1
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Delgado M, Garcia-Sanz JA. Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies against Cancer: Present and Future. Cells 2023; 12:2837. [PMID: 38132155 PMCID: PMC10741644 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of monoclonal antibodies with therapeutic potential against cancer have been generated and developed. Ninety-one are currently used in the clinics, either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents or other antibodies, including immune checkpoint antibodies. These advances helped to coin the term personalized medicine or precision medicine. However, it seems evident that in addition to the current work on the analysis of mechanisms to overcome drug resistance, the use of different classes of antibodies (IgA, IgE, or IgM) instead of IgG, the engineering of the Ig molecules to increase their half-life, the acquisition of additional effector functions, or the advantages associated with the use of agonistic antibodies, to allow a broad prospective usage of precision medicine successfully, a strategy change is required. Here, we discuss our view on how these strategic changes should be implemented and consider their pros and cons using therapeutic antibodies against cancer as a model. The same strategy can be applied to therapeutic antibodies against other diseases, such as infectious or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose A. Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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2
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Wood C, Razinkov VI, Qi W, Roberts CJ, Vermant J, Furst EM. Antibodies Adsorbed to the Air-Water Interface Form Soft Glasses. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7775-7782. [PMID: 37222141 PMCID: PMC10249626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When monoclonal antibodies are exposed to an air-water interface, they form aggregates, which negatively impacts their performance. Until now, the detection and characterization of interfacial aggregation have been difficult. Here, we exploit the mechanical response imparted by interfacial adsorption by measuring the interfacial shear rheology of a model antibody, anti-streptavidin immunoglobulin-1 (AS-IgG1), at the air-water interface. Strong viscoelastic layers of AS-IgG1 form when the protein is adsorbed from the bulk solution. Creep experiments correlate the compliance of the interfacial protein layer with the subphase solution pH and bulk concentration. These, along with oscillatory strain amplitude and frequency sweeps, show that the viscoelastic behavior of the adsorbed layers is that of a soft glass with interfacial shear moduli on the order of 10-3 Pa m. Shifting the creep compliance curves under different applied stresses forms master curves consistent with stress-time superposition of soft interfacial glasses. The interfacial rheology results are discussed in the context of the interface-mediated aggregation of AS-IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin
V. Wood
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Allan P. Colburn Laboratory, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Vladimir I. Razinkov
- Drug
Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Wei Qi
- Drug
Product Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Christopher J. Roberts
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Allan P. Colburn Laboratory, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Jan Vermant
- Department
of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Eric M. Furst
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Allan P. Colburn Laboratory, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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3
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Abstract
In this 12th annual installment of the Antibodies to Watch article series, we discuss key events in antibody therapeutics development that occurred in 2020 and forecast events that might occur in 2021. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed an array of challenges and opportunities to the healthcare system in 2020, and it will continue to do so in 2021. Remarkably, by late November 2020, two anti-SARS-CoV antibody products, bamlanivimab and the casirivimab and imdevimab cocktail, were authorized for emergency use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the repurposed antibodies levilimab and itolizumab had been registered for emergency use as treatments for COVID-19 in Russia and India, respectively. Despite the pandemic, 10 antibody therapeutics had been granted the first approval in the US or EU in 2020, as of November, and 2 more (tanezumab and margetuximab) may be granted approvals in December 2020.* In addition, prolgolimab and olokizumab had been granted first approvals in Russia and cetuximab saratolacan sodium was first approved in Japan. The number of approvals in 2021 may set a record, as marketing applications for 16 investigational antibody therapeutics are already undergoing regulatory review by either the FDA or the European Medicines Agency. Of these 16 mAbs, 11 are possible treatments for non-cancer indications and 5 are potential treatments for cancer. Based on the information publicly available as of November 2020, 44 antibody therapeutics are in late-stage clinical studies for non-cancer indications, including 6 for COVID-19, and marketing applications for at least 6 (leronlimab, tezepelumab, faricimab, ligelizumab, garetosmab, and fasinumab) are planned in 2021. In addition, 44 antibody therapeutics are in late-stage clinical studies for cancer indications. Of these 44, marketing application submissions for 13 may be submitted by the end of 2021. *Note added in proof on key events announced during December 1-21, 2020: margetuximab-cmkb and ansuvimab-zykl were approved by FDA on December 16 and 21, 2020, respectively; biologics license applications were submitted for ublituximab and amivantamab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Kaplon
- Institut De Recherches Internationales Servier , Translational Medicine Department, Suresnes, France
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4
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Abstract
This 2020 installment of the annual 'Antibodies to Watch' series documents the antibody therapeutics approved in 2019 and in regulatory review in the United States or European Union, as well as those in late-stage clinical studies, as of November 2019*. At this time, a total of 5 novel antibody therapeutics (romosozumab, risankizumab, polatuzumab vedotin, brolucizumab, and crizanlizumab) had been granted a first approval in either the US or EU, and marketing applications for 13 novel antibody therapeutics (eptinezumab, teprotumumab, enfortumab vedotin, isatuximab, [fam-]trastuzumab deruxtecan, inebilizumab, leronlimab, sacituzumab govitecan, satralizumab, narsoplimab, tafasitamab, REGNEB3 and naxituximab) were undergoing review in these regions, which represent the major markets for antibody therapeutics. Also as of November 2019, 79 novel antibodies were undergoing evaluation in late-stage clinical studies. Of the 79 antibodies, 39 were undergoing evaluation in late-stage studies for non-cancer indications, with 2 of these (ublituximab, pamrevlumab) also in late-stage studies for cancer indications. Companies developing 7 (tanezumab, aducanumab, evinacumab, etrolizumab, sutimlimab, anifrolumab, and teplizumab) of the 39 drugs have indicated that they may submit a marketing application in either the US or EU in 2020. Of the 79 antibodies in late-stage studies, 40 were undergoing evaluation as treatments for cancer, and potentially 9 of these (belantamab mafodotin, oportuzumab monatox, margetuximab, dostarlimab, spartalizumab, 131I-omburtamab, loncastuximab tesirine, balstilimab, and zalifrelimab) may enter regulatory review in late 2019 or in 2020. Overall, the biopharmaceutical industry's clinical pipeline of antibody therapeutics is robust, and should provide a continuous supply of innovative products for patients in the future. *Note on key updates through December 18, 2019: 1) the US Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval to enfortumab vedotin-ejfv (Padcev) on December 18, 2019, bringing the total number of novel antibody therapeutics granted a first approval in either the US or EU during 2019 to 6; 2) the European Commission approved romosozumab on December 9, 2019; 3) the European Medicines Agency issued a positive opinion for brolucizumab; 4) Sesen Bio initiated a rolling biologics license application (BLA) on December 6, 2019; 5) GlaxoSmithKline submitted a BLA for belantamab mafodotin; and 6) the status of the Phase 3 study (NCT04128696) of GSK3359609, a humanized IgG4 anti-ICOS antibody, in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma was updated to recruiting from not yet recruiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Kaplon
- Division of Biotechnology & Biomarker Research, Institut de Recherches Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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5
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Wessner M, Nowaczyk M, Brandenbusch C. Rapid identification of tailor-made aqueous two-phase systems for the extractive purification of high-value biomolecules. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Cofano F, Monticelli M, Ajello M, Zenga F, Marengo N, Di Perna G, Altieri R, Cassoni P, Bertero L, Melcarne A, Tartara F, Ducati A, Garbossa D. The Targeted Therapies Era Beyond the Surgical Point of View: What Spine Surgeons Should Know Before Approaching Spinal Metastases. Cancer Control 2020; 26:1073274819870549. [PMID: 31865766 PMCID: PMC6728684 DOI: 10.1177/1073274819870549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, the treatment of spinal metastases has significantly
changed. This is due to the advancements in surgical technique, radiotherapy,
and chemotherapy which have enriched the multidisciplinary management. Above
all, the field of molecular biology of tumors is in continuous and prosperous
evolution. In this review, the molecular markers and new approaches that have
radically modified the chemotherapeutic strategy of the most common metastatic
neoplasms will be examined together with clinical and surgical implications. The
experience and skills of several different medical professionals are mandatory:
an interdisciplinary oncology team represents the winning strategy in the
treatment of patients with spinal metastases
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Cofano
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Matteo Monticelli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Ajello
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Zenga
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nicola Marengo
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Perna
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Altieri
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Pathology, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luca Bertero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Pathology, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonio Melcarne
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fulvio Tartara
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Special surgery, Neurosurgery, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ducati
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Neurosurgery, Universita degli Studi di Torino, Torino, Italy
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7
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Folco EJ, Mawson TL, Vromman A, Bernardes-Souza B, Franck G, Persson O, Nakamura M, Newton G, Luscinskas FW, Libby P. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Induce Endothelial Cell Activation and Tissue Factor Production Through Interleukin-1α and Cathepsin G. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1901-1912. [PMID: 29976772 PMCID: PMC6202190 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Coronary artery thrombosis can occur in the absence of plaque rupture because of superficial erosion. Erosion-prone atheromata associate with more neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) than lesions with stable or rupture-prone characteristics. The effects of NETs on endothelial cell (EC) inflammatory and thrombogenic properties remain unknown. We hypothesized that NETs alter EC functions related to erosion-associated thrombosis. Approach and Results- Exposure of human ECs to NETs increased VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) mRNA and protein expression in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. THP-1 monocytoid cells and primary human monocytes bound more avidly to NET-treated human umbilical vein ECs than to unstimulated cells under flow. Treatment of human ECs with NETs augmented the expression of TF (tissue factor) mRNA, increased EC TF activity, and hastened clotting of recalcified plasma. Anti-TF-neutralizing antibody blocked NET-induced acceleration of clotting by ECs. NETs alone did not exhibit TF activity or acceleration of clotting in cell-free assays. Pretreatment of NETs with anti-interleukin (IL)-1α-neutralizing antibody or IL-1Ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist)-but not with anti-IL-1β-neutralizing antibody or control IgG-blocked NET-induced VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and TF expression. Inhibition of cathepsin G, a serine protease abundant in NETs, also limited the effect of NETs on EC activation. Cathepsin G potentiated the effect of IL-1α on ECs by cleaving the pro-IL-1α precursor and releasing the more potent mature IL-1α form. Conclusions- NETs promote EC activation and increased thrombogenicity through concerted action of IL-1α and cathepsin G. Thus, NETs may amplify and propagate EC dysfunction related to thrombosis because of superficial erosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Folco
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.J.F., T.L.M., A.V., G.F., B.B.-S., O.P., M.N., P.L.)
