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Ahad AA, Hussein HA, Arog HA, Abdi MM. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors in camels and its herders in selected districts of Somali Pastoral Region, Eastern Ethiopia. Prev Vet Med 2024; 229:106240. [PMID: 38850872 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2024.106240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis poses a major public and animal health problem in many parts of the world, particularly in pastoral settings, however, seroepidemological studies are scarce. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis and to identify the associated risk factors for camels and occupational individuals from three purposively selected districts of the Somali pastoral region in Eastern Ethiopia. Serum samples were serially diluted using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) as a screening test and a competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (cELISA) test as a confirmatory test. From a total of 450 camels and 250 human serum samples tested, the overall seroprevalence was confirmed to be 2.9 % (95 % CI, 1.5-4.9) in camels and 2.0 % (95 % CI, 0.2-3.7) in humans. In camels, abortion and retained fetal membrane (RFM) were significant risk factors for Brucella seropositivity (p<0.05). However, in humans, RFM disposal differed significantly (p<0.05). The fact that brucellosis is found in both camels and humans highlights the importance of implementing a coordinated One Health approach to control and eliminate the disease. This would ensure improved public health and increased livestock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Adan Ahad
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia.
| | - Hassan Abdi Hussein
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia
| | - Hassan Abdi Arog
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia
| | - Mahad Mohamed Abdi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga Ethiopia
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Ahad AA, Megersa B, Edao BM. Brucellosis in camel, small ruminants, and Somali pastoralists in Eastern Ethiopia: a One Health approach. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1276275. [PMID: 38596459 PMCID: PMC11002772 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1276275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a neglected bacterial zoonotic disease with economic and public health importance in pastoral communities of sub-Saharan Africa. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022, to estimate the prevalence and identify the associated risk factors causing brucellosis in animals and associated with occupational diseases in humans from three selected districts of "the Somali Pastoral region," Eastern Ethiopia. In this study, 1,000 serum samples were screened for anti-Brucella spp. antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and further confirmed using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). A structured questionnaire was used to collect the biodata of tested animals and animal attendants to test the association between explanatory and outcome variables. The overall animal level prevalence was 5% (95% CI, 6.1-7.2.0) in small ruminants, 2.9% (95% CI, 1.5-4.9) in camels, and 2.0% (95% CI, 0.2-3.7) in occupationally linked humans. Herd size and herd history of retained fetal membranes were risk factors associated with Brucella spp. seropositivity in animals (p < 0.05). Disposing of retained fetal membranes was significantly associated (p < 0.05) with Brucella spp. seropositivity in humans. Evidence of brucellosis in various livestock species and associated seropositivity in humans indicates the need for a coordinated One Health approach, considering sociocultural dynamics of pastoral communities in controlling brucellosis to safe guard public health and increase livestock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullahi Adan Ahad
- Department of Microbiology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
| | - Bekele Megersa
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Mammo Edao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Odongo MO, Bebora LC, Gathumbi JK, Aboge GO, Waiboci LW, Erume J. Seroprevalence and spatial distribution of livestock brucellosis using three serological tests in Kajiado County, Kenya. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1583-1596. [PMID: 38292705 PMCID: PMC10824078 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i12.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis is a serious zoonotic infection with a global socioeconomic impact on both the livestock industry and human health. In Kenya, brucellosis is endemic but there is limited information on the true burden of the disease due to weak or peace-meal surveillance. The true burden and spread of animal brucellosis in Kajiado County is not known. Aim The aim of the study was to determine the current seroprevalence and spatial distribution of livestock brucellosis in Kajiado County and also to compare the three serological tests, namely; Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA), and competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) in the detection of seropositive animals. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken in 5 sub-counties and 13 wards, where a total of 782 serum samples from unvaccinated bovine (n = 278; 34 herds), ovine (n = 256; 25 flocks), and caprine (n = 248; 28 flocks), were screened for anti-Brucella antibodies using RBPT, i-ELISA, and c-ELISA tests, in parallel. Results Overall animal seroprevalence was 6.91% (54/782); while that for bovine, ovine, and caprine was 18.35% (51/278), 0.78% (2/256), and 0.4% (1/248), respectively. Bovine seroprevalence was 2.2% (6/278), 14.4% (40/278), and 4.7% (13/278) in RBPT, i-ELISA, and c-ELISA tests, respectively; while ovine 0.78% (2/256) and caprine 0.4% (1/248) were positive only in c-ELISA. Bovine herd seropositivity was 67.65% (23/34), whereas ovine and caprine flock seropositivities were 8% (2/25) and 3.6% (1/28), respectively. Conclusion The findings indicate a moderate seroprevalence of brucellosis in bovine, while that of ovine and caprine was low in Kajiado County. Indirect ELISA was found superior to both c-ELISA and RBPT in detecting bovine seropositive animals, while c-ELISA was superior to both RBPT and i-ELISA in detecting seropositive ovines and caprines. These results will contribute to baseline data for further study of Brucella infection and a starting point for the formulation of a strategy for the control of brucellosis in Kajiado County.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahacla O. Odongo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lilly C. Bebora
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James K. Gathumbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Gabriel O. Aboge
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lillian W. Waiboci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Erume
- Department of Biomolecular Resources and Biolab Sciences, College of Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Zerfu TA, Nguyen G, Duncan AJ, Baltenweck I, Brown F, Iannotti LL, McNeill G. Associations between livestock keeping, morbidity and nutritional status of children and women in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:526-543. [PMID: 36522652 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Livestock keeping can positively influence the nutritional status of populations and households through increased consumption of animal-source foods (ASF) and other indirect pathways, but can also adversely affect health by increasing the risk of diseases. We conducted a systematic review synthesising the current state of knowledge on the associations among livestock keeping, infectious disease and the nutritional status of children under 5 years and women of reproductive age in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs). A comprehensive search of 12 electronic databases and grey literature sources published from 1991 to the end of December 2020 was conducted. Investigations exploring relationships between livestock keeping and risk of infectious disease transmission and nutritional status were selected using pre-defined inclusion criteria. After screening and filtering of 34,402 unique references, 176 references were included in the final synthesis. Most (160/176, 90.1%) of the references included in the final synthesis were from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Asia. About two out of every five (42%) studies reviewed showed that livestock production is associated with improved height-for-age Z scores (HAZ) and weight-for-length/height Z scores (WHZ), while close to a third (30.7%) with improved weight-for-age Z scores (WAZ). Similarly, livestock production showed a positive or neutral relationship with women's nutritional status in almost all the references that reported on the topic. Conversely, four-fifths (66/81, 79.5%) of the references reporting on infection and morbidity outcomes indicated that livestock keeping is linked to a wide range of infectious disease outcomes, which are spread primarily through water, food and insects. In conclusion, in many LMIC settings, livestock production is associated with better nutritional outcomes but also a higher risk of disease transmission or morbidity among women and children.This review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO 2020 [CRD42020193622].
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Affiliation(s)
- Taddese Alemu Zerfu
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Giang Nguyen
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan J Duncan
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Fiona Brown
- Library and University Collections, Information Services, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lora L Iannotti
- Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Geraldine McNeill
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Akoko JM, Mwatondo A, Muturi M, Wambua L, Abkallo HM, Nyamota R, Bosire C, Oloo S, Limbaso KS, Gakuya F, Nthiwa D, Bartlow A, Middlebrook E, Fair J, Ogutu JO, Gachohi J, Njenga K, Bett B. Mapping brucellosis risk in Kenya and its implications for control strategies in sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20192. [PMID: 37980384 PMCID: PMC10657468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), effective brucellosis control is limited, in part, by the lack of long-term commitments by governments to control the disease and the absence of reliable national human and livestock population-based data to inform policies. Therefore, we conducted a study to establish the national prevalence and develop a risk map for Brucella spp. in cattle to contribute to plans to eliminate the disease in Kenya by the year 2040. We randomly generated 268 geolocations and distributed them across Kenya, proportionate to the area of each of the five agroecological zones and the associated cattle population. Cattle herds closest to each selected geolocation were identified for sampling. Up to 25 cattle were sampled per geolocation and a semi-structured questionnaire was administered to their owners. We tested 6,593 cattle samples for Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies using an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We assessed potential risk factors and performed spatial analyses and prevalence mapping using approximate Bayesian inference implemented via the integrated nested Laplace approximation (INLA) method. The national Brucella spp. prevalence was 6.8% (95% CI: 6.2-7.4%). Exposure levels varied significantly between agro-ecological zones, with a high of 8.5% in the very arid zone with the lowest agricultural potential relative to a low of 0.0% in the agro-alpine zone with the highest agricultural potential. Additionally, seroprevalence increased with herd size, and the odds of seropositivity were significantly higher for females and adult animals than for males or calves. Similarly, animals with a history of abortion, or with multiple reproductive syndromes had higher seropositivity than those without. At the herd level, the risk of Brucella spp. transmission was higher in larger herds, and herds with a history of reproductive problems such as abortion, giving birth to weak calves, or having swollen testes. Geographic localities with high Brucella seroprevalence occurred in northern, eastern, and southern regions of Kenya all primarily characterized by semi-arid or arid agro-ecological zones dominated by livestock pastoralism interspersed with vast areas with mixed livestock-wildlife systems. The large spatial extent of our survey provides compelling evidence for the widespread geographical distribution of brucellosis risk across Kenya in a manner easily understandable for policymakers. Our findings can provide a basis for risk-stratified pilot studies aiming to investigate the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of singular and combined preventive intervention strategies that seek to inform Kenya's Brucellosis Control Policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Nairobi, Kenya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lillian Wambua
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- World Organisation for Animal Health, Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Oloo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Francis Gakuya
- Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Naivasha, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Jeanne Fair
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Joseph O Ogutu
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John Gachohi
- Global Health Programme, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Public Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G, Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Kariuki Njenga
- Global Health Programme, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G, Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Mwatondo A, Muturi M, Akoko J, Nyamota R, Nthiwa D, Maina J, Omolo J, Gichuhi S, Mureithi MW, Bett B. Seroprevalence and related risk factors of Brucella spp. in livestock and humans in Garbatula subcounty, Isiolo county, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011682. [PMID: 37844102 PMCID: PMC10602376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease that affects both animals and humans, causing debilitating illness in humans and socio-economic losses in livestock-keeping households globally. The disease is endemic in many developing countries, including Kenya, but measures to prevent and control the disease are often inadequate among high-risk populations. This study aimed to investigate the human and livestock seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated risk factors of Brucella spp. in a pastoralist region of northern Kenya. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a two-stage cluster sampling method to select households, livestock, and humans for sampling. Blood samples were collected from 683 humans and 2157 animals, and Brucella immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on potential risk factors associated with human and animal exposures. Risk factors associated with Brucella spp. exposures in humans and livestock were identified using Multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS The results indicated an overall livestock Brucella spp. seroprevalence of 10.4% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 9.2-11.7). Camels had the highest exposure rates at 19.6% (95% CI: 12.4-27.3), followed by goats at 13.2% (95% CI: 9.3-17.1), cattle at 13.1% (95% CI: 11.1-15.3) and sheep at 5.4% (95% CI: 4.0-6.9). The herd-level seroprevalence was 51.7% (95% CI: 47.9-55.7). Adult animals (Adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) = 2.3, CI: 1.3-4.0), female animals (aOR = 1.7, CI: 1.1-2.6), and large herd sizes (aOR = 2.3, CI: 1.3-4.0) were significantly associated with anti-brucella antibody detection while sheep had significantly lower odds of Brucella spp. exposure compared to cattle (aOR = 1.3, CI: 0.8-2.1) and camels (aOR = 2.4, CI: 1.2-4.8). Human individual and household seroprevalences were 54.0% (95% CI: 50.2-58.0) and 86.4% (95% CI: 84.0-89.0), respectively. Significant risk factors associated with human seropositivity included being male (aOR = 2.1, CI:1.3-3.2), residing in Sericho ward (aOR = 1.6, CI:1.1-2.5) and having no formal education (aOR = 3.0, CI:1.5-5.9). There was a strong correlation between human seropositivity and herd exposure (aOR = 1.6, CI:1.2-2.3). CONCLUSIONS The study provides evidence of high human and livestock exposures to Brucella spp. and identifies important risk factors associated with disease spread. These findings emphasize the need for targeted prevention and control measures to curb the spread of brucellosis and implement a One Health surveillance to ensure early detection of the disease in Isiolo County, Northern Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athman Mwatondo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Josphat Maina
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jack Omolo
- County Government of Kilifi, Department of Agriculture, Livestock Development and Fisheries, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Stephen Gichuhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marianne W. Mureithi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Nyamota R, Maina J, Akoko J, Nthiwa D, Mwatondo A, Muturi M, Wambua L, Middlebrook EA, Bartlow AW, Fair JM, Bett B. Seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and Rift Valley fever virus among slaughterhouse workers in Isiolo County, northern Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011677. [PMID: 37797043 PMCID: PMC10581456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella spp. and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) are classified as priority zoonotic agents in Kenya, based on their public health and socioeconomic impact on the country. Data on the pathogen-specific and co-exposure levels is scarce due to limited active surveillance. This study investigated seroprevalence and co-exposure of Brucella spp. and RVFV and associated risk factors among slaughterhouse workers in Isiolo County, northern Kenya. A cross-sectional serosurvey was done in all 19 slaughterhouses in Isiolo County, enrolling 378 participants into the study. The overall seroprevalences for Brucella spp. and RVFV were 40.2% (95% CI: 35.2-45.4) and 18.3% (95% CI: 14.5-22.5), respectively while 10.3% (95% CI 7.4%-13.8%) of individuals were positive for antibodies against both Brucella spp. and RVFV. Virus neutralisation tests (VNT) confirmed anti-RVFV antibodies in 85% of ELISA-positive samples. Our seroprevalence results were comparable to community-level seroprevalences previously reported in the area. Since most of the study participants were not from livestock-keeping households, our findings attribute most of the detected infections to occupational exposure. The high exposure levels indicate slaughterhouse workers are the most at-risk population and there is need for infection, prevention, and control programs among this high-risk group. This is the first VNT confirmation of virus-neutralising antibodies among slaughterhouse workers in Isiolo County and corroborates reports of the area being a high-risk RVFV area as occasioned by previously reported outbreaks. This necessitates sensitization campaigns to enhance awareness of the risks involved and appropriate mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josphat Maina
