1
|
Marder M, Geremia Parise A. Extending cognition: a vegetal rejoinder to extensionless thought and to extended cognition. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2024; 19:2345984. [PMID: 38654490 PMCID: PMC11057674 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2024.2345984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a crucial supplement to the framework of plant cognition, namely extending cognition. We argue that plants and other organisms with an open-ended body plan actively extend their cognition when growing tissues or organs. Their cognition expands with their body expansion. After considering the defining features of extending cognition, we present a model where growth, along with aspects of plant physiology (e.g. biochemical exudates), as well as the "negative extension" of growing away from obstacles or stressful environments, are the building blocks for a more refined understanding of plant cognition. We conclude by outlining the general implications of the theory of extending cognition and indicating directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Marder
- Department of Philosophy, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Philosophy, Ikerbasque: Basque Foundation for Science, Vitoria, Spain
| | - André Geremia Parise
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shahbazi M, Rutter LA, Barker R. Transcriptional response of Arabidopsis thaliana's root-tip to spaceflight. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:79. [PMID: 38935184 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01478-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Plants are expected to play a critical role in the biological life support systems of crewed spaceflight missions, including in the context of upcoming missions targeting the Moon and Mars. Therefore, understanding the response of plants to spaceflight is essential for improving the selection and engineering of plants and spaceflight conditions. In particular, understanding the root-tip's response to spaceflight is of importance as it is the center of orchestrating the development of the root, the primary organ for the absorption of nutrients and anchorage. GLDS-120 is a pioneering study by Paul et al. that used transcriptomics to evaluate the spaceflight response of the root-tip of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in dark and light through separate analyses of three genotype groups (Wassilewskija, Columbia-0, and Columbia-0 PhyD) and comparison of genotype responses. Here, we provide a complementary analysis of this dataset through a combined analysis of all samples while controlling for the genotypes in a paired analysis. We identified a robust transcriptional response to spaceflight with 622 DEGs in light and 200 DEGs in dark conditions. Gene enrichment analysis identified 37 and 13 significantly enriched terms from biological processes in light and dark conditions, respectively. Prominent enrichment for hypoxia-related terms in both conditions suggests hypoxia is a key stressor for root development during spaceflight. Additional enriched terms in light conditions include the circadian cycle, light response, and terms for the metabolism of flavonoid and indole-containing compounds. These results further our understanding of plants' responses to the spaceflight environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahbazi
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Lindsay A Rutter
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard Barker
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ponkshe A, Blancas Barroso J, Abramson CI, Calvo P. A case study of learning in plants: Lessons learned from pea plants. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1272-1280. [PMID: 37705453 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231203078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
To facilitate the study of learning in plants, we share our experiences of trying to replicate the pea plant experiment of Gagliano et al. In the course of our efforts, we identified 11 issues that must be addressed when attempting to replicate these experiments. The issues range from germination and transplantation of seedlings to experimental design and apparatus issues. We propose a number of solutions to overcome these hurdles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Ponkshe
- Minimal Intelligence Laboratory (MINTLab), Minimal Intelligence Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jacobo Blancas Barroso
- Minimal Intelligence Laboratory (MINTLab), Minimal Intelligence Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Charles I Abramson
- Laboratory of Comparative Psychology and Behavioral Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Paco Calvo
- Minimal Intelligence Laboratory (MINTLab), Minimal Intelligence Laboratory, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaachra A, Suri A, Kumar S. An improved and convenient petri plate-based method for studying the root growth of plants. MethodsX 2024; 12:102505. [PMID: 38162146 PMCID: PMC10755038 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant scientists across the globe are interested in studying the root growth architecture of plants to understand different processes determining growth and development in plants. In the majority of cases, root growth-related experiments are carried out on petri plates filled with solid nutrient media. However, plants growing in these plates are often exposed to conditions that are not close to the natural conditions. Also, it is difficult to pour two different media on the same plate which is quite a useful feature to study the effect of specific treatment on plant growth. In the present work, we describe an improved and easy-to-use petri plate system useful for studying root growth characteristics of young plants grown over solid nutrient media. In comparison to the conventional methods, the present plate system offers an advantage in terms of facilitating the pouring of two different media in the same plate, avoiding contact of the aerial part of the plant with nutrient media, and ensuring the growth of roots under dark conditions. The described plate, therefore, provides a convenient system to study root growth under conditions close to natural conditions and hence minimizing experimental artifacts. •The plate system facilitates the pouring of two different nutrient media into the same plate.•The aerial part of the seedling does not come in contact with the media.•Ensures growth of roots under dark conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kaachra
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anantika Suri