| | - Thomas L Mawson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.J.F., T.L.M., A.V., G.F., B.B.-S., O.P., M.N., P.L.)
| | - Amélie Vromman
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.J.F., T.L.M., A.V., G.F., B.B.-S., O.P., M.N., P.L.)
| | - Breno Bernardes-Souza
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.J.F., T.L.M., A.V., G.F., B.B.-S., O.P., M.N., P.L.)
| | - Grégory Franck
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.J.F., T.L.M., A.V., G.F., B.B.-S., O.P., M.N., P.L.)
| | - Oscar Persson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.J.F., T.L.M., A.V., G.F., B.B.-S., O.P., M.N., P.L.)
| | - Momotaro Nakamura
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.J.F., T.L.M., A.V., G.F., B.B.-S., O.P., M.N., P.L.)
| | - Gail Newton
- the Department of Pathology (G.N., F.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Francis W Luscinskas
- the Department of Pathology (G.N., F.W.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Libby
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (E.J.F., T.L.M., A.V., G.F., B.B.-S., O.P., M.N., P.L.)
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8
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Tong CWS, Wu M, Cho WCS, To KKW. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:227. [PMID: 29963498 PMCID: PMC6010518 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women. It is classified into a few major molecular subtypes according to hormone and growth factor receptor expression. Over the past few years, substantial advances have been made in the discovery of new drugs for treating BC. Improved understanding of the biologic heterogeneity of BC has allowed the development of more effective and individualized approach to treatment. In this review, we provide an update about the current treatment strategy and discuss the various emerging novel therapies for the major molecular subtypes of BC. A brief account of the clinical development of inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, histone deacetylation, multi-targeting tyrosine kinases, and immune checkpoints for personalized treatment of BC is included. However, no targeted drug has been approved for the most aggressive subtype-triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). Thus, we discuss the heterogeneity of TNBC and how molecular subtyping of TNBC may help drug discovery for this deadly disease. The emergence of drug resistance also poses threat to the successful development of targeted therapy in various molecular subtypes of BC. New clinical trials should incorporate advanced methods to identify changes induced by drug treatment, which may be associated with the upregulation of compensatory signaling pathways in drug resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy W S Tong
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Mingxia Wu
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William C S Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kenneth K W To
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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9
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Nelson B, Adams J, Kuglstatter A, Li Z, Harris SF, Liu Y, Bohini S, Ma H, Klumpp K, Gao J, Sidhu SS. Structure-Guided Combinatorial Engineering Facilitates Affinity and Specificity Optimization of Anti-CD81 Antibodies. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:2139-2152. [PMID: 29778602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C viral infection is the major cause of chronic hepatitis that affects as many as 71 million people worldwide. Rather than target the rapidly shifting viruses and their numerous serotypes, four independent antibodies were made to target the host antigen CD81 and were shown to block hepatitis C viral entry. The single-chain variable fragment of each antibody was crystallized in complex with the CD81 large extracellular loop in order to guide affinity maturation of two distinct antibodies by phage display. Affinity maturation of antibodies using phage display has proven to be critical to therapeutic antibody development and typically involves modification of the paratope for increased affinity, improved specificity, enhanced stability or a combination of these traits. One antibody was engineered for increased affinity for human CD81 large extracellular loop that equated to increased efficacy, while the second antibody was engineered for cross-reactivity with cynomolgus CD81 to facilitate animal model testing. The use of structures to guide affinity maturation library design demonstrates the utility of combining structural analysis with phage display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Nelson
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jarrett Adams
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | - Zhijian Li
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | | | - Yang Liu
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA
| | | | - Han Ma
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA
| | - Klaus Klumpp
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA
| | - Junjun Gao
- Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Palo Alto, 94304, CA, USA.
| | - Sachdev S Sidhu
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research and Department of Medical Genetics, The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada.
