1
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Coënon L, Rigal E, Courot H, Multrier C, Zemiti S, Lambour J, Pugnière M, de Toledo M, Bossis G, Cartron G, Robert B, Martineau P, Fauvel B, Presumey J, Villalba M. Generation of non-genetically modified, CAR-like, NK cells. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009070. [PMID: 39029925 PMCID: PMC11261687 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is considered an attractive and safe strategy for anticancer therapy. Nevertheless, when autologous or allogenic NK cells are used alone, the clinical benefit has been disappointing. This is partially due to the lack of target specificity. Recently, CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells have proven to be safe and potent in patients with B-cell tumors. However, the generation of CAR-NK cells is a complicated manufacturing process. We aim at developing a targeted NK cell therapy without the need for cellular genetic modifications. We took advantage of the natural expression of the IgG Fc receptor CD16a (FcγRIIIa) to induce strong antigen-specific effector functions through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). We have generated the new technology "Pin", which enables the arming of modified monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) onto the CD16a of ex vivo expanded NK (eNK) cells. Methods Ex vivo eNK were prepared from umbilical cord blood cells and expanded using interleukin (IL)-2/IL-15 and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-lymphoblastoid feeder cells. mAbs were engineered with four substitutions called Pin mutations to increase their affinity to CD16a. eNK were incubated with anti-CD20 or anti-CD19 Pin-mAbs to generate "armed" eNK and were used to assess effector functions in vitro on cancer cell lines, lymphoma patient cells and in vivo. RESULTS CD16a/Pin-mAb interaction is stable for several days and Pin-mAb eNK inherit the mAb specificity and exclusively induce ADCC against targets expressing the cognate antigen. Hence, Pin-mAbs confer long-term selectivity to eNK, which allows specific elimination of the target cells in several in vivo mouse models. Finally, we showed that it is possible to arm eNK with at least two Pin-mAbs simultaneously, to increase efficacy against heterogenous cancer cell populations. CONCLUSIONS The Pin technology provides an off-the-shelf NK cell therapy platform to generate CAR-like NK cells, without genetic modifications, that easily target multiple tumor antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Humans
- Animals
- Mice
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/immunology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/genetics
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Coënon
- IRMB, INSERM U1183, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Caroline Multrier
- IRMB, INSERM U1183, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Zemiti
- IRMB, INSERM U1183, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jennifer Lambour
- IRMB, INSERM U1183, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Pugnière
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Guillaume Cartron
- Department of Clinical Hematology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Robert
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, INSERM U1183, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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2
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Chuang L, Qifeng J, Shaolei Y. The tumor immune microenvironment and T-cell-related immunotherapies in colorectal cancer. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:244. [PMID: 38918278 PMCID: PMC11199466 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment includes a complex network of immune T-cell subsets that play important roles in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and are key elements of CRC immunotherapy. T cells develop and migrate within tumors, recognizing tumor-specific antigens to regulate immune surveillance. Current immunotherapies are divided into the following main categories based on the regulatory role of T-cell subsets in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME): cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, peptide vaccines, CAR-T cells and more. This review describes the composition of the tumor immune microenvironment in colorectal cancer and the involvement of T cells in the pathogenesis and progression of CRC as well as current T-cell-related immunotherapies. Further studies on CRC-specific tumor antigens, the gene regulation of T cells, and the regulation of immune activity are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Chuang
- Hanan Branch of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Guogoli Street, Nangang District, Harbin, China
| | - Ju Qifeng
- The First Affiliated Hospital Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Yu Shaolei
- Hanan Branch of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Guogoli Street, Nangang District, Harbin, China.
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3
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Phuna ZX, Kumar PA, Haroun E, Dutta D, Lim SH. Antibody-drug conjugates: Principles and opportunities. Life Sci 2024; 347:122676. [PMID: 38688384 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are immunoconjugates that combine the specificity of monoclonal antibodies with a cytotoxic agent. The most appealing aspects of ADCs include their potential additive or synergistic effects of the innate backbone antibody and cytotoxic effects of the payload on tumors without the severe toxic side effects often associated with traditional chemotherapy. Recent advances in identifying new targets with tumor-specific expression, along with improved bioactive payloads and novel linkers, have significantly expanded the scope and optimism for ADCs in cancer therapeutics. In this paper, we will first provide a brief overview of antibody specificity and the structure of ADCs. Next, we will discuss the mechanisms of action and the development of resistance to ADCs. Finally, we will explore opportunities for enhancing ADC efficacy, overcoming drug resistance, and offer future perspectives on leveraging ADCs to improve the outcome of ADC therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xin Phuna
- Research and Development, Medicovestor, Inc, New York City, NY, United States of America
| | - Prashanth Ashok Kumar
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Elio Haroun
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Dibyendu Dutta
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Seah H Lim
- Research and Development, Medicovestor, Inc, New York City, NY, United States of America; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America.
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4
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Gu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. Bispecific antibody drug conjugates: Making 1+1>2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1965-1986. [PMID: 38799638 PMCID: PMC11119582 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibody‒drug conjugates (BsADCs) represent an innovative therapeutic category amalgamating the merits of antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Positioned as the next-generation ADC approach, BsADCs hold promise for ameliorating extant clinical challenges associated with ADCs, particularly pertaining to issues such as poor internalization, off-target toxicity, and drug resistance. Presently, ten BsADCs are undergoing clinical trials, and initial findings underscore the imperative for ongoing refinement. This review initially delves into specific design considerations for BsADCs, encompassing target selection, antibody formats, and the linker-payload complex. Subsequent sections delineate the extant progress and challenges encountered by BsADCs, illustrated through pertinent case studies. The amalgamation of BsAbs with ADCs offers a prospective solution to prevailing clinical limitations of ADCs. Nevertheless, the symbiotic interplay among BsAb, linker, and payload necessitates further optimizations and coordination beyond a simplistic "1 + 1" to effectively surmount the extant challenges facing the BsADC domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Gu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
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5
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Mader K, Dustin LB. Beyond bNAbs: Uses, Risks, and Opportunities for Therapeutic Application of Non-Neutralising Antibodies in Viral Infection. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:28. [PMID: 38651408 PMCID: PMC11036282 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of antibodies generated against a virus will be non-neutralising. However, this does not denote an absence of protective capacity. Yet, within the field, there is typically a large focus on antibodies capable of directly blocking infection (neutralising antibodies, NAbs) of either specific viral strains or multiple viral strains (broadly-neutralising antibodies, bNAbs). More recently, a focus on non-neutralising antibodies (nNAbs), or neutralisation-independent effects of NAbs, has emerged. These can have additive effects on protection or, in some cases, be a major correlate of protection. As their name suggests, nNAbs do not directly neutralise infection but instead, through their Fc domains, may mediate interaction with other immune effectors to induce clearance of viral particles or virally infected cells. nNAbs may also interrupt viral replication within infected cells. Developing technologies of antibody modification and functionalisation may lead to innovative biologics that harness the activities of nNAbs for antiviral prophylaxis and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss specific examples of nNAb actions in viral infections where they have known importance. We also discuss the potential detrimental effects of such responses. Finally, we explore new technologies for nNAb functionalisation to increase efficacy or introduce favourable characteristics for their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
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6
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Kelkar NS, Goldberg BS, Dufloo J, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Hessell AJ, Ackerman ME. Sex- and species-associated differences in complement-mediated immunity in humans and rhesus macaques. mBio 2024; 15:e0028224. [PMID: 38385704 PMCID: PMC10936177 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00282-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The complement system can be viewed as a "moderator" of innate immunity, "instructor" of humoral immunity, and "regulator" of adaptive immunity. While sex is known to affect humoral and cellular immune systems, its impact on complement in humans and rhesus macaques, a commonly used non-human primate model system, has not been well studied. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed serum samples from 90 humans and 72 rhesus macaques for the abundance and activity of the complement system components. While sequences of cascade proteins were highly conserved, dramatically different levels were observed between species. Whereas the low levels detected in rhesus samples raised questions about the suitability of the test for use with macaque samples, differences in levels of complement proteins were observed in male and female humans. Levels of total and antibody-dependent deposition of C1q and C3b on a glycosylated antigen differed between humans and rhesus, suggesting differential recognition of glycans and balance between classical and alternative activation pathways. Functional differences in complement-mediated lysis of antibody-sensitized cells were observed in multiple assays and showed that human females frequently exhibited higher lytic activity than human males or rhesus macaques, which typically did not exhibit such sex-associated differences. Other differences between species and sexes were observed in more narrow contexts-for only certain antibodies, antigens, or assays. Collectively, these results expand knowledge of sex-associated differences in the complement system in humans, identifying differences absent from rhesus macaques.IMPORTANCEThe complement system is a critical part of host defense to many bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. In parallel, rich epidemiological, clinical, and biomedical research evidence demonstrates that sex is an important biological variable in immunity, and many sex-specific differences in immune system are intimately tied with disease outcomes. This study focuses on the intersection of these two factors to define the impact of sex on complement pathway components and activities. This work expands our knowledge of sex-associated differences in the complement system in humans and also identifies the differences that appear to be absent in rhesus macaques, a popular non-human primate model. Whereas differences between species suggest potential limitations in the ability of macaque model to recapitulate human biology, knowledge of sex-based differences in humans has the potential to inform clinical research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S. Kelkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | | | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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7
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Grandclément C, Estoppey C, Dheilly E, Panagopoulou M, Monney T, Dreyfus C, Loyau J, Labanca V, Drake A, De Angelis S, Rubod A, Frei J, Caro LN, Blein S, Martini E, Chimen M, Matthes T, Kaya Z, Edwards CM, Edwards JR, Menoret E, Kervoelen C, Pellat-Deceunynck C, Moreau P, Mbow ML, Srivastava A, Dyson MR, Zhukovsky EA, Perro M, Sammicheli S. Development of ISB 1442, a CD38 and CD47 bispecific biparatopic antibody innate cell modulator for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2054. [PMID: 38448430 PMCID: PMC10917784 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering can tailor the design and activities of therapeutic antibodies for better efficiency or other advantageous clinical properties. Here we report the development of ISB 1442, a fully human bispecific antibody designed to re-establish synthetic immunity in CD38+ hematological malignancies. ISB 1442 consists of two anti-CD38 arms targeting two distinct epitopes that preferentially drive binding to tumor cells and enable avidity-induced blocking of proximal CD47 receptors on the same cell while preventing on-target off-tumor binding on healthy cells. The Fc portion of ISB 1442 is engineered to enhance complement dependent cytotoxicity, antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity and antibody dependent cell phagocytosis. ISB 1442 thus represents a CD47-BsAb combining biparatopic targeting of a tumor associated antigen with engineered enhancement of antibody effector function to overcome potential resistance mechanisms that hamper treatment of myeloma with monospecific anti-CD38 antibodies. ISB 1442 is currently in a Phase I clinical trial in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C Estoppey
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - E Dheilly
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | | | - T Monney
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - C Dreyfus
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - J Loyau
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - V Labanca
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - A Drake
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - S De Angelis
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - A Rubod
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - J Frei
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - L N Caro
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - S Blein
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - E Martini
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - M Chimen
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - T Matthes
- Haematology Service, Department of Oncology and Clinical Pathology Service, Department of Diagnostics, University Hospital Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Z Kaya
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C M Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J R Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - E Menoret
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| | - C Kervoelen
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
| | - C Pellat-Deceunynck
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
- SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
| | - P Moreau
- Nantes Université, Inserm, CNRS, Université d'Angers, CRCI2NA, Nantes, France
- SIRIC ILIAD, Angers, Nantes, France
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Unité d'Investigation Clinique, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - M L Mbow
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - A Srivastava
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - M R Dyson
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - E A Zhukovsky
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland
| | - M Perro
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland.
