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Ye W, Bustos‐Segura C, Degen T, Erb M, Turlings TCJ. Belowground and aboveground herbivory differentially affect the transcriptome in roots and shoots of maize. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e426. [PMID: 35898557 PMCID: PMC9307387 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize and respond to feeding by herbivorous insects by upregulating their local and systemic defenses. While defense induction by aboveground herbivores has been well studied, far less is known about local and systemic defense responses against attacks by belowground herbivores. Here, we investigated and compared the responses of the maize transcriptome to belowground and aboveground mechanical damage and infestation by two well-adapted herbivores: the soil-dwelling western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the leaf-chewing fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In responses to both herbivores, maize plants were found to alter local transcription of genes involved in phytohormone signaling, primary and secondary metabolism. Induction by real herbivore damage was considerably stronger and modified the expression of more genes than mechanical damage. Feeding by the corn rootworm had a strong impact on the shoot transcriptome, including the activation of genes involved in defense and development. By contrast, feeding by the fall armyworm induced only few transcriptional changes in the roots. In conclusion, feeding by a leaf chewer and a root feeder differentially affects the local and systemic defense of maize plants. Besides revealing clear differences in how maize plants respond to feeding by these specialized herbivores, this study reveals several novel genes that may play key roles in plant-insect interactions and thus sets the stage for in depth research into the mechanism that can be exploited for improved crop protection. Significance statement Extensive transcriptomic analyses revealed a clear distinction between the gene expression profiles in maize plants upon shoot and root attack, locally as well as distantly from the attacked tissue. This provides detailed insights into the specificity of orchestrated plant defense responses, and the dataset offers a molecular resource for further genetic studies on maize resistance to herbivores and paves the way for novel strategies to enhance maize resistance to pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Ye
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Carlos Bustos‐Segura
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Thomas Degen
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Ted C. J. Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of BiologyUniversity of NeuchâtelNeuchâtelSwitzerland
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2
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Medina CA, Samac DA, Yu LX. Pan-transcriptome identifying master genes and regulation network in response to drought and salt stresses in Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Sci Rep 2021; 11:17203. [PMID: 34446782 PMCID: PMC8390513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alfalfa is an important legume forage grown worldwide and its productivity is affected by environmental stresses such as drought and high salinity. In this work, three alfalfa germplasms with contrasting tolerances to drought and high salinity were used for unraveling the transcriptomic responses to drought and salt stresses. Twenty-one different RNA samples from different germplasm, stress conditions or tissue sources (leaf, stem and root) were extracted and sequenced using the PacBio (Iso-Seq) and the Illumina platforms to obtain full-length transcriptomic profiles. A total of 1,124,275 and 91,378 unique isoforms and genes were obtained, respectively. Comparative analysis of transcriptomes identified differentially expressed genes and isoforms as well as transcriptional and post-transcriptional modifications such as alternative splicing events, fusion genes and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay events and non-coding RNA such as circRNA and lncRNA. This is the first time to identify the diversity of circRNA and lncRNA in response to drought and high salinity in alfalfa. The analysis of weighted gene co-expression network allowed to identify master genes and isoforms that may play important roles on drought and salt stress tolerance in alfalfa. This work provides insight for understanding the mechanisms by which drought and salt stresses affect alfalfa growth at the whole genome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Medina
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA
| | - Deborah A Samac
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Science Research Unit, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, 495 Borlaug Hall St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Long-Xi Yu
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Plant Germplasm Introduction and Testing Research, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA.
