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Varikkodan MM, Kunnathodi F, Azmi S, Wu TY. An Overview of Indian Biomedical Research on the Chikungunya Virus with Particular Reference to Its Vaccine, an Unmet Medical Need. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1102. [PMID: 37376491 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an infectious agent spread by mosquitos, that has engendered endemic or epidemic outbreaks of Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) in Africa, South-East Asia, America, and a few European countries. Like most tropical infections, CHIKV is frequently misdiagnosed, underreported, and underestimated; it primarily affects areas with limited resources, like developing nations. Due to its high transmission rate and lack of a preventive vaccine or effective treatments, this virus poses a serious threat to humanity. After a 32-year hiatus, CHIKV reemerged as the most significant epidemic ever reported, in India in 2006. Since then, CHIKV-related research was begun in India, and up to now, more than 800 peer-reviewed research papers have been published by Indian researchers and medical practitioners. This review gives an overview of the outbreak history and CHIKV-related research in India, to favor novel high-quality research works intending to promote effective treatment and preventive strategies, including vaccine development, against CHIKV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Muhsin Varikkodan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
| | - Faisal Kunnathodi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarfuddin Azmi
- Scientific Research Center, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh 11159, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tzong-Yuan Wu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, College of Science, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
- R&D Center of Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taoyuan City 320314, Taiwan
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Kurnia N, Kaitana Y, Salaki CL, Mandey LC, Tuda JSB, Tallei TE. Study of Dengue Virus Transovarial Transmission in Aedes spp. in Ternate City Using Streptavidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex Immunohistochemistry. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:765-771. [PMID: 36286199 PMCID: PMC9603047 DOI: 10.3390/idr14050078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the most dominant vector in the transmission of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). In addition to Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus is a secondary vector of the dengue virus, and both species are widespread in Indonesia. The dengue virus is transmitted from person to person through the bite of an Aedes spp. The vertical (transovarial) transmission of the dengue virus from infective female mosquitoes to their offspring is one of the means by which the dengue virus maintains its existence in nature. Transovarial dengue virus transmission in Aedes spp. mosquitoes contributes to the spread and maintenance of the dengue epidemic. This study employed a qualitative survey to detect dengue virus transovarial transmission in Ternate using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex (ISBPC) immunohistochemical test. The ISBPC examination of samples collected from the four subdistricts in Ternate revealed a positive result for transovarial transmission of dengue virus. Four Aedes spp., including two Ae. aegypti females, one Ae. albopictus female, and one Ae. albopictus male, tested positive for transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the district of North Ternate. Four Aedes spp., including three Ae. aegypti females and one Ae. aegypti male, were found to be positive for the transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the Central Ternate district. Seven Aedes spp., including five Ae. aegypti females, one Ae. aegypti male, and one Ae. albopictus female, tested positive for transovarial transmission of the dengue virus in the district of South Ternate city. One Ae. aegypti male showed positive results for transovarial transmission of dengue virus in the Ternate Island District. In this study, the transovarial transmission of the dengue virus occurred in both Aedes spp. female and male mosquitoes. It was demonstrated that Aedes spp. carry the dengue virus in their ovaries and can pass it on to their offspring. As a result, the cycle of passing the dengue virus on to local mosquito populations in the city of Ternate is not going to end just yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Kurnia
- Entomology Study Program, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
- Biology Study Program, Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan (STKIP) Kie Raha, Ternate 97716, Indonesia
| | - Yance Kaitana
- Entomology Study Program, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Josef Sem Berth Tuda
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.T.); (T.E.T.); Tel.: +62-812-4438-0062 (J.S.B.T.); +62-811-4314880 (T.E.T.)
| | - Trina Ekawati Tallei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, Manado 95115, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.T.); (T.E.T.); Tel.: +62-812-4438-0062 (J.S.B.T.); +62-811-4314880 (T.E.T.)