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Dahlem Research School of Biomedical Sciences (DRS), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lillian Wambua
- World Organization for Animal Health, Sub-Regional Representation for Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Earl A Middlebrook
- Genomics and Bioanalytic, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Andrew W Bartlow
- Genomics and Bioanalytic, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jeanne M Fair
- Genomics and Bioanalytic, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Hussen AM, Alemu F, Hasan Hussen A, Mohamed AH, Gebremeskel HF. Herd and animal level seroprevalence and associated risk factors of small ruminant brucellosis in the Korahey zone, Somali regional state, eastern Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236494. [PMID: 37795014 PMCID: PMC10546184 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is a zoonosis of major public health and economic importance that is endemic in livestock in Ethiopia with varying levels of seroprevalence. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the individual and herd-level seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in the Korahey zone of the Ethiopian Somali Region. A total of 324 sera from 63 herds of small ruminants were collected randomly using a multistage sampling technique and the sera were tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test, and seropositive reactors were confirmed by the Complement Fixation Test. Results and discussion The seroprevalence of brucellosis at the herds and the individual level was 6.35% (95% CI: 0.0-13%) and 1.23% (95% CI: 0.0-2%), respectively; with 1.4% in goats and 0.9% in sheep. Moreover, predicted variables like age group, parity, history of abortion, fetal membranes, herd size, ownership of other livestock species, contact with wild animals in the past year, the introduction of new animals in the past year, and lending of breeding males in the past year were not significantly associated (p > 0.05) with Brucella seropositivity at individual and herd level seroprevalence during multivariable logistic regression analysis. Pastoral community awareness regarding the public health impact of brucellosis and the promotion of an intersectoral One Health approach for the effective control of brucellosis is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fikadu Alemu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
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Muema J, Oboge H, Mutono N, Makori A, Oyugi J, Bukania Z, Njuguna J, Jost C, Ogoti B, Omulo S, Thumbi SM. Sero - epidemiology of brucellosis in people and their livestock: A linked human - animal cross-sectional study in a pastoralist community in Kenya. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1031639. [PMID: 36467641 PMCID: PMC9716101 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1031639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is associated with massive livestock production losses and human morbidity worldwide. Efforts to control brucellosis among pastoralist communities are limited by scarce data on the prevalence and risk factors for exposure despite the high human-animal interactions in these communities. This study simultaneously assessed the seroprevalence of brucellosis and associated factors of exposure among pastoralists and their livestock in same households. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in pastoralist communities in Marsabit County - Kenya. A total of 1,074 women and 225 children participated and provided blood samples. Blood was also drawn from 1,876 goats, 322 sheep and 189 camels. Blood samples were collected to be screened for the presence of anti-Brucella IgG antibodies using indirect IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. Further, Individual, household and herd-level epidemiological information were captured using a structured questionnaire. Group differences were compared using the Pearson's Chi-square test, and p-values < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Generalized mixed-effects multivariable logistic human and animal models using administrative ward as the random effect was used to determine variables correlated to the outcome. RESULTS Household-level seropositivity was 12.7% (95% CI: 10.7-14.8). The individual human seroprevalence was 10.8% (9.1-12.6) with higher seroprevalence among women than children (12.4 vs. 3.1%, p < 0.001). Herd-level seroprevalence was 26.1% (23.7-28.7) and 19.2% (17.6-20.8) among individual animals. Goats had the highest seroprevalence 23.1% (21.2 - 25.1), followed by sheep 6.8% (4.3-10.2) and camels 1.1% (0.1-3.8). Goats and sheep had a higher risk of exposure OR = 3.8 (95% CI 2.4-6.7, p < 0.001) and 2.8 (1.2-5.6, p < 0.007), respectively relative to camels. Human and animal seroprevalence were significantly associated (OR = 1.8, [95%CI: 1.23-2.58], p = 0.002). Herd seroprevalence varied by household head education (OR = 2.45, [1.67-3.61, p < 0.001]) and herd size (1.01, [1.00-1.01], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The current study showed evidence that brucellosis is endemic in this pastoralist setting and there is a significant association between animal and human brucellosis seropositivity at household level representing a potential occupational risk. Public health sensitization and sustained human and animal brucellosis screening are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josphat Muema
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Washington State University Global Health Program - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Harriet Oboge
- Washington State University Global Health Program - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Nyamai Mutono
- Washington State University Global Health Program - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Centre for Epidemiological Modeling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anita Makori
- Washington State University Global Health Program - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Epidemiological Modeling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julius Oyugi
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Zipporah Bukania
- Center for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Njuguna
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christine Jost
- United States Agency for International Development's Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (USAID/BHA), Washington, DC, United States
- Global Health Support Initiative III, Social Solutions International, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brian Ogoti
- Washington State University Global Health Program - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Epidemiological Modeling and Analysis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sylvia Omulo
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Washington State University Global Health Program - Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - S. M. Thumbi
- Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- South African Center for Epidemiological Modeling Analysis, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Mutua EN, Bett BK, Bukachi SA, Estambale BA, Nyamongo IK. From policy to practice: An assessment of biosecurity practices in cattle, sheep and goats production, marketing and slaughter in Baringo County, Kenya. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266449. [PMID: 35390055 PMCID: PMC8989345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, biosecurity is instrumental in prevention, control and management of livestock diseases and protection of human health. It is defined, prescribed, adopted and enforced through global, regional and national frameworks, laws, policies and strategies. There is more biosecurity practice research conducted in developed countries than developing ones. Consequently, the gap between the ideals recommended in biosecurity frameworks and what is practical in under-resourced rural settings is poorly understood. This anthropological study sought to assess adoption of biosecurity practices across a cattle, sheep and goat value chains continuum to demonstrate where risks lie. The cross-sectional mixed-methods study took place in Baringo County, Kenya. Qualitatively, it utilized 26 focus group discussions with community members and 10 observational interviews with slaughter facility workers. Quantitatively, it included a household survey with 560 community members and a separate survey with 231 livestock traders. Results show that producers, traders and slaughter facility workers did observe some biosecurity practices but not others due but not limited to personal preference, limitations in veterinary service delivery and enforcement of some biosecurity measures, and lack of requisite infrastructure. The study concludes that the implementation of biosecurity measures in rural settings is more complex than envisioned in biosecurity policies and frameworks. It can be hampered by resource limitations, poor enforcement, and contestations with cultural practices. The study recommends that further studies on willingness to adopt biosecurity measures targeting community members in under-resourced settings be conducted to identify possible critical points of intervention at county and national levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna N. Mutua
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Animal and Human Health Group, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - Bernard K. Bett
- Animal and Human Health Group, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salome A. Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benson A. Estambale
- Research, Innovation and Outreach, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Isaac K. Nyamongo
- Cooperative Development, Research and Innovation, The Cooperative University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
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11
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Sibhat B, Tessema TS, Nile E, Asmare K. Brucellosis in Ethiopia: A comprehensive review of literature from the year 2000-2020 and the way forward. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1231-e1252. [PMID: 35196417 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of considerable economic and public health significance globally. Despite the limited bacteriological evidence, a large number of serological works revealed that it is prevalent both in livestock and humans in Ethiopia. The current comprehensive review was carried out to provide apparent pooled seroprevalence (APS) estimates at individual animal and herd levels in livestock, and identify factors causing variability between studies conducted over the last two decades, show the spatial distribution, as well as summarizes Brucella species reported from livestock. It also provides APS of brucellosis in humans and evaluates the public health awareness of zoonotic brucellosis. In this review, systematic and synthetic review approaches were followed to summarize the available information. For the systematic review and meta-analysis, articles were selected based on predefined criteria. Data extracted from these articles were analyzed using meta-analytical approaches to provide APS estimates and in-between study variations for humans and all livestock species considered. Sensitivity analyses and bias assessments were conducted using influence plot analysis and, Egger's and Begg's statistics along with funnel plots, respectively. Synthetic review approaches were used to summarize data on isolates and public health awareness. Pooled seroprevalence estimate of brucellosis at national level was 2.6% (95% CI, 2.2-3.0) in cattle, 4% (95% CI, 3.1-5.1) in goats, 3% (95% CI, 2.3-3.9) in sheep and 3% (95% CI, 2.4-3.7) in camels. At a herd level, 16.3% (95% CI, 12.9, 20.5) of cattle, 12.1% (7.1, 19.9) of goat, 13.3% (7.6, 22.1) of sheep and 19.7% (13.8, 27.4) of camel herds in the country had at least one seropositive animal. Cattle in the pastoral/agropastoral production systems had significantly higher (p < 0.05) APS compared to mixed crop-livestock and urban/peri-urban dairy production systems. Pooled seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants (8.3%, 95% CI, 6.3, 10.8) and camels (4.4%, 95% CI, 3.5, 5.6) in Afar were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in other regions. Reports conducted using ELISA and serial Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT)-ELISA had higher (p<0.05) APS estimates than serial RBPT and complement fixation test. Brucella melitensis and B. abortus were reported from goats and cattle, respectively, from three available reports. The APS of brucellosis in humans was 5% (95% CI: 3.3, 7.3). Public awareness of brucellosis was low (18.4%), while, practices that expose humans to Brucella infection were high. Scenario-based control interventions on regions and production systems using one health approach are suggested. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berhanu Sibhat
- College Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.,Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Sisay Tessema
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Emmor Nile
- Oregon Department of Forestry, 2600 State St., Salem, Oregon, USA
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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12
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Lokamar PN, Kutwah MA, Munde EO, Oloo D, Atieli H, Gumo S, Akoko JM, Ouma C. Prevalence of brucellosis in livestock keepers and domestic ruminants in Baringo County, Kenya. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000682. [PMID: 36962768 PMCID: PMC10021631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is widely distributed in more than 170 countries around the world, where it poses a huge threat to animal husbandry and human health. Brucellosis is a worldwide re-emerging zoonotic disease that poses serious public health problems in many developing countries including Kenya. However, prevalence of brucellosis has not been determined in Baringo County, Kenya, yet there is a continuous movement of cattle resulting from trade and grazing, thus predisposing many herds to brucellosis infection. We investigated the sero-prevalence of brucellosis in humans and domestic ruminants: sheep, goats, cattle and camels among livestock keeping communities in Baringo County, Kenya. In addition, we analyzed the seropositive samples for molecular detection of Brucella species. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey using quantitative data collection methods. The diagnosis was carried out using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and the real-time PCR assays. The sero-prevalence of brucellosis among human blood samples was 0.6% (n = 4/640) in Baringo County. About 22.30% (n = 143/640) of animal blood samples examined tested positive for Brucella genus-specific ELISA test. Cattle had a high prevalence of 22.88% (n = 93/322) followed by camels 20.00% (n = 21/105), goats 15.48% (n = 24/155) and subsequently sheep at 8.62% (n = 5/58). Overall, 7.5% (n = 6/80) of the seropositive samples amplified with the genus-specific primers. Brucella melitensis was detected in one out of the six genus positive samples, while none amplified with the B. abortus target. Even though there was high prevalence of brucellosis among livestock in Baringo County, the highest prevalence was invariably noted in cattle, followed by camels, goats and sheep, respectively. Livestock keepers had low prevalence of brucellosis. This implies that there was low risk of transmission of brucellosis between livestock keepers and their livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Lokamar
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Disease Surveillance and Epidemic Response, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Moses A Kutwah
- Kenya Nutritionist and Dieticians Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elly O Munde
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Kirinyaga University, Kerugoya, Kenya
| | - Dickens Oloo
- Department of Zoology, School of Physical and Biological Sciences, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Harrysone Atieli
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sussy Gumo
- Department of Theology and Philosophy, School of Arts and Social Sciences, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - James M Akoko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
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13
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Njeru J, Nthiwa D, Akoko J, Oyas H, Bett B. Incidence of Brucella infection in various livestock species raised under the pastoral production system in Isiolo County, Kenya. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:342. [PMID: 34717610 PMCID: PMC8556948 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03036-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We implemented a longitudinal study to determine the incidence of Brucella infection in cattle, camels, sheep and goats that were being raised in a pastoral area in Isiolo County, Kenya. An initial cross-sectional survey was implemented to identify unexposed animals for follow up; that survey used 141 camels, 216 cattle, 208 sheep and 161 goats. Sera from these animals were screened for Brucella spp. using the Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT), a modified RBPT, and an indirect multispecies Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (iELISA). Results of RBPT and iELISA were interpreted in parallel to determine seroprevalence. A total of 30 camels, 31 cattle, 22 sheep and 32 goats that were seronegative by all the above tests were recruited in a subsequent longitudinal study for follow up. These animals were followed for 12 months and tested for anti-Brucella antibodies using iELISA. Seroconversion among these animals was defined by a positive iELISA test following a negative iELISA result in the previous sampling period. All seropositive samples were further tested using real-time PCR-based assays to identify Brucella species. These analyses targeted the alkB and BMEI1162 genes for B. abortus, and B. melitensis, respectively. Data from the longitudinal study were analysed using Cox proportional hazards model that accounted for within-herds clustering of Brucella infections. Results The overall incidence rate of Brucella infection was 0.024 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.014–0.037) cases per animal-months at risk. Brucella infection incidence in camels, cattle, goats and sheep were 0.053 (0.022–0.104), 0.028 (0.010–0.061), 0.013 (0.003–0.036) and 0.006 (0.0002–0.034) cases per animal-month at risk, respectively. The incidence rate of Brucella infection among females and males were 0.020 (0.009–0.036) and 0.016 (0.004–0.091), respectively. Real-time PCR analyses showed that B. abortus was more prevalent than B. melitensis in the area. Results of multivariable Cox regression analysis identified species (camels and cattle) as an important predictor of Brucella spp. exposure in animals. Conclusions This study estimated an overall brucellosis incidence of 0.024 cases per animal-months at risk with camels and cattle having higher incidence than sheep and goats. These results will inform surveillance studies in the area. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-021-03036-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah Njeru
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya.