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3
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Impact of the female and hermaphrodite forms of Opuntia robusta on the plant defence hypothesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12063. [PMID: 34103611 PMCID: PMC8187663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimal defence hypothesis predicts that increased plant defence capabilities, lower levels of damage, and lower investment in vegetative biomass will occur more frequently in sexual forms with higher resource-demanding tissue production and/or younger plant parts. We aimed to examine the effects of sexual form, cladode, and flower age on growth rate, herbivore damage, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), chlorogenic acid, and quercetin (QUE) concentrations in Opuntia robusta plants in central Mexico. Our findings demonstrated that hermaphrodite flowers showed faster growth and lesser damage than female flowers. The effect of cladode sexual forms on 4-HBA and QUE occurrence was consistent with the predictions of the optimal defence hypothesis. However, chlorogenic acid occurrences were not significantly affected by sexual forms. Old cladodes exhibited higher QUE and 4-HBA occurrences than young cladodes, and hermaphrodites exhibited higher 4-HBA concentrations than females. Resource allocation for reproduction and secondary metabolite production, and growth was higher and lower, respectively, in females, compared to hermaphrodites, indicating a trade-off between investment in reproduction, growth, and secondary metabolite production. Secondary metabolite concentrations in O. robusta plants were not negatively correlated with herbivore damage, and the two traits were not accurate predictors of plant reproductive output.
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4
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Pereira RV, Filgueiras CC, Willett DS, Peñaflor MFGV. Sight unseen: Belowground feeding influences the distribution of an aboveground herbivore. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Camila C. Filgueiras
- Department of Entomology Cornell AgriTech Cornell University Cornell New York USA
| | - Denis S. Willett
- Department of Entomology Cornell AgriTech Cornell University Cornell New York USA
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5
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Beck JJ, Alborn HT, Block AK, Christensen SA, Hunter CT, Rering CC, Seidl-Adams I, Stuhl CJ, Torto B, Tumlinson JH. Interactions Among Plants, Insects, and Microbes: Elucidation of Inter-Organismal Chemical Communications in Agricultural Ecology. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6663-6674. [PMID: 29895142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The last 2 decades have witnessed a sustained increase in the study of plant-emitted volatiles and their role in plant-insect, plant-microbe, and plant-plant interactions. While each of these binary systems involves complex chemical and biochemical processes between two organisms, the progression of increasing complexity of a ternary system (i.e., plant-insect-microbe), and the study of a ternary system requires nontrivial planning. This planning can include an experimental design that factors in potential overarching ecological interactions regarding the binary or ternary system, correctly identifying and understanding unexpected observations that may occur during the experiment and thorough interpretation of the resultant data. This challenge of planning, performing, and interpreting a plant's defensive response to multiple biotic stressors will be even greater when abiotic stressors (i.e., temperature or water) are factored into the system. To fully understand the system, we need to not only continue to investigate and understand the volatile profiles but also include and understand the biochemistry of the plant's response to these stressors. In this review, we provide examples and discuss interaction considerations with respect to how readers and future authors of the Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry can contribute their expertise toward the extraction and interpretation of chemical information exchanged between agricultural commodities and their associated pests. This holistic, multidisciplinary, and thoughtful approach to interactions of plants, insects, and microbes, and the resultant response of the plants can lead to a better understanding of agricultural ecology, in turn leading to practical and viable solutions to agricultural problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Anna K Block
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Charles T Hunter
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Caitlin C Rering
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Irmgard Seidl-Adams
- Center for Chemical Ecology , Penn State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Charles J Stuhl
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1700 SW 23rd Drive , Gainesville , Florida 32608 , United States
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe) , 30772-00100 , Nairobi , Kenya
| | - James H Tumlinson
- Center for Chemical Ecology , Penn State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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6
