A probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum GR-3 mitigates colitis-associated tumorigenesis in mice via modulating gut microbiome

Bacterial therapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a burgeoning frontier. The probiotic Limosilactobacillus fermentum GR-3, derived from traditional food "Jiangshui", exhibited superior antioxidant capacity by producing indole derivatives ICA and IPA. In an AOM/DSS-induced CRC mouse model, GR-3 treatment alleviated weight loss, colon shortening, rectal bleeding and intestinal barrier disruption by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. GR-3 colonization in distant colon induced apoptosis and reduced tumor incidence by 51.2%, outperforming the control strain and vitamin C. The beneficial effect of GR-3 on CRC was associated with gut microbiome modulation, increasing SCFA producer Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and suppressing pro-inflammatory strain Bacteroides. Metagenomic and metabolic analyses revealed that GR-3 intervention upregulated antioxidant genes (xseA, ALDH) and butyrate synthesis gene (bcd), while increasing beneficial metabolites (SCFAs, ICA, IPA, VB12 and VD3) and reducing harmful secondary bile acids. Overall, GR-3 emerges as a promising candidate in CRC therapy, offering effective gut microbiome remediation.

Oxidative status: A general but overlooked indicator of welfare across animal species?

Because of their ubiquity, plasticity, and direct effects on the nervous system, markers of oxidative status may be of great value to assess animal welfare across species and conditions in the wild. However, welfare biologists have not yet seized this opportunity, possibly because the validity of these markers as welfare indicators remains questionable. A validation process was, therefore, performed here using a meta-analytical approach considering three conditions assumed to impair the welfare of animals. With very few exceptions, two of the four considered markers consistently varied across these negatively-valenced conditions. By highlighting the current underrepresentation of markers of oxidative status in animal welfare studies, and by concretely illustrating that some of these markers can consistently reflect negative affective states, this article aims to encourage biologists to include these physiological markers in their toolbox to better measure, monitor, and perhaps also improve the welfare of animals in their natural habitat.

The emerging role of oxidative stress in inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic immune-mediated condition that affects the digestive system and includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Although the exact etiology of IBD remains uncertain, dysfunctional immunoregulation of the gut is believed to be the main culprit. Amongst the immunoregulatory factors, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), components of the oxidative stress event, are produced at abnormally high levels in IBD. Their destructive effects may contribute to the disease's initiation and propagation, as they damage the gut lining and activate inflammatory signaling pathways, further exacerbating the inflammation. Oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and serum-free thiols (R-SH), can be measured in the blood and stool of patients with IBD. These markers are elevated in patients with IBD, and their levels correlate with the severity of the disease. Thus, oxidative stress markers can be used not only in IBD diagnosis but also in monitoring the response to treatment. It can also be targeted in IBD treatment through the use of antioxidants, including vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathione, and N-acetylcysteine. In this review, we summarize the role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of IBD, its diagnostic targets, and the potential application of antioxidant therapies to manage and treat IBD.

The relationship between oxidative stress markers and temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Oxidative stress has a role in many pathologic conditions, including oral diseases and temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) pathophysiology. This study compared the selected oxidative biomarkers' levels in TMD patients and healthy controls in a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Materials and Methods

Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Embase were systematically searched for English articles up to October 2022 using MeSH and free keywords. Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used to assess the risk of bias. Differences between biomarker levels in TMD patients were compared to the control group.

Results

Ten case-control studies were included based on inclusion and exclusion criteria with a total of 659 patients: 314 with TMD and 345 healthy controls. The studies investigated 15 markers, including total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status, and malondialdehyde (MDA). There was a significant difference in the salivary MDA of patients with TMD in comparison with healthy people; standard mean difference = 3.22 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.28-6.16); I 2 = 96.0%). The Antioxidant status in serum was significantly lower in patients with TMD in comparison with healthy people; weighted mean difference = -0.52 (95% CI: -0.90 to -0.14; I 2 = 97.0%). The result of TOS was inconclusive.

Conclusion

Salivary MDA and serum total antioxidative status measurements may be used as a biomarker for diagnosing TMD. Due to the lack of sufficient evidence, it is not possible to express a definite relation between the amount and type of marker and TMD diagnosis, which suggests that more case-control studies with larger sample sizes are required.

Discovering the Potential Value of Coenzyme Q10 as an Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Depression

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND

Depressive disorder or mental cold is the most common mental disorder, and depression exists all over the world and in all countries and cultures. The results of several studies have shown that using compounds with antioxidant properties has been fruitful in patients with depression. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a fat-soluble antioxidant and exerts its antioxidant effect by directly neutralizing free radicals or reducing tocopherol and preventing the inhibition of mitochondrial activity because of oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral CoQ10 in patients with depression as an adjunctive treatment.

METHODS/PROCEDURES

Sixty-nine patients with moderate and severe depression were randomly divided into 2 CoQ10 groups (36) and placebo (33). The first group of patients received CoQ10 supplements at a dose of 200 mg daily for 8 weeks along with standard interventions and treatments for depression, and the second group received standard treatments for depression along with a placebo. The change in the score of Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale depression scale was evaluated 4 and 8 weeks after the intervention. Also, at baseline and 8 weeks later at the end of the study, serum levels of total antioxidant capacity, total thiol groups, nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and interleukin 6 were assessed.

FINDINGS/RESULTS

The changes in the depression score at the end of the study showed that, in the group receiving the CoQ10 supplement after 8 weeks, there was a reduction in depression symptoms, which was statistically significant compared with before the start of the study Meanwhile, no significant changes were observed in the patients of the placebo group in terms of symptom reduction. Compared with baseline and the placebo condition, serum levels of nitric oxide and total thiol groups significantly decreased and increased, respectively. Also, no statistically significant changes were observed for interleukin 6, malondialdehyde, and total antioxidant capacity.

IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS

A dose of 200 mg of CoQ10 supplement daily for 8 weeks can reduce depression and fatigue, as well as improve the quality of life of patients with depression. In addition, CoQ10 can significantly improve inflammation and oxidative stress status in patients with depression.

Dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic & anti-dyslipidemic potential of aqueous leaves extract of Typha elephantina in-vivo and in-vitro

Diabetes mellitus is among the fundamental causes of illness and millions of deaths around the globe are directly attributed to it each year. Current antidiabetic medications often lack sustained glycemic control and carry significant risks of side effects. As a result, the use of plant-based treatments has gained popularity. In this experimental study, we evaluated the aqueous extracts (LQE) of Typha elephantina (also known as Elephant grass) leaves collected from freshwater marshes, for their potential anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic antioxidant effects in healthy streptozotocin caused diabetic-mice. We employed glucose adsorption tests at different glucose levels and glucose diffusion tests to assess the in-vitro antidiabetic action of plant extract. For the in-vivo trail, we measured fasting blood glucose (FBG), glucose tolerance (GTT), as well as long-term anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and antioxidant activities. Our results from the glucose diffusion test indicated that the extract was highly effective at both low glucose concentrations (5 mmol L) and high glucose concentrations (100 mmol L). However, the glucose-diffusion ability reached its peaked at an excessively high dosage of the aqueous extract, suggesting a dose-related effect. Similarly, we observed that high doses of TEL.AQ extracts (400 mg/kg body weight) significantly reduced blood glucose levels in healthy mice during the glucose tolerance test (GTT) at 3 h and fasting blood glucose studies (FBG) at 6 h. Furthermore, the high-dose TEL.AQ extract effectively reduced liver-related serum markers and blood-glucose concentration (BGC) in severely chronic diabetic rats. The extract dosage also influenced lipid profile, conjugate and unconjugated bilirubin levels, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and total bilirubin levels. Additionally, after administering a high extract dose, we observed considerable improvement in the liver homogenate markers CAT, POD, and SOD. In contrast, the extract at a low dosage (100 mg/kg), showed minimal, while a moderate dose (200 mg/kg), yielded promising results.

