccine antigens. We identified different patterns for the loss of protective immunity elicited by protein immunization (tetanus and diphtheria) versus replicating viruses (measles, rubella, and vaccinia). While our results agree with the conventional view that antibodies elicited by protein immunization decay faster than those elicited by replicating viruses, we found that this is compensated for by the higher magnitude of responses (relative to the level for protection) for tetanus and diphtheria. Indeed, for the first 4 decades, a higher fraction of vaccinated individuals have protective immunity to tetanus and diphtheria than to measles, rubella, and vaccinia.
Collapse
|
24
|
Lucar O, Su B, Potard V, Samri A, Autran B, Moog C, Debré P, Vieillard V. Neutralizing Antibodies Against a Specific Human Immunodeficiency Virus gp41 Epitope are Associated With Long-term Non-progressor Status. EBioMedicine 2017; 22:122-132. [PMID: 28712768 PMCID: PMC5552210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) play a central role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protection due to their multiple functional inhibitory activities. W614A-3S Abs recognize a specific form of a highly conserved motif of the gp41 envelope protein and can elicit viral neutralization to protect CD4+ T cells. Here, we describe in detail the neutralizing profile of W614A-3S Abs in untreated long-term non-progressor (LTNP) HIV-infected patients. W614A-3S Abs were detected in 23.5% (16/68) of untreated LTNP patients compared with <5% (5/104) of HIV-1 progressor patients. The W614A-3S Abs had efficient neutralizing activity that inhibited transmitted founder primary viruses and exhibited Fc-mediated inhibitory functions at low concentrations in primary monocyte-derived macrophages. The neutralizing capacity of W614A-3S Abs was inversely correlated with viral load (r=-0.9013; p<0.0001), viral DNA (r=-0.7696; p=0.0005) and was associated the preservation of high CD4+ T-cell counts and T-cell responses. This study demonstrates that W614A-3S neutralizing Abs may confer a crucial advantage to LTNP patients. These results provide insights for both pathophysiological research and the development of vaccine strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Lucar
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Bin Su
- U1109 INSERM, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Valérie Potard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR-S 1136, Paris, France
| | - Assia Samri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Christiane Moog
- U1109 INSERM, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrice Debré
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Iwasaki
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520;
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fausther-Bovendo H, Kobinger GP. Pre-existing immunity against Ad vectors: humoral, cellular, and innate response, what's important? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2875-84. [PMID: 25483662 PMCID: PMC5443060 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity against human adenovirus (HAd) serotype 5 derived vector in the human population is widespread, thus hampering its clinical use. Various components of the immune system, including neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), Ad specific T cells and type I IFN activated NK cells, contribute to dampening the efficacy of Ad vectors in individuals with pre-existing Ad immunity. In order to circumvent pre-existing immunity to adenovirus, numerous strategies, such as developing alternative Ad serotypes, varying immunization routes and utilizing prime-boost regimens, are under pre-clinical or clinical phases of development. However, these strategies mainly focus on one arm of pre-existing immunity. Selection of alternative serotypes has been largely driven by the absence in the human population of nAbs against them with little attention paid to cross-reactive Ad specific T cells. Conversely, varying the route of immunization appears to mainly rely on avoiding Ad specific tissue-resident T cells. Finally, prime-boost regimens do not actually circumvent pre-existing immunity but instead generate immune responses of sufficient magnitude to confer protection despite pre-existing immunity. Combining the above strategies and thus taking into account all components regulating pre-existing Ad immunity will help further improve the development of Ad vectors for animal and human use.