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Harry Oyas
- Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics Unit, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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14
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Hassan-Kadle AA, Osman AM, Shair MA, Abdi OM, Yusuf AA, Ibrahim AM, Vieira RFC. Rift Valley fever and Brucella spp. in ruminants, Somalia. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:280. [PMID: 34419043 PMCID: PMC8380344 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02980-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fourteen-years after the last Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus (RVFV) outbreak, Somalia still suffers from preventable transboundary diseases. The tradition of unheated milk consumption and handling of aborted materials poses a public health risk for zoonotic diseases. Limited data are available on RVF and Brucella spp. in Somali people and their animals. Hence, this study has evaluated the occurrence of RVFV and Brucella spp. antibodies in cattle, goats and sheep sera from Afgoye and Jowhar districts of Somalia. Methods Serum samples from 609 ruminants (201 cattle, 203 goats and 205 sheep), were serologically screened for RVF by a commercial cELISA, and Brucella species by modified Rose Bengal Plate Test (mRBPT) and a commercial iELISA. Results Two out of 609 (0.3 %; 95 %CI: 0.04–1.2 %) ruminants were RVF seropositive, both were female cattle from both districts. Anti-Brucella spp. antibodies were detected in 64/609 (10.5 %; 95 %CI: 8.2–13.2 %) ruminants by mRBPT, which were 39/201 (19.4 %) cattle, 16/203 (7.9 %) goats and 9/205 (4.4 %) sheep. Cattle were 5.2 and 2.8 times more likely to be Brucella-seropositive than sheep (p = 0.000003) and goats (p = 0.001), respectively. When mRBPT-positive samples were tested by iELISA, 29/64 (45.3 %; 95 %CI: 32.8–58.3 %) ruminant sera were positive for Brucella spp. Only 23/39 (58.9 %) cattle sera and 6/16 (37.5 %) goat sera were positive to Brucella spp. by iELISA. Conclusions The present study showed the serological evidence of RVF and brucellosis in ruminants from Afgoye and Jowhar districts of Somalia. Considering the negligence of the zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface in Somali communities, a One Health approach is needed to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Hassan-Kadle
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia. .,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Aamir M Osman
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mohamed A Shair
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Omar M Abdi
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Abdulkarim A Yusuf
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Slaughterhouses, Somali Meat Company, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Abdalla M Ibrahim
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia.,Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael F C Vieira
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.,Global One Health initiative (GOHi), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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15
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Yusuf AA, Hassan-Kadle AA, Ibrahim AM, Hassan-Kadle MA, Yasin AM, Khojaly M, Garcia JL, Vieira RFC. Prevalence of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii and Anti-Brucella Spp. Antibodies in Pregnant Women From Mogadishu, Somalia. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2021; 3:672885. [PMID: 36304030 PMCID: PMC9580836 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2021.672885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis and brucellosis are zoonotic diseases of worldwide distribution. They both cause abortion and infertility in human and animals. Limited data are available about these pathogens in Somali people and their animals. Hence, this study has evaluated the prevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii and anti-Brucella spp. antibodies in pregnant women in Mogadishu, Somalia. Serum samples from 307 pregnant women from Mogadishu, Somalia were tested for anti-T. gondii antibodies by Latex Agglutination Test (LAT) and anti-Brucella spp. antibodies by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and a commercial competitive-ELISA (cELISA). A total of 119/307 (38.76%) pregnant women had a prior history of abortion. A total of 159/307 (51.79%; 95% CI: 46.2–57.35%) pregnant women were seroreactive for T. gondii by LAT at different stages of pregnancy. For Brucella spp., when RBPT and cELISA were combined 4/307 (1.30%; 95% CI: 0.36–3.30%) pregnant women were seroreactive to anti-Brucella spp. antibodies, being 2/307 (0.65%; 95% CI: 0.18–2.34%) by RBPT and 3/307 (0.98%; 95% CI: 0.33–2.83%) by cELISA. Two women were seroreactive for both agents. A high seropositivity to T. gondii and low seropositivity to Brucella spp. have been found in pregnant women from Mogadishu, Somalia. Considering the high number of abortions in the country associated to the fact that awareness on other zoonotic abortifacient pathogens in Somalis is very low, further studies should be conducted to evaluate the potential causes of abortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarim A. Yusuf
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
- *Correspondence: Abdulkarim A. Yusuf
| | - Ahmed A. Hassan-Kadle
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Abdalla M. Ibrahim
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Abrar Research and Training Centre, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | | | - Abdullahi M. Yasin
- College of Medicine and Health Science, Abrar University, Mogadishu, Somalia
| | - Maha Khojaly
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - João L. Garcia
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Londrina State University, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Rafael F. C. Vieira
- Vector-Borne Diseases Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Global One Health Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Rafael F. C. Vieira
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Djangwani J, Ooko Abong’ G, Gicuku Njue L, Kaindi DWM. Brucellosis: Prevalence with reference to East African community countries - A rapid review. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:851-867. [PMID: 33421354 PMCID: PMC8136958 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease which is endemic to certain regions of the world including Sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this article is to provide a recent and rapid review on brucellosis prevalence in East African Community (EAC) countries. Literature was obtained using Google Scholar search engine and screened for relevancy and fulfilment of criteria to 1, 17, 4, 4, 30 and 29 articles retained for brucellosis prevalence in Burundi, Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda. Recent literature (published in the last decade 2010 to 2019) was considered for prevalence results in this review. In EAC, livestock had an animal-level prevalence of 0.2% to 43.8%, 0.0% to 20.0% and 0.0% to 13.8% for cattle, goats and sheep respectively. In humans, the prevalence varied mostly between 0.0% and 35.8%. In conclusion, brucellosis is quite prevalent in the region. The reported prevalence calls for plans or more efforts from individual member countries and from EAC, as a region, to control brucellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvenal Djangwani
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Food Science, Nutrition and TechnologyUniversity of NairobiKangemiKenya
- College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary MedicineSchool of Agriculture and Food SciencesUniversity of RwandaMusanzeRwanda
| | - George Ooko Abong’
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Food Science, Nutrition and TechnologyUniversity of NairobiKangemiKenya
| | - Lucy Gicuku Njue
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Food Science, Nutrition and TechnologyUniversity of NairobiKangemiKenya
| | - Dasel W. M. Kaindi
- College of Agriculture and Veterinary SciencesDepartment of Food Science, Nutrition and TechnologyUniversity of NairobiKangemiKenya
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Akoko JM, Pelle R, Lukambagire AS, Machuka EM, Nthiwa D, Mathew C, Fèvre EM, Bett B, Cook EAJ, Othero D, Bonfoh B, Kazwala RR, Shirima G, Schelling E, Halliday JEB, Ouma C. Molecular epidemiology of Brucella species in mixed livestock-human ecosystems in Kenya. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8881. [PMID: 33893352 PMCID: PMC8065124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis, caused by several species of the genus Brucella, is a zoonotic disease that affects humans and animal species worldwide. Information on the Brucella species circulating in different hosts in Kenya is largely unknown, thus limiting the adoption of targeted control strategies. This study was conducted in multi-host livestock populations in Kenya to detect the circulating Brucella species and assess evidence of host-pathogen associations. Serum samples were collected from 228 cattle, 162 goats, 158 sheep, 49 camels, and 257 humans from Narok and Marsabit counties in Kenya. Information on age, location and history of abortion or retained placenta were obtained for sampled livestock. Data on age, gender and location of residence were also collected for human participants. All samples were tested using genus level real-time PCR assays with primers specific for IS711 and bcsp31 targets for the detection of Brucella. All genus positive samples (positive for both targets) were further tested with a speciation assay for AlkB and BMEI1162 targets, specific for B. abortus and B. melitensis, respectively. Samples with adequate quantities aggregating to 577 were also tested with the Rose Bengal Test (RBT). A total of 199 (33.3%) livestock and 99 (38.5%) human samples tested positive for genus Brucella. Animal Brucella PCR positive status was positively predicted by RBT positive results (OR = 8.3, 95% CI 4.0-17.1). Humans aged 21-40 years had higher odds (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.2-6.6) of being Brucella PCR positive compared to the other age categories. The data on detection of different Brucella species indicates that B. abortus was detected more often in cattle (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.1-4.6) and camels (OR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.3), while B. melitensis was detected more in sheep (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 2.0-6.7) and goats (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.1). Both B. abortus and B. melitensis DNA were detected in humans and in multiple livestock host species, suggesting cross-transmission of these species among the different hosts. The detection of these two zoonotic Brucella species in humans further underpins the importance of One Health prevention strategies that target multiple host species, especially in the multi-host livestock populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Akoko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya.
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub KE, Nairobi, Kenya.