Modulatory action of Moringa oleifera Lam. on L-arginine induced acute pancreatitis

OBJECTIVES

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas with high morbidity and mortality. This study investigates the effect of Moring oleifera (MO) on L-arginine-induced AP in Wistar rats.

METHODS

Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups. Control, AP, Magnesium groups, all fed with standard rat diet, MO leaf groups (5% MLF and 15% MLF), and MO seed groups (5% MSD and 15% MSD) were fed with five or 15% MO leaf or seed supplemented diet for four weeks prior to induction of AP. AP was induced by administration of double doses of L-arginine (320 mg/100 g i.p.) at 1 h interval. All animals were sacrificed 72 h thereafter.

RESULTS

Weekly mean feed consumption and body weight were significantly higher in MO groups compared to the control. Amylase level, MDA, MPO, and NO were significantly higher in the AP group than in the control but decreased in Mg and MO groups. While CAT, SOD, GSH, and SH-group were significantly depleted in AP groups, which was attenuated in MO groups. Rats in AP groups showed severe inflammation, necrosis, and edema. These effects were significantly improved in MO groups resulting in lower histological scores compared to the AP group.

CONCLUSIONS

Pretreatment with MO could attenuate AP via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action.

Digestive Enzyme Activities, Oxidative Status and Intestinal Histomorphometry of Rats Supplemented with Steviana, A Natural Sweetener

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Stevia (<i>Stevia rebaudiana</i>), often known as sweet leaf, is a perennial plant and a member of the Asteraceae family. The commercial version of stevia leaf powder, known as Steviana, is one of the most popular natural sweeteners in use today. The current study aimed to analyze the activities of gut digestive enzymes, intestinal oxidative state and intestinal histological structure in stevia-fed rats. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> In this study, male rats were given Steviana and the oxidative condition of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), the activities of certain digestive enzymes and the histomorphology of the GIT were examined. Animals used in experiments were split into 2 groups: Control and treated groups. For four consecutive weeks, the treatment group received a daily oral intake of 5 mg kg¹ b.wt., of Steviana solution. At the end of the trial, serum, pancreas and intestinal tissue samples were taken. <b>Results:</b> The Steviana sweetener has a strong antioxidative effect on both blood and intestinal tissue. Both sample types showed a decrease in malondialdehyde levels and a marked increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities compared to control samples. In samples of blood, pancreas and intestinal contents, the activities of digestive enzymes including α-amylase, lipase and protease were significantly elevated in Steviana-treated rats. In addition, histological analysis of the small intestine showed that in rats given Steviana sweetener, intestinal glandular crypt depth was more pronounced compared to the control animals. <b>Conclusion:</b> In summary, consumption of Steviana appears to enhance digestion and absorption processes through antioxidative effects, improving the health of the local GIT and subsequently accelerating the rate of synthesis and release of endogenous digestive enzymes. Another aspect that enhances the digestion and absorption process is the change in the histological structure of the intestinal glands, as shown by an increase in the crypt depth.

Dragon's Blood Sap Microencapsulation within Whey Protein Concentrate and Zein Using Electrospraying Assisted by Pressurized Gas Technology

Dragon's blood sap (DBS) obtained from the bark of Croton lechleri (Müll, Arg.) is a complex herbal remedy of pharmacological interest due to its high content in polyphenols, specifically proanthocyanidins. In this paper, electrospraying assisted by pressurized gas (EAPG) was first compared with freeze-drying to dry natural DBS. Secondly, EAPG was used for the first time to entrap natural DBS at room temperature into two different encapsulation matrices, i.e., whey protein concentrate (WPC) and zein (ZN), using different ratios of encapsulant material: bioactive compound, for instance 2:1 w/w and 1:1 w/w. The obtained particles were characterized in terms of morphology, total soluble polyphenolic content (TSP), antioxidant activity, and photo-oxidation stability during the 40 days of the experiment. Regarding the drying process, EAPG produced spherical particles with sizes of 11.38 ± 4.34 µm, whereas freeze-drying produced irregular particles with a broad particle size distribution. However, no significant differences were detected between DBS dried by EAPG or freeze-drying in TSP, antioxidant activity, and photo-oxidation stability, confirming that EAPG is a mild drying process suitable to dry sensitive bioactive compounds. Regarding the encapsulation process, the DBS encapsulated within the WPC produced smooth spherical microparticles, with average sizes of 11.28 ± 4.28 µm and 12.77 ± 4.54 µm for ratios 1:1 w/w and 2:1 w/w, respectively. The DBS was also encapsulated into ZN producing rough spherical microparticles, with average sizes of 6.37 ± 1.67 µm and 7.58 ± 2.54 µm for ratios 1:1 w/w and 2:1 w/w, respectively. The TSP was not affected during the encapsulation process. However, a slight reduction in antioxidant activity measured by DPPH was observed during encapsulation. An accelerated photo-oxidation test under ultraviolet light confirmed that the encapsulated DBS showed an increased oxidative stability in comparison with the non-encapsulated DBS, with the stability being enhanced for the ratio of 2:1 w/w. Among the encapsulating materials and according to the ATR-FTIR results, ZN showed increased protection against UV light. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of EAPG technology in the drying or encapsulation of sensitive natural bioactive compounds in a continuous process available at an industrial scale, which could be an alternative to freeze-drying.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil alleviates testis failure induced by Etoposide in male rats

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a shrub used to treat hepatic, intestinal, renal, respiratory, and reproductive failures. Etoposide a plant-based compound derived from Podophyllum pelltatum, has been used for human malignancies treatment. However, it induces testis, and hepatic failures. In the present study, impact of rosemary essential oil against testis failure, lipid parameters, and hepatic enzymes in male rats has been studied. Forty male Wistar albino rats were grouped in a completely randomized design with Etoposide injection (ETO), rosemary supplementation (ROS), with Etoposide injection and rosemary supplement (ETO+ROS), and control rats with no Etoposide injection and no rosemary (CON). The experiment lasted for seven consecutive weeks including one week as acclimatization time. At the end of the experiment, rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation, and blood samples were analyzed for serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), total Protein (TP), glucose (GLU) and testosterone. The left testis was harvested for histological examination. Results showed that rats with Etoposide injection had higher ALT, AST, and ALP the control rats. No significant difference was found among treatments in terms of glucose concentration in blood. Rosemary supplemntaion decreased cholesterol and TG concentration and increased HDL concentration in male rats. Furthermore, administration of rosemary essential oil increased blood testosterone but decreased ALT and AST. The epithelial height of seminiferous tubules was decreased significantly in ET as compared with CON. Rosemary essential oil lessened the adverse effect of Etopside on epithelial height in rat testis as it is shown in ET+ROS. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of rosemary essential oil alleviated liver toxicity and functional testis damage induced by Etopside.