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10
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Abstract
The pace of antibody therapeutics development accelerated in 2017, and this faster pace is projected to continue through 2018. Notably, the annual number of antibody therapeutics granted a first approval in either the European Union (EU) or United States (US) reached double-digits (total of 10) for the first time in 2017. The 10 antibodies granted approvals are: brodalumab, dupilumab, sarilumab, guselkumab, benralizumab, ocrelizumab, inotuzumab ozogamicin, avelumab, duvalumab, and emicizumab. Brodalumab, however, had already been approved in Japan in 2016. As of December 1, 2017, nine antibody therapeutics (ibalizumab, burosumab, tildrakizumab, caplacizumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab, romosozumab, mogamulizumab) were in regulatory review in the EU or US, and regulatory actions on their marketing applications are expected by the end of 2018. Based on company announcements and estimated clinical study primary completion dates, and assuming the study results are positive, marketing applications for at least 12 antibody therapeutics that are now being evaluated in late-stage clinical studies may be submitted by the end of 2018. Of the 12 candidates, 8 are for non-cancer indications (lanadelumab, crizanlizumab, ravulizumab, eptinezumab, risankizumab, satralizumab, brolucizumab, PRO140) and 4 are for cancer (sacituzumab govitecan, moxetumomab pasudotox, cemiplimab, ublituximab). Additional antibody therapeutics to watch in 2018 include 19 mAbs undergoing evaluation in late-stage studies with primary completion dates in late 2017 or during 2018. Of these mAbs, 9 are for non-cancer indications (lampalizumab, roledumab, emapalumab, fasinumab, tanezumab, etrolizumab, NEOD001, gantenerumab, anifrolumab) and 10 are for cancer indications (tremelimumab, isatuximab, BCD-100, carotuximab, camrelizumab, IBI308, glembatumumab vedotin, mirvetuximab soravtansine, oportuzumab monatox, L19IL2/L19TNF). Positive clinical study results may enable marketing application submissions in 2018. Brief summaries of these antibody therapeutics are provided in this installment of the ‘Antibodies to watch’ article series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Kaplon
- a Laboratory UMRS 1138 "Cancer, Immune Control and Escape" , Cordeliers Research Centre , Paris , France
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11
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Sefid F, Payandeh Z, Azamirad G, Abdolhamidi R, Rasooli I. In Silico Engineering Towards Enhancement of Bap–VHH Monoclonal Antibody Binding Affinity. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-017-9670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Yan H, Kapoor V, Nguyen K, Akers WJ, Li H, Scott J, Laforest R, Rogers B, Thotala D, Hallahan D. Anti-tax interacting protein-1 (TIP-1) monoclonal antibody targets human cancers. Oncotarget 2017; 7:43352-43362. [PMID: 27270318 PMCID: PMC5190028 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation-inducible neo-antigens are proteins expressed on cancer cell surface after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). These neo-antigens provide opportunities to specifically target cancers while sparing normal tissues. Tax interacting protein-1 (TIP-1) is induced by irradiation and is translocated to the surface of cancer cells. We have developed a monoclonal antibody, 2C6F3, against TIP-1. Epitope mapping revealed that 2C6F3 binds to the QPVTAVVQRV epitope of the TIP-1 protein. 2C6F3 binds to the surface of lung cancer (A549, LLC) and glioma (D54, GL261) cell lines. 2C6F3 binds specifically to TIP-1 and ELISA analysis showed that unconjugated 2C6F3 efficiently blocked binding of radiolabeled 2C6F3 to purified TIP-1 protein. To study in vivo tumor binding, we injected near infrared (NIR) fluorochrome-conjugated 2C6F3 via tail vein in mice bearing subcutaneous LLC and GL261 heterotopic tumors. The NIR images indicated that 2C6F3 bound specifically to irradiated LLC and GL261 tumors, with little or no binding in un-irradiated tumors. We also determined the specificity of 2C6F3 to bind tumors in vivo using SPECT/CT imaging. 2C6F3 was conjugated with diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) chelator and radiolabeled with 111Indium (111In). SPECT/CT imaging revealed that 111In-2C6F3 bound more to the irradiated LLC tumors compared to un-irradiated tumors. Furthermore, injection of DTPA-2C6F3 labeled with the therapeutic radioisotope, 90Y, (90Y-DTPA-2C6F3) significantly delayed LLC tumor growth. 2C6F3 mediated antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis (ADCP) in vitro. In conclusion, the monoclonal antibody 2C6F3 binds specifically to TIP-1 on cancer and radio-immunoconjugated 2C6F3 improves tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heping Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Vaishali Kapoor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kim Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Walter J Akers
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jalen Scott
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Richard Laforest
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Buck Rogers
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dinesh Thotala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Dennis Hallahan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.,Siteman Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Expression and characterization of a recombinant porcinized antibody against the E2 protein of classical swine fever virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:961-970. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Aebisher D, Bartusik D, Tabarkiewicz J. Laser flow cytometry as a tool for the advancement of clinical medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:434-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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15
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Abstract
Over 50 investigational monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics are currently undergoing evaluation in late-stage clinical studies, which is expected to drive a trend toward first marketing approvals of at least 6–9 mAbs per year in the near-term. In the United States (US), a total of 6 and 9 mAbs were granted first approvals during 2014 and 2015, respectively; all these products are also approved in the European Union (EU). As of December 1, 2016, 6 mAbs (atezolizumab, olaratumab, reslizumab, ixekizumab, bezlotoxumab, oblitoxaximab) had been granted first approvals during 2016 in either the EU or US. Brodalumab, was granted a first approval in Japan in July 2016. Regulatory actions on marketing applications for brodalumab in the EU and US are not expected until 2017. In 2017, first EU or US approvals may also be granted for at least nine mAbs (ocrelizumab, avelumab, Xilonix, inotuzumab ozogamicin, dupilumab, sirukumab, sarilumab, guselkumab, romosozumab) that are not yet approved in any country. Based on announcements of company plans for regulatory submissions and the estimated completion dates for late-stage clinical studies, and assuming the study results are positive, marketing applications for at least 6 antibody therapeutics (benralizumab, tildrakizumab, emicizumab, galcanezumab, ibalizumab, PRO-140) that are now being evaluated in late-stage clinical studies may be submitted during December 2016* or 2017. Other ‘antibodies to watch' in 2017 include 20 mAbs are undergoing evaluation in pivotal studies that have estimated primary completion dates in late 2016 or during 2017. Of these, 5 mAbs are for cancer (durvalumab, JNJ-56022473, ublituximab, anetumab ravtansine, glembatumumab vedotin) and 15 mAbs are for non-cancer indications (caplacizumab, lanadelumab, roledumab, tralokinumab, risankizumab, SA237, emapalumab, suptavumab, erenumab, eptinezumab, fremanezumab, fasinumab, tanezumab, lampalizumab, brolucizumab). Positive results from these studies may enable submission of marketing applications in 2017 or 2018, or provide justification for additional studies. *See note added in proof for update through December 31, 2016.
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Kress C, Sadowski G, Brandenbusch C. Novel Displacement Agents for Aqueous 2-Phase Extraction Can Be Estimated Based on Hybrid Shortcut Calculations. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3030-3038. [PMID: 27449229 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purification of therapeutic proteins is a challenging task with immediate need for optimization. Besides other techniques, aqueous 2-phase extraction (ATPE) of proteins has been shown to be a promising alternative to cost-intensive state-of-the-art chromatographic protein purification. Most likely, to enable a selective extraction, protein partitioning has to be influenced using a displacement agent to isolate the target protein from the impurities. In this work, a new displacement agent (lithium bromide [LiBr]) allowing for the selective separation of the target protein IgG from human serum albumin (represents the impurity) within a citrate-polyethylene glycol (PEG) ATPS is presented. In order to characterize the displacement suitability of LiBr on IgG, the mutual influence of LiBr and the phase formers on the aqueous 2-phase system (ATPS) and partitioning is investigated. Using osmotic virial coefficients (B22 and B23) accessible by composition gradient multiangle light-scattering measurements, the precipitating effect of LiBr on both proteins and an estimation of both protein partition coefficients is estimated. The stabilizing effect of LiBr on both proteins was estimated based on B22 and experimentally validated within the citrate-PEG ATPS. Our approach contributes to an efficient implementation of ATPE within the downstream processing development of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kress
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Gabriele Sadowski
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Brandenbusch
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Thermodynamics, Technische Universität Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
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Jaccoulet E, Boccard J, Taverna M, Azevedos AS, Rudaz S, Smadja C. High-throughput identification of monoclonal antibodies after compounding by UV spectroscopy coupled to chemometrics analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:5915-5924. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Piccione EC, Juarez S, Liu J, Tseng S, Ryan CE, Narayanan C, Wang L, Weiskopf K, Majeti R. A bispecific antibody targeting CD47 and CD20 selectively binds and eliminates dual antigen expressing lymphoma cells. MAbs 2016; 7:946-56. [PMID: 26083076 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1062192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Agents that block the anti-phagocytic signal CD47 can synergize with pro-phagocytic anti-tumor antigen antibodies to potently eliminate tumors. While CD47 is overexpressed on cancer cells, its expression in many normal tissues may create an 'antigen sink' that could minimize the therapeutic efficacy of CD47 blocking agents. Here, we report development of bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) that co-target CD47 and CD20, a therapeutic target for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), that have reduced affinity for CD47 relative to the parental antibody, but retain strong binding to CD20. These characteristics facilitate selective binding of BsAbs to tumor cells, leading to phagocytosis. Treatment of human NHL-engrafted mice with BsAbs reduced lymphoma burden and extended survival while recapitulating the synergistic efficacy of anti-CD47 and anti-CD20 combination therapy. These findings serve as proof of principle for BsAb targeting of CD47 with tumor-associated antigens as a viable strategy to induce selective phagocytosis of tumor cells and recapitulate the synergy of combination antibody therapy. This approach may be broadly applied to cancer to add a CD47 blocking component to existing antibody therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Piccione