| | - S Sammicheli
- Ichnos Glenmark Innovation, Lausanne, CH, Switzerland.
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8
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Sneed SL, Reese BB, Laureano AF, Ratnapriya S, Fraschilla I, Jeffrey KL, Coffey GP, Conley PB, Anthony RM. An engineered immunomodulatory IgG1 Fc suppresses autoimmune inflammation through pathways shared with i.v. immunoglobulin. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172980. [PMID: 38357917 PMCID: PMC10866649 DOI: 10.1172/jci172980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the form of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) exert immunomodulatory activity and are used in this capacity to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Reductionist approaches have revealed that terminal sialylation of the single asparagine-linked (N-linked) glycan at position 297 of the IgG1 Fc bestows antiinflammatory activity, which can be recapitulated by introduction of an F241A point mutation in the IgG1 Fc (FcF241A). Here, we examined the antiinflammatory activity of CHO-K1 cell-produced FcF241A in vivo in models of autoimmune inflammation and found it to be independent of sialylation. Intriguingly, sialylation markedly improved the half-life and bioavailability of FcF241A via impaired interaction with the asialoglycoprotein receptor ASGPR. Further, FcF241A suppressed inflammation through the same molecular pathways as IVIG and sialylated IgG1 Fc and required the C-type lectin SIGN-R1 in vivo. This contrasted with FcAbdeg (efgartigimod), an engineered IgG1 Fc with enhanced neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding, which reduced total serum IgG concentrations, independent of SIGN-R1. When coadministered, FcF241A and FcAbdeg exhibited combinatorial antiinflammatory activity. Together, these results demonstrated that the antiinflammatory activity of FcF241A requires SIGN-R1, similarly to that of high-dose IVIG and sialylated IgG1, and can be used in combination with other antiinflammatory therapeutics that rely on divergent pathways, including FcAbdeg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunny L. Sneed
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Brian B. Reese
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Ana F.S. Laureano
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Sneha Ratnapriya
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
| | - Isabella Fraschilla
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kate L. Jeffrey
- Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Robert M. Anthony
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and
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9
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Desroys du Roure P, Lajoie L, Mallavialle A, Alcaraz LB, Mansouri H, Fenou L, Garambois V, Rubio L, David T, Coenon L, Boissière-Michot F, Chateau MC, Ngo G, Jarlier M, Villalba M, Martineau P, Laurent-Matha V, Roger P, Guiu S, Chardès T, Gros L, Liaudet-Coopman E. A novel Fc-engineered cathepsin D-targeting antibody enhances ADCC, triggers tumor-infiltrating NK cell recruitment, and improves treatment with paclitaxel and enzalutamide in triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e007135. [PMID: 38290768 PMCID: PMC10828871 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) prognosis is poor. Immunotherapies to enhance the antibody-induced natural killer (NK) cell antitumor activity are emerging for TNBC that is frequently immunogenic. The aspartic protease cathepsin D (cath-D), a tumor cell-associated extracellular protein with protumor activity and a poor prognosis marker in TNBC, is a prime target for antibody-based therapy to induce NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). This study investigated whether Fc-engineered anti-cath-D antibodies trigger ADCC, their impact on antitumor efficacy and tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and their relevance for combinatory therapy in TNBC. METHODS Cath-D expression and localization in TNBC samples were evaluated by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. The binding of human anti-cath-D F1M1 and Fc-engineered antibody variants, which enhance (F1M1-Fc+) or prevent (F1M1-Fc-) affinity for CD16a, to secreted human and murine cath-D was analyzed by ELISA, and to CD16a by surface plasmon resonance and flow cytometry. NK cell activation was investigated by flow cytometry, and ADCC by lactate dehydrogenase release. The antitumor efficacy of F1M1 Fc-variants was investigated using TNBC cell xenografts in nude mice. NK cell recruitment, activation, and cytotoxic activity were analyzed in MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts by immunophenotyping and RT-qPCR. NK cells were depleted using an anti-asialo GM1 antibody. F1M1-Fc+ antitumor effect was assessed in TNBC patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) and TNBC SUM159 cell xenografts, and in combination with paclitaxel or enzalutamide. RESULTS Cath-D expression on the TNBC cell surface could be exploited to induce ADCC. F1M1 Fc-variants recognized human and mouse cath-D. F1M1-Fc+ activated NK cells in vitro and induced ADCC against TNBC cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts more efficiently than F1M1. F1M1-Fc- was ineffective. In the MDA-MB-231 cell xenograft model, F1M1-Fc+ displayed higher antitumor activity than F1M1, whereas F1M1-Fc- was less effective, reflecting the importance of Fc-dependent mechanisms in vivo. F1M1-Fc+ triggered tumor-infiltrating NK cell recruitment, activation and cytotoxic activity in MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts. NK cell depletion impaired F1M1-Fc+ antitumor activity, demonstrating their key role. F1M1-Fc+ inhibited growth of SUM159 cell xenografts and two TNBC PDXs. In combination therapy, F1M1-Fc+ improved paclitaxel and enzalutamide therapeutic efficacy without toxicity. CONCLUSIONS F1M1-Fc+ is a promising immunotherapy for TNBC that could be combined with conventional regimens, including chemotherapy or antiandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurie Lajoie
- Université de Tours - INRAE, UMR1282, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (ISP), équipe BioMédicaments Anti-Parasitaires (BioMAP), Tours, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lindsay B Alcaraz
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hanane Mansouri
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- RHEM, IRCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Lise Fenou
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Lucie Rubio
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Timothée David
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïs Coenon
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Giang Ngo
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, University of Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
| | - Pierre Martineau
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pascal Roger
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Pathology, CHU Nîmes, Nimes, France
| | - Séverine Guiu
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, Paris, F-75016, France
| | - Laurent Gros
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Centre national de la recherche Scientifique, Paris, F-75016, France
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10
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Dou QQ, Sun TT, Wang GQ, Tong WB. Inetetamab combined with pyrotinib and chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer brain metastasis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:575-581. [PMID: 38322469 PMCID: PMC10841958 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i3.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is an advanced breast disease that is difficult to treat and is associated with a high risk of death. Patient prognosis is usually poor, with reduced quality of life. In this context, we report the case of a patient with HER-2-positive BCBM treated with a macromolecular mAb (inetetamab) combined with a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). CASE SUMMARY The patient was a 58-year-old woman with a 12-year history of type 2 diabetes. She was compliant with regular insulin treatment and had good blood glucose control. The patient was diagnosed with invasive carcinoma of the right breast (T3N1M0 stage IIIa, HER2-positive type) through aspiration biopsy of the ipsilateral breast due to the discovery of a breast tumor in February 2019. Immunohistochemistry showed ER (-), PR (-), HER-2 (3+), and Ki-67 (55-60%+). Preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy, i.e., the AC-TH regimen (epirubicin, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel-paclitaxel, and trastuzumab), was administered for 8 cycles. She underwent modified radical mastectomy of the right breast in November 2019 and received tocilizumab targeted therapy for 1 year. Brain metastasis was found 9 mo after surgery. She underwent brain metastasectomy in August 2020. Immunohistochemistry showed ER (-) and PR. (-), HER-2 (3+), and Ki-67 (10-20%+). In November 2020, the patient experienced headache symptoms. After an examination, tumor recurrence in the original surgical region of the brain was observed, and the patient was treated with inetetamab, pyrotinib, and capecitabine. Whole-brain radiotherapy was recommended. The patient and her family refused radiotherapy for personal reasons. In September 2021, a routine examination revealed that the brain tumor was considerably larger. The original systemic treatment was continued and combined with intensity-modulated radiation therapy for brain metastases, followed by regular hospitalization and routine examinations. The patient's condition is generally stable, and she has a relatively high quality of life. This case report demonstrates that in patients with BCBM and resistance to trastuzumab, inetetamab combined with pyrotinib and chemotherapy can prolong survival. CONCLUSION Inetetamab combined with small molecule TKI drugs, chemotherapy and radiation may be an effective regimen for maintaining stable disease in patients with BCBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Dou
- Graduate Student Institute, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ting-Ting Sun
- Graduate Student Institute, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Wang
- Graduate Student Institute, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wei-Bing Tong
- Central Breast Area B, Beijing University Cancer Hospital Inner Mongolia Hospital, Hohhot 010000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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11
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Ren J, Liao X, Lewis JM, Chang J, Qu R, Carlson KR, Foss F, Girardi M. Generation and optimization of off-the-shelf immunotherapeutics targeting TCR-Vβ2+ T cell malignancy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:519. [PMID: 38225288 PMCID: PMC10789731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for T cell malignancies encounter issues of disease relapse and off-target toxicity. Using T cell receptor (TCR)Vβ2 as a model, here we demonstrate the rapid generation of an off-the-shelf allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T platform targeting the clone-specific TCR Vβ chain for malignant T cell killing while limiting normal cell destruction. Healthy donor T cells undergo CRISPR-induced TRAC, B2M and CIITA knockout to eliminate T cell-dependent graft-versus-host and host-versus-graft reactivity. Second generation 4-1BB/CD3zeta CAR containing high affinity humanized anti-Vβ scFv is expressed efficiently on donor T cells via both lentivirus and adeno-associated virus transduction with limited detectable pre-existing immunoreactivity. Our optimized CAR-T cells demonstrate specific and persistent killing of Vβ2+ Jurkat cells and Vβ2+ patient derived malignant T cells, in vitro and in vivo, without affecting normal T cells. In parallel, we generate humanized anti-Vβ2 antibody with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) by Fc-engineering for NK cell ADCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Xiaofeng Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Julia M Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jungsoo Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- The Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kacie R Carlson
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Francine Foss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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12
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Damelang T, Brinkhaus M, van Osch TLJ, Schuurman J, Labrijn AF, Rispens T, Vidarsson G. Impact of structural modifications of IgG antibodies on effector functions. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1304365. [PMID: 38259472 PMCID: PMC10800522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1304365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies are a critical component of the adaptive immune system, binding to and neutralizing pathogens and other foreign substances. Recent advances in molecular antibody biology and structural protein engineering enabled the modification of IgG antibodies to enhance their therapeutic potential. This review summarizes recent progress in both natural and engineered structural modifications of IgG antibodies, including allotypic variation, glycosylation, Fc engineering, and Fc gamma receptor binding optimization. We discuss the functional consequences of these modifications to highlight their potential for therapeutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon Damelang
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Brinkhaus
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Thijs L. J. van Osch