Acute oral toxicity, cognitive-enhancing and anti-lipid peroxidation efficacy, and qualitative phytochemistry of the aqueous aerial part extract of Launaea cornuta (Hochst. ex. Oliv. &Hiern) C. Jeffrey

At present, there is no cure for dementia or its related cognitive impairments. Available treatments only provide symptomatic relief and do not alter the disease's progression and they suffer serious drawbacks limiting their clinical use, hence the need for alternative therapies. Although Launaea cornuta has been used traditionally to treat cognitive deficits, its pharmacological efficacy and safety have not been empirically validated, prompting this study. Acute oral toxicity of the extract was examined in Swiss albino mice using the up-and-down procedure described by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guideline number 425. The Morris water maze technique was adopted in assessing cognitive-enhancing effects of the extract in ketamine-induced cognitive-impaired mice. The malondialdehyde concentrations in the whole brain of experimental mice involved in the MWM experiment were measured to determine the extract's anti-lipid peroxidation efficacy. Qualitative phytochemical screening of the extract was performed using standard procedures. Our results showed that the test extract was safe and did not cause any clinical signs of acute oral toxicity in mice at all doses (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg BW). Moreover, the extract significantly improved cognitive function in ketamine-induced cognitive-impaired mice in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by reduced escape latency, navigation distance, and longer latency in the target quadrant during the probe trial. The extract also significantly reduced malondialdehyde concentrations in mice in a dose-dependent manner, demonstrating its antioxidative stress efficacy. The studied extract contained various phytochemicals associated with cognitive enhancement and antioxidant efficacy, among other pharmacologic effects. Further empirical studies are needed to determine and characterise the extract's specific cognitive-enhancing compounds, specific mechanisms of action, and complete toxicity profiles.

In-vitro inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome by 3,6-dihydroxyflavone (3,6-DHF): a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases

Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome complex has an important role in immune system and its abnormal activation is associated with the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. The study reveals the anti-inflammatory effects of 3,6-dihydroxyflavone (3,6-DHF). Here, we aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of 3,6-DHF on NLRP3 inflammasome and its associated components, thereby determining the signaling pathways involved in the inhibition. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) were quantified by chemiluminescence and Griess methods, respectively. Inflammatory cell model was induced in human leukemic monocytes (THP-1). mRNA levels were estimated through real-time RT-PCR, protein expressions were evaluated by protein slot blot and immunocytochemistry, MTT and alamar blue assays were employed for toxicity studies. The compound 3,6-DHF was found to be the potent inhibitor of NLRP3 inflammasome by targeting the molecules involve in its activation pathway. Anti-inflammatory effects were revealed by inhibition of ROS and NO, reduction in the transcription of caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β and TLR-4 was observed along with the marked inhibition of NLRP3, IL-18, NF-κB and pNF-κB at translational level. 3,6-DHF was non-toxic on normal human fibroblast (BJ) and THP-1 cells and, could be a potential therapeutic agent in NLRP3 inflammasome driven diseases.

The relationship of dietary antioxidant capacity with laboratory and anthropometric measurements in hemodialysis patients

Aim: Dietary antioxidant intake correlates with blood antioxidant content and protects against oxidative damage and related inflammatory complications. This study was conducted to examine the relationship between total antioxidant capacity of diet and effective factors with laboratory and anthropometric parameters in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Material and Method: The present case-control study consisted of 62 cases and 59 controls individuals who received hemodialysis treatment between the ages of 35-75. Dietary intake, sociodemographic data, medical history, and anthropometric measurements were collected from participants using a validated questionnaire. Results: Examining the association between dietary components and diet's total antioxidant capacity (dTAC) reveals a positive correlation between dietary protein (kg/avg), beta carotene (mcg/day), vitamin C (mg/day), vitamin E (mg/day), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (g/day) (p=0.002). The serum albumin, serum neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and HDL-cholesterol have been reported to have a positive relationship with dTAC. And body mass ındex (BMI) and other anthropometric parameters were found to have a negative connection with dTAC (p=0.007). Conclusion: Total dietary antioxidant capacity is effective on anthropometric measurements and serum laboratory values. Increasing the antioxidant capacity of the diet in hemodialysis patients is important to prevent complications related to inflammation.

Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants against Alzheimer's Disease: Prevention, Diagnosis and Therapy

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive memory loss and cognitive decline. Although substantial research has been conducted to elucidate the complex pathophysiology of AD, the therapeutic approach still has limited efficacy in clinical practice. Oxidative stress (OS) has been established as an early driver of several age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration. In AD, increased levels of reactive oxygen species mediate neuronal lipid, protein, and nucleic acid peroxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic damage, and inflammation. Thus, the identification of novel antioxidant molecules capable of detecting, preventing, and counteracting AD onset and progression is of the utmost importance. However, although several studies have been published, comprehensive and up-to-date overviews of the principal anti-AD agents harboring antioxidant properties remain scarce. In this narrative review, we summarize the role of vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, non-flavonoids, mitochondria-targeting molecules, organosulfur compounds, and carotenoids as non-enzymatic antioxidants with AD diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic potential, thereby offering insights into the relationship between OS and neurodegeneration.

Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Effects of Fermented Huauzontle, a Prehispanic Mexican Pseudocereal

This study aimed to assess the potential antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects of huauzontle fermented by Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Lp22. The possible association between oxidative stress/inflammation biomarkers and unconditional behavioural tests was also evaluated. Red light-induced stress mice C57Bl/6 (n = 5 per group) received orally either fermented or unfermented huauzontle, diazepam or fluoxetine. A non-stressed group which received saline solution was also included. Then, anxiety-related and depression-related behaviour tests were performed; after that, blood and tissues samples were collected to determine oxidative stress/inflammation biomarkers. The mice receiving both fermented and unfermented huauzontle spent more time (94 s) in open arms in the elevated plus maze test p < 0.05; besides, travelled longer distance (p < 0.05) and increased by more than 50% the exploration time for the open field, as well as the time spent in the illuminated zone (197 s) in the light/dark test. Furthermore, reduced immobility time in the tail suspension and forced swim tests (23.1 and 15.85, respectively), and anhedonia was no detected in the sucrose preference test. The oxidative stress index was lower in the liver of fermented huauzontle-treated mice, while enhanced levels of IL-10, MCP-1 and BDNF in plasma, and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in the hippocampus were found. Finally, PCA revealed a positive correlation among LOX and BDNF and parameters determined in the anxiety tests, as between catalase activity and immobility time in the depression test. These findings indicate the novel potential therapeutic applications of fermented huauzontle on depression and anxiety-like behaviours possibly mediated by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

An in vitro Approach to Protective Effect of Lactoferrin on Acrylamide-induced Oxidative Damage

Acrylamide is a compound that occurs with high temperature during food processing and causes oxidative damage. Recently, the importance of antioxidative components is increasing to prevent oxidative damage. Lactoferrin is an antioxidant protein mainly found in milk. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the dose-dependent protective effects of lactoferrin on oxidative damage caused by acrylamide. In this study, HepG2 cell lines were treated with lactoferrin doses (0, 25, 50, 100µM) and half maximal inhibitory concentration of acrylamide. After 24 hours malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase levels were measured. Acrylamide significantly increased malondialdehyde levels in HepG2 cells compared to the control group; however, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductace significantly reduced. On the other hand, added lactoferrin doses (50-100µM) significantly reduced lipid peroxidation levels. Besides, it was found that glutathione reductase, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels significantly increased. As a result, the protective effect of lactoferrin against the oxidative damage caused by acrylamide in HepG2 cells was determined. This effect is thought to be due to the antioxidant capacity of lactoferrin. In this context, it is recommended that more studies are carried out on the mechanism of action of lactoferrin on oxidative stress caused by acrylamide.

ROS generation strategy based on biomimetic nanosheets by self-assembly of nanozymes

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in physiology and have been applied in tumor therapy. However, insufficient endogenous H₂O₂ and hypoxia in cancer cells can lead to limited ROS production and poor therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we develop a biomimetic nanosheet material based on the self-assembly of nanozymes that could supply H₂O₂ under acidic conditions and catalyze a cascade of intracellular biochemical reactions to produce ROS under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions without any external stimuli. In this system, the copper peroxide nanosheets (CPNS), which are pH-responsive, were prepared through coordination of H₂O₂ to Cu²⁺ and then modified using ultrafine Pt NPs to form CPNS@Pt. The CPNS could decompose under acidic conditions, allowing the simultaneous release of Fenton catalytic Cu²⁺ and H₂O₂ accompanied by a Fenton-type reaction between them. On the other hand, Pt NPs were also released. The released Pt NPs behave as an oxidase mimic and catalase mimic. In this way, the well-defined CPNS@Pt can not only relieve hypoxic conditions but also generate ROS to induce cell apoptosis, thereby paving the way for the development of a nanozyme with multienzyme activity as a therapeutic strategy.