- a Department of Medicine; Division of Hematology, Cancer Institute; and Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University , Stanford , CA , USA
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Taylor K, Howard CB, Jones ML, Sedliarou I, MacDiarmid J, Brahmbhatt H, Munro TP, Mahler SM. Nanocell targeting using engineered bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2015; 7:53-65. [PMID: 25523746 PMCID: PMC4622061 DOI: 10.4161/19420862.2014.985952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many design formats for bispecific antibodies (BsAbs), and the best design choice is highly dependent on the final application. Our aim was to engineer BsAbs to target a novel nanocell (EnGeneIC Delivery Vehicle or EDVTMnanocell) to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EDVTMnanocells are coated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and BsAb designs incorporated single chain Fv (scFv) fragments derived from an anti-LPS antibody (1H10) and an anti-EGFR antibody, ABX-EGF. We engineered various BsAb formats with monovalent or bivalent binding arms and linked scFv fragments via either glycine-serine (G4S) or Fc-linkers. Binding analyses utilizing ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, bio-layer interferometry, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy showed that binding to LPS and to either soluble recombinant EGFR or MDA-MB-468 cells expressing EGFR, was conserved for all construct designs. However, the Fc-linked BsAbs led to nanocell clumping upon binding to EDVTMnanocells. Clumping was eliminated when additional disulfide bonds were incorporated into the scFv components of the BsAbs, but this resulted in lower BsAb expression. The G4S-linked tandem scFv BsAb format was the optimal design with respect to EDV binding and expression yield. Doxorubicin-loaded EDVTMnanocells actively targeted with tandem scFv BsAb in vivo to MDA-MB-468-derived tumors in mouse xenograft models enhanced tumor regression by 40% compared to passively targeted EDVTMnanocells. BsAbs therefore provide a functional means to deliver EDVTMnanocells to target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Taylor
- a Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) ; University of Queensland, St Lucia ; Queensland , Australia
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20
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Abstract
The commercial pipeline of recombinant antibody therapeutics is robust and dynamic. As of early December 2014, a total of 6 such products (vedolizumab, siltuximab, ramucirumab, pembrolizumab, nivolumab, blinatumomab) were granted first marketing approvals in 2014. As discussed in this perspective on antibodies in late-stage development, the outlook for additional approvals, potentially still in 2014 and certainly in 2015, is excellent as marketing applications for 7 antibody therapeutics (secukinumab, evolocumab, mepolizumab, dinutuximab, nivolumab, blinatumomab, necitumumab) are undergoing a first regulatory review in the EU or US. Of the 39 novel mAbs currently in Phase 3 studies, a marketing application for one (alirocumab) may be submitted in late 2014, and marketing application submissions for at least 4 (reslizumab, ixekizumab, ocrelizumab, obiltoxaximab) are expected in 2015. Other 'antibodies to watch' are those in Phase 3 studies with estimated primary completion dates in late 2014 or 2015, which includes 13 for non-cancer indications (brodalumab, bimagrumab, bococizumab, MABp1, gevokizumab, dupilumab, sirukumab, sarilumab, tildrakizumab, guselkumab, epratuzumab, combination of actoxumab + bezlotoxumab, romosozumab) and 2 (racotumomab and clivatuzumab tetraxetan) undergoing evaluation as treatments for cancer. In addition to the novel antibody therapeutics mentioned, biosimilar infliximab and biosimilar trastuzumab are 'antibodies to watch' in 2015 because of their potential for entry into the US market and regulatory review, respectively.
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Key Words
- BLA, biologics license application
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- European Medicines Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- Food and Drug Administration
- IV, intravenous
- MTX, methotrexate
- PA, protective antigen
- PCSK9, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- biosimilar antibodies
- cancer
- clinical studies
- immune-mediated disorders
- interleukin, IL
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- monoclonal antibodies
- pharmacokinetic, PK
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21
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Mazzer AR, Perraud X, Halley J, O'Hara J, Bracewell DG. Protein A chromatography increases monoclonal antibody aggregation rate during subsequent low pH virus inactivation hold. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1415:83-90. [PMID: 26346187 PMCID: PMC4582070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein A chromatography is a near-ubiquitous method of mAb capture in bioprocesses. The use of low pH buffer for elution from protein A is known to contribute to product aggregation. Yet, a more limited set of evidence suggests that low pH may not be the sole cause of aggregation in protein A chromatography, rather, other facets of the process may contribute significantly. This paper presents a well-defined method for investigating this problem. An IgG4 was incubated in elution buffer after protein A chromatography (typical of the viral inactivation hold) and the quantity of monomer in neutralised samples was determined by size exclusion chromatography; elution buffers of different pH values predetermined to induce aggregation of the IgG4 were used. Rate constants for monomer decay over time were determined by fitting exponential decay functions to the data. Similar experiments were implemented in the absence of a chromatography step, i.e. IgG4 aggregation at low pH. Rate constants for aggregation after protein A chromatography were considerably higher than those from low pH exposure alone; a distinct shift in aggregation rates was apparent across the pH range tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice R Mazzer
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Xavier Perraud
- UCB Celltech, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL13WE, United Kingdom
| | | | - John O'Hara
- UCB Celltech, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL13WE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G Bracewell
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom.
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22
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Gahoual R, Biacchi M, Chicher J, Kuhn L, Hammann P, Beck A, Leize-Wagner E, François YN. Monoclonal antibodies biosimilarity assessment using transient isotachophoresis capillary zone electrophoresis-tandem mass spectrometry. MAbs 2015; 6:1464-73. [PMID: 25484058 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Out of all categories, monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics attract the most interest due to their strong therapeutic potency and specificity. Six of the 10 top-selling drugs are antibody-based therapeutics that will lose patent protection soon. The European Medicines Agency has pioneered the regulatory framework for approval of biosimilar products and approved the first biosimilar antibodies by the end of 2013. As highly complex glycoproteins with a wide range of micro-variants, mAbs require extensive characterization through multiple analytical methods for structure assessment rendering manufacturing control and biosimilarity studies particularly product and time-consuming. Here, capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry by a sheathless interface (CESI-MS) was used to characterize marketed reference mAbs and their respective biosimilar candidate simultaneously over different facets of their primary structure. CESI-MS/MS data were compared between approved mAbs and their biosimilar candidates to prove/disconfirm biosimilarity regarding recent regulation directives. Using only a single sample injection of 200 fmol, CESI-MS/MS data enabled 100% amino acids (AA) sequence characterization, which allows a difference of even one AA between 2 samples to be distinguished precisely. Simultaneously glycoforms were characterized regarding their structures and position through fragmentation spectra and glycoforms semiquantitative analysis was established, showing the capacity of the developed methodology to detect up to 16 different glycans. Other posttranslational modifications hotspots were characterized while their relative occurrence levels were estimated and compared to biosimilars. These results proved the value of using CESI-MS because the separation selectivity and ionization efficiency provided by the system allowed substantial improvement in the characterization workflow robustness and accuracy. Biosimilarity assessment could be performed routinely with a single injection of each candidate enabling improvements in the biosimilar development pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Gahoual
- a Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse des interactions et des systèmes (LSMIS); CNRS - UMR 7140 , Université de Strasbourg , Strasbourg Cedex , France
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23
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Shields K, Araujo-Castillo RV, Theethira TG, Alonso CD, Kelly CP. Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: From colonization to cure. Anaerobe 2015; 34:59-73. [PMID: 25930686 PMCID: PMC4492812 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasingly prevalent, dangerous and challenging to prevent and manage. Despite intense national and international attention the incidence of primary and of recurrent CDI (PCDI and RCDI, respectively) have risen rapidly throughout the past decade. Of major concern is the increase in cases of RCDI resulting in substantial morbidity, morality and economic burden. RCDI management remains challenging as there is no uniformly effective therapy, no firm consensus on optimal treatment, and reliable data regarding RCDI-specific treatment options is scant. Novel therapeutic strategies are critically needed to rapidly, accurately, and effectively identify and treat patients with, or at-risk for, RCDI. In this review we consider the factors implicated in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical presentation of RCDI, evaluate current management options for RCDI and explore novel and emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Shields
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Roger V Araujo-Castillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Lowry Medical Office Building, Suite GB 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Thimmaiah G Theethira
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Carolyn D Alonso
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Lowry Medical Office Building, Suite GB 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| | - Ciaran P Kelly