Collapse
|
27
|
Bęczkowski PM, Harris M, Techakriengkrai N, Beatty JA, Willett BJ, Hosie MJ. Neutralising antibody response in domestic cats immunised with a commercial feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:977-84. [PMID: 25613718 PMCID: PMC4327927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FIV vaccinated cats screened for neutralising antibodies Homologous neutralisation in 50% of cats tested No heterologous neutralisation
Across human and veterinary medicine, vaccines against only two retroviral infections have been brought to market successfully, the vaccines against feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). FeLV vaccines have been a global success story, reducing virus prevalence in countries where uptake is high. In contrast, the more recent FIV vaccine was introduced in 2002 and the degree of protection afforded in the field remains to be established. However, given the similarities between FIV and HIV, field studies of FIV vaccine efficacy are likely to advise and inform the development of future approaches to HIV vaccination. Here we assessed the neutralising antibody response induced by FIV vaccination against a panel of FIV isolates, by testing blood samples collected from client-owned vaccinated Australian cats. We examined the molecular and phenotypic properties of 24 envs isolated from one vaccinated cat that we speculated might have become infected following natural exposure to FIV. Cats vaccinated against FIV did not display broadly neutralising antibodies, suggesting that protection may not extend to some virulent recombinant strains of FIV circulating in Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł M Bęczkowski
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Harris
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Julia A Beatty
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Brian J Willett
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret J Hosie
- Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Le D, Miller JD, Ganusov VV. Mathematical modeling provides kinetic details of the human immune response to vaccination. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 4:177. [PMID: 25621280 PMCID: PMC4288384 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With major advances in experimental techniques to track antigen-specific immune responses many basic questions on the kinetics of virus-specific immunity in humans remain unanswered. To gain insights into kinetics of T and B cell responses in human volunteers we combined mathematical models and experimental data from recent studies employing vaccines against yellow fever and smallpox. Yellow fever virus-specific CD8 T cell population expanded slowly with the average doubling time of 2 days peaking 2.5 weeks post immunization. Interestingly, we found that the peak of the yellow fever-specific CD8 T cell response was determined by the rate of T cell proliferation and not by the precursor frequency of antigen-specific cells as has been suggested in several studies in mice. We also found that while the frequency of virus-specific T cells increased slowly, the slow increase could still accurately explain clearance of yellow fever virus in the blood. Our additional mathematical model described well the kinetics of virus-specific antibody-secreting cell and antibody response to vaccinia virus in vaccinated individuals suggesting that most of antibodies in 3 months post immunization were derived from the population of circulating antibody-secreting cells. Taken together, our analysis provided novel insights into mechanisms by which live vaccines induce immunity to viral infections and highlighted challenges of applying methods of mathematical modeling to the current, state-of-the-art yet limited immunological data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Le
- Department of Microbiology, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph D. Miller
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vitaly V. Ganusov
- Department of Microbiology, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
McCoy LE, Groppelli E, Blanchetot C, de Haard H, Verrips T, Rutten L, Weiss RA, Jolly C. Neutralisation of HIV-1 cell-cell spread by human and llama antibodies. Retrovirology 2014; 11:83. [PMID: 25700025 PMCID: PMC4189184 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct cell-cell spread of HIV-1 is a very efficient mode of viral dissemination, with increasing evidence suggesting that it may pose a considerable challenge to controlling viral replication in vivo. Much current vaccine research involves the study of broadly neutralising antibodies (bNabs) that arise during natural infection with the aims of eliciting such antibodies by vaccination or incorporating them into novel therapeutics. However, whether cell-cell spread of HIV-1 can be effectively targeted by bNabs remains unclear, and there is much interest in identifying antibodies capable of efficiently neutralising virus transmitted by cell-cell contact. RESULTS In this study we have tested a panel of bNAbs for inhibition of cell-cell spread, including some not previously evaluated for inhibition of this mode of HIV-1 transmission. We found that three CD4 binding site antibodies, one from an immunised llama (J3) and two isolated from HIV-1-positive patients (VRC01 and HJ16) neutralised cell-cell spread between T cells, while antibodies specific for glycan moieties (2G12, PG9, PG16) and the MPER (2F5) displayed variable efficacy. Notably, while J3 displayed a high level of potency during cell-cell spread we found that the small size of the llama heavy chain-only variable region (VHH) J3 is not required for efficient neutralisation since recombinant J3 containing a full-length human heavy chain Fc domain was significantly more potent. J3 and J3-Fc also neutralised cell-cell spread of HIV-1 from primary macrophages to CD4+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, while bNabs display variable efficacy at preventing cell-cell spread of HIV-1, we find that some CD4 binding site antibodies can inhibit this mode of HIV-1 dissemination and identify the recently described llama antibody J3 as a particularly potent inhibitor. Effective neutralisation of cell-cell spread between physiologically relevant cell types by J3 and J3-Fc supports the development of VHH J3 nanobodies for therapeutic or prophylactic applications.
Collapse
|
30
|
Varicella-zoster virus immunity among health care workers in Catalonia. Vaccine 2014; 32:5945-8. [PMID: 25219564 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine varicella-zoster virus (VZV) immunity among healthcare workers (HCWs). Cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS HCWs attending voluntary periodic health examinations between June 2008 and December 2010. SETTING Six public hospitals and five primary care areas in Catalonia, Spain. METHODS A self-administered questionnaire was given to eligible HCWs. Variables including age, sex, professional category, type of centre, history of varicella infection, and VZV vaccination were collected. The study was carried out using a convenience sample. The prevalence of antibodies and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of the history of clinical VZV infection or vaccination were calculated. Crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR and ORa) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to determine the variables associated with antibody prevalence. RESULTS Of 705 HCWs who agreed to participate, 644 were finally included. The overall prevalence of antibodies to varicella was 94.9% (95% CI: 92.9-96.4). Of the variables studied, only age was associated with serological susceptibility to VZV. HCWs aged 25-35 years had the highest serological susceptibility (8.1%, 95% CI: 4.6-13.0). The prevalence of antibodies was 96% in subjects reporting previous VZV infection or vaccination, compared with 93% in subjects who did not report these states or did not know. CONCLUSIONS The high proportion of serologically-susceptible HCWs found in this study indicates the need to develop for screening and vaccination strategies in Catalonia. Due to the high capacity of propagation of the VZV in health settings and its consequences, VZV vaccination programmes in HCWs should be reinforced.