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub KE, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Eunice M Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub KE, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | | | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A J Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Doreen Othero
- Department of Public Health, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Bassirou Bonfoh
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Gabriel Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | | | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Collins Ouma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya
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Muturi M, Akoko J, Nthiwa D, Chege B, Nyamota R, Mutiiria M, Maina J, Thumbi SM, Nyamai M, Kahariri S, Sitawa R, Kimutai J, Kuria W, Mwatondo A, Bett B. Serological evidence of single and mixed infections of Rift Valley fever virus, Brucella spp. and Coxiella burnetii in dromedary camels in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009275. [PMID: 33770095 PMCID: PMC7997034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Camels are increasingly becoming the livestock of choice for pastoralists reeling from effects of climate change in semi-arid and arid parts of Kenya. As the population of camels rises, better understanding of their role in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in Kenya is a public health priority. Rift Valley fever (RVF), brucellosis and Q fever are three of the top priority diseases in the country but the involvement of camels in the transmission dynamics of these diseases is poorly understood. We analyzed 120 camel serum samples from northern Kenya to establish seropositivity rates of the three pathogens and to characterize the infecting Brucella species using molecular assays. We found seropositivity of 24.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.5–31.8%) for Brucella, 20.8% (95% CI: 13.6–28.1%) and 14.2% (95% CI: 7.9–20.4%) for Coxiella burnetii and Rift valley fever virus respectively. We found 27.5% (95% CI: 19.5–35.5%) of the animals were seropositive for at least one pathogen and 13.3% (95% CI: 7.2–19.4%) were seropositive for at least two pathogens. B. melitensis was the only Brucella spp. detected. The high sero-positivity rates are indicative of the endemicity of these pathogens among camel populations and the possible role the species has in the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases. Considering the strong association between human infection and contact with livestock for most zoonotic infections in Kenya, there is immediate need to conduct further research to determine the role of camels in transmission of these zoonoses to other livestock species and humans. This information will be useful for designing more effective surveillance systems and intervention measures. Dromedary camels are well adapted to the arid and semi-arid environment that makes up about 80% of Kenya’s landmass. As such, camels play an important role in the socio-economic wellbeing and food security of pastoralists in the country. However, the species remains relatively neglected in scientific research, one of the main reasons being camels are mostly found in remote, low-income, arid regions of Africa and Asia. We carried out a study to determine the levels of exposure of camels in northern Kenya to Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus, three priority zoonotic pathogens in the country. We found high levels of exposure to the three pathogens, indicating the important role camels might play in the epidemiology of the zoonotic diseases in humans and other livestock. Based on the study findings, we argue for the immediate need for investments in disease surveillance and control strategies for priority zoonotic disease in camels in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Muturi
- Zoonotic Disease Unit Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- * E-mail:
| | - James Akoko
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Nthiwa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Josphat Maina
- Zoonotic Disease Unit Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S. M. Thumbi
- Center for Epidemiological and Modelling Analysis, University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mutono Nyamai
- Center for Epidemiological and Modelling Analysis, University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Samuel Kahariri
- Kenya Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rinah Sitawa
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Kimutai
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Wilson Kuria
- Kenya Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- Zoonotic Disease Unit Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Epidemiology of brucellosis in cattle and dairy farmers of rural Ludhiana, Punjab. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009102. [PMID: 33735243 PMCID: PMC8034737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease imposing significant impacts on livestock production and public health worldwide. India is the world's leading milk producer and Punjab is the state which produces the most cattle and buffalo milk per capita. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis to provide evidence for control of the disease in Punjab State, India. A cross-sectional study of dairy farms was conducted in humans and livestock in rural Ludhiana district using a multi-stage sampling strategy. The study suggests that brucellosis is endemic at high levels in cattle and buffalo in the study area with 15.1% of large ruminants testing seropositive and approximately a third of dairy farms having at least one animal test seropositive. In total, 9.7% of those in direct contact with livestock tested seropositive for Brucella spp. Persons that assisted with calving and/or abortion within the last year on a farm with seronegative livestock and people which did not assist with calving/abortion had 0.35 (95% CI: 0.17 to 7.1) and 0.21 (0.09 to 0.46) times the odds of testing seropositive compared to persons assisting with calving/abortion in a seropositive farm, respectively. The study demonstrated that persons in direct contact with cattle and buffalo in the study area have high risk of exposure to Brucella spp. Control of the disease in livestock is likely to result in benefits to both animal and public health sectors.
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Lukambagire AS, Mendes ÂJ, Bodenham RF, McGiven JA, Mkenda NA, Mathew C, Rubach MP, Sakasaka P, Shayo DD, Maro VP, Shirima GM, Thomas KM, Kasanga CJ, Kazwala RR, Halliday JEB, Mmbaga BT. Performance characteristics and costs of serological tests for brucellosis in a pastoralist community of northern Tanzania. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5480. [PMID: 33750848 PMCID: PMC7943594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The control of brucellosis across sub-Saharan Africa is hampered by the lack of standardized testing and the use of tests with poor performance. This study evaluated the performance and costs of serological assays for human brucellosis in a pastoralist community in northern Tanzania. Serum collected from 218 febrile hospital patients was used to evaluate the performance of seven index tests, selected based on international recommendation or current use. We evaluated the Rose Bengal test (RBT) using two protocols, four commercial agglutination tests and a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, Youden's index, diagnostic accuracy, and per-sample cost of each index test were estimated. The diagnostic accuracy estimates ranged from 95.9 to 97.7% for the RBT, 55.0 to 72.0% for the commercial plate tests, and 89.4% for the cELISA. The per-sample cost range was $0.69-$0.79 for the RBT, $1.03-$1.14 for the commercial plate tests, and $2.51 for the cELISA. The widely used commercial plate tests performed poorly and cost more than the RBT. These findings provide evidence for the public health value of discontinuing the use of commercial agglutination tests for human brucellosis in Tanzania.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulHamid S Lukambagire
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Ângelo J Mendes
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca F Bodenham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - John A McGiven
- OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Coletha Mathew
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Matthew P Rubach
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Philoteus Sakasaka
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute-Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania
| | | | - Venance P Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Gabriel M Shirima
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute-Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christopher J Kasanga
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Rudovick R Kazwala
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Center, Moshi, Tanzania
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC, USA
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute-Biotechnology Laboratory, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
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21
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High incidence of human brucellosis in a rural Pastoralist community in Kenya, 2015. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009049. [PMID: 33524052 PMCID: PMC7877737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brucellosis occurs globally with highly variable incidence in humans from very low in North America and Western Europe to high in the Middle East and Asia. There are few data in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study estimated the incidence of human brucellosis in a pastoralist community in Kenya. Methods Between February 2015 and January 2016, we enrolled persons living in randomly selected households in Kajiado County. Free health care was offered at three facilities in the study area. Those who met the study clinical case definition completed a standardized questionnaire on demographics, clinical history and presentation. A blood sample was collected and tested by Rose Bengal test (RBT), then later tested at the Kenya Medical Research Institute laboratory for Brucella IgG and IgM by ELISA. Those who tested positive by both RBT and ELISA (IgG or IgM antibodies) were classified as confirmed while those that only tested positive for IgG or IgM antibodies were classified as probable. Further, sera were tested by polymerase chain reaction using a TaqMan Array Card (TAC) for a panel of pathogens causing AFI including Brucella spp. Annual incidence of brucellosis was calculated as the number of confirmed cases in one year/total number in the study population. Results We enrolled a cohort of 4746 persons in 804 households. Over half (52.3%) were males and the median age was 18 years (Interquartile range (IQR) 9 months– 32 years). A total of 236 patients were enrolled at three health facilities; 64% were females and the median age was 40.5 years (IQR 28–53 years). Thirty-nine (16.5%) were positive for Brucella antibodies by IgG ELISA, 5/236 (2.1%) by IgM ELISA and 4/236 (1.7%) by RBT. Ten percent (22/217) were positive by TAC. We confirmed four (1.7%) brucellosis cases giving an annual incidence of 84/100,000 persons/year (95% CI 82, 87). The incidence did not significantly vary by gender, age and location of residence. Conclusion We report a high incidence of brucellosis in humans among members of this pastoralist community. Brucellosis was the most common cause of febrile illness in this community. Brucellosis is a bacterial disease that affects both humans and animals. Humans get infected via ingestion of unpasteurized animal products from infected animals and direct contact during animal abortions and deliveries. Infected animals shed bacteria for life through milk and during deliveries posing a risk to those with occupational exposure to infected animals. As such, human disease is disproportionately high in regions with high prevalence of animal brucellosis. While human brucellosis is distributed globally, incidence is low in North America and Western Europe and high in Asia and the Middle East where the disease is endemic. Data from Africa are scarce. We set out to estimate the incidence of brucellosis in a pastoralist community with documented high Brucella sero-prevalence in humans and livestock. We followed up a cohort of 804 households for one year and tested household members who became ill in three designated health facilities. We estimated an incidence of 84 cases per 100,000 persons per year in this community. We also found that Brucella was the most common pathogen among persons who had febrile illness highlighting the importance of this pathogen in this rural pastoralist community. No brucellosis intervention measures were being implemented.
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Seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants and related risk behaviours among humans in different husbandry systems in Mali. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245283. [PMID: 33481859 PMCID: PMC7822284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mali has a high pastoral potential with diverse coexisting production systems ranging from traditional (nomadic, transhumant, sedentary) to commercial (fattening and dairy production) production systems. Each of those systems is characterised by close interactions between animals and humans, increasing the potential risk of transmission of zoonotic diseases. The nature of contact network suggests that the risks may vary according to species, production systems and behaviors. However, the study of the link between small ruminants and zoonotic diseases has received limited attention in Mali. The objective of this study was to assess brucellosis seroprevalence and determine how the husbandry systems and human behaviour expose animal and human to infection risk. A cross-sectional study using cluster sampling was conducted in three regions in Mali. Blood was collected from 860 small ruminants. The sera obtained were analysed using both Rose Bengal and cELISA tests. In addition, 119 farmers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire in order to identify the characteristics of farms as well as the risk behaviors of respondents. Husbandry systems were dominated by agro-pastoral systems followed by pastoral systems. The commercial farms (peri-urban and urban) represent a small proportion. Small ruminant individual seroprevalence was 4.1% [2.8–5.6% (95% CI)]. Herd seroprevalence was estimated at 25.2% [17.7–33.9% (95% CI)]. Peri-urban farming system was more affected with seroprevalence of 38.1% [18.1–61.5 (95% CI)], followed by pastoral farming system (24.3% [11.7–41.2 (95% CI)]). Identified risk behaviors of brucellosis transmission to animals were: exchange of reproductive males (30.2%); improper disposal of placentas in the farms (31.1%); and keeping aborted females in the herd (69.7%). For humans, risk factors were: close and prolonged contact with animals (51.2%); consumption of unpasteurized dairy products (26.9%); and assisting female animals during delivery without any protection (40.3%). This study observed a high seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants and also identified risky practices that allow cross transmission between the two populations. This calls for control strategy using a multi-sectoral and multidimensional approach.
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Alumasa L, Thomas LF, Amanya F, Njoroge SM, Moriyón I, Makhandia J, Rushton J, Fèvre EM, Falzon LC. Hospital-based evidence on cost-effectiveness of brucellosis diagnostic tests and treatment in Kenyan hospitals. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008977. [PMID: 33411798 PMCID: PMC7833147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hospitals in Kenya continue to use the Febrile Antigen Brucella Agglutination Test (FBAT) to diagnose brucellosis, despite reports showing its inadequacy. This study generated hospital-based evidence on the performance and cost-effectiveness of the FBAT, compared to the Rose Bengal Test (RBT).Twelve hospitals in western Kenya stored patient serum samples that were tested for brucellosis using the FBAT, and these were later re-tested using the RBT. Data on the running time and cost of the FBAT, and the treatment prescribed for brucellosis, were collected. The cost-effectiveness of the two tests, defined as the cost in US Dollars ($) per Disability Adjusted Life Year (DALY) averted, was determined, and a basic sensitivity analysis was run to identify the most influential parameters. Over a 6-month period, 180 patient serum samples that were tested with FBAT at the hospitals were later re-tested with RBT at the field laboratory. Of these 24 (13.3%) and 3 (1.7%) tested positive with FBAT and RBT, respectively. The agreement between the FBAT and RBT was slight (Kappa = 0.12). Treatment prescribed following FBAT positivity varied between hospitals, and only one hospital prescribed a standardized therapy regimen. The mean $/DALY averted when using the FBAT and RBT were $2,065 (95% CI $481-$6,736) and $304 (95% CI $126-$604), respectively. Brucellosis prevalence was the most influential parameter in the cost-effectiveness of both tests. Extrapolation to the national level suggested that an estimated $338,891 (95% CI $47,000-$1,149,000) per year is currently spent unnecessarily treating those falsely testing positive by FBAT. These findings highlight the potential for misdiagnosis using the FBAT. Furthermore, the RBT is cost-effective, and could be considered as the mainstay screening test for human brucellosis in this setting. Lastly, the treatment regimens must be harmonized to ensure the appropriate use of antibiotics for treatment. Brucellosis is the most common bacterial zoonosis globally, with a higher burden in low-resource settings. In humans, the disease manifests itself with non-specific clinical signs, and current international guidelines recommend the use of two serological diagnostic tests to make a confirmatory diagnosis. Many hospitals in Kenya and some neighbouring countries have been using the Febrile Antigen Brucella Agglutination Test (FBAT) for diagnosis, despite reports showing its poor performance. In this study we compared the diagnostic performance and cost-effectiveness of the FBAT with that of the Rose Bengal Test (RBT), a serological assay recommended by international guidelines. Our results showed that, compared to the RBT, the FBAT incorrectly diagnosed a number of patients. This is of concern as it leads to unnecessary antibiotic treatments, increasing the economic burden of the disease and exacerbating the risk of antibiotic resistance. We also highlight the discrepancies in brucellosis treatment regimens currently being prescribed by various hospitals. Finally, we showed that the RBT is a more cost-effective diagnostic test. Our recommendation, therefore, is for the RBT to be considered as the mainstay diagnostic test for human brucellosis in all Kenyan hospitals, and for the harmonization of treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorren Alumasa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lian F. Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Samuel M. Njoroge
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ignacio Moriyón
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, and Institute for Tropical Health, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EMF); (LCF)
| | - Laura C. Falzon
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EMF); (LCF)
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High MERS-CoV seropositivity associated with camel herd profile, husbandry practices and household socio-demographic characteristics in Northern Kenya. Epidemiol Infect 2020; 148:e292. [PMID: 33256863 PMCID: PMC7737118 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268820002939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high exposure to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the predictors for seropositivity in the context of husbandry practices for camels in Eastern Africa are not well understood. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to describe the camel herd profile and determine the factors associated with MERS-CoV seropositivity in Northern Kenya. We enrolled 29 camel-owning households and administered questionnaires to collect herd and household data. Serum samples collected from 493 randomly selected camels were tested for anti-MERS-CoV antibodies using a microneutralisation assay, and regression analysis used to correlate herd and household characteristics with camel seropositivity. Households reared camels (median = 23 camels and IQR 16–56), and at least one other livestock species in two distinct herds; a home herd kept near homesteads, and a range/fora herd that resided far from the homestead. The overall MERS-CoV IgG seropositivity was 76.3%, with no statistically significant difference between home and fora herds. Significant predictors for seropositivity (P ⩽ 0.05) included camels 6–10 years old (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0–5.2), herds with ⩾25 camels (aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.4) and camels from Gabra community (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2–4.2). These results suggest high levels of virus transmission among camels, with potential for human infection.