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board, Krishi Anusandhan Bhavan-1, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee J, Segundo-Ortin M, Calvo P. Decision Making in Plants: A Rooted Perspective. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091799. [PMID: 37176857 PMCID: PMC10181133 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the possibility of plant decision making. We contend that recent work on bacteria provides a pertinent perspective for thinking about whether plants make choices. Specifically, the analogy between certain patterns of plant behaviour and apparent decision making in bacteria provides principled grounds for attributing decision making to the former. Though decision making is our focus, the discussion has implications for the wider issue of whether and why plants (and non-neural organisms more generally) are appropriate targets for cognitive abilities. Moreover, decision making is especially relevant to the issue of plant intelligence as it is commonly taken to be characteristic of cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Lee
- Minimal Intelligence Laboratory (MINT Lab), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Philosophy, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Segundo-Ortin
- Minimal Intelligence Laboratory (MINT Lab), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Philosophy, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Paco Calvo
- Minimal Intelligence Laboratory (MINT Lab), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Philosophy, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamashita F, Baluška F. Algal Ocelloids and Plant Ocelli. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:61. [PMID: 36616190 PMCID: PMC9824129 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vision is essential for most organisms, and it is highly variable across kingdoms and domains of life. The most known and understood form is animal and human vision based on eyes. Besides the wide diversity of animal eyes, some animals such as cuttlefish and cephalopods enjoy so-called dermal or skin vision. The most simple and ancient organ of vision is the cell itself and this rudimentary vision evolved in cyanobacteria. More complex are so-called ocelloids of dinoflagellates which are composed of endocellular organelles, acting as lens- and cornea/retina-like components. Although plants have almost never been included into the recent discussions on organismal vision, their plant-specific ocelli had already been proposed by Gottlieb Haberlandt already in 1905. Here, we discuss plant ocelli and their roles in plant-specific vision, both in the shoots and roots of plants. In contrast to leaf epidermis ocelli, which are distributed throughout leaf surface, the root apex ocelli are located at the root apex transition zone and serve the light-guided root navigation. We propose that the plant ocelli evolved from the algal ocelloids, are part of complex plant sensory systems and guide cognition-based plant behavior.
Collapse
|
7
|
A mechano-sensing mechanism for waving in plant roots. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9635. [PMID: 35688922 PMCID: PMC9187721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis roots grown on inclined agar surfaces exhibit unusual sinusoidal patterns known as root-waving. The origin of these patterns has been ascribed to both genetic and environmental factors. Here we propose a mechano-sensing model for root-waving, based on a combination of friction induced by gravitropism, the elasticity of the root and the anchoring of the root to the agar by thin hairs, and demonstrate its relevance to previously obtained experimental results. We further test the applicability of this model by performing experiments in which we measure the effect of gradually changing the inclination angles of the agar surfaces on the wavelength and other properties of the growing roots. We find that the observed dynamics is different than the dynamics reported in previous works, but that it can still be explained using the same mechano-sensing considerations. This is supported by the fact that a scaling relation derived from the model describes the observed dependence of the wavelength on the tilt angle for a large range of angles. We also compare the prevalence of waving in different plant species and show that it depends on root thickness as predicted by the model. The results indicate that waving can be explained using mechanics and gravitropism alone and that mechanics may play a greater role in root growth and form than was previously considered.
Collapse
|
8
|
Baluška F, Mancuso S. Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190760. [PMID: 33550947 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular plants are integrated into coherent bodies via plant-specific synaptic adhesion domains, action potentials (APs) and other means of long-distance signalling running throughout the plant bodies. Plant-specific synapses and APs are proposed to allow plants to generate their self identities having unique ways of sensing and acting as agents with their own goals guiding their future activities. Plants move their organs with a purpose and with obvious awareness of their surroundings and require APs to perform and control these movements. Self-identities allow vascular plants to act as individuals enjoying sociality via their self/non-self-recognition and kin recognition. Flowering plants emerge as cognitive and intelligent organisms when the major strategy is to attract and control their animal pollinators as well as seed dispersers by providing them with food enriched with nutritive and manipulative/addictive compounds. Their goal in interactions with animals is manipulation for reproduction, dispersal and defence. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen G, Liang B, Bawa G, Chen H, Shi K, Hu Y, Chen P, Fan Y, Pu T, Sun X, Yong T, Liu W, Liu J, Du J, Yang F, Wang X, Yang W. Gravity Reduced Nitrogen Uptake via the Regulation of Brace Unilateral Root Growth in Maize Intercropping. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:724909. [PMID: 34552608 PMCID: PMC8450519 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.724909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Water, nutrient, light, and interspecific facilitation regulation of soil physicochemical properties and root morphology modulate nitrogen (N) uptake in cereal and legume intercropping systems. However, maize root morphological plasticity and N uptake capability response to gravity in the intercropping system remains to be determined. In this study, maize was grown under 20 cm (I20), 40 cm (I40), and 60 cm (I60) of narrow row spacing in an intercropping system (maize-soybean strip relay intercropping) and equal row spacing of monoculture (M) in a 2-year field experiment. As a supplementary for the field experiment, maize root barrier and plant inclination experiments were conducted. Plant inclination, brace root morphology, N uptake, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) level, IAA synthesis genes, and grain yield were assessed. The result showed that the plant inclination increased with decreasing narrow row spacing in intercropping system. Also, the brace unilateral root growth ratio (BURR) increased with increasing plant inclination in intercropping treatments. The plant inclination experiment showed the BURR achieved 94% after inclination at 45°. BURR tended to be positively correlated (p = 0.00) with plant inclination. Thus, gravity (plant inclination) causes brace unilateral root growth. The IAA concentration of stem nodes in the wide row increased with increasing plant inclination, while the IAA accumulation decreased in the narrow row. The Zmvt2 and ZM2G141383 genes (associated with IAA biosynthesis) were highly expressed in a wide row. There was a strong correlation (p = 0.03) between the IAA concentration of wide row and the BURR. Therefore, gravity regulates the IAA level, which affects BURR. In addition, the brace root number, volume, and surface area were decreased when BURR was increased. Subsequently, the leaf N, cob N, and kernel N accumulation were reduced. These organs N and grain yield in I60 were not significantly different as compared to the control treatment. The excessive brace unilateral root growth was not conducive to N uptake and increased yield. Our results suggest that gravity is essential in regulating root morphology plasticity by regulating IAA levels and decreasing N uptake capacity. Furthermore, these results indicate that plant inclination can regulate root phenotype and N uptake of maize and by adjusting the spacing of narrow maize row, we can improve the N uptake and yield of the maize-soybean strip relay-intercropping system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guopeng Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Liang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - George Bawa
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Hu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanfang Fan
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Pu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Du
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaochun Wang,
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Libao C, Yuyan H, Minrong Z, Xiaoyong X, Zhiguang S, Chunfei W, Shuyan L, Zhubing H. Gene expression profiling reveals the effects of light on adventitious root formation in lotus seedlings (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). BMC Genomics 2020; 21:707. [PMID: 33045982 PMCID: PMC7552355 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lotus is an aquatic horticultural crop that is widely cultivated in most regions of China and is used as an important off-season vegetable. The principal root of lotus is degenerated, and adventitious roots (ARs) are irreplaceable for plant growth. We found that no ARs formed under darkness and that exposure to high-intensity light significantly promoted the development of root primordia. Four differential expression libraries based on three light intensities were constructed to monitor metabolic changes, especially in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and sugar metabolism. RESULTS AR formation was significantly affected by light, and high light intensity accelerated AR development. Metabolic changes during AR formation under different light intensities were evaluated using gene expression profiling by high-throughput tag-sequencing. More than 2.2 × 104 genes were obtained in each library; the expression level of most genes was between 0.01 and 100 (FPKF value). Libraries constructed from plants grown under darkness (D/CK), under 5000 lx (E/CK), and under 20,000 lx (F/CK) contained 1739, 1683, and 1462 upregulated genes and 1533, 995, and 834 downregulated genes, respectively, when compared to those in the initial state (CK). Additionally, we found that 1454 and 478 genes had altered expression in a comparison of libraries D/CK and F/CK. Gene transcription between libraries D/F ranged from a 5-fold decrease to a 5-fold increase. Twenty differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in the signal transduction pathway, 28 DEGs were related to the IAA response, and 35 DEGs were involved in sugar metabolism. We observed that the IAA content was enhanced after seed germination, even in darkness; this was responsible for AR formation. We also observed that sucrose could eliminate the negative effect of 150 μMol IAA during AR development. CONCLUSIONS AR formation was regulated by IAA, even in the dark, where induction and developmental processes could also be completed. In addition, 36 genes displayed altered expression in carbohydrate metabolism and ucrose metabolism was involved in AR development (expressed stage) according to gene expression and content change characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Libao
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Han Yuyan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zhao Minrong
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xu Xiaoyong
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Shen Zhiguang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004 China
| | - Wang Chunfei
- Henghui Food Co., Ltd of Yancheng, Kaifeng, 224700 China
| | - Li Shuyan
- College of Guangling, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Hu Zhubing
- Henghui Food Co., Ltd of Yancheng, Kaifeng, 224700 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee HJ, Kim HS, Park JM, Cho HS, Jeon JH. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport facilitates root-obstacle avoidance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 225:1285-1296. [PMID: 31336402 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense mechanical stimuli to recognise nearby obstacles and change their growth patterns to adapt to the surrounding environment. When roots encounter an obstacle, they rapidly bend away from the impenetrable surface and find the edge of the barrier. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying root-obstacle avoidance are largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that PIN-FORMED (PIN)-mediated polar auxin transport facilitates root bending during obstacle avoidance. We analysed two types of bending after roots touched barriers. In auxin receptor mutants, the rate of root movement during first bending was largely delayed. Gravity-oriented second bending was also disturbed in these mutants. The reporter assays showed that asymmetrical auxin responses occurred in the roots during obstacle avoidance. Pharmacological analysis suggested that polar auxin transport mediates local auxin accumulation. We found that PINs are required for auxin-assisted root bending during obstacle avoidance. We propose that rapid root movement during obstacle avoidance is not just a passive but an active bending completed through polar auxin transport. Our findings suggest that auxin plays a role in thigmotropism during plant-obstacle interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jun Lee
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Hyun-Soon Kim
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jeong Mee Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Hye Sun Cho
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Jae Heung Jeon