Collapse
|
31
|
Uchtenhagen H, Schiffner T, Bowles E, Heyndrickx L, LaBranche C, Applequist SE, Jansson M, De Silva T, Back JW, Achour A, Scarlatti G, Fomsgaard A, Montefiori D, Stewart-Jones G, Spetz AL. Boosting of HIV-1 neutralizing antibody responses by a distally related retroviral envelope protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5802-12. [PMID: 24829409 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Our knowledge of the binding sites for neutralizing Abs (NAb) that recognize a broad range of HIV-1 strains (bNAb) has substantially increased in recent years. However, gaps remain in our understanding of how to focus B cell responses to vulnerable conserved sites within the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). In this article, we report an immunization strategy composed of a trivalent HIV-1 (clade B envs) DNA prime, followed by a SIVmac239 gp140 Env protein boost that aimed to focus the immune response to structurally conserved parts of the HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Envs. Heterologous NAb titers, primarily to tier 1 HIV-1 isolates, elicited during the trivalent HIV-1 env prime, were significantly increased by the SIVmac239 gp140 protein boost in rabbits. Epitope mapping of Ab-binding reactivity revealed preferential recognition of the C1, C2, V2, V3, and V5 regions. These results provide a proof of concept that a distally related retroviral SIV Env protein boost can increase pre-existing NAb responses against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Uchtenhagen
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torben Schiffner
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Bowles
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Virology Unit, Biomedical Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Steven E Applequist
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, S-22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thushan De Silva
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adnane Achour
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplant and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; and Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guillaume Stewart-Jones
- Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Anna-Lena Spetz
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sharon J, Rynkiewicz MJ, Lu Z, Yang CY. Discovery of protective B-cell epitopes for development of antimicrobial vaccines and antibody therapeutics. Immunology 2014; 142:1-23. [PMID: 24219801 PMCID: PMC3992043 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective antibodies play an essential role in immunity to infection by neutralizing microbes or their toxins and recruiting microbicidal effector functions. Identification of the protective B-cell epitopes, those parts of microbial antigens that contact the variable regions of the protective antibodies, can lead to development of antibody therapeutics, guide vaccine design, enable assessment of protective antibody responses in infected or vaccinated individuals, and uncover or localize pathogenic microbial functions that could be targeted by novel antimicrobials. Monoclonal antibodies are required to link in vivo or in vitro protective effects to specific epitopes and may be obtained from experimental animals or from humans, and their binding can be localized to specific regions of antigens by immunochemical assays. The epitopes are then identified with mapping methods such as X-ray crystallography of antigen-antibody complexes, antibody inhibition of hydrogen-deuterium exchange in the antigen, antibody-induced alteration of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the antigen, and experimentally validated computational docking of antigen-antibody complexes. The diversity in shape, size and structure of protective B-cell epitopes, and the increasing importance of protective B-cell epitope discovery to development of vaccines and antibody therapeutics are illustrated through examples from different microbe categories, with emphasis on epitopes targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies to pathogens of high antigenic variation. Examples include the V-shaped Ab52 glycan epitope in the O-antigen of Francisella tularensis, the concave CR6261 peptidic epitope in the haemagglutinin stem of influenza virus H1N1, and the convex/concave PG16 glycopeptidic epitope in the gp120 V1/V2 loop of HIV type 1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigen-Antibody Reactions
- Antigens, Bacterial/chemistry
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Sharon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Rynkiewicz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaohua Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| | - Chiou-Ying Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of MedicineBoston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Slifka MK, Leung DYM, Hammarlund E, Raué HP, Simpson EL, Tofte S, Baig-Lewis S, David G, Lynn H, Woolson R, Hata T, Milgrom H, Hanifin J. Transcutaneous yellow fever vaccination of subjects with or without atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:439-47. [PMID: 24331381 PMCID: PMC3960337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease with a global prevalence ranging from 3% to 20%. Patients with AD have an increased risk for complications after viral infection (eg, herpes simplex virus), and vaccination of patients with AD with live vaccinia virus is contraindicated because of a heightened risk of eczema vaccinatum, a rare but potentially lethal complication associated with smallpox vaccination. OBJECTIVE We sought to develop a better understanding of immunity to cutaneous viral infection in patients with AD. METHODS In a double-blind randomized study we investigated the safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccination of nonatopic subjects and patients with AD after standard subcutaneous inoculation or transcutaneous vaccination administered with a bifurcated needle. Viremia, neutralizing antibody, and antiviral T-cell responses were analyzed for up to 30 days after vaccination. RESULTS YFV vaccination administered through either route was well tolerated. Subcutaneous vaccination resulted in higher seroconversion rates than transcutaneous vaccination but elicited similar antiviral antibody levels and T-cell responses in both the nonatopic and AD groups. After transcutaneous vaccination, both groups mounted similar neutralizing antibody responses, but patients with AD demonstrated lower antiviral T-cell responses by 30 days after vaccination. Among transcutaneously vaccinated subjects, a significant inverse correlation between baseline IgE levels and the magnitude of antiviral antibody and CD4(+) T-cell responses was observed. CONCLUSIONS YFV vaccination of patients with AD through the transcutaneous route revealed that high baseline IgE levels provide a potential biomarker for predicting reduced virus-specific immune memory after transcutaneous infection with a live virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark K Slifka
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Ore.