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Janine Schuurman
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Aran F. Labrijn
- Department of Antibody Research & Technologies’, Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research, Department of Experimental Immunohematology and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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13
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Heisler J, Kovner D, Izadi S, Zarzar J, Carter PJ. Modulation of the high concentration viscosity of IgG 1 antibodies using clinically validated Fc mutations. MAbs 2024; 16:2379560. [PMID: 39028186 PMCID: PMC11262234 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2379560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The self-association of therapeutic antibodies can result in elevated viscosity and create problems in manufacturing and formulation, as well as limit delivery by subcutaneous injection. The high concentration viscosity of some antibodies has been reduced by variable domain mutations or by the addition of formulation excipients. In contrast, the impact of Fc mutations on antibody viscosity has been minimally explored. Here, we studied the effect of a panel of common and clinically validated Fc mutations on the viscosity of two closely related humanized IgG1, κ antibodies, omalizumab (anti-IgE) and trastuzumab (anti-HER2). Data presented here suggest that both Fab-Fab and Fab-Fc interactions contribute to the high viscosity of omalizumab, in a four-contact model of self-association. Most strikingly, the high viscosity of omalizumab (176 cP) was reduced 10.7- and 2.2-fold by Fc modifications for half-life extension (M252Y:S254T:T256E) and aglycosylation (N297G), respectively. Related single mutations (S254T and T256E) each reduced the viscosity of omalizumab by ~6-fold. An alternative half-life extension Fc mutant (M428L:N434S) had the opposite effect in increasing the viscosity of omalizumab by 1.5-fold. The low viscosity of trastuzumab (8.6 cP) was unchanged or increased by ≤ 2-fold by the different Fc variants. Molecular dynamics simulations provided mechanistic insight into the impact of Fc mutations in modulating electrostatic and hydrophobic surface properties as well as conformational stability of the Fc. This study demonstrates that high viscosity of some IgG1 antibodies can be mitigated by Fc mutations, and thereby offers an additional tool to help design future antibody therapeutics potentially suitable for subcutaneous delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Heisler
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Kovner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Zarzar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul J. Carter
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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14
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Gao F, Mora MC, Constantinides M, Coenon L, Multrier C, Vaillant L, Zhang T, Villalba M. g-NK cells from umbilical cord blood are phenotypically and functionally different than g-NK cells from peripheral blood. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2283353. [PMID: 38126036 PMCID: PMC10732642 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2283353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
FcRγ-deficient natural killer (NK) cells, designated as g-NK cells, exhibit enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) capacity and increased IFN-γ and TNF-α production, rendering them promising for antiviral and antitumor responses. g-NK cells from peripheral blood (PB) are often associated with prior human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. However, the prevalence, phenotype, and function of g-NK cells in umbilical cord blood (UCB-g-NK) remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate significant phenotypical differences between UCB-g-NK and PB-g-NK cells. Unlike PB-g-NK cells, UCB-g-NK cells did not show heightened cytokine production upon CD16 engagement, in contrast to the conventional NK (c-NK) cell counterparts. Interestingly, following in vitro activation, UCB-g-NK cells also exhibited elevated levels of IFN-γ production, particularly when co-cultured with HCMV and plasma from g-NK+ adults. Furthermore, g-NK+ plasma from PB even facilitated the in vitro expansion of UCB-g-NK cells. These findings underscore the phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of g-NK cells based on their origin and demonstrate that components within g-NK+ plasma may directly contribute to the acquisition of an adult phenotype by the "immature" UCB-g-NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Loïs Coenon
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caroline Multrier
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Vaillant
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Tianxiang Zhang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Martin Villalba
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
- IRMB, INSERM, CHRU de Montpellier, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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15
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Kelkar NS, Goldberg BS, Dufloo J, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Hessell AJ, Ackerman ME. Sex and species associated differences in Complement-mediated immunity in Humans and Rhesus macaques. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.23.563614. [PMID: 37961263 PMCID: PMC10634758 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The complement system can be viewed as a 'moderator' of innate immunity, 'instructor' of humoral immunity, and 'regulator' of adaptive immunity. While sex and aging are known to affect humoral and cellular immune systems, their impact on the complement pathway in humans and rhesus macaques, a commonly used non-human primate model system, have not been well-studied. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed serum samples from 90 humans and 75 rhesus macaques for the abundance and activity of the complement system components. While sequences of cascade proteins were highly conserved, dramatically different levels were observed between species. Whereas the low levels detected in rhesus samples raised questions about the suitability of the test, differences in levels of complement proteins were observed in male and female humans. Levels of total and antibody-dependent deposition of C1q and C3b on a glycosylated antigen differed between human and rhesus, suggesting differential recognition of glycans. Functional differences in complement-mediated lysis of antibody-sensitized cells were observed in multiple assays and showed that human females frequently exhibited higher lytic activity than human males or rhesus macaques, which typically did not exhibit such sexual dimorphism. Other differences between species and sexes were observed in more narrow contexts-for only certain antibodies, antigens, or assays. Collectively, these results expand our knowledge of sexual dimorphism in the complement system in humans, identifying differences that appear to be absent from rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S. Kelkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Benjamin S. Goldberg
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Present Address: Metaphore Biotechnologies Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
- Present Address: Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), Universitat da Valencia-CSIC, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 9400 Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR3569, Virus and Immunity Unit, 75015 Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, 9400 Créteil, France
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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16
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Lee SM, Min SW, Kwon HS, Bae GD, Jung JH, Park HI, Lee SH, Lim CS, Ko BJ, Lee JC, Jung ST. Effective clearance of rituximab-resistant tumor cells by breaking the mirror-symmetry of immunoglobulin G and simultaneous binding to CD55 and CD20. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18275. [PMID: 37880350 PMCID: PMC10600224 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), which eliminates aberrant target cells through the assembly and complex formation of serum complement molecules, is one of the major effector functions of anticancer therapeutic antibodies. In this study, we discovered that breaking the symmetry of natural immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies significantly increased the CDC activity of anti-CD20 antibodies. In addition, the expression of CD55 (a checkpoint inhibitor in the CDC cascade) was significantly increased in a rituximab-resistant cell line generated in-house, suggesting that CD55 overexpression might be a mechanism by which cancer cells acquire rituximab resistance. Based on these findings, we developed an asymmetric bispecific antibody (SBU-CD55 × CD20) that simultaneously targets both CD55 and CD20 to effectively eliminate rituximab-resistant cancer cells. In various cancer cell lines, including rituximab-resistant lymphoma cells, the SBU-CD55 × CD20 antibody showed significantly higher CDC activity than either anti-CD20 IgG antibody alone or a combination of anti-CD20 IgG antibody and anti-CD55 IgG antibody. Furthermore, the asymmetric bispecific antibody (SBU-CD55 × CD20) exhibited significantly higher CDC activity against rituximab-resistant cancer cells compared to other bispecific antibodies with symmetric features. These results demonstrate that enhancing CDC with an asymmetric CD55-binding bispecific antibody could be a new strategy for developing therapeutics to treat patients with relapsed or refractory cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, 77, Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Won Min
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Sun Kwon
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Gong-Deuk Bae
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hae Jung
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye In Park
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Su Lim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation 123, Cheongju, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung Joon Ko
- School of Biopharmaceutical and Medical Science, Sungshin Women's University, 55, Dobonng-Ro 76ga-gil, Gangbuk, Seoul, 01133, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Chul Lee
- SG Medical, 3-11, Ogeum-ro 13-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05548, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, 73 Goryeodae-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Human Genetics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Abdeldaim DT, Schindowski K. Fc-Engineered Therapeutic Antibodies: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2402. [PMID: 37896162 PMCID: PMC10610324 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal therapeutic antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Fc engineering aims to enhance the effector functions or half-life of therapeutic antibodies by modifying their Fc regions. Recent advances in the Fc engineering of modern therapeutic antibodies can be considered the next generation of antibody therapy. Various strategies are employed, including altering glycosylation patterns via glycoengineering and introducing mutations to the Fc region, thereby enhancing Fc receptor or complement interactions. Further, Fc engineering strategies enable the generation of bispecific IgG-based heterodimeric antibodies. As Fc engineering techniques continue to evolve, an expanding portfolio of Fc-engineered antibodies is advancing through clinical development, with several already approved for medical use. Despite the plethora of Fc-based mutations that have been analyzed in in vitro and in vivo models, we focus here in this review on the relevant Fc engineering strategies of approved therapeutic antibodies to finetune effector functions, to modify half-life and to stabilize asymmetric bispecific IgGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia T. Abdeldaim
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, 88400 Biberach, Germany;
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Schindowski
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Applied Science Biberach, 88400 Biberach, Germany;
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18
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Lee W, Lee SM, Jung ST. Unlocking the Power of Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity: Engineering Strategies for the Development of Potent Therapeutic Antibodies for Cancer Treatments. BioDrugs 2023; 37:637-648. [PMID: 37486566 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-023-00618-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a crucial part of the innate immune response, providing defense against invading pathogens and cancer cells. Recently, it has become evident that the complement system plays a significant role in anticancer activities, particularly through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), alongside antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP). With the discovery of new roles for serum complement molecules in the human immune system, various approaches are being pursued to develop CDC-enhanced antibody therapeutics. In this review, we focus on successful antibody engineering strategies for enhancing CDC, analyzing the lessons learned and the limitations of each approach. Furthermore, we outline potential pathways for the development of antibody therapeutics specifically aimed at enhancing CDC for superior therapeutic efficacy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonju Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Taek Jung