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Wainaina M, Aboge GO, Omwenga I, Ngaywa C, Ngwili N, Kiara H, Wamwere-Njoroge G, Bett B. Detection of Brucella spp. in raw milk from various livestock species raised under pastoral production systems in Isiolo and Marsabit Counties, northern Kenya. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3537-3544. [PMID: 32948966 PMCID: PMC7606284 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease in Kenya, and identifying the bacteria in milk is important in assessing the risk of exposure in people. Methods A cross-sectional study that involved 175 households was implemented in the pastoral counties of Marsabit and Isiolo in Kenya. Pooled milk samples (n = 164) were collected at the household level, and another 372 were collected from domesticated lactating animals (312 goats, 7 sheep, 50 cattle and 3 camels). Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) testing of the milk samples was performed to identify Brucella species. Brucella anti-LPS IgG antibodies were also detected in bovine milk samples using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Based on the qPCR, the prevalence of the pathogen at the animal level (considering samples from individual animals) was 2.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–4.5) and 3.0% (CI: 1.0–7.0) in pooled samples. All 14 samples found positive by qPCR were from goats, with 10 contaminated with B. abortus and 4 with B. melitensis. The Brucella spp. antibody prevalence in bovine milk using the milk ELISA was 26.0% (95% CI: 14.6–40.3) in individual animal samples and 46.3% (95% CI: 30.7–62.6) in pooled samples. Conclusion The study is the first in Kenya to test for Brucella spp. directly from milk using qPCR without culturing for the bacteria. It also detected B. abortus in goats, suggesting transmission of brucellosis between cattle and goats. The high prevalence of Brucella spp. is a significant public health risk, and there is a need for intervention strategies necessary in the study area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11250-020-02389-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel O Aboge
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaac Omwenga
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine Ngaywa
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Henry Kiara
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Hughes EC, Anderson NE. Zoonotic Pathogens of Dromedary Camels in Kenya: A Systematised Review. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7030103. [PMID: 32764264 PMCID: PMC7559378 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Kenya is home to Africa’s third largest population of dromedary camels, and production at commercial and local levels are increasingly important. In pastoral and nomadic communities in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs), camels play a vital role in food security, while commercial milk production and formalized export markets are rapidly emerging as camel populations expand into non-traditional areas. Until recently, little focus was placed on camels as hosts of zoonotic disease, but the emergence of Middle Eastern respiratory coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and the discovery of exposure to the virus in Kenyan camels, highlighted the need for further understanding of this area. This systematised review utilised a robust search strategy to assess the occurrence of camel-associated zoonoses in Kenya and to evaluate the quality of the published literature. Seventy-four studies were identified, covering sixteen pathogens, with an increasing number of good quality studies in recent years. Despite this, the area remains under-researched and there is a lack of robust, high-quality research. Trypanosome spp., Echinococcus granulosus and Brucella spp. appeared most frequently in the literature. Pathogens with the highest reported prevalence were MERS-CoV (0–100%), Echinococcus granulosa (7–60%) and Rift Valley fever virus (7–57%). Exposure to Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus showed higher levels in camel or camel-associated vectors than other livestock species, although brucellosis was the only disease for which there was robust evidence linking camel and human exposure. Zoonotic agents with less severe human health outcomes, such as Dermatophilosus congolensis and contagious ecthyma, were also represented in the literature. This review provides an important summary of the scope and quality of current knowledge. It demonstrates that further research, and improved adherence to robust study design and reporting are essential if the zoonotic risk from camels in Kenya, and elsewhere, is to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Clare Hughes
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK;
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Henry Wellcome Building, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Neil Euan Anderson
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, UK;
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Edao BM, Ameni G, Assefa Z, Berg S, Whatmore AM, Wood JLN. Brucellosis in ruminants and pastoralists in Borena, Southern Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008461. [PMID: 32706772 PMCID: PMC7406081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease that has important veterinary and public health consequences as well as economic impact in sub Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four selected districts of Borena Pastoral setting in Southern Ethiopia from October 2017 to February 2018 to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis and assess associated risk factors in cattle, sheep, goats and occupationally associated humans. A total of 750 cattle, 882 sheep and goats and 341 human subjects were screened for evidence of brucellosis using the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) with positive results confirmed by Competitive-ELISA(c-ELISA). Structured questionnaires were used for collection of metadata from individual animals, herders and animal attendants to test the association between explanatory and outcome variables. The overall animal level prevalence was 2.4% (95% confidence interval, CI: 1.4-3.7) in cattle, 3.2% (95% CI: 2.1-4.6) in sheep and goats, and 2.6% (95% CI: 1.2-5) in humans occupationally linked to livestock production systems. Herd size, parity, and history of abortion were risk factors associated with Brucella seropositivity (P<0.05) in cattle whereas in sheep and goats the results showed that district, age group, flock size, and history of abortion were significantly associated risk factors with Brucella seropositivity (P<0.05). Assisting calving and presence of seropositive animals in a household (P<0.05) were significantly associated with Brucella seropositivity in humans. Evidence of brucellosis in various animal species and the associated human population illustrates the need for a coordinated One Health approach to controlling brucellosis so as to improve public health and livestock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bedaso Mammo Edao
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Madingley Road, United Kingdom
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Addis Ababa University, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zerihun Assefa
- Addis Ababa University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M. Whatmore
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge Madingley Road, United Kingdom
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Bodenham RF, Lukambagire AS, Ashford RT, Buza JJ, Cash-Goldwasser S, Crump JA, Kazwala RR, Maro VP, McGiven J, Mkenda N, Mmbaga BT, Rubach MP, Sakasaka P, Shirima GM, Swai ES, Thomas KM, Whatmore AM, Haydon DT, Halliday JEB. Prevalence and speciation of brucellosis in febrile patients from a pastoralist community of Tanzania. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7081. [PMID: 32341414 PMCID: PMC7184621 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62849-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an endemic zoonosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Pastoralists are at high risk of infection but data on brucellosis from these communities are scarce. The study objectives were to: estimate the prevalence of human brucellosis, identify the Brucella spp. causing illness, describe non-Brucella bloodstream infections, and identify risk factors for brucellosis in febrile patients from a pastoralist community of Tanzania. Fourteen (6.1%) of 230 participants enrolled between August 2016 and October 2017 met study criteria for confirmed (febrile illness and culture positivity or ≥four-fold rise in SAT titre) or probable (febrile illness and single SAT titre ≥160) brucellosis. Brucella spp. was the most common bloodstream infection, with B. melitensis isolated from seven participants and B. abortus from one. Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae were also isolated. Risk factors identified for brucellosis included age and herding, with a greater probability of brucellosis in individuals with lower age and who herded cattle, sheep or goats in the previous 12 months. Disease prevention activities targeting young herders have potential to reduce the impacts of human brucellosis in Tanzania. Livestock vaccination strategies for the region should include both B. melitensis and B. abortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca F Bodenham
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Roland T Ashford
- OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - Joram J Buza
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Shama Cash-Goldwasser
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - John A Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Venance P Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - John McGiven
- OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - Nestory Mkenda
- Endulen Hospital, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Matthew P Rubach
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina, USA.,Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Gabriel M Shirima
- Nelson Mandela African Institution for Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Emanuel S Swai
- Directorate of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Livestock and Fisheries, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Kate M Thomas
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Adrian M Whatmore
- OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency, Surrey, UK
| | - Daniel T Haydon
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jo E B Halliday
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Risk factors for acute human brucellosis in Ijara, north-eastern Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008108. [PMID: 32236091 PMCID: PMC7153889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease globally, with particularly high burdens in pastoral settings. While the zoonotic transmission routes for Brucella spp. are well known, the relative importance of animal contact, food-handling and consumption practices can vary. Understanding the local epidemiology of human brucellosis is important for directing veterinary and public health interventions, as well as for informing clinical diagnostic decision making. We conducted a cross-sectional study in Ijara District Hospital, north-eastern Kenya. A total of 386 individuals seeking care and reporting symptoms of febrile illness were recruited in 2011. Samples were tested for the presence of Brucella spp. using a real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and results compared to those from the test for brucellosis used at Ijara District Hospital, the febrile Brucella plate agglutination test (FBAT). A questionnaire was administered to all participants and risk factors for brucellosis identified using logistic regression with an information theoretic (IT) approach and least absolute shrinkage and selection (LASSO). Sixty individuals were RT-PCR positive, resulting in a prevalence of probable brucellosis of 15.4% (95% CI 12.0-19.5). The IT and LASSO approaches both identified consuming purchased milk as strongly associated with elevated risk and boiling milk before consumption strongly associated with reduced risk. There was no evidence that livestock keepers were at different risk of brucellosis than non-livestock keepers. The FBAT had poor diagnostic performance when compared to RT-PCR, with an estimated sensitivity of 36.6% (95% CI 24.6-50.1) and specificity of 69.3% (95% CI 64.0-74.3). Brucellosis is an important cause of febrile illness in north-eastern Kenya. Promotion of pasteurisation of milk in the marketing chain and health messages encouraging the boiling of raw milk before consumption could be expected to lead to large reductions in the incidence of brucellosis in Ijara. This study supports the growing evidence that the FBAT performs very poorly in the diagnosis of brucellosis.