| | | | - Erika Hammarlund
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Ore
| | - Hans-Peter Raué
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Ore
| | - Eric L Simpson
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore
| | - Susan Tofte
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore
| | - Shahana Baig-Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore
| | | | | | | | - Tissa Hata
- Division of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, Calif
| | - Henry Milgrom
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Jon Hanifin
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Ore
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Computational prediction of broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibody epitopes from neutralization activity data. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80562. [PMID: 24312481 PMCID: PMC3846483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies effective against the majority of circulating isolates of HIV-1 have been isolated from a small number of infected individuals. Definition of the conformational epitopes on the HIV spike to which these antibodies bind is of great value in defining targets for vaccine and drug design. Drawing on techniques from compressed sensing and information theory, we developed a computational methodology to predict key residues constituting the conformational epitopes on the viral spike from cross-clade neutralization activity data. Our approach does not require the availability of structural information for either the antibody or antigen. Predictions of the conformational epitopes of ten broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies are shown to be in good agreement with new and existing experimental data. Our findings suggest that our approach offers a means to accelerate epitope identification for diverse pathogenic antigens.
Collapse
|
35
|
Enhanced Efficacy of a Codon-Optimized DNA Vaccine Encoding the Glycoprotein Precursor Gene of Lassa Virus in a Guinea Pig Disease Model When Delivered by Dermal Electroporation. Vaccines (Basel) 2013; 1:262-77. [PMID: 26344112 PMCID: PMC4494234 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines1030262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) causes a severe, often fatal, hemorrhagic fever endemic to West Africa. Presently, there are no FDA-licensed medical countermeasures for this disease. In a pilot study, we constructed a DNA vaccine (pLASV-GPC) that expressed the LASV glycoprotein precursor gene (GPC). This plasmid was used to vaccinate guinea pigs (GPs) using intramuscular electroporation as the delivery platform. Vaccinated GPs were protected from lethal infection (5/6) with LASV compared to the controls. However, vaccinated GPs experienced transient viremia after challenge, although lower than the mock-vaccinated controls. In a follow-on study, we developed a new device that allowed for both the vaccine and electroporation pulse to be delivered to the dermis. We also codon-optimized the GPC sequence of the vaccine to enhance expression in GPs. Together, these innovations resulted in enhanced efficacy of the vaccine. Unlike the pilot study where neutralizing titers were not detected until after virus challenge, modest neutralizing titers were detected in guinea pigs before challenge, with escalating titers detected after challenge. The vaccinated GPs were never ill and were not viremic at any timepoint. The combination of the codon-optimized vaccine and dermal electroporation delivery is a worthy candidate for further development.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bonanni P, Gershon A, Gershon M, Kulcsár A, Papaevangelou V, Rentier B, Sadzot-Delvaux C, Usonis V, Vesikari T, Weil-Olivier C, de Winter P, Wutzler P. Primary versus secondary failure after varicella vaccination: implications for interval between 2 doses. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013; 32:e305-13. [PMID: 23838789 PMCID: PMC5500254 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e31828b7def] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two-dose varicella vaccination is recommended for optimal control of varicella in populations with high (>90%) 1-dose coverage. Optimal timing of the second dose may depend on whether breakthrough varicella results from primary vaccine failure (no protective immunity after vaccination) or secondary vaccine failure (waning protective immunity). METHODS Published literature (1995 to 2012) on vaccine failure after varicella vaccination cited in PubMed and other online sources was reviewed. RESULTS Nineteen publications detailed 21 varicella outbreaks with breakthrough varicella rates ranging from 0% to 42%; the publications showed no consistent trend between breakthrough varicella rate and time since vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Literature to date indicates a relatively high rate of primary vaccine failure and limited evidence of secondary vaccine failure among 1-dose varicella vaccine recipients, suggesting that a short interval between 2 doses might be preferable in countries considering implementation of universal varicella vaccination to reduce breakthrough varicella. However, any potential disruption to well-established vaccination schedules should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bonanni
- Department of Public Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anne Gershon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Gershon