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Guyer A, Hibbard BE, Holzkämper A, Erb M, Robert CAM. Influence of drought on plant performance through changes in belowground tritrophic interactions. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6756-6765. [PMID: 30038772 PMCID: PMC6053580 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase the risk of drought in many temperate agroecosystems. While the impact of drought on aboveground plant-herbivore-natural enemy interactions has been studied, little is known about its effects on belowground tritrophic interactions and root defense chemistry. We investigated the effects of low soil moisture on the interaction between maize, the western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera), and soil-borne natural enemies of WCR. In a manipulative field experiment, reduced soil moisture and WCR attack reduced plant performance and increased benzoxazinoid levels. The negative effects of WCR on cob dry weight and silk emergence were strongest at low moisture levels. Inoculation with entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) was ineffective in controlling WCR, and the EPNs died rapidly in the warm and dry soil. However, ants of the species Solenopsis molesta invaded the experiment, were more abundant in WCR-infested pots and predated WCR independently of soil moisture. Ant presence increased root and shoot biomass and was associated with attenuated moisture-dependent effects of WCR on maize cob weight. Our study suggests that apart from directly reducing plant performance, drought can also increase the negative effects of root herbivores such as WCR. It furthermore identifies S. molesta as a natural enemy of WCR that can protect maize plants from the negative impact of herbivory under drought stress. Robust herbivore natural enemies may play an important role in buffering the impact of climate change on plant-herbivore interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Guyer
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Bruce E. Hibbard
- Plant Genetics Research UnitUSDA‐ARSUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouri
| | - Annelie Holzkämper
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISSAgroscopeZürichSwitzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Christelle A. M. Robert
- Institute of Plant SciencesUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR)University of BernBernSwitzerland
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7
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Adal AM, Sarker LS, Lemke AD, Mahmoud SS. Isolation and functional characterization of a methyl jasmonate-responsive 3-carene synthase from Lavandula x intermedia. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 93:641-657. [PMID: 28258552 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A methyl jasmonate responsive 3-carene synthase (Li3CARS) gene was isolated from Lavandula x intermedia and functionally characterized in vitro. Lavenders produce essential oils consisting mainly of monoterpenes, including the potent antimicrobial and insecticidal monoterpene 3-carene. In this study we isolated and functionally characterized a leaf-specific, methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-responsive monoterpene synthase (Li3CARS) from Lavandula x intermedia. The ORF excluding transit peptides encoded a 64.9 kDa protein that was expressed in E. coli, and purified with Ni-NTA agarose affinity chromatography. The recombinant Li3CARS converted GPP into 3-carene as the major product, with K m and k cat of 3.69 ± 1.17 µM and 2.01 s-1 respectively. Li3CARS also accepted NPP as a substrate to produce multiple products including a small amount of 3-carene. The catalytic efficiency of Li3CARS to produce 3-carene was over ten fold higher for GPP (k cat /K m = 0.56 µM-1s-1) than NPP (k cat /K m = 0.044 µM-1s-1). Production of distinct end product profiles from different substrates (GPP versus NPP) by Li3CARS indicates that monoterpene metabolism may be controlled in part through substrate availability. Li3CARS transcripts were found to be highly abundant in leaves (16-fold) as compared to flower tissues. The transcriptional activity of Li3CARS correlated with 3-carene production, and was up-regulated (1.18- to 3.8-fold) with MeJA 8-72 h post-treatment. The results suggest that Li3CARS may have a defensive role in Lavandula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelign M Adal
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Rd, Kelowna, BC. V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Lukman S Sarker
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Rd, Kelowna, BC. V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ashley D Lemke
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Rd, Kelowna, BC. V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Soheil S Mahmoud
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, 1177 Research Rd, Kelowna, BC. V1V 1V7, Canada.
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8
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Maag D, Köhler A, Robert CAM, Frey M, Wolfender JL, Turlings TCJ, Glauser G, Erb M. Highly localized and persistent induction of Bx1-dependent herbivore resistance factors in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:976-991. [PMID: 27538820 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The induced production of secondary metabolites in herbivore-attacked plants varies in space and time. However, the consequences of these spatiotemporal patterns for herbivore performance are not well understood. This is particularly true for 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones (BXs), the major induced defensive metabolites of maize. Here we report on the spatiotemporal dynamics of BX induction and its consequences for the leaf feeder Spodoptera littoralis. Defence-related phytohormones and transcript levels of BX biosynthetic genes were upregulated locally at the wound site within 12 h of herbivory. Within another 12 h, the insecticidal BX HDMBOA-Glc started to accumulate in a highly localized manner at the feeding site. Changes in BX metabolism away from the feeding site within the same leaf were much weaker and were undetected in systemic leaves. Following the removal of the caterpillars, local HDMBOA-Glc levels remained elevated for 7 days. Caterpillars that were forced to feed directly on locally induced leaf parts, but not on adjacent leaf parts, suffered from reduced growth. This effect was abolished in the BX-deficient bx1 mutant. We did not find any evidence that BXs regulate defensive phytohormones or their own accumulation. In summary, this study shows that induced herbivore resistance in maize is highly localized and dependent on BXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maag
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Köhler
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Frey