Urinary 8-oxoGuo as a potential novel evaluation index for patients with nephrotic syndrome

Urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'- deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) are considered biomarkers of oxidative stress, and patients with nephrotic syndrome have been reported to have increased oxidative stress levels. In this study, we aimed to assess the value of 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodGuo as novel biomarkers to evaluate the severity of nephrotic syndrome. In total, 107 patients with nephrotic syndrome and 116 healthy controls were recruited for this study. The concentrations of urinary 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodGuo were measured using isotope-labeled liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Urinary creatinine was used to regulate 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodGuo concentrations. Urinary 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxoGuo/Cr levels in patients with nephrotic syndrome were significantly higher than those in healthy control participants. 8-oxoGuo/Cr showed a positive correlation with the 24 h urinary total protein (UTP) and UTP levels and negative correlations with serum total protein and albumin levels. After treatment, urinary 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxoGuo/Cr levels were significantly lower in the group with a low 24 h-UTP value (<3.5 g/d) than in the high value group. 8-oxoGuo can be used as a feasible and reliable biomarker for the assessment of nephrotic syndrome.HighlightsUrinary 8-oxoGuo level was significantly increased in patients with nephrotic syndrome.Urinary 8-oxoGuo level increased with an increase in plasma protein and a decrease in urine protein.Urinary 8-oxoGuo level decreased with nephrotic syndrome remission when urinary microalbumin showed no significant change.Urinary 8-oxoGuo level can be used as novel biomarkers of nephrotic syndrome.

Heavy metals controlling cardiovascular diseases risk factors in myocardial infarction patients in critically environmentally heavy metal-polluted steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh (India)

Heavy metals (HMs) have a very significant clinical role in the pathogenesis, progression and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The prevalence of CVDs was reported to be higher in critically environmentally HM-polluted (EHMP) steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh (India) for the last more than a decade. To ascertain the role of HMs in the onset of CVDs, the present study was chosen to investigate HMs content in myocardial infarction (MI) patients from EHMP steel industrial town Mandi-Gobindgarh. Total of 110 MI patients along with number- and age-matched healthy volunteers were recruited in the present investigation. The CVDs risk factors estimated in MI patients were overweight (higher body mass index), hypertension (higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures), dyslipidaemia (higher serum cholesterol, triglycerides and lower HDL cholesterol), inflammation (higher-serum C reactive protein and aldosterone) and elevated oxidative stress (higher urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine). An imbalance of serum electrolyte concentrations including Na (hypernatremia), Ca (hypercalcaemia) and K (hypokalaemia) was also observed in MI patients in which CVDs risk factors were found to correlate positively with serum Na and Ca and negatively with serum K, respectively. Hair HM analysis was used as a bio-indicator for monitoring body HM status from past environmental HM exposure in which CVDs risk factors were observed to correlate positively with higher hair concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mo, Pb, As, Ca and Na and negatively with lower hair concentrations of Cu, Mg, Mn and K in MI patients, respectively. Thus, higher hair concentrations of Zn and Pb indicate their higher environmental exposure and possible cause of higher CVDs risk factors in MI patients from Mandi-Gobindgarh.

Protective effects of chlorogenic acid against ionizing radiation-induced testicular toxicity

Background

Testicular tissues could damage by ionizing radiation (IR) during the treatment of pelvic cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate both the protective and therapeutic effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on IR-induced mouse testis tissue damage.

Methods

In this experimental study, 70 mice were divided into 3 groups, including group 1 (normal saline), group 2 (IR + normal saline), and group 3 (IR + 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) CGA via I.P injection. Animals in groups 2 and 3 received a dose of 2.0 Gy total-body irradiation in a single fraction. At two determined time points (16 h and 35 days after exposure), the testis and caudal part of both epididymis were isolated and underwent subsequent analyses.

Results

The results showed that irradiation of mice caused massive damage to spermatogenesis, seminiferous tubules, basal lamina, Leydig cells, and sperm parameters. Further biochemical assessment of the data demonstrated that 40 mg/kg CGA almost restored MDA to a normal level. In addition, the level of SOD, TAC, and GSH were significantly increased in the 40 mg/kg CGA treated group. Molecular evidence confirmed the protective effects of CGA and also revealed that the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in the presence of 40 mg/kg CGA was significantly decreased compared to IR and some treated groups.

Conclusion

The protective and therapeutic effects of CGA on testis were found to be positively correlated with the dose level.

The Effect and Activity of Free Radical Enzymes Due to Arsenic Exposure Through the Vulva and Vagina

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: Geogenic arsenic is ubiquitous, found in water and soil that is used daily, can be exposed to the female body through the genital organs. The vulva and vagina are open channels that allow toxic agents to enter the internal genitalia and distributed throughout the body. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study investigated the effects of vaginal arsenic exposure via vulvar immersion and vaginal douching in Rattus norvegicus on the damage of uterus and ovaries through oxidative mechanisms (MDA, SOD, and H₂O₂). METHODOLOGY: The experimental animals were divided into three treatment groups, i.e., K0 (control group), K1 (group treated with vulvar immersion in 0.8 mg/L arsenic solution), and K2 (group treated with vaginal douching using 0.5-mL of 0.8 mg/L arsenic solution). For each group, the treatment was repeated six times and carried out for fourteen days. Before the study, a seven-day acclimatization period was conducted for adaptation purposes. The experimental animals were euthanized using ketamine xylazine. The uterus and ovaries were collected for MDA, SOD, and H₂O analysis, as well as histopathology examination. RESULTS: The vaginal douching group had the highest MDA level both on the uterus (210.66±4.92μM) and the ovaries (214.67±2.50 μM). The immersion group also experienced an increase in MDA in the uterus (198.66±3.33μM) and ovaries (206.33± .21μM). However, a higher level of MDA was found in the ovaries. The highest H₂O₂ level was also found in the uterine and ovarian organs in the douching group. In contrast, the lowest SOD levels of uterine and ovarian were identified in the vaginal douching group. Arsenic exposure through vaginal immersion and douching affected the uterine MDA, SOD, and H₂O levels (Ρ<0.05). Arsenic exposure through vaginal douching also affected the ovarian MDA, SOD, and H₂O levels (Ρ<0.05). There was a significant difference in the mean of inflammatory cells (infiltrated neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes) in the uterus and ovaries in the control, immersion, and vaginal douching groups (Ρ<0.05). CONCLUSION: Exposure to 0.8 mg/L arsenic solution through vulvar immersion and vaginal douching can cause oxidative stress and trigger inflammation of the uterine and ovarian tissue.