- Faculty of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Kulcsár
- Ward for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Szent László Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vassiliki Papaevangelou
- Second Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens Medical School, “P & A Kyriakou” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Bernard Rentier
- IGIGA-Virology and Immunology-CHU Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Vytautas Usonis
- Clinic of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, University of Tampere Medical School, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Peter de Winter
- Department of Pediatrics, Spaarne Hospital, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Wutzler
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital Friedrich-Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Host genetic factors are a major contributing factor to the inter-individual variation observed in response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and are linked to resistance to HIV infection among exposed individuals, as well as rate of disease progression and the likelihood of viral transmission. Of the genetic variants that have been shown to affect the natural history of HIV infection, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I genes exhibit the strongest and most consistent association, underscoring a central role for CD8(+) T cells in resistance to the virus. HLA proteins play important roles in T-cell-mediated adaptive immunity by presenting immunodominant HIV epitopes to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and CD4(+) T cells. Genetic and functional data also indicate a function for HLA in natural killer cell-mediated innate immunity against HIV by interacting with killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR). We review the HLA and KIR associations with HIV disease and discuss the mechanisms underlying these associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maureen P. Martin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kulp DW, Schief WR. Advances in structure-based vaccine design. Curr Opin Virol 2013; 3:322-31. [PMID: 23806515 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the tremendous successes of current vaccines, infectious diseases still take a heavy toll on the global population, and that provides strong rationale for broadening our vaccine development repertoire. Structural vaccinology, in which protein structure information is utilized to design immunogens, has promise to provide new vaccines against traditionally difficult targets. Crystal structures of antigens containing one or more protection epitopes, especially when in complex with a protective antibody, are the launching point for immunogen design. Integrating structure and sequence information for families of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) has recently enabled the creation of germline-targeting immunogens that bind and activate germline B-cells in order to initiate the elicitation of such antibodies. The contacts between antigen and neutralizing antibody define a structural epitope, and methods have been developed to transplant epitopes to scaffold proteins for structural stabilization, and to design minimized antigens that retain one or more key epitopes while eliminating other potentially distracting or unnecessary features. To develop vaccines that protect against antigenically variable pathogens, pioneering structure-based work demonstrated that multiple strain-specific epitopes could be engineered onto a single immunogen. We review these recent structural vaccinology efforts to engineer germline-targeting, epitope-specific, and/or broad coverage immunogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Kulp
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center and Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jennifer M, Leslie G, Maxwel MO, Ruth N, Julie O. HIV-1 maternal and infant variants show similar sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies, but sensitivity varies by subtype. AIDS 2013; 27:1535-44. [PMID: 23856624 PMCID: PMC4080909 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32835faba5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE To protect against HIV infection, passively transferred and/or vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) need to effectively target diverse subtypes that are transmitted globally. These variants are a limited subset of those present during chronic infection and display some unique features. In the case of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), transmitted variants tend to be resistant to neutralization by maternal autologous NAbs. METHOD To investigate whether variants transmitted during MTCT are generally resistant to HIV-1-specific NAbs, 107 maternal or infant variants representing the dominant HIV-1 subtypes were tested against six recently identified HIV-1-specific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs), NIH45-46W, VRC01, PGT128, PGT121, PG9 and PGT145. RESULTS Infant and maternal variants did not differ in their neutralization sensitivity to individual bNAbs, nor did viruses from transmitting versus nontransmitting mothers, although there was a trend for viruses from transmitting mothers to be less sensitive overall. No single bNAb neutralized all viruses, but a combination of bNAbs that target distinct epitopes covered 100% of the variants tested. Compared with heterosexually transmitted variants, vertically transmitted variants were significantly more sensitive to neutralization by PGT128 and PGT121 (P=0.03 in both cases), but there were no differences for the other bNAbs. Overall, subtype A variants were significantly more sensitive to NIH45-46 (P=0.04), VRC01 (P=0.002) and PGT145 (P=0.03) compared with the nonsubtype A and less sensitive to PGT121 than subtype Cs (P=0.0001). CONCLUSION A combination of bNAbs against distinct epitopes may be needed to provide maximum coverage against viruses in different modes of transmission and diverse subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mabuka Jennifer