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Pejchal R, Cooper AB, Brown ME, Vásquez M, Krauland EM. Profiling the Biophysical Developability Properties of Common IgG1 Fc Effector Silencing Variants. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:54. [PMID: 37753968 PMCID: PMC10526015 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies represent the most significant modality in biologics, with around 150 approved drugs on the market. In addition to specific target binding mediated by the variable fragments (Fvs) of the heavy and light chains, antibodies possess effector functions through binding of the constant region (Fc) to Fcγ receptors (FcγR), which allow immune cells to attack and kill target cells using a variety of mechanisms. However, for some applications, including T-cell-engaging bispecifics, this effector function is typically undesired. Mutations within the lower hinge and the second constant domain (CH2) of IgG1 that comprise the FcγR binding interface reduce or eliminate effector function ("Fc silencing") while retaining binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), important for normal antibody pharmacokinetics (PKs). Comprehensive profiling of biophysical developability properties would benefit the choice of constant region variants for development. Here, we produce a large panel of representative mutations previously described in the literature and in many cases in clinical or approved molecules, generate select combinations thereof, and characterize their binding and biophysical properties. We find that some commonly used CH2 mutations, including D265A and P331S, are effective in reducing binding to FcγR but significantly reduce stability, promoting aggregation, particularly under acidic conditions commonly employed in manufacturing. We highlight mutation sets that are particularly effective for eliminating Fc effector function with the retention of WT-like stability, including L234A, L235A, and S267K (LALA-S267K), L234A, L235E, and S267K (LALE-S267K), L234A, L235A, and P329A (LALA-P329A), and L234A, L235E, and P329G (LALE-P329G).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pejchal
- Adimab LLC, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA; (M.E.B.); (M.V.); (E.M.K.)
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes recent studies reporting the induction of vaccinal effects by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) antibody therapy. It also puts into perspective preclinical studies that have identified mechanisms involved in the immunomodulatory properties of antiviral antibodies. Finally, it discusses potential therapeutic interventions to enhance host adaptive immune responses in people living with HIV (PLWH) treated with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies in promising clinical trials have shown that, in addition to controlling viremia, anti-HIV-1 bNAbs are able to enhance the host's humoral and cellular immune response. Such vaccinal effects, in particular the induction of HIV-1-specific CD8 + T-cell responses, have been observed upon treatment with two potent bNAbs (3BNC117 and 10-1074) alone or in combination with latency-reversing agents (LRA). While these studies reinforce the idea that bNAbs can induce protective immunity, the induction of vaccinal effects is not systematic and might depend on both the virological status of the patient as well as the therapeutic strategy chosen. SUMMARY HIV-1 bNAbs can enhance adaptive host immune responses in PLWH. The challenge now is to exploit these immunomodulatory properties to design optimized therapeutic interventions to promote and enhance the induction of protective immunity against HIV-1 infection during bNAbs therapy.
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21
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Sampei Z, Koo CX, Teo FJ, Toh YX, Fukuzawa T, Gan SW, Nambu T, Ho A, Honda K, Igawa T, Ahmed F, Wang CI, Fink K, Nezu J. Complement Activation by an Anti-Dengue/Zika Antibody with Impaired Fcγ Receptor Binding Provides Strong Efficacy and Abrogates Risk of Antibody-Dependent Enhancement. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12020036. [PMID: 37218902 DOI: 10.3390/antib12020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To combat infectious diseases, vaccines are considered the best prophylactic strategy for a wide range of the population, but even when vaccines are effective, the administration of therapeutic antibodies against viruses could provide further treatment options, particularly for vulnerable groups whose immunity against the viruses is compromised. Therapeutic antibodies against dengue are ideally engineered to abrogate binding to Fcγ receptors (FcγRs), which can induce antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). However, the Fc effector functions of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 have recently been reported to improve post-exposure therapy, while they are dispensable when administered as prophylaxis. Hence, in this report, we investigated the influence of Fc engineering on anti-virus efficacy using the anti-dengue/Zika human antibody SIgN-3C and found it affected the viremia clearance efficacy against dengue in a mouse model. Furthermore, we demonstrated that complement activation through antibody binding to C1q could play a role in anti-dengue efficacy. We also generated a novel Fc variant, which displayed the ability for complement activation but showed very low FcγR binding and an undetectable level of the risk of ADE in a cell-based assay. This Fc engineering approach could make effective and safe anti-virus antibodies against dengue, Zika and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenjiro Sampei
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama 244-8602, Japan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138623, Singapore
| | | | - Frannie Jiuyi Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Ying Xiu Toh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Taku Fukuzawa
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama 244-8602, Japan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138623, Singapore
| | - Siok Wan Gan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138623, Singapore
| | - Takeru Nambu
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama 244-8602, Japan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138623, Singapore
| | - Adrian Ho
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138623, Singapore
| | - Kiyofumi Honda
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama 244-8602, Japan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138623, Singapore
| | - Tomoyuki Igawa
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama 244-8602, Japan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138623, Singapore
| | - Fariyal Ahmed
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Cheng-I Wang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Junichi Nezu
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama 244-8602, Japan
- Chugai Pharmabody Research Pte. Ltd., Singapore 138623, Singapore
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22
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Boudreau CM, Burke JS, Roederer AL, Gorman MJ, Mundle S, Lingwood D, Delagrave S, Sridhar S, Ross TM, Kleanthous H, Alter G. Pre-existing Fc profiles shape the evolution of neutralizing antibody breadth following influenza vaccination. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100975. [PMID: 36921600 PMCID: PMC10040413 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Under the ever-present threat of a pandemic influenza strain, the evolution of a broadly reactive, neutralizing, functional, humoral immune response may hold the key to protection against both circulating and emerging influenza strains. We apply a systems approach to profile hemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-specific humoral signatures that track with the evolution of broad immunity in a cohort of vaccinated individuals and validate these findings in a second longitudinal cohort. Multivariate analysis reveals the presence of a unique pre-existing Fcγ-receptor-binding antibody profile in individuals that evolved broadly reactive hemagglutination inhibition activity (HAI), marked by the presence of elevated levels of pre-existing FCGR2B-binding antibodies. Moreover, vaccination with FCGR2B-binding antibody-opsonized influenza results in enhanced antibody titers and HAI activity in a murine model. Together, these data suggest that pre-existing FCGR2B binding antibodies are a key correlate of the evolution of broadly protective influenza-specific antibodies, providing insight for the design of next-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M Boudreau
- PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - John S Burke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alexander L Roederer
- PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew J Gorman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sophia Mundle
- Discovery North America, Sanofi-Pasteur, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Saranya Sridhar
- Discovery North America, Sanofi-Pasteur, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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23
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Hamdan F, Feodoroff M, Russo S, Fusciello M, Feola S, Chiaro J, Antignani G, Greco F, Leusen J, Ylösmäki E, Grönholm M, Cerullo V. Controlled release of enhanced cross-hybrid IgGA Fc PD-L1 inhibitors using oncolytic adenoviruses. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:264-276. [PMID: 36911070 PMCID: PMC9995465 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have clinical success in prolonging the life of many cancer patients. However, only a minority of patients benefit from such therapy, calling for further improvements. Currently, most PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors in the clinic do not elicit Fc effector mechanisms that would substantially increase their efficacy. To gain potency and circumvent off-target effects, we previously designed an oncolytic adenovirus (Ad-Cab) expressing an Fc fusion peptide against PD-L1 on a cross-hybrid immunoglobulin GA (IgGA) Fc. Ad-Cab elicited antibody effector mechanisms of IgG1 and IgA, which led to higher tumor killing compared with each isotype alone and with clinically approved PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors. In this study, we further improved the therapy to increase the IgG1 Fc effector mechanisms of the IgGA Fc fusion peptide (Ad-Cab FT) by adding four somatic mutations that increase natural killer (NK) cell activation. Ad-Cab FT was shown to work better at lower concentrations compared with Ad-Cab in vitro and in vivo and to have better tumor- and myeloid-derived suppressor cell killing, likely because of higher NK cell activation. Additionally, the biodistribution of the Fc fusion peptide demonstrated targeted release in the tumor microenvironment with minimal or no leakage to the peripheral blood and organs in mice. These data demonstrate effective and safe use of Ad-Cab FT, bidding for further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Hamdan
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michaela Feodoroff
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salvatore Russo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manlio Fusciello
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Feola
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacopo Chiaro
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriella Antignani
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesca Greco
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeanette Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erkko Ylösmäki
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikaela Grönholm
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Laboratory of Immunovirotherapy, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Drug Delivery, Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology and CEINGE, Naples University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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24
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An anti-HER2 biparatopic antibody that induces unique HER2 clustering and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1394. [PMID: 36914633 PMCID: PMC10011572 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays an oncogenic role in breast, gastric and other solid tumors. However, anti-HER2 therapies are only currently approved for the treatment of breast and gastric/gastric esophageal junction cancers and treatment resistance remains a problem. Here, we engineer an anti-HER2 IgG1 bispecific, biparatopic antibody (Ab), zanidatamab, with unique and enhanced functionalities compared to both trastuzumab and the combination of trastuzumab plus pertuzumab (tras + pert). Zanidatamab binds adjacent HER2 molecules in trans and initiates distinct HER2 reorganization, as shown by polarized cell surface HER2 caps and large HER2 clusters, not observed with trastuzumab or tras + pert. Moreover, zanidatamab, but not trastuzumab nor tras + pert, elicit potent complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) against high HER2-expressing tumor cells in vitro. Zanidatamab also mediates HER2 internalization and downregulation, inhibition of both cell signaling and tumor growth, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis (ADCP), and also shows superior in vivo antitumor activity compared to tras + pert in a HER2-expressing xenograft model. Collectively, we show that zanidatamab has multiple and distinct mechanisms of action derived from the structural effects of biparatopic HER2 engagement.