Maternal testosterone affects offspring telomerase activity in a long-lived seabird

Androgens are a group of steroid hormones that have long been proposed as a mechanism underpinning intergenerational plasticity. In birds, maternally allocated egg testosterone, one of the main androgens in vertebrates, affects a wide variety of offspring phenotypic traits but the mechanisms underlying this form of intergenerational plasticity are not yet well understood. Recent in vitro and animal model studies have shown that telomerase expression and activity are important targets of androgen signaling. The telomerase enzyme is known for its repair function on telomeres, the DNA-protein complexes at the ends of chromosomes that are involved in genomic integrity and cell aging. However, the role of maternal testosterone in influencing offspring telomerase levels in natural populations and its consequences on telomere length and potentially on offspring development is still unknown. Here, by experimentally modifying the level of egg testosterone in a natural population of yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis), we show that chicks hatched from testosterone-treated eggs had higher average levels of telomerase and faster growth than controls during the first week of life. While testosterone-treated chicks also tended to have longer telomeres than controls at hatching this difference disappeared by day 6 of age. Overall, our results suggest that maternal testosterone may have a potential adaptive value by promoting offspring growth and presumably telomerase levels, as this enzyme plays other important physiological functions (e.g., stress resistance, cell signaling, or tissue genesis) besides telomere lengthening. Nonetheless, our knowledge of the potential adaptive function of telomerase in natural populations is scarce and so the potential pathways linking maternal hormones, offspring telomerase, and fitness should be further investigated.

A Pilot Study on the Association of Lead, 8-Hydroxyguanine, and Malondialdehyde Levels in Opium Addicts' Blood Serum with Illicit Drug Use and Non-Addict Persons

While a large body of literature has shown the health problems of illicit drug use, research is needed on how substance abuse impacts DNA damage and contaminants in blood, especially given Pb-contaminated opium. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the levels of lead (Pb), 8-hydroxy di-guanine (8-oxo-Gua), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the blood serum of opium addicts and non-addict people. The current study is a case–control study with a cross-sectional design. A sample of 50 opium-addicted and non-addict adults were chosen for this study using convenience and random sampling methods. Participants were divided into two groups: addicts and non-addicts. The atomic absorption spectroscopy method was used to measure the quantity of Pb, and the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method was used to measure the amount of 8-oxo-Gua and MDA. The data were analyzed using an independent t-test. The results show that the amount of Pb in the blood serum of addicted women and men was higher than levels in non-addict men and women, for the study participants (p-value = 0.001). Blood levels were not significantly different between addicts and non-addicts for men or women for 8-oxo-Gua (p-value = 0.647 for women and p-value = 0.785 for men) and MDA (p-value = 0.867 for women and p-value = 0.995 for men). In general, addicts’ blood Pb levels were found to be substantially higher than those of normal non-addict persons in this pilot study. As a result, testing for blood Pb levels in addicts may be informative in instances when symptoms are inconclusive.

Enhancing the Biological Activities of Food Protein-Derived Peptides Using Non-Thermal Technologies: A Review

Bioactive peptides (BPs) derived from animal and plant proteins are important food functional ingredients with many promising health-promoting properties. In the food industry, enzymatic hydrolysis is the most common technique employed for the liberation of BPs from proteins in which conventional heat treatment is used as pre-treatment to enhance hydrolytic action. In recent years, application of non-thermal food processing technologies such as ultrasound (US), high-pressure processing (HPP), and pulsed electric field (PEF) as pre-treatment methods has gained considerable research attention owing to the enhancement in yield and bioactivity of resulting peptides. This review provides an overview of bioactivities of peptides obtained from animal and plant proteins and an insight into the impact of US, HPP, and PEF as non-thermal treatment prior to enzymolysis on the generation of food-derived BPs and resulting bioactivities. US, HPP, and PEF were reported to improve antioxidant, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic properties of the food-derived BPs. The primary modes of action are due to conformational changes of food proteins caused by US, HPP, and PEF, improving the susceptibility of proteins to protease cleavage and subsequent proteolysis. However, the use of other non-thermal techniques such as cold plasma, radiofrequency electric field, dense phase carbon dioxide, and oscillating magnetic fields has not been examined in the generation of BPs from food proteins.

Lipid Peroxidation Produces a Diverse Mixture of Saturated and Unsaturated Aldehydes in Exhaled Breath That Can Serve as Biomarkers of Lung Cancer-A Review

The peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids is a widely recognized metabolic process that creates a complex mixture of volatile organic compounds including aldehydes. Elevated levels of reactive oxygen species in cancer cells promote random lipid peroxidation, which leads to a variety of aldehydes. In the case of lung cancer, many of these volatile aldehydes are exhaled and are of interest as potential markers of the disease. Relevant studies reporting aldehydes in the exhaled breath of lung cancer patients were collected for this review by searching the PubMed and SciFinderⁿ databases until 25 May 2022. Information on breath test results, including the biomarker collection, preconcentration, and quantification methods, was extracted and tabulated. Overall, 44 studies were included spanning a period of 34 years. The data show that, as a class, aldehydes are significantly elevated in the breath of lung cancer patients at all stages of the disease relative to healthy control subjects. The type of aldehyde detected and/or deemed to be a biomarker is highly dependent on the method of exhaled breath sampling and analysis. Unsaturated aldehydes, detected primarily when derivatized during preconcentration, are underrepresented as biomarkers given that they are also likely products of lipid peroxidation. Pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal were the most reported aldehydes in studies of exhaled breath from lung cancer patients.

Tryptophan Levels as a Marker of Auxins and Nitric Oxide Signaling

The aromatic amino acid tryptophan is the main precursor for indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which involves various parallel routes in plants, with indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) being one of the most common intermediates. Auxin signaling is well known to interact with free radical nitric oxide (NO) to perform a more complex effect, including the regulation of root organogenesis and nitrogen nutrition. To fathom the link between IAA and NO, we use a metabolomic approach to analyze the contents of low-molecular-mass molecules in cultured cells of Arabidopsis thaliana after the application of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), an NO donor or IAOx. We separated the crude extracts of the plant cells through ion-exchange columns, and subsequent fractions were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), thus identifying 26 compounds. A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on N-metabolism-related compounds, as classified by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The differences observed between controls and treatments are mainly explained by the differences in Trp contents, which are much higher in controls. Thus, the Trp is a shared response in both auxin- and NO-mediated signaling, evidencing some common signaling mechanism to both GSNO and IAOx. The differences in the low-molecular-mass-identified compounds between GSNO- and IAOx-treated cells are mainly explained by their concentrations in benzenepropanoic acid, which is highly associated with IAA levels, and salicylic acid, which is related to glutathione. These results show that the contents in Trp can be a marker for the study of auxin and NO signaling.

Acrylamide in widely consumed foods - a review

Acrylamide (AA) is considered genotoxic, neurotoxic and a 'probable human carcinogen'. It is included in group 2 A of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). The formation of AA occurs when starch-based foods are subjected to temperatures higher than 120 °C in an atmosphere with very low water content. The aim of this review is to shed light on the toxicological aspects of AA, showing its regulatory evolution, and describing the most interesting mitigation techniques for each food category involved, with a focus on compliance with EU legislation in the various classes of consumer products of industrial origin in Europe.

Evaluation of Antileukemic and Antimalarial Potential of Zanthoxylum rhetsa DC (Rutaceae): A Well-Known Spice

Introduction:

Zanthoxylum rhetsa fruits, a common spice in many cuisines, have proven to have a good therapeutic potential and are routinely used in food, medicine, and commerce. The present study was conducted to screen the in vitro antileukemic and antimalarial activities of the methanolic extract of Z. rhetsa fruits and conduct mechanistic studies for antileukemic activity.

Methods:

Methanol extract was prepared by maceration process and standardised with lupeol as a marker using HPLC. MTT and SRB assays were used to establish the cytotoxicity of the extract against L929 and leukemic cell lines (Jurkat, K562, and HL-60). Amount of ROS in cell lines was detected by flow cytometry using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate. Apoptosis on HL-60 was detected by Annexin-V/PI dual staining assay through cell cycle analysis and gel electrophoresis. In vitro antimalarial activity was conducted on Plasmodium falciparum CQ sensitive 3D7 strains according to the WHO 2001 guidelines.