- Division of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, US 98109
- Program of Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Goo Leslie
- Division of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, US 98109
- Program of Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Majiwa O. Maxwel
- Division of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, US 98109
- Program of Pathobiology, Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Nduati Ruth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Overbaugh Julie
- Division of Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, US 98109
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Pan-HSV-2 IgG antibody in vaccinated mice and guinea pigs correlates with protection against herpes simplex virus 2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65523. [PMID: 23755244 PMCID: PMC3675040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We lack a correlate of immunity to herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) that may be used to differentiate whether a HSV-2 vaccine elicits robust or anemic protection against genital herpes. This gap in knowledge is often attributed to a failure to measure the correct component of the adaptive immune response to HSV-2. However, efforts to identify a correlate of immunity have focused on subunit vaccines that contain less than 3% of HSV-2's 40,000-amino-acid proteome. We were interested to determine if a correlate of immunity might be more readily identified if 1. animals were immunized with a polyvalent immunogen such as a live virus and/or 2. the magnitude of the vaccine-induced immune response was gauged in terms of the IgG antibody response to all of HSV-2's antigens (pan-HSV-2 IgG). Pre-challenge pan-HSV-2 IgG levels and protection against HSV-2 were compared in mice and/or guinea pigs immunized with a gD-2 subunit vaccine, wild-type HSV-2, or one of several attenuated HSV-2 ICP0− viruses (0Δ254, 0Δ810, 0ΔRING, or 0ΔNLS). These six HSV-2 immunogens elicited a wide range of pan-HSV-2 IgG levels spanning an ∼500-fold range. For 5 of the 6 immunogens tested, pre-challenge levels of pan-HSV-2 IgG quantitatively correlated with reductions in HSV-2 challenge virus shedding and increased survival frequency following HSV-2 challenge. Collectively, the results suggest that pan-HSV-2 IgG levels may provide a simple and useful screening tool for evaluating the potential of a HSV-2 vaccine candidate to elicit protection against HSV-2 genital herpes.
Collapse
|
41
|
Borja-Tabora C, Montalban C, Memish ZA, Van der Wielen M, Bianco V, Boutriau D, Miller J. Immune response, antibody persistence, and safety of a single dose of the quadrivalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in adolescents and adults: results of an open, randomised, controlled study. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:116. [PMID: 23510357 PMCID: PMC3599520 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The best strategy to protect individuals against meningococcal disease is to immunize against multiple serogroups. Immunogenicity, antibody persistence, and safety of the EU-licensed meningococcal ACWY-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (MenACWY-TT) were evaluated in healthy participants aged 11-55 years from the Philippines and Saudi Arabia. METHODS In this phase IIb, open, controlled study, 500 participants were randomised (3:1) to receive one dose of MenACWY-TT or a licensed meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Men-PS). Functional antibody responses against meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y were assessed by a serum bactericidal antibody assay using rabbit complement (rSBA) at Month 0, Month 1, Year 1, Year 2, and Year 3. Vaccine response was defined as an rSBA titre ≥32 at Month 1 in participants who were seronegative (rSBA titre <8) pre-vaccination and as at least a four-fold increase in titre in participants who were seropositive pre-vaccination. Solicited symptoms were recorded up to Day 4, safety outcomes up to Month 6, and serious adverse events related to vaccination up to Year 3. RESULTS Pre-specified criteria for non-inferiority of MenACWY-TT versus Men-PS were met in terms of rSBA vaccine response and incidence of grade 3 general symptoms. At Month 1, 82.7%-96.3% of MenACWY-TT and 69.7%-91.7% in Men-PS recipients had a vaccine response for each serogroup. At Year 3, ≥99.1% and ≥92.9% of MenACWY-TT recipients retained rSBA titres ≥8 and ≥128, respectively, as compared to ≥86.7% and ≥80.0% in the Men-PS group. Both vaccines had a clinically acceptable safety profile, although injection site redness and swelling were more frequent in MenACWY-TT recipients. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MenACWY-TT could protect adolescents and adults against meningococcal disease up to three years post-vaccination. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/NCT00356369.