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Dahl E, Öborn L, Sjöberg V, Lundkvist Å, Hesson JC. Vertical Transmission of Sindbis Virus in Culex Mosquitoes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091915. [PMID: 36146722 PMCID: PMC9504956 DOI: 10.3390/v14091915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission (VT) is a phenomenon of vector-borne diseases where a pathogen is transferred from an infected arthropod mother to her offspring. For mosquito-borne flavi- and alphaviruses, VT is commonly viewed as rare; however, both field and experimental studies report on vertical transmission efficiency to a notably varying degree. It is likely that this reflects the different experimental methods used to test vertical transmission efficiency as well as differences between virus–vector combinations. There are very few investigations of the VT of an alphavirus in a Culex vector. Sindbis virus (SINV) is an arthritogenic alphavirus that utilizes Culex species as main vectors both in the summer transmission season and for its persistence over the winter period in northern latitudes. In this study, we investigated the vertical transmission of the SINV in Culex vectors, both in the field and in experimental settings. The detection of SINV RNA in field-collected egg rafts and emerging adults shows that vertical transmission takes place in the field. Experimentally infected females gave rise to adult offspring containing SINV RNA at emergence; however, three to four weeks after emergence none of the offspring contained SINV RNA. This study shows that vertical transmission may be connected to SINV’s ability to persist throughout northern winters and also highlights many aspects of viral replication that need further study.
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Aires RL, Santos IA, Fontes JV, Bergamini FRG, Jardim ACG, Abbehausen C. Triphenylphosphine gold(I) derivatives promote antiviral effects against the Chikungunya virus. METALLOMICS : INTEGRATED BIOMETAL SCIENCE 2022; 14:6650674. [PMID: 35894863 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Herein a systematic series of four [AuLL']n+ n = 0, +1 complexes, where L = 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazole-2-ylidene (IMes), or triphenylphosphine (PPh3), and L' = chloride, or 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), had their in vitro antiviral activity assessed against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The PPh3 derivatives inhibited viral replication by 99%, whereas the IMes derivatives about 50%. The lipophilicity of the PPh3 derivatives is higher than the IMes-bearing compounds, which can be related to their more prominent antiviral activities. The dissociation of DMAP is faster than chloride in solution for both IMes and PPh3 derivatives; however, it does not significantly affect their in vitro activities, showing a higher dependence on the nature of L rather than L' towards their antiviral effects. All complexes bind to N-acetyl-L-cysteine, with the Ph3P-bearing complexes coordinating at a faster rate to this amino acid. The binding constants to bovine serum albumin (BSA) are in the order of 104, slightly higher for the DMAP complexes in both PPh3 and IMes derivatives. Mechanistic investigations of the PPh3 complexes showed a ubiquitous protective effect of the compounds in the pre-treatment, early stages, and post-entry assays. The most significant inhibition was observed in post-entry activity, in which the complexes blocked viral replication in 99%, followed by up to 95% inhibition of the early stages of infection. Pre-treatment assays showed a 92% and 80% replication decrease for the chloride and DMAP derivatives, respectively. dsRNA binding assays showed a significant interaction of the compounds with dsRNA, an essential biomolecule to viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochanna L Aires
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Igor A Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Josielle V Fontes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Fernando R G Bergamini
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Bioinspired Molecules, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil.,Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ana Carolina G Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia-MG 38405-302, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla Abbehausen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas-SP, 13083-871, Brazil
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Kirstein OD, Talavera GA, Wei Z, Ciau-Carrilo KJ, Koyoc-Cardeña E, Puerta-Guardo H, Rodríguez-Martín E, Medina-Barreiro A, Mendoza AC, Piantadosi AL, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Natural Aedes-Borne Virus Infection Detected in Male Adult Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected From Urban Settings in Mérida, Yucatán, México. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:1336-1346. [PMID: 35535688 PMCID: PMC9278843 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aedes-borne viruses (ABVs) such as dengue (DENV), chikungunya (CHIKV), and Zika (ZIKV) contribute significantly to the global burden of infectious diseases, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged populations from tropical and subtropical urban areas. ABVs can be transmitted from female mosquitoes to their progeny by vertical transmission via transovarial and/or trans-egg vertical transmission and contribute to the maintenance of infected-mosquito populations year-round in endemic regions. This study describes the natural infection rate of DENV, CHIKV, and ZIKV in field-caught male Aedes (Sergentomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus) mosquitoes from Mérida, Yucatán, México, as a proxy for the occurrence of vertical virus transmission. We used indoor sequential sampling with Prokopack aspirators to collect all mosquitoes inside houses from ABV hotspots areas. Collections were performed in a DENV and CHIKV post-epidemic phase and during a period of active ZIKV transmission. We individually RT-qPCR tested all indoor collected Ae. aegypti males (1,278) followed by Sanger sequencing analysis for final confirmation. A total of 6.7% male mosquitoes were positive for ABV (CHIKV = 5.7%; DENV = 0.9%; ZIKV = 0.1%) and came from 21.0% (30/143) houses infested with males. Most ABV-positive male mosquitoes were positive for CHIKV (84.8%). The distribution of ABV-positive Ae. aegypti males was aggregated in a few households, with two houses having 11 ABV-positive males each. We found a positive association between ABV-positive males and females per house. These findings suggested the occurrence of vertical arbovirus transmission within the mosquito populations in an ABV-endemic area and, a mechanism contributing to viral maintenance and virus re-emergence among humans in post-epidemic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar D Kirstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guadalupe Ayora Talavera
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Zhuoran Wei
- Department of Environmental Sciences. Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Karina J Ciau-Carrilo
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Edgar Koyoc-Cardeña
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Ester Rodríguez-Martín
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Anuar Medina-Barreiro
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Azael Che Mendoza
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Anne L Piantadosi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Sharif N, Sarkar MK, Ferdous RN, Ahmed SN, Billah MB, Talukder AA, Zhang M, Dey SK. Molecular Epidemiology, Evolution and Reemergence of Chikungunya Virus in South Asia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:689979. [PMID: 34163459 PMCID: PMC8215147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.689979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a vector (mosquito)-transmitted alphavirus (family Togaviridae). CHIKV can cause fever and febrile illness associated with severe arthralgia and rash. Genotypic and phylogenetic analysis are important to understand the spread of CHIKV during epidemics and the diversity of circulating strains for the prediction of effective control measures. Molecular epidemiologic analysis of CHIKV is necessary to understand the complex interaction of vectors, hosts and environment that influences the genotypic evolution of epidemic strains. In this study, different works published during 1950s to 2020 concerning CHIKV evolution, epidemiology, vectors, phylogeny, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Outbreaks of CHIKV have been reported from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Maldives in South Asia during 2007–2020. Three lineages- Asian, East/Central/South African (ECSA), and Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL) are circulating in South Asia. Lineage, ECSA and IOL became predominant over Asian lineage in South Asian countries during 2011–2020 epidemics. Further, the mutant E1-A226V is circulating in abundance with Aedes albopictus in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan. CHIKV is underestimated as clinical symptoms of CHIKV infection merges with the symptoms of dengue fever in South Asia. Failure to inhibit vector mediated transmission and predict epidemics of CHIKV increase the risk of larger global epidemics in future. To understand geographical spread of CHIKV, most of the studies focused on CHIKV outbreak, biology, pathogenesis, infection, transmission, and treatment. This updated study will reveal the collective epidemiology, evolution and phylogenies of CHIKV, supporting the necessity to investigate the circulating strains and vectors in South Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Sharif
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | | | - Rabeya Nahar Ferdous
- Department of Microbiology, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Baki Billah
- Department of Zoology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Ali Azam Talukder
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shuvra Kanti Dey
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh
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Santos IA, Shimizu JF, de Oliveira DM, Martins DOS, Cardoso-Sousa L, Cintra ACO, Aquino VH, Sampaio SV, Nicolau-Junior N, Sabino-Silva R, Merits A, Harris M, Jardim ACG. Chikungunya virus entry is strongly inhibited by phospholipase A2 isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8717. [PMID: 33888774 PMCID: PMC8062466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the etiologic agent of Chikungunya fever, a globally spreading mosquito-borne disease. There is no approved antiviral or vaccine against CHIKV, highlighting an urgent need for novel therapies. In this context, snake venom proteins have demonstrated antiviral activity against several viruses, including arboviruses which are relevant to public health. In particular, the phospholipase A2CB (PLA2CB), a protein isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus was previously shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antiparasitic, antibacterial and antiviral activities. In this study, we investigated the multiple effects of PLA2CB on the CHIKV replicative cycle in BHK-21 cells using CHIKV-nanoluc, a marker virus carrying nanoluciferase reporter. The results demonstrated that PLA2CB possess a strong anti-CHIKV activity with a selectivity index of 128. We identified that PLA2CB treatment protected cells against CHIKV infection, strongly impairing virus entry by reducing adsorption and post-attachment stages. Moreover, PLA2CB presented a modest yet significant activity towards post-entry stages of CHIKV replicative cycle. Molecular docking calculations indicated that PLA2CB may interact with CHIKV glycoproteins, mainly with E1 through hydrophobic interactions. In addition, infrared spectroscopy measurements indicated interactions of PLA2CB and CHIKV glycoproteins, corroborating with data from in silico analyses. Collectively, this data demonstrated the multiple antiviral effects of PLA2CB on the CHIKV replicative cycle, and suggest that PLA2CB interacts with CHIKV glycoproteins and that this interaction blocks binding of CHIKV virions to the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Andrade Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Farinha Shimizu
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Moraes de Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Daniel Oliveira Silva Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Léia Cardoso-Sousa
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Adélia Cristina Oliveira Cintra
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Aquino
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Suely Vilela Sampaio
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilson Nicolau-Junior
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil
| | - Andres Merits
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Mark Harris
- Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Science (ICBIM), Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Avenida Amazonas, 4C- Room 216, Umuarama, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, CEP: 38405-302, Brazil.
- Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (Ibilce), São Paulo State University (Unesp), Campus São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Prophylactic strategies to control chikungunya virus infection. Virus Genes 2021; 57:133-150. [PMID: 33590406 PMCID: PMC7883954 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01820-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a (re)emerging arbovirus and the causative agent of chikungunya fever. In recent years, CHIKV was responsible for a series of outbreaks, some of which had serious economic and public health impacts in the affected regions. So far, no CHIKV-specific antiviral therapy or vaccine has been approved. This review gives a brief summary on CHIKV epidemiology, spread, infection and diagnosis. It furthermore deals with the strategies against emerging diseases, drug development and the possibilities of testing antivirals against CHIKV in vitro and in vivo. With our review, we hope to provide the latest information on CHIKV, disease manifestation, as well as on the current state of CHIKV vaccine development and post-exposure therapy.
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Stubbs SCB, Johar E, Yudhaputri FA, Yohan B, Santoso MS, Hayati RF, Denis D, Blacklaws BA, Powers AM, Sasmono RT, Myint KSA, Frost SDW. An investig-ation into the epidemiology of chikungunya virus across neglected regions of Indonesia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008934. [PMID: 33347450 PMCID: PMC7785224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an important emerging and re-emerging public health problem worldwide. In Indonesia, where the virus is endemic, epidemiological information from outside of the main islands of Java and Bali is limited. Methodology/Principal Findings Four hundred and seventy nine acutely febrile patients presenting between September 2017–2019 were recruited from three city hospitals situated in Ambon, Maluku; Banjarmasin, Kalimantan; and Batam, Batam Island as part of a multi-site observational study. CHIKV RNA was detected in a single serum sample while a separate sample was IgM positive. IgG seroprevalence was also low across all three sites, ranging from 1.4–3.2%. The single RT-PCR positive sample from this study and 24 archived samples collected during other recent outbreaks throughout Indonesia were subjected to complete coding region sequencing to assess the genetic diversity of Indonesian strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed all to be of a single clade, which was distinct from CHIKV strains recently reported from neighbouring regions including the Philippines and the Pacific Islands. Conclusions/Significance Chikungunya virus strains from recent outbreaks across Indonesia