Results:

The methanol extract contained 1.03% of lupeol. Potent antileukemic activity (IC50 <10 μg/mL) was observed against HL-60 in comparison to K562 and Jurkat cell lines. The extract induced apoptosis in cancer cells in the proliferative and mitotic phase without DNA fragmentation. Therefore, the antileukemic activity exhibited by the extract could be attributed to the increased oxidative stress generated in cancer cells. Fruits also exhibited good antioxidant activity against normal cells, thus proving beneficial as a cytoprotective agents. Promising antimalarial activity (IC50 = 16.21 μg/mL) with high selectivity against malarial parasites was exhibited by the fruits.

Conclusion:

Thus, the fruits of Z.rhetsa can be used as an adjuvant therapy to reduce the side effects and resistance associated with chemotherapy and can be a potential candidate for drug discovery research in the areas of cancer and parasitic infection.

Radiotracers for Nuclear Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species: Advances Made So Far

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a cluster of highly reactive and short-lived oxygen-containing molecules that lead to metabolic disorders where production exceeds catabolism in an organism. Many specific radiotracers for positron/single-photon emission tomography have been developed to reveal the discrepancy of ROS levels in normal and damaged tissues and further clarify the relationship between ROS and diseases. This review summarizes the advances achieved for the development of ROS radiotracers to date. The structure design, radiosynthesis, and imaging performance of existing radiotracers are discussed with the individual ROS-response mechanisms highlighted.

Antioxidant content and activity of stem and leaf extracts of Gouania longipetala Hemsl. (Rhamnaceae)

Background

Gouania longipetala Hemsl. is a scandent shrub used in traditional medicine for the management of different ailments such as gout, female infertility, heart diseases, diabetes, and malaria. Pathophysiology of the diseases is generally associated with oxidative stress. Antioxidant properties of G. longipetala have not yet been well elucidated.

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant content and antioxidant activity of methanol extracts from the plant's stems and leaves.

Materials and methods

Methanol extracts from the plant stems and leaves were screened for phytochemical components with antioxidant properties (Vitamin C, total phenolics, and flavonoids). The antioxidant reducing power of the extracts as well as its effects on lipid peroxidation and catalase were also evaluated in vitro using biochemical assays.

Results

Leaf extract was richer than stem extract in different antioxidants such as Vitamin C, phenolics, and flavonoids. Both leaf and stem extracts showed similar inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation and stimulatory effect on catalase activity, while leaf extract had higher ferric antioxidant effect than stem extract.

Conclusion

Both extracts from G. Longipetala possessed antioxidant content, though activities with leaf extract displayed higher antioxidant properties than stem extract.

New phthalonitrile/metal phthalocyanines-gold nanoparticle conjugates for biological applications

The appearance of nanoscience and its effect on the development of the scientific fields particularly materials chemistry have been well-known today. In this study, a new di-substituted phthalonitrile derivative namely...

Effects of red raspberry polyphenols and metabolites on biomarkers of inflammation and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: A pilot study

Berry fruits are rich in polyphenolic compounds (PCs) and may promote health benefits. Anthocyanin (ACNs) concentrations of red raspberry (RR)(Rubus idaeus) extracts were 887.6 ± 262.8 μg/g consisting mainly of...

The Seroprevalence of Dengue Virus Infection and Its Association With Iron (Fe) Level in Pregnant Women in Guangzhou, China

Dengue fever is regarded as the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease in humans. However, information of dengue virus (DENV) infection in pregnant women and the influence factors remain unclear. In this study, we extracted information of 2,076 pregnant women from the Prenatal Environment and Offspring Health (PEOH) birth cohort conducted since 2016 in Guangzhou, China. Peripheral blood and clean midstream urine samples of participants were collected during their hospitalization for childbirth. Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies of DENV in serum samples, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to determine the Fe concentrations in the urine samples, which were then adjusted for by urine creatinine and transformed by natural logarithm (ln-Fe). The seroprevalence of DENV IgG antibody in all included participants was 2.22% (46/2,076). We observed higher seroprevalence of IgG antibody in women aged ≥35 years (2.9%), education ≤ 12 years (2.5%), yearly income per capita <100,000 yuan (2.4%), no use of air-conditioner (2.4%), no use of mosquito coils (2.3%), and no exercise during pregnancy (4.1%). A U-shaped relationship was found between ln-Fe concentration and the risk of positive IgG antibody. Compared with women with ln-Fe concentration of 2.0–2.9 μg/g creatinine, slightly higher risks of positive IgG antibody were found among women with ≤2.0 (RR = 4.16, 95% CI: 0.78, 19.91), 3.0–3.9 (RR = 1.93, 95% CI: 0.65, 7.08), 4.0–4.9 (RR = 2.19, 95% CI: 0.65, 8.51), and ≥5.0 μg/g creatinine of ln-Fe (RR = 2.42, 95% CI: 0.46, 11.33). Our findings suggested that the seroprevalence of dengue IgG antibody in pregnant women was comparable to the general population in Guangzhou, China. The risk of DENV infection may be associated with maternal demographic characteristics and behaviors. Both maternal low and high Fe concentrations may be positively associated with the risk of DENV infection.

Influence of Classical Massage on Biochemical Markers of Oxidative Stress in Humans: Pilot Study

Classical massage is one of the most popular forms of conservative treatment in various diseases. Despite the wide scope of research, the mechanisms of massage are not fully known and understood. Apart from the well-described effects on individual body systems, there are few scientific reports on the effects of massage on the human body at the subcellular level. The study was designed to assess changes in oxidative stress parameters in healthy volunteers after a single session of classical massage. 29 healthy volunteers aged 22.24 ± 3.64 participated in the study. Before and 30 minutes after the massage procedures, blood samples were taken by experienced personnel. Biochemical markers of oxidative homeostasis were assessed with highly specific methods for each parameter: oxidase ceruloplasmin, glutathione, malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase. The study demonstrates that massage therapy caused statistically significant decrease in the concentration of glutathione peroxidase (red blood cells) and increase in the level of glutathione peroxidase (plasma), superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde. In contrast, statistically significant changes in the hematocrit, glutathione, NO2-/NO3-, and oxidase ceruloplasmin were not observed. The results show that complex influence of classical massage therapy on human organism may be reflected in parameters of the oxidative stress. To understand this mechanism clearly, further research is needed.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Qualitative Phytochemistry of The Aqueous Root Extract of Launaea cornuta (Hochst. Ex Oliv. & Hiern.)

The root and leaf extracts of Launaea cornuta have been locally used in traditional medicine for decades to manage inflammatory conditions and other oxidative-stress-related syndromes; however, their pharmacologic efficacy has not been scientifically investigated and validated. Accordingly, we investigated the in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory (in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo) efficacy, acute oral toxicity, and qualitative phytochemical composition of the aqueous root extract of L. cornuta. The ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2,2-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging test methods were used to determine the studied plant extract’s antioxidant activity. Besides, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of the studied plant extract was investigated using in vitro (anti-proteinase and protein denaturation), ex vivo (membrane stabilization), and in vivo (carrageenan-induced paw oedema in Swiss albino mice) methods. The studied plant extract demonstrated significant in vitro antioxidant effects, which were evidenced by higher DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP activities, in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.05). Generally, the studied plant extract exhibited significant in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy, respectively, and in a concentration/dose-dependent manner compared with respective controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, the studied plant extract did not cause any observable signs of acute oral toxicity, even at the cut-off dose of 2000 mg/Kg BW (LD₅₀ > 2000 mg/Kg BW), and was thus considered safe. Additionally, qualitative phytochemistry revealed the presence of various antioxidant- and anti-inflammatory-associated phytochemicals, which were deemed responsible for the reported pharmacologic efficacy. Further studies to characterise bioactive molecules and their mode(s) of pharmacologic efficacy are encouraged.