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumari S, Yadav S, Patra D, Singh S, Sarkar AK, Panigrahi KCS. Uncovering the molecular signature underlying the light intensity-dependent root development in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:596. [PMID: 31325959 PMCID: PMC6642530 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5933-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root morphology is known to be affected by light quality, quantity and direction. Light signal is perceived at the shoot, translocated to roots through vasculature and further modulates the root development. Photoreceptors are differentially expressed in both shoot and root cells. The light irradiation to the root affects shoot morphology as well as whole plant development. The current work aims to understand the white light intensity dependent changes in root patterning and correlate that with the global gene expression profile. RESULTS Different fluence of white light (WL) regulate overall root development via modulating the expression of a specific set of genes. Phytochrome A deficient Arabidopsis thaliana (phyA-211) showed shorter primary root compared to phytochrome B deficient (phyB-9) and wild type (WT) seedlings at a lower light intensity. However, at higher intensity, both mutants showed shorter primary root in comparison to WT. The lateral root number was observed to be lowest in phyA-211 at intensities of 38 and 75 μmol m - 2 s - 1. The number of adventitious roots was significantly lower in phyA-211 as compared to WT and phyB-9 under all light intensities tested. With the root phenotypic data, microarray was performed for four different intensities of WL light in WT. Here, we identified ~ 5243 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under all light intensities. Gene ontology-based analysis indicated that different intensities of WL predominantly affect a subset of genes having catalytic activity and localized to the cytoplasm and membrane. Furthermore, when root is irradiated with different intensities of WL, several key genes involved in hormone, light signaling and clock-regulated pathways are differentially expressed. CONCLUSION Using genome wide microarray-based approach, we have identified candidate genes in Arabidopsis root that responded to the changes in light intensities. Alteration in expression of genes such as PIF4, COL9, EPR1, CIP1, ARF18, ARR6, SAUR9, TOC1 etc. which are involved in light, hormone and clock pathway was validated by qRT-PCR. This indicates their potential role in light intensity mediated root development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sony Kumari
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur- Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Debadutta Patra
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur- Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Sharmila Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ananda K Sarkar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kishore C S Panigrahi
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), P.O. Bhimpur- Padanpur, Via Jatni, Dist. Khurda, Odisha, 752050, India.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Segundo-Ortin M, Calvo P. Are plants cognitive? A reply to Adams. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2019; 73:64-71. [PMID: 30914125 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsa.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
According to F. Adams [this journal, vol. 68, 2018] cognition cannot be realized in plants or bacteria. In his view, plants and bacteria respond to the here-and-now in a hardwired, inflexible manner, and are therefore incapable of cognitive activity. This article takes issue with the pursuit of plant cognition from the perspective of an empirically informed philosophy of plant neurobiology. As we argue, empirical evidence shows, contra Adams, that plant behavior is in many ways analogous to animal behavior. This renders plants suitable to be described as cognitive agents in a non-metaphorical way. Sections two to four review the arguments offered by Adams in light of scientific evidence on plant adaptive behavior, decision-making, anticipation, as well as learning and memory. Section five introduces the 'phyto-nervous' system of plants. To conclude, section six resituates the quest for plant cognition into a broader approach in cognitive science, as represented by enactive and ecological schools of thought. Overall, we aim to motivate the idea that plants may be considered genuine cognitive agents. Our hope is to help propel public awareness and discussion of plant intelligence once appropriately stripped of anthropocentric preconceptions of the sort that Adams' position appears to exemplify.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paco Calvo
- Minimal Intelligence Lab (MINT Lab), Universidad de Murcia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yokawa K, Baluška F. Sense of space: Tactile sense for exploratory behavior of roots. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-5. [PMID: 30083280 PMCID: PMC6067838 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1440881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In soil, plant roots grow in heterogeneous environments. Plant roots are always facing the difficulty of searching effectively the patchy natural resources, such as water, oxygen, ions and mineral nutrition. Numerous studies reported that root apex navigation enables roots to explore complex environments. In this short communication, we characterize how growing maize roots explore narrow space available with two experimental settings: tactile exploration of narrow glass tube and circumnutation in free space. We also discuss root growth in the soil in terms of foraging behavior guided by the sensory root apex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- Center for Bioscience Research and Education, Utsunomiya University, Tochigi, Japan.,IZMB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
van Gelderen K, Kang C, Pierik R. Light Signaling, Root Development, and Plasticity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1049-1060. [PMID: 28939624 PMCID: PMC5813542 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Light signaling can affect root development and plasticity, either directly or through shoot-root communication via sugars, hormones, light, or other mobile factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiakai Kang
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Pierik