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 8, 85350, München, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Mechanisms and ecological implications of plant-mediated interactions between belowground and aboveground insect herbivores. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1410-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Varsani S, Basu S, Williams WP, Felton GW, Luthe DS, Louis J. Intraplant communication in maize contributes to defense against insects. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1212800. [PMID: 27467304 PMCID: PMC5022405 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1212800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The vasculature of plants act as a channel for transport of signal(s) that facilitate long-distance intraplant communication. In maize, Maize insect resistance1-Cysteine Protease (Mir1-CP), which has homology to papain-like proteases, provides defense to different feeding guilds of insect pests. Furthermore, accumulation of Mir1-CP in the vasculature suggests that Mir1-CP can potentially function as a phloem-mobile protein. In a recent study, we provided evidence that Mir1-CP can curtail the growth of phloem-sap sucking insect, corn leaf aphid (CLA; Rhopalosiphum maidis). Our current study further examined whether aboveground feeding by CLA can induce resistance to subsequent herbivory by belowground feeding western corn rootworm (WCR; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera). Aboveground feeding by CLA systemically induced the accumulation of Mir1-CP in the roots. Furthermore, foliage feeding by CLA provided enhanced resistance to subsequent herbivory by belowground feeding of WCR. Taken together, our previous findings and results presented here indicate that long-distance transport of Mir1-CP is critical for providing enhanced resistance to insect attack in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Varsani
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - W. Paul Williams
- USDA-ARS Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, USA, Mississippi State, MS, USA
| | - Gary W. Felton
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Dawn S. Luthe
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, USA, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- CONTACT Joe Louis
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11
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Nguyen D, Rieu I, Mariani C, van Dam NM. How plants handle multiple stresses: hormonal interactions underlying responses to abiotic stress and insect herbivory. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:727-40. [PMID: 27095445 PMCID: PMC4932144 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive plant responses to specific abiotic stresses or biotic agents are fine-tuned by a network of hormonal signaling cascades, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid. Moreover, hormonal cross-talk modulates plant responses to abiotic stresses and defenses against insect herbivores when they occur simultaneously. How such interactions affect plant responses under multiple stresses, however, is less understood, even though this may frequently occur in natural environments. Here, we review our current knowledge on how hormonal signaling regulates abiotic stress responses and defenses against insects, and discuss the few recent studies that attempted to dissect hormonal interactions occurring under simultaneous abiotic stress and herbivory. Based on this we hypothesize that drought stress enhances insect resistance due to synergistic interactions between JA and ABA signaling. Responses to flooding or waterlogging involve ethylene signaling, which likely reduces plant resistance to chewing herbivores due to its negative cross-talk with JA. However, the outcome of interactions between biotic and abiotic stress signaling is often plant and/or insect species-dependent and cannot simply be predicted based on general knowledge on the involvement of signaling pathways in single stress responses. More experimental data on non-model plant and insect species are needed to reveal general patterns and better understand the molecular mechanisms allowing plants to optimize their responses in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy Nguyen
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Celestina Mariani
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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12
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Li D, Baldwin IT, Gaquerel E. Beyond the Canon: Within-Plant and Population-Level Heterogeneity in Jasmonate Signaling Engaged by Plant-Insect Interactions. PLANTS 2016; 5:plants5010014. [PMID: 27135234 PMCID: PMC4844416 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants have evolved sophisticated communication and defense systems with which they interact with insects. Jasmonates are synthesized from the oxylipin pathway and act as pivotal cellular orchestrators of many of the metabolic and physiological processes that mediate these interactions. Many of these jasmonate-dependent responses are tissue-specific and translate from modulations of the canonical jasmonate signaling pathway. Here we provide a short overview of within-plant heterogeneities in jasmonate signaling and dependent responses in the context of plant-insect interactions as illuminated by examples from recent work with the ecological model, Nicotiana attenuata. We then discuss means of manipulating jasmonate signaling by creating tissue-specific jasmonate sinks, and the micrografting of different transgenic plants. The metabolic phenotyping of these manipulations provides an integrative understanding of the functional significance of deviations from the canonical model of this hormonal pathway. Additionally, natural variation in jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling both among and within species can explain polymorphisms in resistance to insects in nature. In this respect, insect-guided explorations of population-level variations in jasmonate metabolism have revealed more complexity than previously realized and we discuss how different "omic" techniques can be used to exploit the natural variation that occurs in this important signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Li
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena 07745, Germany.