Possible relationship between mitochondrial changes and oxidative stress under low dose-rate irradiation

Objectives: High dose-rate ionizing radiation (IR) causes severe DSB damage, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and oxidative stress. However, it is unknown what biological processes are affected by low dose-rate IR; therefore, the molecular relationships between mitochondria changes and oxidative stress in human normal cells was investigated after low dose-rate IR.Methods: We compared several cellular response between high and low dose-rate irradiation using cell survival assay, ROS/RNS assay, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis.Results: Reduced DSB damage and increased levels of ROS, with subsequent oxidative stress responses, were observed in normal cells after low dose-rate IR. Low dose-rate IR caused several mitochondrial changes, including morphology mass, and mitochondrial membrane potential, suggesting that mitochondrial damage was caused. Although damaged mitochondria were removed by mitophagy to stop ROS leakage, the mitophagy-regulatory factor, PINK1, was reduced following low dose-rate IR. Although mitochondrial dynamics (fission/fusion events) are important for the proper mitophagy process, some mitochondrial fusion factors decreased following low dose-rate IR.Discussion: The dysfunction of mitophagy pathway under low dose-rate IR increased ROS and the subsequent activation of the oxidative stress response.

Mangiferin and Hesperidin Transdermal Distribution and Permeability through the Skin from Solutions and Honeybush Extracts (Cyclopia sp.)-A Comparison Ex Vivo Study

Polyphenolic compounds—mangiferin and hesperidin—are, among others, the most important secondary metabolites of African shrub Cyclopia sp. (honeybush). The aim of this study was to compare the percutaneous absorption of mangiferin and hesperidin from solutions (water, ethanol 50%, (v/v)) and extracts obtained from green and fermented honeybush (water, ethanol 50%, (v/v)). Research was performed with the Bronaugh cells, on human dorsal skin. The mangiferin and hesperidin distributions in skin layers (stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis) and in acceptor fluid (in every 2, 4, 6, and 24 h) were evaluated by HPLC–Photodiode Array Coulometric and Coulometric Electrochemical Array Detection. The transdermal distribution of hesperidin was also demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. Results indicated that mangiferin and hesperidin were able to cross the stratum corneum and penetrate into the epidermis and dermis. An advantage of hesperidin penetration into the skin from the water over ethanol solution was observed (451.02 ± 14.50 vs. 357.39 ± 4.51 ng/cm²), as well as in the mangiferin study (127.56 ± 9.49 vs. 97.23 ± 2.92 ng/cm²). Furthermore, mangiferin penetration was more evident from nonfermented honeybush ethanol extract (189.85 ± 4.11 ng/cm²) than from solutions. The permeation of mangiferin and hesperidin through the skin to the acceptor fluid was observed regardless of whether the solution or the honeybush extract was applied. The highest ability to permeate the skin was demonstrated for the water solution of hesperidin (250.92 ± 16.01 ng/cm²), while the hesperidin occurring in the extracts permeated in a very low capacity. Mangiferin from nonfermented honeybush ethanol extract had the highest ability to permeate to the acceptor fluid within 24 h (152.36 ± 8.57 ng/cm²).

Spirulina supplementation as an adjuvant therapy in enhancement of antioxidant capacity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Spirulina, a type of blue-green algae, is used as an adjuvant treatment of metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Evidence about the effects of spirulina on antioxidant system are conflicting. Thus, this quantitative review aimed to summarise the effects of spirulina administration on antioxidant status biomarkers.

METHODS

Systematic searches were conducted using the PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science and EMBASE, up to May 2021. Random effect analysis was applied to perform meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses and multivariate meta-regression were performed to find heterogeneity sources. Quality assessment was conducted using Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Trim and fill analysis were also carried out in case of the presence of publication bias.

RESULTS

A total of nine articles that enrolled 415 subjects were included in the present meta-analysis. Obtained findings exhibited that spirulina supplementation had marginal significant effect on total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (SMD = 0.49; 95% CI: -0.001, 0.98; P = .05) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (SMD = 0.72; 95% CI: -0.03, 1.46; P = .06), while did not affect glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity (SMD=0.27; 95% CI: -0.23, 0.77; P = .29).

CONCLUSIONS

Spirulina consumption may exert beneficial effects on enhancement of antioxidant system. A marginal significant increasing effect on TAC and SOD activity were found by spirulina administration. However, it did not affect GPx activity.

UCTD and SLE patients show increased levels of oxidative and DNA damage together with an altered kinetics of DSB repair

Immunological tolerance is a critical feature of the immune system; its loss might lead to an abnormal response of lymphocytes causing autoimmune diseases. One of the most important groups belonging to autoimmune disorders is the connective tissue diseases (CTD). CTD are classified among systemic rheumatic diseases and include pathologies such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and undifferentiated CTD (UCTD). In this study, we evaluated oxidative and genome damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with SLE and UCTD, further classified on the basis of disease activity and the presence/absence of a serological profile. Oxidative damage was evaluated in cell membrane using the fluorescent fatty acid analogue BODIPY 581/591 C11. The percentage of oxidised lymphocytes in both SLE and UCTD patients was higher than in the control group, and the oxidative stress correlated positively with both disease activity and autoantibody profile. The γH2AX focus assay was used to quantify the presence of spontaneous double strand breaks (DSBs), and to assess the abilities of DSBs repair system after T cells were treated with mitomycin C (MMC). Subjects with these autoimmune disorders showed a higher number of γH2AX foci than healthy controls, but no correlation with diseases activity and presence of serological profile was observed. In addition, patients displayed an altered response to MMC-induced DSBs, which led their peripheral cells to greatly increase apoptosis. Taken together our results confirmed an interplay among oxidative stress, DNA damage and impaired DNA repair, which are directly correlated to the aggressiveness and clinical progression of the diseases. We propose the evaluation of these molecular markers to better characterize SLE and UCTD, aiming to improve the treatment plan and the quality of the patients' life.

Evaluating the Anticarcinogenic Activity of Surface Modified/Functionalized Nanochitosan: The Emerging Trends and Endeavors

Chitosan begins its humble journey from marine food shell wastes and ends up as a versatile nutraceutical. This review focuses on briefly discussing the antioxidant activity of chitosan and retrospecting the accomplishments of chitosan nanoparticles as an anticarcinogen. The various modified/functionalized/encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles and nanoforms have been listed and their biomedical deliverables presented. The anticancer accomplishments of chitosan and its modified composites have been reviewed and presented. The future of surface modified chitosan and the lacunae in the current research focus have been discussed as future perspective. This review puts forth the urge to expand the scientific curiosity towards attempting a variety of functionalization and surface modifications to chitosan. There are few well known modifications and functionalization that benefit biomedical applications that have been proven for other systems. Being a biodegradable, biocompatible polymer, chitosan-based nanomaterials are an attractive option for medical applications. Therefore, maximizing expansion of its bioactive properties are explored. The need for applying the ideal functionalization that will significantly promote the anticancer contributions of chitosan nanomaterials has also been stressed.

Hair growth-promotion effects at the cellular level and antioxidant activity of the plant-based extract Phyllotex™

Hair loss and predominantly female hair loss is a common dermatologic condition with serious psychosocial consequences. Effective treatments remain scarce mainly due to the multifactorial elements involved in the onset of this chronic condition. The approved drugs available are based on molecules designed towards a single pharmacological target and do not interact with the various biochemical mechanisms involved in alopecia. Phytochemical compounds and their derivatives represent a plethora of biologically active agents, which act in synergism and simultaneously activate different biochemical pathways. Here we present an herbal formulation composed of herbs, vitamins, and minerals acting on hair regrowth and hair micro vascularization.