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Ave., Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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24
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Schirrmann T, Steinwand M, Wezler X, Ten Haaf A, Tur MK, Barth S. CD30 as a therapeutic target for lymphoma. BioDrugs 2015; 28:181-209. [PMID: 24043362 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-013-0068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and ALK(+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) have become highly curable due to the success of modern regimens of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. However, up to one-third of the patients experience relapse or do not respond to first-line therapy, and half of them relapse again after secondary therapy with limited options for further treatment. In the last 15 years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to surface receptors became a new and valuable therapeutic option in many hematologic malignancies. Due to its restricted expression on normal activated lymphocytes and its high expression on malignant cells, CD30 represents an attractive target molecule for HL and ALCL therapy. However, unconjugated CD30 mAbs have demonstrated a lack of objective clinical responses in patients with recurrent HL. CD30 exhibits complex signaling pathways, and binding of its natural ligand or anti-CD30 mAbs can induce apoptosis but may also promote proliferation and activation depending on the cellular context. Moreover, CD30 rapidly internalizes after crosslinking, which counteracts efficient recruitment of immunologic effectors but also provides the opportunity to transfer cytotoxic payloads coupled to CD30-specific mAbs into the tumor cells. Several tumor targeting approaches have been studied, including radio-immunoconjugates, immunotoxins, immunoRNases, immunokinases, and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs). In 2011, the ADC brentuximab-vedotin, consisting of the CD30-specific chimeric mAb cAC10 and the potent tubulin toxin monomethyl auristatin E, gained regulatory approval as a well tolerated and highly active drug in patients with refractory and relapsed HL and ALCL. SGN-35 is on the way to being incorporated in the standard management of CD30(+) lymphoma with significant therapeutic impact. This review gives a critical overview about anti-CD30 therapies with unconjugated, engineered, and conjugated mAbs and the therapeutic challenges of treatment of CD30(+) lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schirrmann
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany,
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25
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Lamberts LE, Williams SP, Terwisscha van Scheltinga AG, Lub-de Hooge MN, Schröder CP, Gietema JA, Brouwers AH, de Vries EG. Antibody Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Anticancer Drug Development. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:1491-504. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.8278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), including several antibody–drug conjugates, are in advanced clinical development, forming an important part of the many molecularly targeted anticancer therapeutics currently in development. Drug development is a relatively slow and expensive process, limiting the number of drugs that can be brought into late-stage trials. Development decisions could benefit from quantitative biomarkers, enabling visualization of the tissue distribution of (potentially modified) therapeutic mAbs to confirm effective whole-body target expression, engagement, and modulation and to evaluate heterogeneity across lesions and patients. Such biomarkers may be realized with positron emission tomography imaging of radioactively labeled antibodies, a process called immunoPET. This approach could potentially increase the power and value of early trials by improving patient selection, optimizing dose and schedule, and rationalizing observed drug responses. In this review, we summarize the available literature and the status of clinical trials regarding the potential of immunoPET during early anticancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia E. Lamberts
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Simon P. Williams
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Carolien P. Schröder
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jourik A. Gietema
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Adrienne H. Brouwers
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Elisabeth G.E. de Vries
- Laetitia E. Lamberts, Anton G.T. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, Marjolijn N. Lub-de Hooge, Carolien P. Schröder, Jourik A. Gietema, Adrienne H. Brouwers, and Elisabeth G.E. de Vries, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; and Simon P. Williams, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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26
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Larsen SA, Meldgaard T, Lykkemark S, Mandrup OA, Kristensen P. Selection of cell-type specific antibodies on tissue-sections using phage display. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1939-48. [PMID: 25808085 PMCID: PMC4549044 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of modern technologies enabling single cell analysis, it has become clear that small sub-populations of cells or even single cells can drive the phenotypic appearance of tissue, both diseased and normal. Nucleic acid based technologies allowing single cell analysis has been faster to mature, while technologies aimed at analysing the proteome at a single cell level is still lacking behind, especially technologies which allow single cell analysis in tissue. Introducing methods, that allows such analysis, will pave the way for discovering new biomarkers with more clinical relevance, as these may be unique for microenvironments only present in tissue and will avoid artifacts introduced by in vitro studies. Here, we introduce a technology enabling biomarker identification on small sub-populations of cells within a tissue section. Phage antibody libraries are applied to the tissue sections, followed by washing to remove non-bound phage particles. To eliminate phage antibodies binding to antigens ubiquitously expressed and retrieve phage antibodies binding specifically to antigens expressed by the sub-population of cells, the area of interest is protected by a ‘shadow stick’. The phage antibodies on the remaining areas on the slide are exposed to UV light, which introduces cross-links in the phage genome, thus rendering them non-replicable. In this work we applied the technology, guided by CD31 expressing endothelial cells, to isolate recombinant antibodies specifically binding biomarkers expressed either by the cell or in the microenvironment surrounding the endothelial cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Asbjørn Larsen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Lykkemark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Aarhus, Denmark
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27
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Schilling K, Krause F. Analysis of antibody aggregate content at extremely high concentrations using sedimentation velocity with a novel interference optics. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120820. [PMID: 25803582 PMCID: PMC4372433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies represent the most important group of protein-based biopharmaceuticals. During formulation, manufacturing, or storage, antibodies may suffer post-translational modifications altering their physical and chemical properties. Such induced conformational changes may lead to the formation of aggregates, which can not only reduce their efficiency but also be immunogenic. Therefore, it is essential to monitor the amount of size variants to ensure consistency and quality of pharmaceutical antibodies. In many cases, antibodies are formulated at very high concentrations > 50 g/L, mostly along with high amounts of sugar-based excipients. As a consequence, all routine aggregation analysis methods, such as size-exclusion chromatography, cannot monitor the size distribution at those original conditions, but only after dilution and usually under completely different solvent conditions. In contrast, sedimentation velocity (SV) allows to analyze samples directly in the product formulation, both with limited sample-matrix interactions and minimal dilution. One prerequisite for the analysis of highly concentrated samples is the detection of steep concentration gradients with sufficient resolution: Commercially available ultracentrifuges are not able to resolve such steep interference profiles. With the development of our Advanced Interference Detection Array (AIDA), it has become possible to register interferograms of solutions as highly concentrated as 150 g/L. The other major difficulty encountered at high protein concentrations is the pronounced non-ideal sedimentation behavior resulting from repulsive intermolecular interactions, for which a comprehensive theoretical modelling has not yet been achieved. Here, we report the first SV analysis of highly concentrated antibodies up to 147 g/L employing the unique AIDA ultracentrifuge. By developing a consistent experimental design and data fit approach, we were able to provide a reliable estimation of the minimum content of soluble aggregates in the original formulations of two antibodies. Limitations of the procedure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Krause
- Nanolytics Gesellschaft für Kolloidanalytik, Potsdam, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Köck K, Pan WJ, Gow JM, Horner MJ, Gibbs JP, Colbert A, Goletz TJ, Newhall KJ, Rees WA, Sun Y, Zhang Y, O'Neill JC, Umble-Romero AN, Prokop SP, Krill CD, Som L, Buntich SA, Trimble MW, Tsuji WH, Towne JE. Preclinical development of AMG 139, a human antibody specifically targeting IL-23. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:159-72. [PMID: 25205227 PMCID: PMC4280975 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE AMG 139 is a human anti-IL-23 antibody currently in a phase II trial for treating Crohn's disease. To support its clinical development in humans, in vitro assays and in vivo studies were conducted in cynomolgus monkeys to determine the pharmacology, preclinical characteristics and safety of this monoclonal antibody. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The in vitro pharmacology, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics and toxicology of AMG 139, after single or weekly i.v. or s.c. administration for up to 26 weeks, were evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys. KEY RESULTS AMG 139 bound with high affinity to both human and cynomolgus monkey IL-23 and specifically neutralized the biological activity of IL-23 without binding or blocking IL-12. After a single dose, linear PK with s.c. bioavailability of 81% and mean half-life of 8.4-13 days were observed. After weekly s.c. dosing for 3 or 6 months, AMG 139 exposure increased approximately dose-proportionally from 30 to 300 mg·kg(-1) and mean accumulation between the first and last dose ranged from 2- to 3.5-fold. Peripheral blood immunophenotyping, T-cell-dependent antigen responses and bone formation markers were not different between AMG 139 and vehicle treatment. No adverse clinical signs, effects on body weight, vital signs, ophthalmic parameters, clinical pathology, ECG, organ weights or histopathology were observed in the monkeys with the highest dose of AMG 139 tested (300 mg·kg(-1) s.c. or i.v.). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The in vitro pharmacology, PK, immunogenicity and safety characteristics of AMG 139 in cynomolgus monkeys support its continued clinical development for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Köck