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Shabana II, Krimly RA. Seroprevalence of some viral and bacterial zoonoses in domestic ruminants in Medina. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2020; 7:42-50. [PMID: 32219108 PMCID: PMC7096110 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2020.g391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to explore the seroprevalence of some bacterial (Brucella spp., Chlamydia abortus) and viral [Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)] zoonoses in domestic ruminants in Medina. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1,000 blood samples from 665 sheep, 228 goats, and 107 camels were collected from the central slaughterhouse, private farms, and veterinary clinics affiliated to the Ministry of Agriculture. The samples were screened using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The results were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. RESULTS Brucella was found in 7.7%, 8.8%, and 6.5% of sheep, goats, and camel's sera, respectively. In humans, Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis had higher frequencies in males (61.3%, 59.8%) than in females (38.7%, 40.2%). Chlamydia abortus was reported only in sheep at a rate of 0.75%. RVFV was prevalent in sheep (10.7%) and goats (17.9%). FMDV was reported in 27.8% of sheep and 7.9% of goats. There was a highly statistical significance between Brucella, RVFV, and FMDV seropositivity and locally bred animals (p < 0.01). Multiple seropositivities have been reported among sheep and goats. Brucella was commonly observed in mixed infection with other bacterial and viral agents under study. CONCLUSION The surveyed viral and bacterial agents were prevalent in ruminants in the Medina region. Since Medina is an important destination for pilgrims from all over the world, therefore, an integrated approach involving strict control measures and routine vaccination programs should be adopted to reduce the possibility of global epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Ibrahim Shabana
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Egypt
| | - Roaa A. Krimly
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
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Njenga MK, Ogolla E, Thumbi SM, Ngere I, Omulo S, Muturi M, Marwanga D, Bitek A, Bett B, Widdowson MA, Munyua P, Osoro EM. Comparison of knowledge, attitude, and practices of animal and human brucellosis between nomadic pastoralists and non-pastoralists in Kenya. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:269. [PMID: 32093689 PMCID: PMC7041083 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The seroprevalence of brucellosis among nomadic pastoralists and their livestock in arid lands is reported to be over10-fold higher than non-pastoralists farmers and their livestock in Kenya. Here, we compared the seroprevalence of nomadic pastoralists and mixed farming with their knowledge of the disease and high-risk practices associated with brucellosis infection. METHODS Across-sectional study was conducted in two counties - Kiambu County where farmers primarily practice smallholder livestock production and crop farming, and Marsabit County where farmers practice nomadic pastoral livestock production. Stratified random sampling was applied, in which sublocations were initially selected based on predominant livestock production system, before selecting households using randomly generated geographical coordinates. In each household, up to three persons aged 5 years and above were randomly selected, consented, and tested for Brucella spp IgG antibodies. A structured questionnaire was administered to the household head and selected individuals on disease knowledge and risky practices among the pastoralists and mixed farmers compared. Multivariable mixed effects logistic regression model was used to assess independent practices associated with human Brucella spp. IgG seropositivity. RESULTS While the majority (74%) of pastoralist households had little to no formal education when compared to mixed (8%), over 70% of all households (pastoralists and mixed farmers) had heard of brucellosis and mentioned its clinical presentation in humans. However, fewer than 30% of all participants (pastoralists and mixed farmers) knew how brucellosis is transmitted between animals and humans or how its transmission can be prevented. Despite their comparable knowledge, significantly more seropositive pastoralists compared to mixed farmers engaged in risky practices including consuming unboiled milk (79.5% vs 1.7%, p < 0.001) and raw blood (28.3% vs 0.4%, p < 0.001), assisting in animal birth (43.0% vs 9.3%, p < 0.001), and handling raw hides (30.6% vs 5.5%, p < 0.001). , CONCLUSION Nomadic pastoralists are more likely to engage in risky practices that promote Brucella Infection, probably because of their occupation and culture, despite having significant knowledge of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kariuki Njenga
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Ogolla
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Samuel Mwangi Thumbi
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Isaac Ngere
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sylvia Omulo
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew Muturi
- Kenya Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Doris Marwanga
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Austine Bitek
- United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization-Kenya Office, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Mogaka Osoro
- Washington State University Global Health Program, Washington State University, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Nyataya J, Maraka M, Lemtudo A, Masakhwe C, Mutai B, Njaanake K, Estambale BB, Nyakoe N, Siangla J, Waitumbi JN. Serological Evidence of Yersiniosis, Tick-Borne Encephalitis, West Nile, Hepatitis E, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever, Lyme Borreliosis, and Brucellosis in Febrile Patients Presenting at Diverse Hospitals in Kenya. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:348-357. [PMID: 31928511 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on pathogen prevalence is crucial for informing exposure and disease risk. We evaluated serological evidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), West Nile (WN), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF), Yersiniosis, Lyme Disease (LD), and brucellosis in 1033 patients presenting with acute febrile illness at 9 health care facilities from diverse ecological zones of Kenya: arid and semiarid (Garissa District Hospital, Lodwar District Hospital, Marigat District Hospital, Gilgil District Hospital), Lake Victoria basin (Kisumu District Hospital, Alupe District Hospital, Kombewa Sub-County Hospital), Kisii highland (Kisii District Hospital), and coastal (Malindi District Hospital). Epidemiological information of the patients such as geography, age, gender, and keeping animals were analyzed as potential risk factors. Of the 1033 samples, 619 (59.9%) were seropositive to at least one pathogen by IgM (current exposure), IgG/IgM (recent exposure), and IgG (past exposure). Collective seroprevalence for current, recent, and past to the pathogens was 9.4%, 5.1%, and 21.1% for LD; 3.6%, 0.5%, and 12.4% for WN; 0.9%, 0.5%, and 16.9% for HEV; 5.8%, 1.3%, and 3.9% for brucellosis; 5.7%, 0.2%, and 2.3% for yersiniosis; 1.7%, 0%, and 6.2% for TBE; and 0.4%, 0%, and 1.9% for CCHF. Brucellosis risk was higher in patients recruited at Garissa District Hospital (odds ratio [OR] = 3.41), HEV (OR = 2.45) and CCHF (OR = 5.46) in Lodwar District Hospital, LD in Alupe District Hospital (OR = 5.73), Kombewa Sub-district hospital (OR = 8.17), and Malindi District hospital (OR = 3.3). Exposure to LD was highest in the younger age group, whereas yersiniosis did not vary with age. Age was a significant risk for WN, brucellosis, CCHF, TBE, and HEV and in those aged >14 years there was an increased risk to WN (OR = 2.30, p < 0.0001), brucellosis (OR = 1.84, p = 0.005), CCHF (OR = 4.35, p = 0.001), TBE (OR = 2.78, p < 0.0001), and HEV (OR = 1.94, p = 0.0001). We conclude that LD is pervasive and constitutes a significant health burden to the study population, whereas yersiniosis and CCHF are not significant threats. Going forward, community-based studies will be needed to capture the true seroprevalence rates and the associated risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josphat Nyataya
- Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Basic Science Laboratory, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Moureen Maraka
- Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Basic Science Laboratory, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Allan Lemtudo
- Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Basic Science Laboratory, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Clement Masakhwe
- Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Basic Science Laboratory, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Beth Mutai
- Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Basic Science Laboratory, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Kariuki Njaanake
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benson B Estambale
- Division of Research, Innovation and Outreach, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
| | - Nancy Nyakoe
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, West African Center for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Joram Siangla
- Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Basic Science Laboratory, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - John Njenga Waitumbi
- Medical Research Directorate-Africa/Kenya Medical Research Institute, Basic Science Laboratory, Kisumu, Kenya
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Onono J, Mutua P, Kitala P, Gathura P. Knowledge of pastoralists on livestock diseases and exposure assessment to brucellosis within rural and peri-urban areas in Kajiado, Kenya. F1000Res 2019; 8:1916. [PMID: 33204408 PMCID: PMC7642991 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20573.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Livestock diseases impact the livelihoods of pastoralists. Brucellosis, a neglected zoonotic disease is highly prevalent in this system with an estimated 16% of livestock population in sub-Saharan Africa infected with the disease. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge of livestock diseases and the risk of exposure to brucellosis among pastoralists living in Kajiado County of Kenya. Methods: The study sites included pastoralist communities living in rural and peri-urban areas within the County. Both primary and secondary data were collected using participatory methods including pairwise ranking, proportional piling and probing and a review of the published literature. Exposure risk assessment was conducted according to the CODEX Alimentarius framework: Hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment and risk estimation. Results: According to pastoralists, livestock diseases that frequently occurred in their flocks and herds were contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, lumpy skin disease and foot and mouth disease; but zoonoses, including anthrax and brucellosis, were also mentioned during focus group discussions. Potential pathways of exposure to brucellosis and other zoonoses included consumption of unpasteurized milk, handling infected aborted materials without protective measures and consumption of raw meat and raw blood. Consumption of unpasteurized milk and handling infected aborted materials without protectives were linked with high risk of exposure to household members living in rural areas, with the risk level within the peri-urban areas ranked very low to low for most of these risk practices. Conclusions: The results call for enhanced public education targeting vulnerable groups to mitigate risks of disease spread and other impacts of brucellosis within the affected pastoralist production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Onono
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya
| | - Penina Mutua
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya
- Ministry of Agriculture Livestock Fisheries and Irrigation, Meat Training Institute, Athi River, Private bag, Kangemi, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya
| | - Philip Kitala
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya
| | - Peter Gathura
- Department of Public Health Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, 00625, Kenya
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Kairu-Wanyoike S, Nyamwaya D, Wainaina M, Lindahl J, Ontiri E, Bukachi S, Njeru I, Karanja J, Sang R, Grace D, Bett B. Positive association between Brucella spp. seroprevalences in livestock and humans from a cross-sectional study in Garissa and Tana River Counties, Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007506. [PMID: 31622339 PMCID: PMC6818805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucella spp. is a zoonotic bacterial agent of high public health and socio-economic importance. It infects many species of animals including wildlife, and people may get exposed through direct contact with an infected animal or consumption of raw or undercooked animal products. A linked livestock-human cross-sectional study to determine seroprevalences and risk factors of brucellosis in livestock and humans was designed. Estimates were made for intra-cluster correlation coefficients (ICCs) for these observations at the household and village levels. METHODOLOGY The study was implemented in Garissa (specifically Ijara and Sangailu areas) and Tana River (Bura and Hola) counties. A household was the unit of analysis and the sample size was derived using the standard procedures. Serum samples were obtained from selected livestock and people from randomly selected households. Humans were sampled in both counties, while livestock could be sampled only in Tana River County. Samples obtained were screened for anti-Brucella IgG antibodies using ELISA kits. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed effects logistic regression models with the household (herd) and village being used as random effects. RESULTS The overall Brucella spp. seroprevalences were 3.47% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.72-4.36%) and 35.81% (95% CI: 32.87-38.84) in livestock and humans, respectively. In livestock, older animals and those sampled in Hola had significantly higher seroprevalences than younger ones or those sampled in Bura. Herd and village random effects were significant and ICC estimates associated with these variables were 0.40 (95% CI: 0.22-0.60) and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.08-0.52), respectively. In humans, Brucella spp. seroprevalence was significantly higher in older people, males, and people who lived in pastoral areas than younger ones, females or those who lived in irrigated or riverine areas. People from households that had at least one seropositive animal were 3.35 (95% CI: 1.51-7.41) times more likely to be seropositive compared to those that did not. Human exposures significantly clustered at the household level; the ICC estimate obtained was 0.21 (95% CI: 0.06-0.52). CONCLUSION The presence of a Brucella spp.-seropositive animal in a household significantly increased the odds of Brucella spp. seropositivity in humans in that household. Exposure to Brucella spp. of both livestock and humans clustered significantly at the household level. This suggests that risk-based surveillance measures, guided by locations of primary cases reported, either in humans or livestock, can be used to detect Brucella spp. infections in livestock or humans, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Kairu-Wanyoike
- Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Doris Nyamwaya
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Enoch Ontiri
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Salome Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ian Njeru
- Division of Disease Surveillance and Response, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joan Karanja
- Division of Disease Surveillance and Response, Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Delia Grace
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bernard Bett
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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Zhu S, Zimmerman D, Deem SL. A Review of Zoonotic Pathogens of Dromedary Camels. ECOHEALTH 2019; 16:356-377. [PMID: 31140075 PMCID: PMC7087575 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dromedary, or one-humped, camels Camelus dromedarius are an almost exclusively domesticated species that are common in arid areas as both beasts of burden and production animals for meat and milk. Currently, there are approximately 30 million dromedary camels, with highest numbers in Africa and the Middle East. The hardiness of camels in arid regions has made humans more dependent on them, especially as a stable protein source. Camels also carry and may transmit disease-causing agents to humans and other animals. The ability for camels to act as a point source or vector for disease is a concern due to increasing human demands for meat, lack of biosafety and biosecurity protocols in many regions, and a growth in the interface with wildlife as camel herds become sympatric with non-domestic species. We conducted a literature review of camel-borne zoonotic diseases and found that the majority of publications (65%) focused on Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), brucellosis, Echinococcus granulosus, and Rift Valley fever. The high fatality from MERS outbreaks during 2012-2016 elicited an immediate response from the research community as demonstrated by a surge of MERS-related publications. However, we contend that other camel-borne diseases such as Yersinia pestis, Coxiella burnetii, and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever are just as important to include in surveillance efforts. Camel populations, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are increasing exponentially in response to prolonged droughts, and thus, the risk of zoonoses increases as well. In this review, we provide an overview of the major zoonotic diseases present in dromedary camels, their risk to humans, and recommendations to minimize spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Zhu