This study aimed at evaluating the potential of Phyllotex™ to treat multifactorial androgenetic alopecia (AGA) in males and females, as well as delving into its molecular mechanisms of action. In vitro studies showed that the herbal formula stimulates cell proliferation of both dermal papilla and HaCaT cells and increases the phosphorylated form of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), a well-known marker for cell proliferation. Surprisingly, expression of TGF-β1 was significantly suppressed without blocking DHT production. Additionally, the formula was able to rescue cells from the oxidative stress conditions generated by 2,2′-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), a high oxidative agent. This data supports the potential use of this formulation as a hair growth-promoting agent for the treatment of both male and female AGA due to its multifactorial composition, which grants it the ability to cope with the different mechanisms involved in alopecia.

A Review on the Obtaining of Functional Beers by Addition of Non-Cereal Adjuncts Rich in Antioxidant Compounds

Beer is one of the oldest and most consumed beverages worldwide, and recent trends point to increased consumption of functional beers. However, there is a lack in the scientific literature on the effects of adding functional adjuncts in distinct steps of the manufacturing process and its implications on the final physicochemical and sensorial profile. Therefore, the present review analyzes the ingredients used and their insertion stage to achieve a functional beer with bioactive compounds, higher antioxidant activity, and improved sensory characteristics. The addition of fruits, herbal extracts, plants, and mushrooms in beers was documented. Furthermore, adjuncts were successfully added in wort boiling, fermentation, maturation, and packaging. The wort boiling step stands out among these four due to the superior extraction of phenolic compounds from the added adjuncts. On the other hand, adjunct addition in the maturation step induced low increases in antioxidant and phenolic content of the respective enriched beers. Fruits represented the majority of adopted adjuncts among the studies evaluated. Furthermore, the addition of fruits represented a positive increment in the beer’s volatile profile and an increase in sensory acceptability. A gap in the literature was found regarding the analysis of phenolic compounds with appropriate techniques such as HPLC-MS. Furthermore, there is a need to study the bioavailability of the incorporated bioactive compounds to prove the health claims inferred about these beers. In conclusion, functional beers are a little-explored relevant field, with potential for new studies.

Superoxide-responsive fluorogenic molecular probes for optical bioimaging of neurodegenerative events in Alzheimer's disease

Since oxidative stress has been recognized as a major factor contributing to the progression of several neurodegenerative disorders, reactive oxygen species (ROS) including superoxide have received great attention as a representative molecular marker for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, superoxide-sensitive fluorogenic molecular probes, benzenesulfonylated resorufin derivatives (BSRs), were newly devised for optical bioimaging of oxidative events in neurodegenerative processes. BSRs, fluorescence-quenched benzenesulfonylated derivatives of resorufin, were designed to recover their fluorescence upon exposure to superoxide through a selective nucleophilic uncaging reaction of the benzenesulfonyl cage. Among BSRs, BSR6 presented the best sensitivity and selectivity to superoxide likely due to the optimal reactivity matching between the nucleophilicity of superoxide and its electrophilicity ascribed to the highly electron-withdrawing pentafluoro-substitution on the benzenesulfonyl cage. Fluorescence imaging of inflammatory cells and animal models presented the potential of BSR6 for optical sensing of superoxide in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, microglial cell (Bv2) imaging with BSR6 enabled the optical monitoring of intracellular oxidative events upon treatment with an oxidative stimulus (amyloid beta, Aβ) or the byproduct of oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal, HNE).

Correlation between biomarkers of exposure, effect and potential harm in the urine of electronic cigarette users

Objectives

To determine if urinary biomarkers of effect and potential harm are elevated in electronic cigarette users compared with non-smokers and if elevation correlates with increased concentrations of metals in urine.

Study design and setting

This was a cross-sectional study of biomarkers of exposure, effect and potential harm in urine from non-smokers (n=20), electronic cigarette users (n=20) and cigarette smokers (n=13). Participant’s screening and urine collection were performed at the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, and biomarker analysis and metal analysis were performed at the University of California, Riverside.

Results

Metallothionein was significantly elevated in the electronic cigarette group (3761±3932 pg/mg) compared with the non-smokers (1129±1294 pg/mg, p=0.05). 8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine) was significantly elevated in electronic cigarette users (442.8±300.7 ng/mg) versus non-smokers (221.6±157.8 ng/mg, p=0.01). 8-Isoprostane showed a significant increase in electronic cigarette users (750.8±433 pg/mg) versus non-smokers (411.2±287.4 pg/mg, p=0.03). Linear regression analysis in the electronic cigarette group showed a significant correlation between cotinine and total metal concentration; total metal concentration and metallothionein; cotinine and oxidative DNA damage; and total metal concentration and oxidative DNA damage. Zinc was significantly elevated in the electronic cigarette users (584.5±826.6 µg/g) compared with non-smokers (413.6±233.7 µg/g, p=0.03). Linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation between urinary zinc concentration and 8-OHdG in the electronic cigarette users.

Conclusions

This study is the first to investigate biomarkers of potential harm and effect in electronic cigarette users and to show a linkage to metal exposure. The biomarker levels in electronic cigarette users were similar to (and not lower than) cigarette smokers. In electronic cigarette users, there was a link to elevated total metal exposure and oxidative DNA damage. Specifically, our results demonstrate that zinc concentration was correlated to oxidative DNA damage.

Effects of radiation and role of plants in radioprotection: A critical review

Radiation can be lethal at high doses, whereas controlled doses are useful in medical applications. Other applications include power generation, agriculture sterilization, nuclear weapons, and archeology. Radiation damages genetic material, which is reflected in genotoxicity and can cause hereditary damage. In the medical field, it is essential to avoid the harmful effects of radiation. Radiation countermeasures and the need for radioprotective agents have been explored in recent years. Considering plants that evolve in radiative conditions, their ability to protect organisms against radiation has been studied and demonstrated. Crude extracts, fractioned extracts, isolated phytocompounds, and plant polysaccharides from various plants have been used in radioprotection studies, and their efficiency has been proven in various in vitro and in vivo experimental models. It is important to identify the mechanism of action to develop a potent plant-based radioprotective agent. To identify this protective mechanism, it is necessary to understand the damage caused by radiation in biological systems. This review intends to discuss the effects of ionizing radiation on biological systems and evaluate plant-based radioprotectants that have tested thus far as well as their mechanism of action in protecting against the toxic effects of radiation. From the review, the mechanism of radioprotection exhibited by the plant-based products could be understood. Meanwhile, we strongly suggest that the potential products identified so far should undergo clinical trials for critically evaluating their effects and for developing an ideal and compatible radioprotectant with no side-effects.

Flow Cytometry Detection of Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Apoptotic Markers in the Semen of Infertile Males

The effect of sperm molecular defects on fertilization and pregnancy outcome after assisted reproductive therapy (ART) is widely documented by both research and clinical societies. Sperm DNA fragmentation and abnormal chromatin condensation represent critical causes of male infertility. Advanced androgenic techniques for accurately identifying molecular defects help in selecting an appropriate treatment strategy. Additionally, specific markers of apoptosis are increasingly important in predicting male infertility. The ability of flow cytometry to estimate the quantity of sperm with DNA fragmentation or damage and multifactor measurements in immotile sperm have made this developed technique essential in fertility centers. The study is aimed at assessing the level of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis by measuring flow cytometry using new techniques. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a varying degree of DNA damage. It was able to quantify the degree of impairment even in samples with minimal DNA fragmentation. DNA damage was observed even in samples that were considered normal with a routine semen analysis. Flow cytometry was sensitive to changes in sperm apoptosis. Elevated p53 activity levels were associated with high DNA fragmentation. Meanwhile, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) activities showed a different pattern. In conclusion, flow cytometry for sperm DNA fragmentation and markers of apoptosis can be a valuable tool in assisted reproductive centers.