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baluška F, Mancuso S. Plant Cognition and Behavior: From Environmental Awareness to Synaptic Circuits Navigating Root Apices. MEMORY AND LEARNING IN PLANTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-75596-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Li C, Zhang J, Wang J, Yang J, Lv Y, Yang N, Liu J, Wang X, Palfalvi G, Wang G, Zheng L. Dissection of HY5/HYH expression in Arabidopsis reveals a root-autonomous HY5-mediated photomorphogenic pathway. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180449. [PMID: 28683099 PMCID: PMC5500333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a member of the bZIP gene family, is a positive regulator of the light signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. Whereas the hy5 mutant exhibits an elongated hypocotyl when grown in the light, the hy5 homolog (hyh) mutant does not. Although the functions of HY5 and HYH in light-mediated seedling development have been revealed, the tissue-specific expression patterns of HY5 and HYH and their interconnected regulation are largely unknown. Here, we report that HY5 regulates HYH expression in roots and contributes to root growth under different light conditions. We generated HY5 and HYH transcriptional and translational fusion reporter lines to investigate their expression patterns. HY5 was constitutively expressed in all root tissues, while HYH was predominantly expressed in root xylem cells. Root growth after a dark-to-light transition was perturbed in the hy5 and hy5hyh mutant lines, but not in the hyh mutant line, indicating that HY5 plays a major role in light-regulated root growth. Light-induced HY5/HYH expression occurred autonomously in roots. HYH expression in roots was decreased in the hy5 mutant, suggesting that HY5 regulates HYH expression. Collectively, these results indicate that an organ-specific HY5-mediated pathway controls root photomorphogenic development independently of light signaling in the shoot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Chen Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jingxuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanxia Lv
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Nian Yang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Gergo Palfalvi
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Guodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resource and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Developing of Endangered Chinese Crude Drugs in Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail: (GW); (LZ)
| | - Lanlan Zheng
- Laboratory of Medicinal Plant, School of Basic Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
- * E-mail: (GW); (LZ)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Qu Y, Liu S, Bao W, Xue X, Ma Z, Yokawa K, Baluška F, Wan Y. Expression of Root Genes in Arabidopsis Seedlings Grown by Standard and Improved Growing Methods. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18050951. [PMID: 28467358 PMCID: PMC5454864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18050951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings grown in the laboratory using the traditional plant-growing culture system (TPG) were covered to maintain them in darkness. This new method is based on a dark chamber and is named the improved plant-growing method (IPG). We measured the light conditions in dark chambers, and found that the highest light intensity was dramatically reduced deeper in the dark chamber. In the bottom and side parts of dark chambers, roots were almost completely shaded. Using the high-throughput RNA sequencing method on the whole RNA extraction from roots, we compared the global gene expression levels in roots of seedlings from these two conditions and identified 141 differently expressed genes (DEGs) between them. According to the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment, the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways were most affected among all annotated pathways. Surprisingly, no genes of known plant photoreceptors were identified as DEGs by this method. Considering that the light intensity was decreased in the IPG system, we collected four sections (1.5 cm for each) of Arabidopsis roots grown in TPG and IPG conditions, and the spatial-related differential gene expression levels of plant photoreceptors and polar auxin transporters, including CRY1, CRY2, PHYA, PHYB, PHOT1, PHOT2, and UVR8 were analyzed by qRT-PCR. Using these results, we generated a map of the spatial-related expression patterns of these genes under IPG and TPG conditions. The expression levels of light-related genes in roots is highly sensitive to illumination and it provides a background reference for selecting an improved culture method for laboratory-maintained Arabidopsis seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Qu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Wenlong Bao
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xian Xue
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Zhengwen Ma
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan.
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Yinglang Wan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mancuso S, Baluška F. Plant Ocelli for Visually Guided Plant Behavior. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:5-6. [PMID: 27914717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mancuso
- University of Firenze, LINV, DISPAA, viale delle Idee 30, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Calvo P, Baluška F, Sims A. "Feature Detection" vs. "Predictive Coding" Models of Plant Behavior. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1505. [PMID: 27757094 PMCID: PMC5047902 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we consider the possibility that plants exhibit anticipatory behavior, a mark of intelligence. If plants are able to anticipate and respond accordingly to varying states of their surroundings, as opposed to merely responding online to environmental contingencies, then such capacity may be in principle testable, and subject to empirical scrutiny. Our main thesis is that adaptive behavior can only take place by way of a mechanism that predicts the environmental sources of sensory stimulation. We propose to test for anticipation in plants experimentally by contrasting two empirical hypotheses: “feature detection” and “predictive coding.” We spell out what these contrasting hypotheses consist of by way of illustration from the animal literature, and consider how to transfer the rationale involved to the plant literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paco Calvo
- Minimal Intelligence Lab (MINT Lab), Department of Philosophy, University of MurciaMurcia, Spain; School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrew Sims