| | - Emmanuel Gaquerel
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 360, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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13
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Vaughan MM, Christensen S, Schmelz EA, Huffaker A, McAuslane HJ, Alborn HT, Romero M, Allen LH, Teal PEA. Accumulation of terpenoid phytoalexins in maize roots is associated with drought tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2015; 38:2195-207. [PMID: 25392907 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) production, which is of global agro-economic importance, is largely limited by herbivore pests, pathogens and environmental conditions, such as drought. Zealexins and kauralexins belong to two recently identified families of acidic terpenoid phytoalexins in maize that mediate defence against both pathogen and insect attacks in aboveground tissues. However, little is known about their function in belowground organs and their potential to counter abiotic stress. In this study, we show that zealexins and kauralexins accumulate in roots in response to both biotic and abiotic stress including, Diabrotica balteata herbivory, Fusarium verticillioides infection, drought and high salinity. We find that the quantity of drought-induced phytoalexins is positively correlated with the root-to-shoot ratio of different maize varieties, and further demonstrate that mutant an2 plants deficient in kauralexin production are more sensitive to drought. The induction of phytoalexins in response to drought is root specific and does not influence phytoalexin levels aboveground; however, the accumulation of phytoalexins in one tissue may influence the induction capacity of other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha M Vaughan
- Bacterial Foodborne Pathogens and Mycology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Shawn Christensen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Heather J McAuslane
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Hans T Alborn
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Maritza Romero
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Leon Hartwell Allen
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Peter E A Teal
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center of Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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14
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Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal and endophytic fungi enhanced terpene production in tomato plants and their defense against a herbivorous insect. Symbiosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-015-0319-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Fragoso V, Rothe E, Baldwin IT, Kim SG. Root jasmonic acid synthesis and perception regulate folivore-induced shoot metabolites and increase Nicotiana attenuata resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:1335-1345. [PMID: 24580101 PMCID: PMC5156298 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
While jasmonic acid (JA) signaling is widely accepted as mediating plant resistance to herbivores, and the importance of the roots in plant defenses is recently being recognized, the role of root JA in the defense of above-ground parts remains unstudied. To restrict JA impairment to the roots, we micrografted wildtype Nicotiana attenuata shoots to the roots of transgenic plants impaired in JA signaling and evaluated ecologically relevant traits in the glasshouse and in nature. Root JA synthesis and perception are involved in regulating nicotine production in roots. Strikingly, systemic root JA regulated local leaf JA and abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations, which were associated with differences in nicotine transport from roots to leaves via the transpiration stream. Root JA signaling also regulated the accumulation of other shoot metabolites; together these account for differences in resistance against a generalist, Spodoptera littoralis, and a specialist herbivore, Manduca sexta. In N. attenuata's native habitat, silencing root JA synthesis increased the shoot damage inflicted by Empoasca leafhoppers, which are able to select natural jasmonate mutants. Silencing JA perception in roots also increased damage by Tupiocoris notatus. We conclude that attack from above-ground herbivores recruits root JA signaling to launch the full complement of plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Variluska Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Eva Rothe
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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16
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Hanemian M, Zhou B, Deslandes L, Marco Y, Trémousaygue D. Hrp mutant bacteria as biocontrol agents: toward a sustainable approach in the fight against plant pathogenic bacteria. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:doi: 10.4161/psb.25678. [PMID: 23887499 PMCID: PMC4091062 DOI: 10.4161/psb.25678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture necessitates development of environmentally safe methods to protect plants against pathogens. Among these methods, application of biocontrol agents has been efficiently used to minimize disease development. Here we review current understanding of mechanisms involved in biocontrol of the main Gram-phytopathogenic bacteria-induced diseases by plant inoculation with strains mutated in hrp (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity) genes. These mutants are able to penetrate plant tissues and to stimulate basal resistance of plants. Novel protection mechanisms involving the phytohormone abscisic acid appear to play key roles in the biocontrol of wilt disease induced by Ralstonia solanacearum in Arabidopsis thaliana. Fully understanding these mechanisms and extending the studies to other pathosystems are still required to evaluate their importance in disease protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Hanemian