Collapse
|
42
|
Kakoulidou M, Ingelman-Sundberg H, Johansson E, Cagigi A, Farouk SE, Nilsson A, Johansen K. Kinetics of antibody and memory B cell responses after MMR immunization in children and young adults. Vaccine 2012; 31:711-7. [PMID: 23174196 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of antigen-specific memory B-cells (MBCs) in children and young adults long time after vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) is not known. Here we have looked at the Swedish immunization program and examined children 1-10 years after the first MMR dose in early childhood, as well as young adults 7-18 years after the second dose of MMR. We show that Ab titers and MBCs against measles and rubella have different kinetics, indicating that the MBC pool and the corresponding Ab titers are regulated independently. These data fit well with other findings that continuous IgG secretion comes from long-lived plasma cells and not MBCs. We also demonstrate that individuals with low post-vaccination Ab titers might have an adequate MBC response. It remains to be shown if memory B-cells provide the same protection as specific antibodies, but our data is a valuable complement to the incomplete knowledge about correlates of protection after vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kakoulidou
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Characterization of CD8+ T cell function and immunodominance generated with an H2O2-inactivated whole-virus vaccine. J Virol 2012; 86:13735-44. [PMID: 23055558 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02178-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells play an important role in protection against both acute and persistent viral infections, and new vaccines that induce CD8(+) T cell immunity are currently needed. Here, we show that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-specific CD8(+) T cells can be generated in response to a nonreplicating H(2)O(2)-inactivated whole-virus vaccine (H(2)O(2)-LCMV). Vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell responses exhibited an increased ability to produce multiple cytokines at early time points following immunization compared to infection-induced responses. Vaccination with H(2)O(2)-LCMV induced the expansion of a narrow subset of the antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells induced by LCMV strain Arm infection, resulting in a distinct immunodominance hierarchy. Acute LCMV infection stimulated immunodominance patterns that shifted over time or after secondary infection, whereas vaccine-generated immunodominance profiles remained remarkably stable even following subsequent viral infection. Vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cell populations expanded sharply in response to challenge and were then maintained at high levels, with responses to individual epitopes occupying up to 40% of the CD8(+) T cell compartment at 35 days after challenge. H(2)O(2)-LCMV vaccination protected animals against challenge with chronic LCMV clone 13, and protection was mediated by CD8(+) T cells. These results indicate that vaccination with an H(2)O(2)-inactivated whole-virus vaccine induces LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells with unique functional characteristics and provides a useful model for studying CD8(+) T cells elicited in the absence of active viral infection.
Collapse
|
44
|
Vesikari T, Forstén A, Boutriau D, Bianco V, Van der Wielen M, Miller JM. A randomized study to assess the immunogenicity, antibody persistence and safety of a tetravalent meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135 and Y tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in children aged 2-10 years. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1882-91. [PMID: 23032168 PMCID: PMC3656081 DOI: 10.4161/hv.22165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Incidence of meningococcal diseases is high in children, and effective vaccines are needed for this age group. In this phase II, open, controlled study, 309 children aged 2–10 y from Finland were randomized (3:1) into two parallel groups to receive one dose of meningococcal ACWY-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine (ACWY-TT group; n = 231) or a licensed meningococcal ACWY polysaccharide vaccine (Men-PS group; n = 78). Serum bactericidal activity using rabbit complement (rSBA) was evaluated up to three years post-vaccination. Exploratory comparisons suggested that rSBA vaccine response rates and geometric mean titers (GMTs) for each serogroup at one month post-vaccination and rSBA GMTs for serogroups A, W-135 and Y up to three years post-vaccination were higher in the ACWY-TT compared with Men-PS group, but did not detect any difference between groups in terms of rSBA-MenC GMTs at three years post-vaccination; this is explained by the higher proportion of children from the Men-PS group who were excluded because they were re-vaccinated with a monovalent meningococcal serogroup C vaccine due to loss of protective antibody levels against this serogroup. Although there was a higher incidence of local reactogenicity in the ACWY-TT group, general and unsolicited symptoms reporting rates were comparable in both groups. This study showed that MenACWY-TT was immunogenic with a clinically acceptable safety profile in children aged 2–10 y. MenACWY-TT induced higher functional antibody titers for all serogroups, which persisted longer for serogroups A, W-135 and Y, than the MenACWY polysaccharide vaccine. This study has been registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT00427908.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center; University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bonsignori M, Alam SM, Liao HX, Verkoczy L, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF, Moody MA. HIV-1 antibodies from infection and vaccination: insights for guiding vaccine design. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:532-9. [PMID: 22981828 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Attempts to formulate a protective HIV-1 vaccine through classic vaccine design strategies have not been successful. Elicitation of HIV-1-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) at high titers that are present before exposure might be required to achieve protection. Recently, the application of new technologies has facilitated the study of clonal lineages of HIV-1 envelope (Env) antibodies, which have provided insights into HIV-1 antibody development during infection and upon vaccination. Strategies are being developed for the analysis of infection and vaccine candidate-induced antibodies, their gene usage, and their maturation pathways such that this information can be used to attempt to guide rational vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Development of a new hydrogen peroxide–based vaccine platform. Nat Med 2012; 18:974-9. [PMID: 22635006 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Safe and effective vaccines are crucial for maintaining public health and reducing the global burden of infectious disease. Here we introduce a new vaccine platform that uses hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) to inactivate viruses for vaccine production. H(2)O(2) rapidly inactivates both RNA and DNA viruses with minimal damage to antigenic structure or immunogenicity and is a highly effective method when compared with conventional vaccine inactivation approaches such as formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. Mice immunized with H(2)O(2)-inactivated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) generated cytolytic, multifunctional virus-specific CD8(+) T cells that conferred protection against chronic LCMV infection. Likewise, mice vaccinated with H(2)O(2)-inactivated vaccinia virus or H(2)O(2)-inactivated West Nile virus showed high virus-specific neutralizing antibody titers and were fully protected against lethal challenge. Together, these studies demonstrate that H(2)O(2)-based vaccines are highly immunogenic, provide protection against a range of viral pathogens in mice and represent a promising new approach to future vaccine development.