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Seattle, WA, USA
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30
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Fan X, Brezski RJ, Deng H, Dhupkar PM, Shi Y, Gonzalez A, Zhang S, Rycyzyn M, Strohl WR, Jordan RE, Zhang N, An Z. A Novel Therapeutic Strategy to Rescue the Immune Effector Function of Proteolytically Inactivated Cancer Therapeutic Antibodies. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:681-91. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Smilek DE, Ehlers MR, Nepom GT. Restoring the balance: immunotherapeutic combinations for autoimmune disease. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:503-13. [PMID: 24795433 PMCID: PMC4007402 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.015099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity occurs when T cells, B cells or both are inappropriately activated, resulting in damage to one or more organ systems. Normally, high-affinity self-reactive T and B cells are eliminated in the thymus and bone marrow through a process known as central immune tolerance. However, low-affinity self-reactive T and B cells escape central tolerance and enter the blood and tissues, where they are kept in check by complex and non-redundant peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Dysfunction or imbalance of the immune system can lead to autoimmunity, and thus elucidation of normal tolerance mechanisms has led to identification of therapeutic targets for treating autoimmune disease. In the past 15 years, a number of disease-modifying monoclonal antibodies and genetically engineered biologic agents targeting the immune system have been approved, notably for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. Although these agents represent a major advance, effective therapy for other autoimmune conditions, such as type 1 diabetes, remain elusive and will likely require intervention aimed at multiple components of the immune system. To this end, approaches that manipulate cells ex vivo and harness their complex behaviors are being tested in preclinical and clinical settings. In addition, approved biologic agents are being examined in combination with one another and with cell-based therapies. Substantial development and regulatory hurdles must be overcome in order to successfully combine immunotherapeutic biologic agents. Nevertheless, such combinations might ultimately be necessary to control autoimmune disease manifestations and restore the tolerant state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E Smilek
- The Immune Tolerance Network, 185 Berry Street #3515, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
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Schiel JE, Mire-Sluis A, Davis D. Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics: The Need for Biopharmaceutical Reference Materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2014-1176.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John E. Schiel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biomolecular Measurement Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- North America, Singapore, Abingdon, Contract and Product Quality, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
| | - Anthony Mire-Sluis
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biomolecular Measurement Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- North America, Singapore, Abingdon, Contract and Product Quality, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
| | - Darryl Davis
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Biomolecular Measurement Division, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- North America, Singapore, Abingdon, Contract and Product Quality, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19002, United States
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33
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Stracke J, Emrich T, Rueger P, Schlothauer T, Kling L, Knaupp A, Hertenberger H, Wolfert A, Spick C, Lau W, Drabner G, Reiff U, Koll H, Papadimitriou A. A novel approach to investigate the effect of methionine oxidation on pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2014; 6:1229-42. [PMID: 25517308 PMCID: PMC4622569 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preserving the chemical and structural integrity of therapeutic antibodies during manufacturing and storage is a major challenge during pharmaceutical development. Oxidation of Fc methionines Met252 and Met428 is frequently observed, which leads to reduced affinity to FcRn and faster plasma clearance if present at high levels. Because oxidation occurs in both positions simultaneously, their individual contribution to the concomitant changes in pharmacokinetic properties has not been clearly established. A novel pH-gradient FcRn affinity chromatography method was applied to isolate three antibody oxidation variants from an oxidized IgG1 preparation based on their FcRn binding properties. Physico-chemical characterization revealed that the three oxidation variants differed predominantly in the number of oxMet252 per IgG (0, 1, or 2), but not significantly in the content of oxMet428. Corresponding to the increase in oxMet252 content, stepwise reduction of FcRn affinity in vitro, as well as faster clearance and shorter terminal half-life, in huFcRn-transgenic mice were observed. A single Met252 oxidation per antibody had no significant effect on pharmacokinetics (PK) compared with unmodified IgG. Importantly, only molecules with both heavy chains oxidized at Met252 exhibited significantly faster clearance. In contrast, Met428 oxidation had no apparent negative effect on PK and even led to somewhat improved FcRn binding and slower clearance. This minor effect, however, seemed to be abrogated by the dominant effect of Met252 oxidation. The novel approach of functional chromatographic separation of IgG oxidation variants followed by physico-chemical and biological characterization has yielded the first experimentally-backed explanation for the unaltered PK properties of antibody preparations containing relatively high Met252 and Met428 oxidation levels.
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Key Words
- AUC, area under the concentration-time curve
- Antibody
- ESI-MS, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
- Fab, antigen-binding fragment
- Fc, crystallizable fragment
- FcRn
- FcRn, neonatal Fc receptor
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Met, methionine
- Met252
- Met428
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- RU, response units
- SEC, size exclusion chromatography
- SPR, surface plasmon resonance
- affinity chromatography
- column
- degradation
- m/z, mass-to-charge ratio
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- methionine oxidation
- neonatal Fc receptor
- pH gradient
- pharmacokinetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stracke
- a Biochemical and Analytical Research; Large Molecule Research ; Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED); Roche Innovation Center ; Penzberg , Germany
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34
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Landes Highlights. Bioengineered 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/bioe.27133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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35
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Diebolder P, Keller A, Haase S, Schlegelmilch A, Kiefer JD, Karimi T, Weber T, Moldenhauer G, Kehm R, Eis-Hübinger AM, Jäger D, Federspil PA, Herold-Mende C, Dyckhoff G, Kontermann RE, Arndt MAE, Krauss J. Generation of “LYmph Node Derived Antibody Libraries” (LYNDAL) for selecting fully human antibody fragments with therapeutic potential. MAbs 2014; 6:130-42. [PMID: 24256717 PMCID: PMC3929437 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.27236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient strategies for generating fully human monoclonal antibodies with unique functional properties that are exploitable for tailored therapeutic interventions remains a major challenge in the antibody technology field. Here, we present a methodology for recovering such antibodies from antigen-encountered human B cell repertoires. As the source for variable antibody genes, we cloned immunoglobulin G (IgG)-derived B cell repertoires from lymph nodes of 20 individuals undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer. Sequence analysis of unselected “LYmph Node Derived Antibody Libraries” (LYNDAL) revealed a naturally occurring distribution pattern of rearranged antibody sequences, representing all known variable gene families and most functional germline sequences. To demonstrate the feasibility for selecting antibodies with therapeutic potential from these repertoires, seven LYNDAL from donors with high serum titers against herpes simplex virus (HSV) were panned on recombinant glycoprotein B of HSV-1. Screening for specific binders delivered 34 single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) with unique sequences. Sequence analysis revealed extensive somatic hypermutation of enriched clones as a result of affinity maturation. Binding of scFvs to common glycoprotein B variants from HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains was highly specific, and the majority of analyzed antibody fragments bound to the target antigen with nanomolar affinity. From eight scFvs with HSV-neutralizing capacity in vitro,the most potent antibody neutralized 50% HSV-2 at 4.5 nM as a dimeric (scFv)2. We anticipate our approach to be useful for recovering fully human antibodies with therapeutic potential.
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36
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Schubert I, Saul D, Nowecki S, Mackensen A, Fey GH, Oduncu FS. A dual-targeting triplebody mediates preferential redirected lysis of antigen double-positive over single-positive leukemic cells. MAbs 2014; 6:286-96. [PMID: 24135631 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The single-chain triplebody HLA-ds16-hu19 consists of three single-chain Fv (scFv) antibody fragments connected in a single polypeptide chain. This protein with dual-targeting capacity mediated preferential lysis of antigen double positive(dp) over single-positive (sp) leukemic cells by recruitment of natural killer (NK) cells as effectors. The two distal scFv modules were specific for the histocompatibility protein HLA-DR and the lymphoid antigen CD19, the central one for the Fc gamma receptor CD16. In antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) experiments with a mixture of leukemic target cells comprising both HLA-DR sp HuT-78 or Kasumi-1 cells and (HLA-DR plus CD19) dp SEM cells, the triplebody mediated preferential lysis of the dp cells even when the sp cells were present in ≤ 20-fold numerical excess.The triplebody promoted equal lysis of SEM cells at 2.5-fold and 19.5-fold lower concentrations than the parental antibodies specific for HLA-DR and CD19, respectively. Finally, the triplebody also eliminated primary leukemic cells at lower concentrations than an equimolar mixture of bispecific single-chain Fv fragments (bsscFvs) separately addressing each target antigen (hu19-ds16 and HLA-ds16). The increased selectivity of targeting and the preferential lysis of dp over sp cells achieved by dual-targeting open attractive new perspectives for the use of dual-targeting agents in cancer therapy.