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25
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Advances in antibody-based therapy in oncology. NATURE CANCER 2023; 4:165-180. [PMID: 36806801 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-023-00516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are a growing class of targeted cancer therapeutics, characterized by exquisite specificity, long serum half-life, high affinity and immune effector functions. In this review, we outline key advances in the field with a particular focus on recent and emerging classes of engineered antibody therapeutic candidates, discuss molecular structure and mechanisms of action and provide updates on clinical development and practice.
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26
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Zohar T, Atyeo C, Wolf CR, Logue JK, Shuey K, Franko N, Choi RY, Wald A, Koelle DM, Chu HY, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G. A multifaceted high-throughput assay for probing antigen-specific antibody-mediated primary monocyte phagocytosis and downstream functions. J Immunol Methods 2022; 510:113328. [PMID: 35934070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes are highly versatile innate immune cells responsible for pathogen clearance, innate immune coordination, and induction of adaptive immunity. Monocytes can directly and indirectly integrate pathogen-destructive instructions and contribute to disease control via pathogen uptake, presentation, or the release of cytokines. Indirect pathogen-specific instructions are conferred via Fc-receptor signaling and triggered by antibody opsonized material. Given the tremendous variation in polyclonal humoral immunity, defining the specific antibody-responses able to arm monocytes most effectively remains incompletely understood. While monocyte cell line-based assays have been used previously, cell lines may not faithfully recapitulate the full biology of monocytes. Thus, here we describe a multifaceted antigen-specific method for probing antibody-dependent primary monocyte phagocytosis (ADMP) and secondary responses. The assay not only reliably captures phagocytic uptake of immune complexes, but also detects unique changes in surface markers and cytokine secretions profiles, poorly detected by monocytic cell lines. The assay captures divergent polyclonal-monocyte recruiting activity across subjects with varying SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and also revealed biological nuances in Fc-mutant monoclonal antibody activity related to differences in Fc-receptor binding. Thus, the ADMP assay is a flexible assay able to provide key insights into the role of humoral immunity in driving monocyte phenotypic transitions and downstream functions across many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Zohar
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, MA, Cambridge, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, MA, Cambridge, USA
| | - Caitlin R Wolf
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Logue
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kiel Shuey
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, MA, Cambridge, USA.
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27
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Gehlert CL, Rahmati P, Boje AS, Winterberg D, Krohn S, Theocharis T, Cappuzzello E, Lux A, Nimmerjahn F, Ludwig RJ, Lustig M, Rösner T, Valerius T, Schewe DM, Kellner C, Klausz K, Peipp M. Dual Fc optimization to increase the cytotoxic activity of a CD19-targeting antibody. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957874. [PMID: 36119088 PMCID: PMC9471254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting CD19 represents a promising strategy for the therapy of B-cell malignancies. Although non-engineered CD19 antibodies are poorly effective in mediating complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP), these effector functions can be enhanced by Fc-engineering. Here, we engineered a CD19 antibody with the aim to improve effector cell-mediated killing and CDC activity by exchanging selected amino acid residues in the Fc domain. Based on the clinically approved Fc-optimized antibody tafasitamab, which triggers enhanced ADCC and ADCP due to two amino acid exchanges in the Fc domain (S239D/I332E), we additionally added the E345K amino acid exchange to favor antibody hexamerization on the target cell surface resulting in improved CDC. The dual engineered CD19-DEK antibody bound CD19 and Fcγ receptors with similar characteristics as the parental CD19-DE antibody. Both antibodies were similarly efficient in mediating ADCC and ADCP but only the dual optimized antibody was able to trigger complement deposition on target cells and effective CDC. Our data provide evidence that from a technical perspective selected Fc-enhancing mutations can be combined (S239D/I332E and E345K) allowing the enhancement of ADCC, ADCP and CDC with isolated effector populations. Interestingly, under more physiological conditions when the complement system and FcR-positive effector cells are available as effector source, strong complement deposition negatively impacts FcR engagement. Both effector functions were simultaneously active only at selected antibody concentrations. Dual Fc-optimized antibodies may represent a strategy to further improve CD19-directed cancer immunotherapy. In general, our results can help in guiding optimal antibody engineering strategies to optimize antibodies’ effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Lynn Gehlert
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pegah Rahmati
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ammelie Svea Boje
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dorothee Winterberg
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Steffen Krohn
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Theocharis
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Elisa Cappuzzello
- Oncology and Immunology Section, Department of Surgery Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anja Lux
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf J. Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marta Lustig
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Denis Martin Schewe
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University Kiel and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matthias Peipp,
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28
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Monoclonal Antibodies for Bacterial Pathogens: Mechanisms of Action and Engineering Approaches for Enhanced Effector Functions. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092126. [PMID: 36140226 PMCID: PMC9496014 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy has opened a new era in the pharmaceutical field, finding application in various areas of research, from cancer to infectious diseases. The IgG isoform is the most used therapeutic, given its long half-life, high serum abundance, and most importantly, the presence of the Fc domain, which can be easily engineered. In the infectious diseases field, there has been a rising interest in mAbs research to counteract the emerging crisis of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Various pathogens are acquiring resistance mechanisms, inhibiting any chance of success of antibiotics, and thus may become critically untreatable in the near future. Therefore, mAbs represent a new treatment option which may complement or even replace antibiotics. However, very few antibacterial mAbs have succeeded clinical trials, and until now, only three mAbs have been approved by the FDA. These failures highlight the need of improving the efficacy of mAb therapeutic activity, which can also be achieved with Fc engineering. In the first part of this review, we will describe the mechanisms of action of mAbs against bacteria, while in the second part, we will discuss the recent advances in antibody engineering to increase efficacy of pre-existing anti-bacterial mAbs.
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29
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Yin Y, Romei MG, Sankar K, Pal LR, Hon Hoi K, Yang Y, Leonard B, De Leon Boenig G, Kumar N, Matsumoto M, Payandeh J, Harris SF, Moult J, Lazar GA. Antibody Interfaces Revealed Through Structural Mining. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4952-4968. [PMID: 36147680 PMCID: PMC9474289 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are fundamental effectors of humoral immunity, and have become a highly successful class of therapeutics. There is increasing evidence that antibodies utilize transient homotypic interactions to enhance function, and elucidation of such interactions can provide insights into their biology and new opportunities for their optimization as drugs. Yet the transitory nature of weak interactions makes them difficult to investigate. Capitalizing on their rich structural data and high conservation, we have characterized all the ways that antibody fragment antigen-binding (Fab) regions interact crystallographically. This approach led to the discovery of previously unrealized interfaces between antibodies. While diverse interactions exist, β-sheet dimers and variable-constant elbow dimers are recurrent motifs. Disulfide engineering enabled interactions to be trapped and investigated structurally and functionally, providing experimental validation of the interfaces and illustrating their potential for optimization. This work provides first insight into previously undiscovered oligomeric interactions between antibodies, and enables new opportunities for their biotherapeutic optimization.
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30
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Fc-Dependent Immunomodulation Induced by Antiviral Therapeutic Antibodies: New Perspectives for Eliciting Protective Immune Responses. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11030050. [PMID: 35892710 PMCID: PMC9331007 DOI: 10.3390/antib11030050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiple mechanisms of action of antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have made these molecules a potential therapeutic alternative for treating severe viral infections. In addition to their direct effect on viral propagation, several studies have shown that mAbs are able to enhance the host's adaptive immune response and generate long-lasting protective immunity. Such immunomodulatory effects occur in an Fc-dependent manner and rely on Fc-FcγR interactions. It is noteworthy that several FcγR-expressing cells have been shown to play a key role in enhancing humoral and cellular immune responses (so-called "vaccinal effects") in different experimental settings. This review recalls recent findings concerning the vaccinal effects induced by antiviral mAbs, both in several preclinical animal models and in patients treated with mAbs. It summarizes the main cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in these immunomodulatory properties of antiviral mAbs identified in different pathological contexts. It also describes potential therapeutic interventions to enhance host immune responses that could guide the design of improved mAb-based immunotherapies.