- Institut Supérieur de Philosophie, Université Catholique de Louvain Louvain, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Suzuki H, Yokawa K, Nakano S, Yoshida Y, Fabrissin I, Okamoto T, Baluška F, Koshiba T. Root cap-dependent gravitropic U-turn of maize root requires light-induced auxin biosynthesis via the YUC pathway in the root apex. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4581-91. [PMID: 27307546 PMCID: PMC4973731 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism refers to the growth or movement of plants that is influenced by gravity. Roots exhibit positive gravitropism, and the root cap is thought to be the gravity-sensing site. In some plants, the root cap requires light irradiation for positive gravitropic responses. However, the mechanisms regulating this phenomenon are unknown. We herein report that maize roots exposed to white light continuously for ≥1-2h show increased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels in the root tips, especially in the transition zone (1-3mm from the tip). Treatment with IAA biosynthesis inhibitors yucasin and l-kynurenine prevented any increases in IAA content and root curvature under light conditions. Analyses of the incorporation of a stable isotope label from tryptophan into IAA revealed that some of the IAA in roots was synthesized in the root apex. Furthermore, Zmvt2 and Zmyuc gene transcripts were detected in the root apex. One of the Zmyuc genes (ZM2G141383) was up-regulated by light irradiation in the 0-1mm tip region. Our findings suggest that IAA accumulation in the transition zone is due to light-induced activation of Zmyuc gene expression in the 0-1mm root apex region. Light-induced changes in IAA levels and distributions mediate the maize root gravitropic U-turn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan IZMB, University of Bonn, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sayuri Nakano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yuriko Yoshida
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Isabelle Fabrissin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | | | - Tomokazu Koshiba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) underlies memory, perception, decision-making, and behavior in numerous organisms. However, neural networks have no monopoly on the signaling functions that implement these remarkable algorithms. It is often forgotten that neurons optimized cellular signaling modes that existed long before the CNS appeared during evolution, and were used by somatic cellular networks to orchestrate physiology, embryonic development, and behavior. Many of the key dynamics that enable information processing can, in fact, be implemented by different biological hardware. This is widely exploited by organisms throughout the tree of life. Here, we review data on memory, learning, and other aspects of cognition in a range of models, including single celled organisms, plants, and tissues in animal bodies. We discuss current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms at work in these systems, and suggest several hypotheses for future investigation. The study of cognitive processes implemented in aneural contexts is a fascinating, highly interdisciplinary topic that has many implications for evolution, cell biology, regenerative medicine, computer science, and synthetic bioengineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, IZMB, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University Medford, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Popova L, Tonazzini A, Di Michele F, Russino A, Sadeghi A, Sinibaldi E, Mazzolai B. Unveiling the kinematics of the avoidance response in maize (Zea mays) primary roots. Biologia (Bratisl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/biolog-2016-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
25
|
Calvo P, Baluška F. Conditions for minimal intelligence across eukaryota: a cognitive science perspective. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1329. [PMID: 26388822 PMCID: PMC4558474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paco Calvo
- MINT Lab, Department of Philosophy, University of Murcia Murcia, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Novák J, Černý M, Pavlů J, Zemánková J, Skalák J, Plačková L, Brzobohatý B. Roles of proteome dynamics and cytokinin signaling in root to hypocotyl ratio changes induced by shading roots of Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:1006-18. [PMID: 25700275 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In nature, root systems of most terrestrial plants are protected from light exposure by growing in a dark soil environment. Hence, in vitro cultivation in transparent Petri dishes leads to physiological perturbations, but the mechanisms underlying root-mediated light perception and responses have not been fully elucidated. Thus, we compared Arabidopsis thaliana seedling development in transparent and darkened Petri dishes at low light intensity (20 µmol m(-2) s(-1)), allowing us to follow (inter alia) hypocotyl elongation, which is an excellent process for studying interactions of signals involved in the regulation of growth and developmental responses. To obtain insights into molecular events underlying differences in seedling growth under these two conditions, we employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) shotgun proteomics (available via the PRIDE deposit PXD001612). In total, we quantified the relative abundances of peptides representing 1,209 proteins detected in all sample replicates of LC-MS analyses. Comparison of MS spectra after manual validation revealed 48 differentially expressed proteins. Functional classification, analysis of available gene expression data and literature searches revealed alterations associated with root illumination (inter alia) in autotrophic CO2 fixation, C compound and carbohydrate metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism. The results also indicate a previously unreported role for cytokinin plant hormones in the escape-tropism response to root illumination. We complemented these results with reverse transcription followed by quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), chlorophyll fluorescence and detailed cytokinin signaling analyses, detecting in the latter a significant increase in the activity of the cytokinin two-component signaling cascade in roots and implicating the cytokinin receptor AHK3 as the major mediator of root to hypocotyl signaling in responses to root illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Novák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Martin Černý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jaroslav Pavlů
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zemánková
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Skalák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yokawa K, Baluška F. Pectins, ROS homeostasis and UV-B responses in plant roots. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:80-3. [PMID: 25220496 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Light from the sun contains far-red, visible and ultra violet (UV) wavelength regions. Almost all plant species have been evolved under the light environment. Interestingly, several photoreceptors, expressing both in shoots and roots, process the light information during the plant life cycle. Surprisingly, Arabidopsis root apices express besides the UVR8 UV-B receptor, also root-specific UV-B sensing proteins RUS1 and RUS2 linked to the polar cell-cell transport of auxin. In this mini-review, we focus on reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and possible roles of pectins internalized via endocytic vesicle recycling system in the root-specific UV-B perception and ROS homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mo M, Yokawa K, Wan Y, Baluška F. How and why do root apices sense light under the soil surface? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:775. [PMID: 26442084 PMCID: PMC4585147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Light can penetrate several centimeters below the soil surface. Growth, development and behavior of plant roots are markedly affected by light despite their underground lifestyle. Early studies provided contrasting information on the spatial and temporal distribution of light-sensing cells in the apical region of root apex and discussed the physiological roles of plant hormones in root responses to light. Recent biological and microscopic advances have improved our understanding of the processes involved in the sensing and transduction of light signals, resulting in subsequent physiological and behavioral responses in growing root apices. Here, we review current knowledge of cellular distributions of photoreceptors and their signal transduction pathways in diverse root tissues and root apex zones. We are discussing also the roles of auxin transporters in roots exposed to light, as well as interactions of light signal perceptions with sensing of other environmental factors relevant to plant roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Mo