- Graduate Group in Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC, 20008, USA
| | - Sharon L Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Hunsperger E, Juma B, Onyango C, Ochieng JB, Omballa V, Fields BS, Njenga MK, Mwangi J, Bigogo G, Omore R, Otieno N, Chaves SS, Munyua P, Njau DM, Verani J, Lowther S, Breiman RF, Montgomery JM, De Cock KM, Widdowson MA. Building laboratory capacity to detect and characterize pathogens of public and global health security concern in Kenya. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:477. [PMID: 32326916 PMCID: PMC6696698 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6770-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1979, multiple CDC Kenya programs have supported the development of diagnostic expertise and laboratory capacity in Kenya. In 2004, CDC’s Global Disease Detection (GDD) program within the Division of Global Health Protection in Kenya (DGHP-Kenya) initiated close collaboration with Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and developed a laboratory partnership called the Diagnostic and Laboratory Systems Program (DLSP). DLSP built onto previous efforts by malaria, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) programs and supported the expansion of the diagnostic expertise and capacity in KEMRI and the Ministry of Health. First, DLSP developed laboratory capacity for surveillance of diarrheal, respiratory, zoonotic and febrile illnesses to understand the etiology burden of these common illnesses and support evidenced-based decisions on vaccine introductions and recommendations in Kenya. Second, we have evaluated and implemented new diagnostic technologies such as TaqMan Array Cards (TAC) to detect emerging or reemerging pathogens and have recently added a next generation sequencer (NGS). Third, DLSP provided rapid laboratory diagnostic support for outbreak investigation to Kenya and regional countries. Fourth, DLSP has been assisting the Kenya National Public Health laboratory-National Influenza Center and microbiology reference laboratory to obtain World Health Organization (WHO) certification and ISO15189 accreditation respectively. Fifth, we have supported biosafety and biosecurity curriculum development to help Kenyan laboratories safely and appropriately manage infectious pathogens. These achievements, highlight how in collaboration with existing CDC programs working on HIV, tuberculosis and malaria, the Global Health Security Agenda can have significantly improve public health in Kenya and the region. Moreover, Kenya provides an example as to how laboratory science can help countries detect and control of infectious disease outbreaks and other public health threats more rapidly, thus enhancing global health security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hunsperger
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Nairobi, Kenya. .,CDC, CGH, DGHP, Epidemiology, Informatics, Surveillance and Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Bonventure Juma
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clayton Onyango
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John B Ochieng
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Barry S Fields
- CDC, CGH, DGHP, Epidemiology, Informatics, Surveillance and Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jane Mwangi
- CDC, CGH, Division of Global HIV and TB (DGHT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Richard Omore
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Nancy Otieno
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Center for Global Health Research (CGHR), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sandra S Chaves
- CDC, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Influenza Division, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel Macharia Njau
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Verani
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Nairobi, Kenya.,CDC, CGH, DGHP, Epidemiology, Informatics, Surveillance and Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sara Lowther
- CDC, DGHP, Workforce Institute Development Branch, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert F Breiman
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joel M Montgomery
- CDC, CGH, DGHP, Epidemiology, Informatics, Surveillance and Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin M De Cock
- CDC, CGH, Division of Global HIV and TB (DGHT), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Center for Global Health (CGH), Division of Global Health Protection (DGHP), Nairobi, Kenya.,CDC, CGH, DGHP, Epidemiology, Informatics, Surveillance and Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Munyua PM, Njenga MK, Osoro EM, Onyango CO, Bitek AO, Mwatondo A, Muturi MK, Musee N, Bigogo G, Otiang E, Ade F, Lowther SA, Breiman RF, Neatherlin J, Montgomery J, Widdowson MA. Successes and challenges of the One Health approach in Kenya over the last decade. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:465. [PMID: 32326940 PMCID: PMC6696663 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin and a transdisciplinary, multi-sectoral One Health approach is a key strategy for their effective prevention and control. In 2004, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention office in Kenya (CDC Kenya) established the Global Disease Detection Division of which one core component was to support, with other partners, the One Health approach to public health science. After catalytic events such as the global expansion of highly pathogenic H5N1 and the 2006 East African multi-country outbreaks of Rift Valley Fever, CDC Kenya supported key Kenya government institutions including the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries to establish a framework for multi-sectoral collaboration at national and county level and a coordination office referred to as the Zoonotic Disease Unit (ZDU). The ZDU has provided Kenya with an institutional framework to highlight the public health importance of endemic and epidemic zoonoses including RVF, rabies, brucellosis, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, anthrax and other emerging issues such as anti-microbial resistance through capacity building programs, surveillance, workforce development, research, coordinated investigation and outbreak response. This has led to improved outbreak response, and generated data (including discovery of new pathogens) that has informed disease control programs to reduce burden of and enhance preparedness for endemic and epidemic zoonotic diseases, thereby enhancing global health security. Since 2014, the Global Health Security Agenda implemented through CDC Kenya and other partners in the country has provided additional impetus to maintain this effort and Kenya’s achievement now serves as a model for other countries in the region. Significant gaps remain in implementation of the One Health approach at subnational administrative levels; there are sustainability concerns, competing priorities and funding deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peninah M Munyua
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - M Kariuki Njenga
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Eric M Osoro
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Kenya Ministry of health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clayton O Onyango
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Austine O Bitek
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Kenya Ministry of health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mathew K Muturi
- Zoonotic Disease Unit, Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Norah Musee
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Elkanah Otiang
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Fredrick Ade
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Sara A Lowther
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.,Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Robert F Breiman
- Emory Global Health Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - John Neatherlin
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.,Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Joel Montgomery
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.,Division of Global Health Protection, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Systematic Review of Important Bacterial Zoonoses in Africa in the Last Decade in Light of the 'One Health' Concept. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8020050. [PMID: 30995815 PMCID: PMC6631375 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses present a major public health threat and are estimated to account for a substantial part of the infectious disease burden in low-income countries. The severity of zoonotic diseases is compounded by factors such as poverty, living in close contact with livestock and wildlife, immunosuppression as well as coinfection with other diseases. The interconnections between humans, animals and the environment are essential to understand the spread and subsequent containment of zoonoses. We searched three scientific databases for articles relevant to the epidemiology of bacterial zoonoses/zoonotic bacterial pathogens, including disease prevalence and control measures in humans and multiple animal species, in various African countries within the period from 2008 to 2018. The review identified 1966 articles, of which 58 studies in 29 countries met the quality criteria for data extraction. The prevalence of brucellosis, leptospirosis, Q fever ranged from 0–40%, 1.1–24% and 0.9–28.2%, respectively, depending on geographical location and even higher in suspected outbreak cases. Risk factors for human zoonotic infection included exposure to livestock and animal slaughters. Dietary factors linked with seropositivity were found to include consumption of raw milk and locally fermented milk products. It was found that zoonoses such as leptospirosis, brucellosis, Q fever and rickettsiosis among others are frequently under/misdiagnosed in febrile patients seeking treatment at healthcare centres, leading to overdiagnoses of more familiar febrile conditions such as malaria and typhoid fever. The interactions at the human–animal interface contribute substantially to zoonotic infections. Seroprevalence of the various zoonoses varies by geographic location and species. There is a need to build laboratory capacity and effective surveillance processes for timely and effective detection and control of zoonoses in Africa. A multifaceted ‘One Health’ approach to tackle zoonoses is critical in the fight against zoonotic diseases. The impacts of zoonoses include: (1) Humans are always in contact with animals including livestock and zoonoses are causing serious life-threatening infections in humans. Almost 75% of the recent major global disease outbreaks have a zoonotic origin. (2) Zoonoses are a global health challenge represented either by well-known or newly emerging zoonotic diseases. (3) Zoonoses are caused by all-known cellular (bacteria, fungi and parasites) and noncellular (viruses or prions) pathogens. (4) There are limited data on zoonotic diseases from Africa. The fact that human health and animal health are inextricably linked, global coordinated and well-established interdisciplinary research efforts are essential to successfully fight and reduce the health burden due to zoonoses. This critically requires integrated data from both humans and animals on zoonotic diseases.
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Evaluating Camel Health in Kenya—An Example of Conservation Medicine in Action. FOWLER'S ZOO AND WILD ANIMAL MEDICINE CURRENT THERAPY, VOLUME 9 2019. [PMCID: PMC7152025 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-55228-8.00016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bat-Erdene D, Chuang YC, Chuang KY. Brucellosis knowledge and preventive practices among herders in Western Mongolia. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:133-139. [PMID: 30552740 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lack of knowledge regarding brucellosis may lead to highly risky practices. Among herders in Mongolia, little research was conducted assessing the extent of knowledge related to brucellosis, the type of preventive behaviours that were practiced, and the relationship between knowledge and behaviour regarding brucellosis. A cross-sectional study was conducted in two provinces of Mongolia where herders were randomly selected to participate in the study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire. In total, 485 herders participated in the study. The results indicated that brucellosis preventive practices were significantly associated with sex, location, use of veterinary services, exposure to TV programs and knowledge of brucellosis. Regional disparities in knowledge and behaviour were observed in this research. Herders were more likely to engage in preventive practices if they had a higher level of knowledge of brucellosis. Findings from this research indicated that the effectiveness of incorporating health education through TV programs, as well as the importance of ensuring access to veterinary services in brucellosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying-Chih Chuang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yang Chuang
- School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Muturi M, Bitek A, Mwatondo A, Osoro E, Marwanga D, Gura Z, Ngere P, Nganga Z, Thumbi SM, Njenga K. Risk factors for human brucellosis among a pastoralist community in South-West Kenya, 2015. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:865. [PMID: 30518420 PMCID: PMC6282298 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3961-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Brucellosis is one of the top five priority zoonosis in Kenya because of the socio-economic burden of the disease, especially among traditional, livestock keeping communities. We conducted a 1 year, hospital based, unmatched case–control study to determine risk factors for brucellosis among Maasai pastoralists of Kajiado County in 2016. A case was defined by a clinical criteria; fever or history of fever and two clinical signs suggestive of brucellosis and a positive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (c-ELISA). A control was defined as patients visiting the study facility with negative c-ELISA. Unconditional logistic regression was used to study association between exposure variables and brucellosis using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Forty-three cases and 86 controls were recruited from a population of 4792 individuals in 801 households. The mean age for the cases was 48.7 years while that of the controls was 37.6 years. The dominant gender for both cases (62.7%) and controls (58.1%) groups was female. Regular consumption of un-boiled raw milk and assisting animals in delivery were significantly associated with brucellosis by OR 7.7 (95% CI 1.5–40.1) and OR 3.7 (95% CI 1.1–13.5), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Muturi
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit-Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20811-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Austine Bitek
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Athman Mwatondo
- Kenya Zoonotic Disease Unit-Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 20811-00202, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Osoro
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | - Zeinab Gura
- Kenya Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Zipporah Nganga
- Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - S M Thumbi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA.,Kenya Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kariuki Njenga
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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Acharya D, Hwang SD, Park JH. Seroreactivity and Risk Factors Associated with Human Brucellosis among Cattle Slaughterhouse Workers in South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15112396. [PMID: 30380642 PMCID: PMC6266338 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence rate of human brucellosis in high-risk populations, as well as their risk factors, have not been well understood in South Korea. In this cross-sectional study, we investigated the seroreactivity and risk factors associated with human brucellosis among South Korean cattle slaughterhouse workers. We enrolled 922 subjects working in 71 slaughterhouses across the country in 2012. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from the subjects, following which blood samples were collected and tested using the microagglutination test; serum titers ≥ 1:20 were considered reactive. Independent risk factors were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis with backward elimination. Overall, 62 of 922 participants (6.7%) exhibited seroreactivity for brucellosis, and 0.4% had a seroprevalence at a dilution of 1:160. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for human brucellosis seroreactivity included large-scale slaughtering (≥100 cattle per day; odds ratio (OR), 5.41; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.95–9.91) and medium-scale slaughtering (50–99 cattle per day; OR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.16–5.51). Moreover, the risk of brucellosis infection was significantly lower among slaughterhouse workers who always wear protective glasses (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11–0.69) than in those who sometimes or rarely wore such glasses. Regular and consistent use of personal protective equipment, especially protective glasses, should be encouraged among cattle slaughterhouse workers to reduce brucellosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilaram Acharya
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
| | - Seon Do Hwang
- Division of Zoonoses, Center for Immunology and Pathology, Korea National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea.
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, Center for Laboratory Control of Infectious Diseases, Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cheongju 28159, Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyuk Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea.