- INRA; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Current affiliation: INRA-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10, F-78000, Versailles, France; AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, RD10; Versailles, France
- These authors contribute equally to this article
| | - Binbin Zhou
- INRA; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
- These authors contribute equally to this article
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- INRA; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Marco
- INRA; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Trémousaygue
- INRA; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS; Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM); Castanet-Tolosan, France
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17
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Balmer D, de Papajewski DV, Planchamp C, Glauser G, Mauch-Mani B. Induced resistance in maize is based on organ-specific defence responses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:213-25. [PMID: 23302050 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To obtain further insight into the intricate inter-play between maize (Zea mays) and the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola, the local and systemic molecular and chemical defence responses of maize leaves and roots were simultaneously investigated and compared. Similar gene expression and hormonal patterns were detected in both above- and below-ground organs; however, roots responded more rapidly and accumulated higher levels of defence-related hormones than leaves. Leaf and root infection with C. graminicola triggered systemic resistance in the foliage against the same fungus. This systemic defence response was associated with systemic transcriptional adaptations, and elevated levels of salicylic acid and abscisic acid. Metabolomic profiling revealed significant differences in the composition of secondary metabolites in leaves and roots, indicating that these organs employ distinct chemical defence systems. In addition, higher basal levels of antimicrobial flavonoids suggest an enhanced basal defensive state of roots. Our findings reveal tissue-specific local and systemic antifungal defence mechanisms in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Balmer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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18
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Soler R, Erb M, Kaplan I. Long distance root-shoot signalling in plant-insect community interactions. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:149-56. [PMID: 22989699 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants mediate interactions between insects, including leaf- and root-feeders; yet the underlying mechanisms and connection with ecological theory remain unresolved. In this review, based on novel insights into long-distance (i.e., leaf-leaf, root-shoot) defence signalling, we explore the role of phytohormones in driving broad-scale patterns of aboveground-belowground interactions that can be extrapolated to general plant-insect relationships. We propose that the outcome of intra-feeding guild interactions is generally negative due to induction of similar phytohormonal pathways, whereas between-guild interactions are often positive due to negative signal crosstalk. However, not all outcomes could be explained by feeding guild; we argue that future studies should target ecologically representative plant-insect systems, distinguish subguilds, and include plant growth hormones to improve our understanding of plant-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxina Soler
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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19
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Ankala A, Kelley RY, Rowe DE, Williams WP, Luthe DS. Foliar herbivory triggers local and long distance defense responses in maize. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 199-200:103-12. [PMID: 23265323 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have documented the induction of belowground defenses in plants in response to aboveground herbivory and vice versa, but the genes and signaling molecules mediating systemic induction are not well understood. We performed comparative microarray analysis on maize whorl and root tissues from the insect resistant inbred Mp708 in response to foliar feeding by fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) caterpillars. Although Mp708 has elevated jasmonic acid (JA) levels prior to herbivory, genes involved in JA biosynthesis were up-regulated in whorls in response to fall armyworm feeding. Alternatively, genes possibly involved in regulating ethylene (ET) perception and signaling were up-regulated in roots following foliar herbivory. Transcript levels of genes encoding proteins involved in direct defenses against herbivores were enhanced both in roots and leaves, but transcriptional factors and genes involved in various biosynthetic pathways were selectively down-regulated in the whorl. The results indicate that foliar herbivory by fall armyworm changes root gene expression pathways suggesting profound long distance signaling. Tissue specific induction and suppression of JA and ET signaling pathway genes provides a clue to their possible roles in signaling between the two distant tissue types that eventually triggers defense responses in the roots in response to foliar herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunkanth Ankala
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology Mississippi State University, MS, United States.