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31
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Oostindie SC, Lazar GA, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI. Avidity in antibody effector functions and biotherapeutic drug design. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:715-735. [PMID: 35790857 PMCID: PMC9255845 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the cardinal effector molecules of the immune system and are being leveraged with enormous success as biotherapeutic drugs. A key part of the adaptive immune response is the production of an epitope-diverse, polyclonal antibody mixture that is capable of neutralizing invading pathogens or disease-causing molecules through binding interference and by mediating humoral and cellular effector functions. Avidity - the accumulated binding strength derived from the affinities of multiple individual non-covalent interactions - is fundamental to virtually all aspects of antibody biology, including antibody-antigen binding, clonal selection and effector functions. The manipulation of antibody avidity has since emerged as an important design principle for enhancing or engineering novel properties in antibody biotherapeutics. In this Review, we describe the multiple levels of avidity interactions that trigger the overall efficacy and control of functional responses in both natural antibody biology and their therapeutic applications. Within this framework, we comprehensively review therapeutic antibody mechanisms of action, with particular emphasis on engineered optimizations and platforms. Overall, we describe how affinity and avidity tuning of engineered antibody formats are enabling a new wave of differentiated antibody drugs with tailored properties and novel functions, promising improved treatment options for a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Oostindie
- Genmab, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Greg A Lazar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul W H I Parren
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. .,Sparring Bioconsult, Odijk, Netherlands. .,Lava Therapeutics, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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32
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Chouquet A, Pinto AJ, Hennicke J, Ling WL, Bally I, Schwaigerlehner L, Thielens NM, Kunert R, Reiser JB. Biophysical Characterization of the Oligomeric States of Recombinant Immunoglobulins Type-M and Their C1q-Binding Kinetics by Biolayer Interferometry. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:816275. [PMID: 35685087 PMCID: PMC9173649 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.816275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins type-M (IgMs) are one of the first antibody classes mobilized during immune responses against pathogens and tumor cells. Binding to specific target antigens enables the interaction with the C1 complex which strongly activates the classical complement pathway. This biological function is the basis for the huge therapeutic potential of IgMs. But, due to their high oligomeric complexity, in vitro production, biochemical characterization, and biophysical characterization are challenging. In this study, we present recombinant production of two IgM models (IgM617 and IgM012) in pentameric and hexameric states and the evaluation of their polymer distribution using different biophysical methods (analytical ultracentrifugation, size exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-angle laser light scattering, mass photometry, and transmission electron microscopy). Each IgM construct is defined by a specific expression and purification pattern with different sample quality. Nevertheless, both purified IgMs were able to activate complement in a C1q-dependent manner. More importantly, BioLayer Interferometry (BLI) was used for characterizing the kinetics of C1q binding to recombinant IgMs. We show that recombinant IgMs possess similar C1q-binding properties as IgMs purified from human plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chouquet
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Andrea J Pinto
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Julia Hennicke
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Bally
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Linda Schwaigerlehner
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole M Thielens
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jean-Baptiste Reiser
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, UMR 5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
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33
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Coënon L, Villalba M. From CD16a Biology to Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Improvement. Front Immunol 2022; 13:913215. [PMID: 35720368 PMCID: PMC9203678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a potent cytotoxic mechanism that is mainly mediated in humans by natural killer (NK) cells. ADCC mediates the clinical benefit of several widely used cytolytic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and increasing its efficacy would improve cancer immunotherapy. CD16a is a receptor for the Fc portion of IgGs and is responsible to trigger NK cell-mediated ADCC. The knowledge of the mechanism of action of CD16a gave rise to several strategies to improve ADCC, by working on either the mAbs or the NK cell. In this review, we give an overview of CD16a biology and describe the latest strategies employed to improve antibody-dependent NK cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïs Coënon
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), Univ Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Montpellier, France
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
- *Correspondence: Loïs Coënon,
| | - Martin Villalba
- Institut du Cancer Avignon-Provence Sainte Catherine, Avignon, France
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy, Univ Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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34
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Delidakis G, Kim JE, George K, Georgiou G. Improving Antibody Therapeutics by Manipulating the Fc Domain: Immunological and Structural Considerations. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2022; 24:249-274. [PMID: 35363537 PMCID: PMC9648538 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082721-024500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between the crystallizable fragment (Fc) domain of antibodies and a plethora of cellular Fc receptors (FcRs) or soluble proteins form a critical link between humoral and innate immunity. In particular, the immunoglobulin G Fc domain is critical for the clearance of target cells by processes that include (a) cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, or complement lysis; (b) modulation of inflammation; (c) antigen presentation; (d) antibody-mediated receptor clustering; and (e) cytokine release. More than 30 Fc-engineered antibodies aimed primarily at tailoring these effects for optimal therapeutic outcomes are in clinical evaluation or have already been approved. Nonetheless, our understanding of how FcR engagement impacts various immune cell phenotypes is still largely incomplete. Recent insights into FcR biology coupled with advances in Fc:FcR structural analysis, Fc engineering, and mouse models that recapitulate human biology are helping to fill in existing knowledge gaps. These advances will provide a blueprint on how to fine-tune the Fc domain to achieve optimal therapeutic efficacy. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 24 is June 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Delidakis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA;
| | - Jin Eyun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Katia George
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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35
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A Factor H-Fc fusion protein increases complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis and killing of community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265774. [PMID: 35324969 PMCID: PMC8946749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus employs a multitude of immune-evasive tactics to circumvent host defenses including the complement system, a component of innate immunity central to controlling bacterial infections. With antibiotic resistance becoming increasingly common, there is a dire need for novel therapies. Previously, we have shown that S. aureus binds the complement regulator factor H (FH) via surface protein SdrE to inhibit complement. To address the need for novel therapeutics and take advantage of the FH:SdrE interaction, we examined the effect of a fusion protein comprised of the SdrE-interacting domain of FH coupled with IgG Fc on complement-mediated opsonophagocytosis and bacterial killing of community associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus. S. aureus bound significantly more FH-Fc compared to Fc-control proteins and FH-Fc competed with serum FH for S. aureus binding. FH-Fc treatment increased C3-fragment opsonization of S. aureus for both C3b and iC3b, and boosted generation of the anaphylatoxin C5a. In 5 and 10% serum, FH-Fc treatment significantly increased S. aureus killing by polymorphonuclear cells. This anti-staphylococcal effect was evident in 75% (3/4) of clinical isolates tested. This study demonstrates that FH-Fc fusion proteins have the potential to mitigate the protective effects of bound serum FH rendering S. aureus more vulnerable to the host immune system. Thus, we report the promise of virulence-factor-targeted fusion-proteins as an avenue for prospective anti-staphylococcal therapeutic development.
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36
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Zhu J, Guo T, Wang Z, Zhao Y. Triggered azobenzene-based prodrugs and drug delivery systems. J Control Release 2022; 345:475-493. [PMID: 35339578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene-based molecules show unique trans-cis isomerization upon ultraviolet light irradiation, which induce the change of polarity, crystallinity, stability, and binding affinity with pharmacological target. Moreover, azobenzene is the substrate of azoreductase that is often overexpressed in many pathological sites, e.g. hypoxic solid tumor. Therefore, azobenzene can be a multifunctional molecule in material science, pharmaceutical science and biomedicine because of its sensitivity to light, hypoxia and certain enzymes, hence showing potential application in site-specific smart therapy. Herein we focus on the employment of azobenzene and its derivatives for engineering triggered prodrug and drug delivery systems, and provide an overview of photoswitchable azo-based prodrugs, the associated problems regarding ultraviolet light and reversible isomerization, as well as the potential solutions. We also present the advance of azo-bearing delivery vehicles wherein azobenzene act as the linker, capping agent, and building block, and discuss the corresponding mechanisms for controlled cargo release, endocytosis enhancement and sensitization of free radical cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundong Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin 300120, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yanjun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High Efficiency, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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37
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Kamat V, Boutot C, Rafique A, Granados C, Wang J, Badithe A, Torres M, Chatterjee I, Olsen O, Olson W, Huang T. High affinity human Fc specific monoclonal antibodies for capture kinetic analyses of antibody-antigen interactions. Anal Biochem 2022; 640:114455. [PMID: 34788604 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that capturing human monoclonal antibodies (hmAbs) using high affinity anti-human Fc (AHC) antibodies allows reliable characterization of antibody-antigen interactions. Here, we characterized six human Fc specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and compared their binding profiles with three previously characterized goat AHC polyclonal antibodies (pAbs), exhibiting properties of a good capture reagent. All six mouse AHC mAbs specifically bound with high affinity to the Fc region of hIgG1, hIgG2, hIgG4 and to 43 different hIgG variants, containing substitutions and/or mutations in the hinge and/or Fc region, that have been reported to exhibit modified antibody effector function and/or pharmacokinetics. Biacore sensor surfaces individually derivatized with mouse AHC mAbs exhibited >2.5-fold higher hIgG binding capacity compared to the three goat AHC pAb surfaces and reproducibly captured hIgG over 300 capture-regeneration cycles. The results of the capture kinetic analyses performed on 31 antibody-antigen interactions using surfaces derivatized with either of the two highest affinity AHC mAbs (REGN7942 or REGN7943) were in concordance with those performed using goat AHC pAb surfaces. Our data demonstrate that AHC mAbs such as REGN7942 and REGN7943 that have properties superior than the three goat AHC pAbs are highly valuable research reagents, especially to perform capture kinetic analyses of antibody-antigen interactions on optical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kamat
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Jing Wang
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, USA
| | - Ashok Badithe
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, USA
| | | | | | - Olav Olsen
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, USA
| | - William Olson
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, USA
| | - Tammy Huang
- Therapeutic Proteins, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, USA
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38