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37
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Pafili K, Papanas N, Maltezos E. Gevokizumab in type 1 diabetes mellitus: extreme remedies for extreme diseases? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1277-84. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.947026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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38
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Gómez-Mantilla JD, Trocóniz IF, Parra-Guillén Z, Garrido MJ. Review on modeling anti-antibody responses to monoclonal antibodies. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 41:523-36. [PMID: 25027160 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-014-9367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) represent a therapeutic strategy that has been increasingly used in different diseases. mAbs are highly specific for their targets leading to induce specific effector functions. Despite their therapeutic benefits, the presence of immunogenic reactions is of growing concern. The immunogenicity identified as anti-drug antibodies (ADA) production due to the continuous administration of mAbs may affect the pharmacokinetics (PK) and/or the pharmacodynamics (PD) of mAbs administered to patients. Therefore, the immunogenicity and its clinical impact have been studied by several authors using PK modeling approaches. In this review, the authors try to present all those models under a unique theoretical mechanism-based framework incorporating the main considerations related to ADA formation, and how ADA may affect the efficacy or toxicity profile of some therapeutic biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- José David Gómez-Mantilla
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31080, Spain
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39
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Xu L, Stevens J, Hilton MB, Seaman S, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Logsdon D, Morris H, Swing DA, Patel NL, Kalen J, Haines DC, Zudaire E, St Croix B. COX-2 inhibition potentiates antiangiogenic cancer therapy and prevents metastasis in preclinical models. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:242ra84. [PMID: 24964992 PMCID: PMC6309995 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antiangiogenic agents that block vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling are important components of current cancer treatment modalities but are limited by alternative ill-defined angiogenesis mechanisms that allow persistent tumor vascularization in the face of continued VEGF pathway blockade. We identified prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as a soluble tumor-derived angiogenic factor associated with VEGF-independent angiogenesis. PGE2 production in preclinical breast and colon cancer models was tightly controlled by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and COX-2 inhibition augmented VEGF pathway blockade to suppress angiogenesis and tumor growth, prevent metastasis, and increase overall survival. These results demonstrate the importance of the COX-2/PGE2 pathway in mediating resistance to VEGF pathway blockade and could aid in the rapid development of more efficacious anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Janine Stevens
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hilton
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Steven Seaman
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Timothy D Veenstra
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Daniel Logsdon
- Basic Research Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Holly Morris
- Transgenic Core Facility, MCGP, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Deborah A Swing
- Transgenic Core Facility, MCGP, NCI, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Nimit L Patel
- Small Animal Imaging Program/LASP, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joseph Kalen
- Small Animal Imaging Program/LASP, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Diana C Haines
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Enrique Zudaire
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Brad St Croix
- Tumor Angiogenesis Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program (MCGP), National Cancer Institute (NCI) at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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40
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Glassman PM, Balthasar JP. Mechanistic considerations for the use of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Med 2014; 11:20-33. [PMID: 24738036 PMCID: PMC3969805 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of rituximab in 1997, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become an increasingly important component of therapeutic regimens in oncology. The success of mAbs as a therapeutic class is a result of great strides that have been made in molecular biology and in biotechnology over the past several decades. Currently, there are 14 approved mAb products for oncology indications, and there are ten additional mAbs in late stages of clinical trials. Compared to traditional chemotherapeutic agents, mAbs have several advantages, including a long circulating half-life and high target specificity. Antibodies can serve as cytotoxic agents when administered alone, exerting a pharmacologic effect through several mechanisms involving the antigen binding (Fab) and/or Fc domains of the molecule, and mAbs may also be utilized as drug carriers, targeting a toxic payload to cancer cells. The extremely high affinity of mAbs for their targets, which is desirable with respect to pharmacodynamics (i.e., contributing to the high therapeutic selectivity of mAb), often leads to complex, non-linear, target-mediated pharmacokinetics. In this report, we summarize the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of mAbs that have been approved and of mAbs that are near approval for oncology indications, with particular focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for their disposition and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Glassman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Joseph P Balthasar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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41
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Mazor R, Eberle JA, Hu X, Vassall AN, Onda M, Beers R, Lee EC, Kreitman RJ, Lee B, Baker D, King C, Hassan R, Benhar I, Pastan I. Recombinant immunotoxin for cancer treatment with low immunogenicity by identification and silencing of human T-cell epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:8571-6. [PMID: 24799704 PMCID: PMC4060717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405153111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman proteins have valuable therapeutic properties, but their efficacy is limited by neutralizing antibodies. Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are potent anticancer agents that have produced many complete remissions in leukemia, but immunogenicity limits the number of doses that can be given to patients with normal immune systems. Using human cells, we identified eight helper T-cell epitopes in PE38, a portion of the bacterial protein Pseudomonas exotoxin A which consists of the toxin moiety of the RIT, and used this information to make LMB-T18 in which three epitopes were deleted and five others diminished by point mutations in key residues. LMB-T18 has high cytotoxic and antitumor activity and is very resistant to thermal denaturation. The new immunotoxin has a 93% decrease in T-cell epitopes and should have improved efficacy in patients because more treatment cycles can be given. Furthermore, the deimmunized toxin can be used to make RITs targeting other antigens, and the approach we describe can be used to deimmunize other therapeutically useful nonhuman proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Mazor
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6998, Israel
| | - Jaime A Eberle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aaron N Vassall
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Masanori Onda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Richard Beers
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Elizabeth C Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert J Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Byungkook Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David Baker
- Institute for Protein Design, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98122; and
| | - Chris King
- Institute for Protein Design, Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98122; and
| | - Raffit Hassan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Itai Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6998, Israel
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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42
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The maturation of antibody technology for the HIV epidemic. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:570-7. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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43
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Alsenaidy MA, Okbazghi SZ, Kim JH, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Tolbert TJ, Volkin DB. Physical stability comparisons of IgG1-Fc variants: effects of N-glycosylation site occupancy and Asp/Gln residues at site Asn 297. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1613-1627. [PMID: 24740840 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The structural integrity and conformational stability of various IgG1-Fc proteins produced from the yeast Pichia pastoris with different glycosylation site occupancy (di-, mono-, and nonglycosylated) were determined. In addition, the physical stability profiles of three different forms of nonglycosylated Fc molecules (varying amino-acid residues at site 297 in the CH 2 domain due to the point mutations and enzymatic digestion of the Fc glycoforms) were also examined. The physical stability of these IgG1-Fc glycoproteins was examined as a function of pH and temperature by high-throughput biophysical analysis using multiple techniques combined with data visualization tools (three index empirical phase diagrams and radar charts). Across the pH range of 4.0-6.0, the di- and monoglycosylated forms of the IgG1-Fc showed the highest and lowest levels of physical stability, respectively, with the nonglycosylated forms showing intermediate stability depending on solution pH. In the aglycosylated Fc proteins, the introduction of Asp (D) residues at site 297 (QQ vs. DN vs. DD forms) resulted in more subtle changes in structural integrity and physical stability depending on solution pH. The utility of evaluating the conformational stability profile differences between the various IgG1-Fc glycoproteins is discussed in the context of analytical comparability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Alsenaidy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Solomon Z Okbazghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Sangeeta B Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - C Russell Middaugh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Thomas J Tolbert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - David B Volkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Macromolecule and Vaccine Stabilization Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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44
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Sheth RD, Jin M, Bhut BV, Li Z, Chen W, Cramer SM. Affinity precipitation of a monoclonal antibody from an industrial harvest feedstock using an ELP-Z stimuli responsive biopolymer. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 111:1595-603. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul D. Sheth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; 110 8th Street Troy New York 12180
- Biologics Process Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb; East Syracuse New York
| | - Mi Jin
- Biologics Process Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb; East Syracuse New York
| | - Bharat V. Bhut
- Biologics Process Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb; East Syracuse New York
| | - Zhengjian Li
- Biologics Process Development; Bristol-Myers Squibb; East Syracuse New York
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; University of Delaware; Newark Delaware