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yinglang Wan
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yinglang Wan, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, 100083 Beijing, China, ; František Baluška, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Yinglang Wan, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Qinghua East Road No. 35, 100083 Beijing, China, ; František Baluška, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. UV-B Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Promotes Formation of BFA-Induced Compartments in Cells of Arabidopsis Root Apices. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1162. [PMID: 26793199 PMCID: PMC4710705 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
UV-B radiation is an important part of the electromagnetic spectrum emitted by the sun. For much of the period of biological evolution organisms have been exposed to UV radiation, and have developed diverse mechanisms to cope with this potential stress factor. Roots are usually shielded from exposure to UV by the surrounding soil, but may nevertheless be exposed to high energy radiation on the soil surface. Due to their high sensitivity to UV-B radiation, plant roots need to respond rapidly in order to minimize exposure on the surface. In addition to root gravitropism, effective light perception by roots has recently been discovered to be essential for triggering negative root phototropism in Arabidopsis. However, it is not fully understood how UV-B affects root growth and phototropism. Here, we report that UV-B induces rapid generation of reactive oxygen species which in turn promotes the formation of BFA-induced compartments in the Arabidopsis root apex. During unilateral UV-B irradiation of roots changes in auxin concentration on the illuminated side have been recorded. In conclusion, UV-B-induced and ROS-mediated stimulation of vesicle recycling promotes root growth and induces negative phototropism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, BonnGermany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kagenishi
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, BonnGermany
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, BonnGermany
- *Correspondence: František Baluška,
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
In experimental laboratory studies we evaluate a possibility of making electrical wires from living plants. In scoping experiments we use lettuce seedlings as a prototype model of a plant wire. We approximate an electrical potential transfer function by applying direct current voltage to the lettuce seedlings and recording output voltage. We analyse oscillation frequencies of the output potential and assess noise immunity of the plant wires. Our findings will be used in future designs of self-growing wetware circuits and devices, and integration of plant-based electronic components into future and emergent bio-hybrid systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Adamatzky
- Unconventional Computing Centre, University of the West of England, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yokawa K, Fasano R, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. Light as stress factor to plant roots - case of root halotropism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:718. [PMID: 25566292 PMCID: PMC4264407 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite growing underground, largely in darkness, roots emerge to be very sensitive to light. Recently, several important papers have been published which reveal that plant roots not only express all known light receptors but also that their growth, physiology and adaptive stress responses are light-sensitive. In Arabidopsis, illumination of roots speeds-up root growth via reactive oxygen species-mediated and F-actin dependent process. On the other hand, keeping Arabidopsis roots in darkness alters F-actin distribution, polar localization of PIN proteins as well as polar transport of auxin. Several signaling components activated by phytohormones are overlapping with light-related signaling cascade. We demonstrated that the sensitivity of roots to salinity is altered in the light-grown Arabidopsis roots. Particularly, light-exposed roots are less effective in their salt-avoidance behavior known as root halotropism. Here we discuss these new aspects of light-mediated root behavior from cellular, physiological and evolutionary perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Rossella Fasano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of SalernoFisciano, Italy
| | - Tomoko Kagenishi
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: František Baluška, Department of Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nakashima J, Liao F, Sparks JA, Tang Y, Blancaflor EB. The actin cytoskeleton is a suppressor of the endogenous skewing behaviour of Arabidopsis primary roots in microgravity. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:142-50. [PMID: 23952736 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Before plants can be effectively utilised as a component of enclosed life-support systems for space exploration, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms by which they develop in microgravity. Using the Biological Research in Canisters (BRIC) hardware on board the second to the last flight of the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-131 mission), we studied how microgravity impacts root growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Ground-based studies showed that the actin cytoskeleton negatively regulates root gravity responses on Earth, leading us to hypothesise that actin might also be an important modulator of root growth behaviour in space. We investigated how microgravity impacted root growth of wild type (ecotype Columbia) and a mutant (act2-3) disrupted in a root-expressed vegetative actin isoform (ACTIN2). Roots of etiolated wild-type and act2-3 seedlings grown in space skewed vigorously toward the left, which was unexpected