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Tsao LC, Crosby EJ, Trotter TN, Wei J, Wang T, Yang X, Summers AN, Lei G, Rabiola CA, Chodosh LA, Muller WJ, Lyerly HK, Hartman ZC. Trastuzumab/Pertuzumab combination therapy stimulates anti-tumor responses through complement-dependent cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155636. [PMID: 35167491 PMCID: PMC8986081 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard-of-care treatment for advanced HER2+ breast cancers (BC) is comprised of two HER2-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb), Trastuzumab (T) and Pertuzumab (P) with chemotherapy. While this combination (T+P) is highly effective, its synergistic mechanism of action (MOA) is not completely known. Initial studies had demonstrated that Pertuzumab suppressed HER2 hetero-dimerization as the potential therapeutic MOA, thus the improved outcome associated with the T+P combination MOA compared to Trastuzumab alone has been widely reported as being due to Pertuzumab-mediated suppression of HER2 signaling in combination with Trastuzumab-mediated induction of anti-tumor immunity. Unraveling this MOA may be critical to extend this combination strategy to other antigens or other cancers, as well as improving this current treatment modality. Using novel murine and human versions of Pertuzumab, we found it induced both Antibody-Dependent-Cellular-Phagocytosis (ADCP) by tumor-associated macrophages and suppression of HER2 oncogenic signaling. Most significantly, we identified that only T+P combination therapy, but not when either antibody used in isolation, allows for the activation of the classical complement pathway, resulting in both direct complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) as well as complement-dependent cellular phagocytosis (CDCP) of HER2+ BC cells. Notably, we show that tumor expression of C1q was positively associated with survival outcome in HER2+ BC patients, whereas expression of complement regulators CD55 and CD59 were inversely correlated, suggesting the importance of complement activity in clinical outcomes. Accordingly, inhibition of C1 activity in mice abolished the synergistic therapeutic activity of T+P therapy, whereas knockdown of CD55 and CD59 expression enhanced T+P efficacy. In summary, our study identifies classical complement activation as a significant anti-tumor MOA for T+P therapy that may be functionally enhanced to augment therapeutic efficacy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chung Tsao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Erika J Crosby
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Timothy N Trotter
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Junping Wei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Amanda N Summers
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Gangjun Lei
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | | | - Lewis A Chodosh
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | | | - Herbert Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
| | - Zachary C Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, United States of America
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39
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Spencer DA, Goldberg BS, Pandey S, Ordonez T, Dufloo J, Barnette P, Sutton WF, Henderson H, Agnor R, Gao L, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Haigwood NL, Ackerman ME, Hessell AJ. Phagocytosis by an HIV antibody is associated with reduced viremia irrespective of enhanced complement lysis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:662. [PMID: 35115533 PMCID: PMC8814042 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly, antibodies are being used to treat and prevent viral infections. In the context of HIV, efficacy is primarily attributed to dose-dependent neutralization potency and to a lesser extent Fc-mediated effector functions. It remains unclear whether augmenting effector functions of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) may improve their clinical potential. Here, we use bNAb 10E8v4 targeting the membrane external proximal region (MPER) to examine the role of antibody-mediated effector and complement (C’) activity when administered prophylactically against SHIV challenge in rhesus macaques. With sub-protective dosing, we find a 78–88% reduction in post-acute viremia that is associated with 10E8v4-mediated phagocytosis acting at the time of challenge. Neither plasma nor tissue viremic outcomes in vivo is improved with an Fc-modified variant of 10E8v4 enhanced for C’ functions as determined in vitro. These results suggest that effector functions inherent to unmodified 10E8v4 contribute to efficacy against SHIVSF162P3 in the absence of plasma neutralizing titers, while C’ functions are dispensable in this setting, informing design of bNAb modifications for improving protective efficacy. While antibodies neutralize HIV via Fab recognition of viral surface antigens, antibody Fc domains mediate effector functions, including antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and cytotoxicity (ADCC), and complement (C') activity. Here, Spencer et al. modify bNAb 10E8v4 to enhance C'-mediated potency in SHIV challenged rhesus macaques to probe its function in protection, showing that in the absence of neutralization, enhancing C' activities in vitro adds no value toward reducing viremia in either blood or tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Spencer
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Absci Corp, 1810 SE Mill Plain Blvd., Vancouver, WA, 98683, USA
| | | | - Shilpi Pandey
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Tracy Ordonez
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Valencia-CSIC, Calle Catedràtic Agustín Escardino Benlloch 9, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Philip Barnette
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - William F Sutton
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Heidi Henderson
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Rebecca Agnor
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Lina Gao
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Creteil, France
| | - Nancy L Haigwood
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Ann J Hessell
- Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
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40
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Talaat IM, Elemam NM, Saber-Ayad M. Complement System: An Immunotherapy Target in Colorectal Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:810993. [PMID: 35173724 PMCID: PMC8841337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.810993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor and the second most fatal cancer worldwide. Several parts of the immune system contribute to fighting cancer including the innate complement system. The complement system is composed of several players, namely component molecules, regulators and receptors. In this review, we discuss the complement system activation in cancer specifically CRC and highlight the possible interactions between the complement system and the various TME components. Additionally, the role of the complement system in tumor immunity of CRC is reviewed. Hence, such work could provide a framework for researchers to further understand the role of the complement system in CRC and explore the potential therapies targeting complement activation in solid tumors such as CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M. Talaat
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha Mousaad Elemam
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- *Correspondence: Noha Mousaad Elemam, ; Maha Saber-Ayad,
| | - Maha Saber-Ayad
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Noha Mousaad Elemam, ; Maha Saber-Ayad,
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41
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Zhou K, Hong H, Lin H, Gong L, Li D, Shi J, Zhou Z, Xu F, Wu Z. Chemical Synthesis of Antibody-Hapten Conjugates Capable of Recruiting the Endogenous Antibody to Magnify the Fc Effector Immunity of Antibody for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Med Chem 2021; 65:323-332. [PMID: 34962121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with enhanced effector functions in cancer immunotherapy, such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), could improve the clinical performance. Here, we develop an mAb-hapten conjugate strategy to augment the mAb effector functions with the engagement of endogenous antibodies. An "off-the-shelf" mAb, rituximab, is site-specifically conjugated with the rhamnose (Rha) hapten to generate rituximab-Rha conjugates. The octopus-like conjugates could recruit anti-Rha antibodies onto the cancer cell surface and further form an immune complex that is able to provide multivalent Fc domains to interact with immune cells or complement protein C1q, leading to magnified ADCC and CDC simultaneously. One optimal conjugate R2 with PEG2 as a linker exhibits the most potent in vitro cancer cell killing activity and significant in vivo antitumor efficacy in a xenograft model. This is a general and cost-effective approach to generate mAb with improved effector functions that may have broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - HaoFei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Han Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhifang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
| | - Zhimeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
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42
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Ruck T, Nimmerjahn F, Wiendl H, Lünemann JD. Next generation antibody-based therapies in neurology. Brain 2021; 145:1229-1241. [PMID: 34928330 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody (Ab)-based therapeutics are now standard in the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases, and the spectrum of neurological diseases targeted by those approaches continues to grow. The efficacy of Ab-based drug-platforms is largely determined by the specificity-conferring antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and the crystallizable fragment (Fc) driving antibody function. The latter provides specific instructions to the immune system by interacting with cellular Fc receptors and complement components. Extensive engineering efforts enabled tuning of Fc functions to modulate effector functions and to prolong or reduce Ab serum half-lives. Technologies that improve bioavailability of Ab-based treatment platforms within the central nervous system parenchyma are being developed and could invigorate drug discovery for a number of brain diseases for which current therapeutic options are limited. These powerful approaches are currently being tested in clinical trials or have been successfully translated into the clinic. Here, we review recent developments in the design and implementation of Ab-based treatment modalities in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Ruck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan D Lünemann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Nawab DH. Vaccinal antibodies: Fc antibody engineering to improve the antiviral antibody response and induce vaccine-like effects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:5532-5545. [PMID: 34844516 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1985891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic highlights the urgent clinical need for efficient virus therapies and vaccines. Although the functional importance of antibodies is indisputable in viral infections, there are still significant unmet needs that require vast improvements in antibody-based therapeutics. The IgG Fc domain can be engineered to produce antibodies with tailored and potent responses that will meet these clinical demands. Engaging Fc receptors (FcRs) to perform effector functions as cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement activation, intracellular neutralization and controlling antibody persistence. Furthermore, it produces vaccine-like effects by activating signals to stimulate T-cell responses, have proven to be required for protection, as neutralization alone does not off the full protection capacity of antibodies. This review highlights antiviral Fc functions and FcRs' contributions in linking innate and adaptive immunity against viral threats. Moreover, it provides the latest Fc engineering strategies to improve the safety and efficacy of human antiviral antibodies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhuha H Nawab
- Pharmacy Department, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
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44
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Gunn BM, Bai S. Building a better antibody through the Fc: advances and challenges in harnessing antibody Fc effector functions for antiviral protection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4328-4344. [PMID: 34613865 PMCID: PMC8827636 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1976580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies can provide antiviral protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. While neutralization has long been appreciated for its role in antibody-mediated protection, a growing body of work indicates that the antibody Fc domain also significantly contributes to antiviral protection. Recruitment of innate immune cells such as natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and the complement system by antibodies can lead to direct restriction of viral infection as well as promoting long-term antiviral immunity. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics against viruses are increasingly incorporating Fc-enhancing features to take advantage of the Fc domain, uncovering a surprising breadth of mechanisms through which antibodies can control viral infection. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of antibody-mediated innate immune effector functions in protection from viral infection and review the current approaches and challenges to effectively leverage innate immune cells via antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Bai
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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45
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Revisiting an IgG Fc Loss-of-Function Experiment: the Role of Complement in HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibody b12 Activity. mBio 2021; 12:e0174321. [PMID: 34634936 PMCID: PMC8510540 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01743-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the complement system in HIV-1 immunity and pathogenesis is multifaceted, and an improved understanding of complement activities mediated by HIV-1-specific antibodies has the potential to inform and advance clinical development efforts. A seminal nonhuman primate challenge experiment suggested that complement was dispensable for the protective effect of the early broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) b12, but recent experiments have raised questions about the breadth of circumstances under which this conclusion may hold. Here, we reassess the original observation using Fc variants of IgG1 b12 that enhance complement activity and report that complement fixation on recombinant antigen, virions, and cells and complement-dependent viral and cellular lysis in vitro vary among bnAbs. Specifically, while the clinically significant V3 glycan-specific bnAb 10-1074 demonstrates activity, we found that b12 does not meaningfully activate the classical complement cascade. Consistent with avid engagement by C1q and its complex system of regulatory factors, these results suggest that complement-mediated antibody activities demonstrate a high degree of context dependence and motivate revisiting the role of complement in antibody-mediated prevention of HIV-1 infection by next-generation bnAbs in new translational studies in animal models.