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Migisha R, Dan Nyehangane, Boum Y, Page AL, Zúñiga-Ripa A, Conde-Álvarez R, Bagenda F, Bonnet M. Prevalence and risk factors of brucellosis among febrile patients attending a community hospital in south western Uganda. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15465. [PMID: 30337685 PMCID: PMC6194062 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brucellosis, a chronic disease contracted through contact with animals and consuption of unpasteurized dairy products is underreported in limited-resource countries. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of brucellosis among febrile patients attending a community hospital in South western Uganda. A questionnaire that captured socio-demographic, occupational and clinical data was administered. Blood samples were tested for Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and blood culture with standard aerobic BACTEC bottle was done. Of 235 patients enrolled, prevalence of brucellosis (RBPT or culture confirmed) was 14.9% (95% CI 10.6-20.1) with a culture confrmation in 4.3% of the participants. The factors independently associated with brucellosis were consumption of raw milk (aOR 406.15, 95% CI 47.67-3461.69); history of brucellosis in the family (aOR 9.19, 95% CI 1.98-42.54); and selling hides and skins (aOR 162.56, 95% CI 2.86-9256.31). Hepatomegaly (p < 0.001), splenomegaly (p = 0.018) and low body mass index (p = 0.032) were more common in patients with brucellosis compared to others. Our findings reveal a high prevalence of brucellosis among febrile patients and highlight a need for implementing appropiate tests, public awareness activities and vaccination of animals to control and eliminate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Migisha
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda.
| | | | - Yap Boum
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
- Epicentre, Paris, France
| | | | - Amaia Zúñiga-Ripa
- Institute for Tropical Health, University of Navarra (ISTUN), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Fred Bagenda
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Maryline Bonnet
- Epicentre, Paris, France
- IRD UMI233/, INSERM U1175, Montpellier, France
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Mcelwain TF, Thumbi SM. Animal pathogens and their impact on animal health, the economy, food security, food safety and public health. REV SCI TECH OIE 2018; 36:423-433. [PMID: 30152474 DOI: 10.20506/rst.36.2.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Animal pathogens attract attention in both the livestock and public health sectors for their impacts on socio-economics, food safety and security, and human health. These impacts are felt at the household, national, regional and global levels. Whereas the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) has identified 118 animal diseases as notifiable, based on their potential for impact on trade, there is a selected subset that have been classified as posing a greater threat to countries due to unique characteristics, such as being highly transmissible, spreading rapidly within and between countries, and requiring cooperation between several countries to control their spread or exclude them. While these 'transboundary diseases' are endemic in much of the world, particularly the developing nations, many countries are classified as disease free. Following the terrorist events of 11 September 2001 in the United States, a small group of zoonotic pathogens and a group of animal-specific pathogens (those that cause what are referred to as `high-consequence foreign animal diseases'), were classified as high-risk, biothreat 'select agents'. Rather than providing a comprehensive review of all animal pathogens, the authors briefly review the impact of these high-risk biothreat agents on animal health, the economy, food security and safety, and public health, using highly pathogenic avian influenza, foot and mouth disease and brucellosis as examples. They focus on the impact of these diseases in the context of high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries, comparing and contrasting their impact at the national and individual household levels.
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Das A, Kumar B, Chakravarti S, Prakash C, Singh RP, Gupta V, Singh KP, Agrawal RK, Chaturvedi VK, Abhishek, Shrinet G. Rapid visual isothermal nucleic acid-based detection assay of Brucella species by polymerase spiral reaction. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:646-654. [PMID: 30152897 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to develop polymerase spiral reaction (PSR) for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of Brucella sp. METHODS AND RESULTS Polymerase spiral reaction assay was developed using specifically designed primers targeting the conserved multicopy IS711 gene of Brucella sp. The assay could be performed within 60 min at an isothermal temperature of 64°C. The lower limit of detection of PSR was 11·8 fg and conventional PCR was 1·18 pg of Brucella abortus genomic DNA. Thus, PSR was found to be 100-fold more sensitive than conventional PCR and was comparable to real-time PCR. The specificity of PSR was tested with other non-Brucella bacteria and also with some bacterial and viral pathogens causing abortions. The assay was found to be specific as it did not detect any putative pathogens other than Brucella sp. Fifty-six clinical samples suspected for brucellosis (aborted fetal stomach content) were screened with PSR to validate the applicability of the test to detect Brucella DNA. The same samples were also screened with conventional PCR and real-time PCR. Of 56 samples, 25 samples were found to be positive with both PSR as well as real-time PCR, whereas only 20 samples were found positive with conventional PCR. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicated that the PSR assay is a simple, rapid, sensitive and specific method for the detection of Brucella sp. that may improve diagnostic potential in clinical laboratories or can be used at diagnostic laboratories with minimal infrastructure. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The PSR assay, because of its simplicity and low cost, can be preferred to other molecular methods in the diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Das
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - B Kumar
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - S Chakravarti
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - C Prakash
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - R P Singh
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - V Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - K P Singh
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - R K Agrawal
- Division of Livestock Products Technology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - V K Chaturvedi
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - Abhishek
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
| | - G Shrinet
- Division of Biological Products, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, UP, India
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Cash-Goldwasser S, Maze MJ, Rubach MP, Biggs HM, Stoddard RA, Sharples KJ, Halliday JEB, Cleaveland S, Shand MC, Mmbaga BT, Muiruri C, Saganda W, Lwezaula BF, Kazwala RR, Maro VP, Crump JA. Risk Factors for Human Brucellosis in Northern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:598-606. [PMID: 29231152 PMCID: PMC5929176 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the epidemiology of human brucellosis in sub-Saharan Africa. This hampers prevention and control efforts at the individual and population levels. To evaluate risk factors for brucellosis in northern Tanzania, we conducted a study of patients presenting with fever to two hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania. Serum taken at enrollment and at 4-6 week follow-up was tested by Brucella microagglutination test. Among participants with a clinically compatible illness, confirmed brucellosis cases were defined as having a ≥ 4-fold rise in agglutination titer between paired sera or a blood culture positive for Brucella spp., and probable brucellosis cases were defined as having a single reciprocal titer ≥ 160. Controls had reciprocal titers < 20 in paired sera. We collected demographic and clinical information and administered a risk factor questionnaire. Of 562 participants in the analysis, 50 (8.9%) had confirmed or probable brucellosis. Multivariable analysis showed that risk factors for brucellosis included assisting goat or sheep births (Odds ratio [OR] 5.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 24.6) and having contact with cattle (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0, 1.4). Consuming boiled or pasteurized dairy products was protective against brucellosis (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02, 0.93). No participants received a clinical diagnosis of brucellosis from their healthcare providers. The under-recognition of brucellosis by healthcare workers could be addressed with clinician education and better access to brucellosis diagnostic tests. Interventions focused on protecting livestock keepers, especially those who assist goat or sheep births, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Cash-Goldwasser
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Michael J. Maze
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matthew P. Rubach
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Holly M. Biggs
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robyn A. Stoddard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Katrina J. Sharples
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jo E. B. Halliday
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cleaveland
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Shand
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Blandina T. Mmbaga
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Charles Muiruri
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Rudovick R. Kazwala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Venance P. Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - John A. Crump
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
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Detection of Brucella spp. in Dairy Products by Real-Time PCR. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wolff C, Boqvist S, Ståhl K, Masembe C, Sternberg-Lewerin S. Biosecurity aspects of cattle production in Western Uganda, and associations with seroprevalence of brucellosis, salmonellosis and bovine viral diarrhoea. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:382. [PMID: 29212482 PMCID: PMC5719755 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many low-income countries have a human population with a high number of cattle owners depending on their livestock for food and income. Infectious diseases threaten the health and production of cattle, affecting both the farmers and their families as well as other actors in often informal value chains. Many infectious diseases can be prevented by good biosecurity. The objectives of this study were to describe herd management and biosecurity routines with potential impact on the prevalence of infectious diseases, and to estimate the burden of infectious diseases in Ugandan cattle herds, using the seroprevalence of three model infections. RESULTS Farmer interviews (n = 144) showed that biosecurity measures are rarely practised. Visitors' hand-wash was used by 14%, cleaning of boots or feet by 4 and 79% put new cattle directly into the herd. During the 12 months preceding the interviews, 51% of farmers had cattle that died and 31% had noticed abortions among their cows. Interestingly, 72% were satisfied with the health status of their cattle during the same time period. The prevalence (95% CI) of farms with at least one seropositive animal was 16.7% (11.0;23.8), 23.6% (16.9;31.4), and 53.4% (45.0;61.8) for brucella, salmonella and BVD, respectively. A poisson regression model suggested that having employees looking after the cattle, sharing pasture with other herds, and a higher number of dead cattle were associated with a herd being positive to an increasing number of the diseases. An additive bayesian network model with biosecurity variables and a variable for the number of diseases the herd was positive to resulted in three separate directed acyclic graphs which illustrate how herd characteristics can be grouped together. This model associated the smallest herd size with herds positive to a decreasing number of diseases and having fewer employees. CONCLUSION There is potential for improvement of biosecurity practices in Ugandan cattle production. Salmonella, brucella and BVD were prevalent in cattle herds in the study area and these infections are, to some extent, associated with farm management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wolff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - S Boqvist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K Ståhl
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - C Masembe
- College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - S Sternberg-Lewerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Browne AS, Fèvre EM, Kinnaird M, Muloi DM, Wang CA, Larsen PS, O'Brien T, Deem SL. Serosurvey of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Laikipia County, Kenya. Zoonoses Public Health 2017; 64:543-549. [PMID: 28176495 PMCID: PMC5655913 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are an important protein source for people in semi-arid and arid regions of Africa. In Kenya, camel populations have grown dramatically in the past few decades resulting in the potential for increased disease transmission between humans and camels. An estimated four million Kenyans drink unpasteurized camel milk, which poses a disease risk. We evaluated the seroprevalence of a significant zoonotic pathogen, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), among 334 camels from nine herds in Laikipia County, Kenya. Serum testing revealed 18.6% positive seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii (n = 344). Increasing camel age was positively associated with C. burnetii seroprevalence (OR = 5.36). Our study confirmed that camels living in Laikipia County, Kenya, have been exposed to the zoonotic pathogen, C. burnetii. Further research to evaluate the role of camels in disease transmission to other livestock, wildlife and humans in Kenya should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Browne
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health LaboratoryHopkirk Research InstituteMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNZ
| | - E. M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection and Global HealthUniversity of LiverpoolNestonUK
- International Livestock Research InstituteNairobiKE
| | | | - D. M. Muloi
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and EvolutionUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - C. A. Wang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - P. S. Larsen
- Department of EpidemiologySchool of Public HealthUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - T. O'Brien
- Mpala Research CentreNanyukiKE
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyGlobal Conservation ProgramsBronx, New YorkNYUSA
| | - S. L. Deem
- Saint Louis Zoo Institute for Conservation MedicineSaint LouisMOUSA
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Munyua P, Corman VM, Bitek A, Osoro E, Meyer B, Müller MA, Lattwein E, Thumbi SM, Murithi R, Widdowson MA, Drosten C, Njenga MK. No Serologic Evidence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Among Camel Farmers Exposed to Highly Seropositive Camel Herds: A Household Linked Study, Kenya, 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:1318-1324. [PMID: 28719257 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHigh seroprevalence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) among camels has been reported in Kenya and other countries in Africa. To date, the only report of MERS-CoV seropositivity among humans in Kenya is of two livestock keepers with no known contact with camels. We assessed whether persons exposed to seropositive camels at household level had serological evidence of infection. In 2013, 760 human and 879 camel sera were collected from 275 and 85 households respectively in Marsabit County. Data on human and animal demographics and type of contact with camels were collected. Human and camel sera were tested for anti-MERS-CoV IgG using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Human samples were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with seropositivity. The median age of persons sampled was 30 years (range: 5-90) and 50% were males. A quarter (197/760) of the participants reported having had contact with camels defined as milking, feeding, watering, slaughtering, or herding. Of the human sera, 18 (2.4%) were positive on ELISA but negative by PRNT. Of the camel sera, 791 (90%) were positive on ELISA. On univariate analysis, higher prevalence was observed in female and older camels over 4 years of age (P < 0.05). On multivariate analysis, only age remained significantly associated with increased odds of seropositivity. Despite high seroprevalence among camels, there was no serological confirmation of MERS-CoV infection among camel pastoralists in Marsabit County. The high seropositivity suggests that MERS-CoV or other closely related virus continues to circulate in camels and highlights ongoing potential for animal-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peninah Munyua
- Global Disease Detection Program, Division of Global Health Protection, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Victor Max Corman
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Austine Bitek
- State Department of Veterinary Services; Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric Osoro
- Department of Preventive and Promotive Health, Ministry of Health, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel A Müller
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - S M Thumbi
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.,Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rees Murithi
- State Department of Veterinary Services; Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Marc-Alain Widdowson
- Global Disease Detection Program, Division of Global Health Protection, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christian Drosten
- German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - M Kariuki Njenga
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.,Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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