| | - Steven M. Cramer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; 110 8th Street Troy New York 12180
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Lianos GD, Vlachos K, Zoras O, Katsios C, Cho WC, Roukos DH. Potential of antibody-drug conjugates and novel therapeutics in breast cancer management. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:491-500. [PMID: 24711706 PMCID: PMC3969339 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s34235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in the treatment of cancer over the past decade has been slow. Targeting a mutated gene of an individual patient tumor, tumor-guided agents, and the first draft of the human genome sequence have created an overenthusiasm to achieve personalized medicine. However, we now know that this effort is misleading. Extreme interpatient and intratumor heterogeneity, scarce knowledge in how genome-wide mutational landscape and epigenetic changes affect transcriptional processes, gene expression, signaling transduction networks and cell regulation, and clinical assessment of temporary efficacy of targeted drugs explain the limitations of these currently available agents. Trastuzumab and a few other monoclonal antibodies or small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) represent an exception to this rule. By blocking ligand-binding receptor in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification and overexpression, trastuzumab added to chemotherapy in HER2-positive patients has been proven to provide significant overall survival benefit in both metastatic and adjuvant settings. Lapatinib, a small-molecule dual inhibitor (TKI) of both HER2 and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) pathways, has an antitumor activity translated into progression-free survival benefit in HER2-positive metastatic patients previously treated with a taxane, an anthracycline, and trastuzumab. Despite these advances, ~25% of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer experience recurrence in the adjuvant setting, while in the metastatic setting, median survival time is 25 months. In this review, we discuss the safety, efficacy, and limitations of the trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) conjugate in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. We also highlight Phase III randomized trials, currently underway, using either the T-DM1 conjugate or various combinations of monoclonal antibodies and TKIs. Moreover, in contrast with all these agents developed on the basis of "central dogma" of simplified reductionist transcription and single gene-phenotype linear relationship, we summarize the emerging, amazing era of next-generation, transcriptional circuitry and intracellular signaling network-based drugs guided by the latest advances in genome science and dynamics of network biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios D Lianos
- Centre for Biosystems and Genomic Network Medicine, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Odysseas Zoras
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | - Christos Katsios
- Centre for Biosystems and Genomic Network Medicine, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece
| | - William C Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Dimitrios H Roukos
- Centre for Biosystems and Genomic Network Medicine, Ioannina University, Ioannina, Greece
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Rader C. Chemically programmed antibodies. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:186-97. [PMID: 24630478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unlimited chemical diversity, small molecules can rival monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with respect to specificity and affinity for target molecules. However, key pharmacological properties of mAbs remain unmatched by small molecules. Chemical programming strategies have been developed for site-specific and covalent conjugation of small molecules to mAbs with unique reactivity centers. In addition to blending favorable features of small molecules and mAbs, chemically programmed antibodies (cpAbs) are economically attractive because they utilize the same mAb for an almost unlimited number of target molecule specificities, reducing manufacturing costs and shortening drug discovery and development time. Preclinical studies and clinical trials have begun to demonstrate the broad utility of cpAbs for the treatment and prevention of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Rader
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, 130 Scripps Way #2C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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47
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Almagro JC, Gilliland GL, Breden F, Scott JK, Sok D, Pauthner M, Reichert JM, Helguera G, Andrabi R, Mabry R, Bléry M, Voss JE, Laurén J, Abuqayyas L, Barghorn S, Ben-Jacob E, Crowe JE, Huston JS, Johnston SA, Krauland E, Lund-Johansen F, Marasco WA, Parren PWHI, Xu KY. Antibody engineering and therapeutics, The Annual Meeting of the Antibody Society: December 8-12, 2013, Huntington Beach, CA. MAbs 2014; 6:577-618. [PMID: 24589717 PMCID: PMC4011904 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The 24th Antibody Engineering & Therapeutics meeting brought together a broad range of participants who were updated on the latest advances in antibody research and development. Organized by IBC Life Sciences, the gathering is the annual meeting of The Antibody Society, which serves as the scientific sponsor. Preconference workshops on 3D modeling and delineation of clonal lineages were featured, and the conference included sessions on a wide variety of topics relevant to researchers, including systems biology; antibody deep sequencing and repertoires; the effects of antibody gene variation and usage on antibody response; directed evolution; knowledge-based design; antibodies in a complex environment; polyreactive antibodies and polyspecificity; the interface between antibody therapy and cellular immunity in cancer; antibodies in cardiometabolic medicine; antibody pharmacokinetics, distribution and off-target toxicity; optimizing antibody formats for immunotherapy; polyclonals, oligoclonals and bispecifics; antibody discovery platforms; and antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Devin Sok
- The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA
| | | | | | - Gustavo Helguera
- CONICET; Laboratorio Biotecnología Farmacéutica; Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, IBYME; Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - James E Voss
- The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla, CA USA
| | - Juha Laurén
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Tarrytown, NY USA
| | | | | | | | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kai Y Xu
- University of Maryland; Baltimore, MD USA
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Wattenberg MM, Kwilas AR, Gameiro SR, Dicker AP, Hodge JW. Expanding the use of monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer by using ionising radiation to upregulate antibody targets. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1472-80. [PMID: 24556625 PMCID: PMC3960628 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy for the treatment of solid and haematologic malignancies has shown poor response rates as a monotherapy. Furthermore, its use is limited to tumours expressing certain molecular targets. It has been shown that single-dose radiation can induce immunogenic modulation that is characterised by cell-surface phenotypic changes leading to augmented tumour cell/cytotoxic T-cell interaction. Methods: We examined radiation's ability to upregulate mAb therapy targets. We also used radiation to sensitise tumour cells to antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Results: Radiation significantly increased cell-surface and total protein expression of mAb targets HER2, EGFR, and CD20. Focusing on HER2, targeted by trastuzumab, we observed significant upregulation of HER2 following radiation of 3 out of 3 breast cancer cell lines, one of which was triple negative, as well as in residential stem-cell populations. HER2 upregulation was sustained up to 96 h following radiation exposure and was largely dependent on intracellular reactive oxygen species. Improved ADCC and sensitisation to the antiproliferative effects of trastuzumab demonstrated the functional significance of radiation-induced HER2 upregulation. Conclusions: We show that single-dose radiation enhances mAb therapy. These findings highlight a mechanism for combining radiation with immunotherapy and expand the patient population that can be treated with targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Wattenberg
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B13, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A R Kwilas
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B13, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - S R Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B13, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - A P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 111 S. 11th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - J W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Room 8B13, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Currow DC, Abernethy AP. Anamorelin hydrochloride in the treatment of cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome. Future Oncol 2014; 10:789-802. [PMID: 24472001 DOI: 10.2217/fon.14.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anamorelin hydrochloride is an orally active ghrelin receptor agonist in development by Helsinn, for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cachexia. In preclinical and clinical studies, the potent affinity of anamorelin for the ghrelin receptor is associated with significant appetite-enhancing activity and resultant improvements in body weight, lean body mass, and handgrip strength compared with placebo. The accompanying stimulatory effects on growth hormone and IGF-1 are not associated with tumor growth, and overall survival in patients with cancer is not compromised. Anamorelin is well tolerated with no dose-limiting toxicities identified to date. The findings of ongoing Phase III studies are needed to confirm the significant potential of anamorelin to treat NSCLC cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Currow
- Discipline of Palliative & Supportive Services, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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50
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Abstract
Innate immune cells, particularly macrophages and epithelial cells, play a key role in multiple layers of immune responses. Alarmins and pro-inflammatory cytokines from the IL (interleukin)-1 and TNF (tumour necrosis factor) families initiate the cascade of events by inducing chemokine release from bystander cells and by the up-regulation of adhesion molecules required for transendothelial trafficking of immune cells. Furthermore, innate cytokines produced by dendritic cells, macrophages, epithelial cells and innate lymphoid cells seem to play a critical role in polarization of helper T-cell cytokine profiles into specific subsets of Th1/Th2/Th17 effector cells or regulatory T-cells. Lastly, the innate immune system down-regulates effector mechanisms and restores homoeostasis in injured tissue via cytokines from the IL-10 and TGF (transforming growth factor) families mainly released from macrophages, preferentially the M2 subset, which have a capacity to induce regulatory T-cells, inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induce healing of the tissue by regulating extracellular matrix protein deposition and angiogenesis. Cytokines produced by innate immune cells represent an attractive target for therapeutic intervention, and multiple molecules are currently being tested clinically in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic diseases, autoinflammatory syndromes, fibrosing processes or malignancies. In addition to the already widely used blockers of TNFα and the tested inhibitors of IL-1 and IL-6, multiple therapeutic molecules are currently in clinical trials targeting TNF-related molecules [APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) and BAFF (B-cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family)], chemokine receptors, IL-17, TGFβ and other cytokines.
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