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Sopp JM, Peters SJ, Rowley TF, Oldham RJ, James S, Mockridge I, French RR, Turner A, Beers SA, Humphreys DP, Cragg MS. On-target IgG hexamerisation driven by a C-terminal IgM tail-piece fusion variant confers augmented complement activation. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1031. [PMID: 34475514 PMCID: PMC8413284 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of depleting monoclonal antibody (mAb) drugs elicit responses via Fc-FcγR and Fc-C1q interactions. Optimal C1q interaction is achieved through hexameric Fc:Fc interactions at the target cell surface. Herein is described an approach to exploit the tailpiece of the naturally multimeric IgM to augment hexamerisation of IgG. Fusion of the C-terminal tailpiece of IgM promoted spontaneous hIgG hexamer formation, resulting in enhanced C1q recruitment and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) but with off-target complement activation and reduced in-vivo efficacy. Mutation of the penultimate tailpiece cysteine to serine (C575S) ablated spontaneous hexamer formation, but facilitated reversible hexamer formation after concentration in solution. C575S mutant tailpiece antibodies displayed increased complement activity only after target binding, in-line with the concept of 'on-target hexamerisation', whilst retaining efficient in-vivo efficacy and augmented target cell killing in the lymph node. Hence, C575S-tailpiece technology represents an alternative format for promoting on-target hexamerisation and enhanced CDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Sopp
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | | | - Robert J Oldham
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sonya James
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ian Mockridge
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth R French
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody and Vaccine Group, Centre for Cancer Immunology, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
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Cerit C, Sarıhan M, Nart Ö, Kasap M, Yaşar H, Akpınar G. Are Mannan-binding Lectine Serin Protease-2 and Alpha-1-microglobulin and Bukinin Precursor the Potential Biomarkers of Manic Episode? A Study via Urinary Proetomic Analysis. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 19:269-281. [PMID: 33888656 PMCID: PMC8077062 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Investigating the molecular basis of bipolar disorder (BD) is crucial in terms of developing effective treatment strategies as well as objective laboratory-based diagnostic tools for the disease. Methods We examined the urine samples of BD patients both in manic episode and after remission and compared their urinary protein profiles with the controls. Twelve patients and twelve controls (C group) included to the study. Urinary samples of patients were first collected during manic episode (M group) and then after remission (R group). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled to MALDI-TOF/TOF massspectrometry approach and Western blot analysis were used. Results Alphα-1-microglobulin and bukinin precursor (AMBP), Mannan-binding lectine serin protease-2 (MASP-2), and Ig gamma-1-chain displayed significant increases in their abundance in the urine protein pool of M group in comparison to the C and R groups. Alpha-1B glycoprotein and prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase (PGD2) levels were significantly higher in the urine protein pool of the M and R groups in comparison to the C group. Annexin A1 was downregulated significantly in the urine protein pool of the M group in comparison to the C group. Conclusion Intensities of MASP-2 and AMBP proteins discriminated manic episode from remission period and healthy controls indicating that these proteins may be candidate biomarkers for manic episode. The decrease in Annexin A1 and increase in Ig gamma-1 chain levels appeared to be associated with “Manic Episode” while the increase in PGD2 and alpha-1B glycoprotein levels appeared to be associated with “Bipolar Disorder”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Cerit
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sarıhan
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ömer Nart
- Clinic of Psychiatry, Bursa State Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Murat Kasap
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Yaşar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Gürler Akpınar
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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48
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Spencer DA, Shapiro MB, Haigwood NL, Hessell AJ. Advancing HIV Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies: From Discovery to the Clinic. Front Public Health 2021; 9:690017. [PMID: 34123998 PMCID: PMC8187619 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.690017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in confronting the global HIV-1 epidemic since its inception in the 1980s, better approaches for both treatment and prevention will be necessary to end the epidemic and remain a top public health priority. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been effective in extending lives, but at a cost of lifelong adherence to treatment. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are directed to conserved regions of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimer (Env) and can block infection if present at the time of viral exposure. The therapeutic application of bNAbs holds great promise, and progress is being made toward their development for widespread clinical use. Compared to the current standard of care of small molecule-based ART, bNAbs offer: (1) reduced toxicity; (2) the advantages of extended half-lives that would bypass daily dosing requirements; and (3) the potential to incorporate a wider immune response through Fc signaling. Recent advances in discovery technology can enable system-wide mining of the immunoglobulin repertoire and will continue to accelerate isolation of next generation potent bNAbs. Passive transfer studies in pre-clinical models and clinical trials have demonstrated the utility of bNAbs in blocking or limiting transmission and achieving viral suppression. These studies have helped to define the window of opportunity for optimal intervention to achieve viral clearance, either using bNAbs alone or in combination with ART. None of these advances with bNAbs would be possible without technological advancements and expanding the cohorts of donor participation. Together these elements fueled the remarkable growth in bNAb development. Here, we review the development of bNAbs as therapies for HIV-1, exploring advances in discovery, insights from animal models and early clinical trials, and innovations to optimize their clinical potential through efforts to extend half-life, maximize the contribution of Fc effector functions, preclude escape through multiepitope targeting, and the potential for sustained delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Spencer
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
| | - Mariya B. Shapiro
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Nancy L. Haigwood
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
- Molecular Microbiology & Immunology Department, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Ann J. Hessell
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, United States
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Sun Y, Izadi S, Callahan M, Deperalta G, Wecksler AT. Antibody-receptor interactions mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100826. [PMID: 34044019 PMCID: PMC8214220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of antibodies to their receptors is a core component of the innate immune system. Understanding the precise interactions between antibodies and their Fc receptors has led to the engineering of novel mAb biotherapeutics with tailored biological activities. One of the most significant findings is that afucosylated monoclonal antibodies demonstrate increased affinity toward the receptor FcγRIIIa, with a commensurate increase in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Crystal structure analysis has led to the hypothesis that afucosylation in the Fc region results in reduced steric hindrance between antibody–receptor intermolecular glycan interactions, enhancing receptor affinity; however, solution-phase data have yet to corroborate this hypothesis. In addition, recent work has shown that the fragment antigen-binding (Fab) region may directly interact with Fc receptors; however, the biological consequences of these interactions remain unclear. By probing differences in solvent accessibility between native and afucosylated immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) using hydroxyl radical footprinting–MS, we provide the first solution-phase evidence that an IgG1 bearing an afucosylated Fc region appears to require fewer conformational changes for FcγRIIIa binding. In addition, we performed extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to understand the molecular mechanism behind the effects of afucosylation. The combination of these techniques provides molecular insight into the steric hindrance from the core Fc fucose in IgG1 and corroborates previously proposed Fab–receptor interactions. Furthermore, MD-guided rational mutagenesis enabled us to demonstrate that Fab–receptor interactions directly contribute to the modulation of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity. This work demonstrates that in addition to Fc–polypeptide and glycan-mediated interactions, the Fab provides a third component that influences IgG–Fc receptor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sun
- Protein Analytical Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Saeed Izadi
- Pharmaceutical Development Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Matthew Callahan
- Protein Analytical Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Galahad Deperalta
- Protein Analytical Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Aaron T Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry Department, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, California, USA.
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50
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Gunn BM, Lu R, Slein MD, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Atyeo C, Schendel SL, Kim J, Cain C, Roy V, Suscovich TJ, Takada A, Halfmann PJ, Kawaoka Y, Pauthner MG, Momoh M, Goba A, Kanneh L, Andersen KG, Schieffelin JS, Grant D, Garry RF, Saphire EO, Bukreyev A, Alter G. A Fc engineering approach to define functional humoral correlates of immunity against Ebola virus. Immunity 2021; 54:815-828.e5. [PMID: 33852832 PMCID: PMC8111768 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protective Ebola virus (EBOV) antibodies have neutralizing activity and induction of antibody constant domain (Fc)-mediated innate immune effector functions. Efforts to enhance Fc effector functionality often focus on maximizing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, yet distinct combinations of functions could be critical for antibody-mediated protection. As neutralizing antibodies have been cloned from EBOV disease survivors, we sought to identify survivor Fc effector profiles to help guide Fc optimization strategies. Survivors developed a range of functional antibody responses, and we therefore applied a rapid, high-throughput Fc engineering platform to define the most protective profiles. We generated a library of Fc variants with identical antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) from an EBOV neutralizing antibody. Fc variants with antibody-mediated complement deposition and moderate natural killer (NK) cell activity demonstrated complete protective activity in a stringent in vivo mouse model. Our findings highlight the importance of specific effector functions in antibody-mediated protection, and the experimental platform presents a generalizable resource for identifying correlates of immunity to guide therapeutic antibody design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Richard Lu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew D Slein
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jiyoung Kim
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin Cain
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ayato Takada
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthias G Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Donald Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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