given the reduced directional cue provided by gravity. The left-handed directional root growth in space was more pronounced in act2-3 mutants than wild type. To quantify differences in root orientation of these two genotypes in space, we developed an algorithm where single root images were converted into binary images using computational edge detection methods. Binary images were processed with Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT), and histogram and entropy were used to determine spectral distribution, such that high entropy values corresponded to roots that deviated more strongly from linear orientation whereas low entropy values represented straight roots. We found that act2-3 roots had a statistically stronger skewing/coiling response than wild-type roots, but such differences were not apparent on Earth. Ultrastructural studies revealed that newly developed cell walls of space-grown act2-3 roots were more severely disrupted compared to space-grown wild type, and ground control wild-type and act2-3 roots. Collectively, our results provide evidence that, like root gravity responses on Earth, endogenous directional growth patterns of roots in microgravity are suppressed by the actin cytoskeleton. Modulation of root growth in space by actin could be facilitated in part through its impact on cell wall architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Nakashima
- Division of Plant Biology, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Baluška F, Mancuso S. Root apex transition zone as oscillatory zone. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:354. [PMID: 24106493 PMCID: PMC3788588 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Root apex of higher plants shows very high sensitivity to environmental stimuli. The root cap acts as the most prominent plant sensory organ; sensing diverse physical parameters such as gravity, light, humidity, oxygen, and critical inorganic nutrients. However, the motoric responses to these stimuli are accomplished in the elongation region. This spatial discrepancy was solved when we have discovered and characterized the transition zone which is interpolated between the apical meristem and the subapical elongation zone. Cells of this zone are very active in the cytoskeletal rearrangements, endocytosis and endocytic vesicle recycling, as well as in electric activities. Here we discuss the oscillatory nature of the transition zone which, together with several other features of this zone, suggest that it acts as some kind of command center. In accordance with the early proposal of Charles and Francis Darwin, cells of this root zone receive sensory information from the root cap and instruct the motoric responses of cells in the elongation zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Cell Biology, University of BonnBonn, Germany
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- LINV – DiSPAA, Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science, University of FlorenceSesto Fiorentino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Barlow PW, Fisahn J. Swarms, swarming and entanglements of fungal hyphae and of plant roots. Commun Integr Biol 2013; 6:e25299. [PMID: 24255743 PMCID: PMC3829901 DOI: 10.4161/cib.25299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been recent interest in the possibility that plant roots can show oriented collective motion, or swarming behavior. We examine the evidence supportive of root swarming and we also present new observations on this topic. Seven criteria are proposed for the definition of a swarm, whose application can help identify putative swarming behavior in plants. Examples where these criteria are fulfilled, at many levels of organization, are presented in relation to plant roots and root systems, as well as to the root-like mycelial cords (rhizomorphs) of fungi. The ideas of both an "active" swarming, directed by a signal which imposes a common vector on swarm element aggregation, and a "passive" swarming, where aggregation results from external constraint, are introduced. Active swarming is a pattern of cooperative behavior peculiar to the sporophyte generation of vascular plants and is the antithesis of the competitive behavior shown by the gametophyte generation of such plants, where passive swarming may be found. Fungal mycelial cords could serve as a model example of swarming in a multi-cellular, non-animal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Barlow
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Joachim Fisahn
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology; Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yokawa K, Kagenishi T, Baluška F. Root photomorphogenesis in laboratory-maintained Arabidopsis seedlings. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:117-9. [PMID: 23395309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In nature, root systems of most terrestrial plants are underground in darkness. Nevertheless, several photoreceptors have been found in roots and light-responsive mechanisms allowing roots to escape from strong light conditions have been discovered. In transparent Petri dishes, regular light exposure affects root morphology and behavior. We advocate the use of darkened Petri dishes to allow roots to be kept in darkness, thus mimicking more closely the conditions in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu W, Ding G, Yokawa K, Baluška F, Li QF, Liu Y, Shi W, Liang J, Zhang J. An improved agar-plate method for studying root growth and response of Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1273. [PMID: 23429403 PMCID: PMC3572446 DOI: 10.1038/srep01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana is a widely used model plant for plant biology research. Under traditional agar-plate culture system (TPG, traditional plant-growing), both plant shoots and roots are exposed to illumination, and roots are grown in sucrose-added medium. This is not a natural environment for the roots and may cause artifact responses. We have developed an improved agar-plate culture system (IPG, improved plant-growing) where shoots are illuminated but roots are grown in darkness without sucrose addition. Compared to TPG, IPG produced plants with significantly less total root length, lateral root length and root hair density, although their primary roots were longer. Root gravitropism, PIN2 (an auxin efflux carrier) abundance, H⁺ efflux or Ca²⁺ influx in root apexes, were weaker in IPG-grown roots than those in TPG-grown roots. We conclude that IPG offers a more natural way to study the root growth and response of Arabidopsis thaliana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Guochang Ding
- College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ken Yokawa
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - František Baluška
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Qian-Feng Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yinggao Liu
- College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- Department of Biology, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|