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20
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Induced Immunity Against Belowground Insect Herbivores- Activation of Defenses in the Absence of a Jasmonate Burst. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:629-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Erb M, Balmer D, De Lange ES, Von Merey G, Planchamp C, Robert CAM, Röder G, Sobhy I, Zwahlen C, Mauch-Mani B, Turlings TCJ. Synergies and trade-offs between insect and pathogen resistance in maize leaves and roots. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2011; 34:1088-103. [PMID: 21410707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2011.02307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Determining links between plant defence strategies is important to understand plant evolution and to optimize crop breeding strategies. Although several examples of synergies and trade-offs between defence traits are known for plants that are under attack by multiple organisms, few studies have attempted to measure correlations of defensive strategies using specific single attackers. Such links are hard to detect in natural populations because they are inherently confounded by the evolutionary history of different ecotypes. We therefore used a range of 20 maize inbred lines with considerable differences in resistance traits to determine if correlations exist between leaf and root resistance against pathogens and insects. Aboveground resistance against insects was positively correlated with the plant's capacity to produce volatiles in response to insect attack. Resistance to herbivores and resistance to a pathogen, on the other hand, were negatively correlated. Our results also give first insights into the intraspecific variability of root volatiles release in maize and its positive correlation with leaf volatile production. We show that the breeding history of the different genotypes (dent versus flint) has influenced several defensive parameters. Taken together, our study demonstrates the importance of genetically determined synergies and trade-offs for plant resistance against insects and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- FARCE Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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22
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Gill TA, Sandoya G, Williams P, Luthe DS. Belowground resistance to western corn rootworm in lepidopteran-resistant maize genotypes. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 104:299-307. [PMID: 21404871 DOI: 10.1603/ec10117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Several maize, Zea mays L., inbred lines developed from an Antiguan maize population have been shown to exhibit resistance to numerous aboveground lepidopteran pests. This study shows that these genotypes are able to significantly reduce the survival of two root feeding pests, western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. The results also demonstrated that feeding by the aboveground herbivore fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), before infestation by western corn rootworm reduced survivorship of western corn rootworm in the root tissues of some, but not all, genotypes. Likewise, the presence of western corn rootworm in the soil seemed to increase resistance to fall armyworm in the whorl in several genotypes. However, genotypes derived from the Antiguan germplasm with genetic resistance to lepidopterans were still more resistant to the fall armyworm and both rootworm species than the susceptible genotypes even after defense induction. These results suggest that there may be intraplant communication that alters plant responses to aboveground and belowground herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torrence A Gill
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, 116 ASI Bldg., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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23
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Erb M, Köllner TG, Degenhardt J, Zwahlen C, Hibbard BE, Turlings TCJ. The role of abscisic acid and water stress in root herbivore-induced leaf resistance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 189:308-20. [PMID: 20840610 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
• Herbivore-induced systemic resistance occurs in many plants and is commonly assumed to be adaptive. The mechanisms triggered by leaf-herbivores that lead to systemic resistance are largely understood, but it remains unknown how and why root herbivory also increases resistance in leaves. • To resolve this, we investigated the mechanism by which the root herbivore Diabrotica virgifera induces resistance against lepidopteran herbivores in the leaves of Zea mays. • Diabrotica virgifera infested plants suffered less aboveground herbivory in the field and showed reduced growth of Spodoptera littoralis caterpillars in the laboratory. Root herbivory did not lead to a jasmonate-dependent response in the leaves, but specifically triggered water loss and abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation. The induction of ABA by itself was partly responsible for the induction of leaf defenses, but not for the resistance against S. littoralis. Root-herbivore induced hydraulic changes in the leaves, however, were crucial for the increase in insect resistance. • We conclude that the induced leaf resistance after root feeding is the result of hydraulic changes, which reduce the quality of the leaves for chewing herbivores. This finding calls into question whether root-herbivore induced leaf-resistance is an evolved response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- FARCE Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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24
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Erb M, Glauser G. Family Business: Multiple Members of Major Phytohormone Classes Orchestrate Plant Stress Responses. Chemistry 2010; 16:10280-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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