Collapse
|
47
|
Spetz AL, Chiodi F. Reduction of HIV-1 load in semen during follow-up study of RV144 vaccine trial boosts interest for novel correlates of immune protection in genital mucosa. J Infect Dis 2012; 207:1189-92. [PMID: 22829649 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
48
|
Euler Z, Schuitemaker H. Cross-reactive broadly neutralizing antibodies: timing is everything. Front Immunol 2012; 3:215. [PMID: 22833745 PMCID: PMC3400945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent surge of research into new broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 infection has recharged the field of HIV-1 vaccinology. In this review we discuss the currently known broadly neutralizing antibodies and focus on factors that may shape these antibodies in natural infection. We further discuss the role of these antibodies in the clinical course of the infection and consider immunological obstacles in inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies with a vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zelda Euler
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Burgers WA, Manrique A, Masopust D, McKinnon LR, Reynolds MR, Rolland M, Blish C, Chege GK, Curran R, Fischer W, Herrera C, Sather DN. Measurements of immune responses for establishing correlates of vaccine protection against HIV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:641-8. [PMID: 21861777 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Well-defined correlates of protective immunity are an essential component of rational vaccine development. Despite years of basic science and three HIV vaccine efficacy trials, correlates of immunological protection from HIV infection remain undefined. In December 2010, a meeting of scientists engaged in basic and translational work toward developing HIV-1 vaccines was convened. The goal of this meeting was to discuss current opportunities and optimal approaches for defining correlates of protection, both for ongoing and future HIV-1 vaccine candidates; specific efforts were made to engage young scientists. We discuss here the highlights from the meeting regarding the progress made and the way forward for a protective HIV-1 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - David Masopust
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lyle R. McKinnon
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Matthew R. Reynolds
- AIDS Vaccine Research Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Catherine Blish
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Gerald K. Chege
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rhonda Curran
- Institute of Nursing Research/School of Nursing, University of Ulster, Ulster, United Kingdom
| | - William Fischer
- Group T-6, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - D. Noah Sather
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Grabenstein JD, Manoff SB. Pneumococcal polysaccharide 23-valent vaccine: long-term persistence of circulating antibody and immunogenicity and safety after revaccination in adults. Vaccine 2012; 30:4435-44. [PMID: 22542818 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since publication of a 1997 review of the immunogenicity and safety data for pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines (PPSVs), dozens of additional studies have been published, involving larger cohorts, longer observation periods, and more specific assays. Additionally, a 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) has been licensed for adults. This paper reviews adult studies assessing antibody persistence for ≥ 3 years after pneumococcal vaccination, and adult studies of immunogenicity and safety after revaccination. This review emphasizes the currently registered PPSV23 formulations containing 25-μg polysaccharide per serotype, for which far more long-term data are available. Broadly, IgG and functional antibody levels after PPSV23 in adults persist above concentrations in unvaccinated adults for at least 5-10 years in most studies. The few exceptions involve populations of non-ambulatory adults or those with confounding host-factor issues. Revaccination with PPSV23 5-10 years after a previous dose consistently and substantially increases both IgG and functional antibody levels. There is an inverse association between circulating antibody level just before primary or revaccination and subsequent antibody increase. Although injection-site reactions (e.g., pain, swelling, redness) were reported more commonly after PPSV23 revaccination than after primary vaccination in most studies, these reactions typically resolved within 5 days. We interpret the contemporary literature as supporting pneumococcal revaccination as a means to sustain anti-pneumococcal antibodies at levels greater than among unvaccinated adults. PPSV23 is a broad-spectrum public-health tool to help prevent serious pneumococcal diseases across the adult lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Grabenstein
- Merck Vaccines, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP97-B364, West Point, PA 19426, USA. john
| | | |
Collapse
|