all belong to a single clade. However, low-level seroprevalence and molecular detection of CHIKV across the three study sites appears to contrast with the generally high seroprevalences that have been reported for non-outbreak settings in Java and Bali, and may account for the relative lack of CHIKV epidemiological data from other regions of Indonesia. Outbreaks of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are a common occurrence in Indonesia. However, limited data is available on CHIKV from regions outside of the main, central islands of Java and Bali. We recruited hospital patients from three cities located in the east (Ambon), west (Batam) and north (Banjarmasin) of the country, and screened their blood for evidence of CHIKV infection. Our results showed that CHIKV infections were relatively uncommon across patients from all three sites, suggesting that CHIKV transmission is currently relatively rare in these regions. Additional analysis of 25 recent Indonesian CHIKV genome sequences revealed that a new lineage of CHIKV has recently emerged in Indonesia. Several reports have highlighted Indonesia as a major source of imported CHIKV cases, suggesting that this new lineage has the potential to be introduced into neighbouring countries in the near future, with unknown consequences. Overall, our results indicate that additional CHIKV surveillance studies in Indonesia and Southeast Asia are needed in order to gain a clearer understanding of transmission routes and hot spots throughout the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C. B. Stubbs
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SCBS); (KSAM)
| | - Edison Johar
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Barbara A. Blacklaws
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ann M. Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Khin Saw Aye Myint
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
- * E-mail: (SCBS); (KSAM)
| | - Simon D. W. Frost
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America
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Chetry S, Patgiri SJ, Bhattacharyya DR, Dutta P, Kumar NP. Incrimination of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus as vectors of dengue virus serotypes 1, 2 and 3 from four states of Northeast India. Access Microbiol 2020; 2:acmi000101. [PMID: 33005866 PMCID: PMC7523630 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is an important vector borne disease with a great public health concern worldwide. Northeast India has experienced dengue almost every year for a decade. As studies on dengue vectors from this region are limited, we undertook an investigation to detect natural infection of the dengue virus (DENV) in potential dengue vectors of this region. Adult Aedes mosquitoes which were collected were subjected to RT-PCR for detection of infecting dengue serotype. Minimum infection rate was also determined for each positive pool. Out of the total 6229 adult Aedes mosquitoes collected, Aedes aegypti (63.3 %) was abundant in comparison to Aedes albopictus (36.7 %). These specimens (515 mosquito pools) were subjected to RT-PCR for detection of DENV-1, 2, 3 and 4. RT-PCR revealed the existence of DENV in both male as well as female mosquito pools suggesting natural transovarial transmission of DENV in this region. A total of 54 pools tested were positive for DENV-1, 2, 3 serotypes. This study revealed the occurence of DENV in both the potential dengue vectors from this region along with evidence of transovarial transmission which helps in persistence of the virus in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Chetry
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Saurav Jyoti Patgiri
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | | | - Prafulla Dutta
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, North East Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
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Soni M, Khan SA, Bhattacharjee CK, Dutta P. Experimental study of dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus: A comparative analysis on susceptibility, virus transmission and reproductive success. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 175:107445. [PMID: 32712268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology of dengue fever has substantially changed over the years with respect to prevalent strains, affected geographical locations and severity of disease. Mosquito vectors show variable response in terms of susceptibility to four different serotypes of dengue virus. Although studies have postulated that, the vectors Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are crucial for transmission of dengue virus, comparative efficacy of these species for viral transmission and tolerance is still enigmatic. In this study, these two vectors were infected orally with four serotypes of the dengue virus viz. DENV-1 to DENV-4 and their co-infection. It was observed that Ae. aegypti harbors multiple serotype infections more efficiently than Ae. albopictus. We suggest that transovarial transmission is of low importance in the epidemiology of the virus due to low infection rates in the filial generation, and also that reduced fecundity and fertility in both vectors after dengue virus infection affect the ecology of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Soni
- Assam Don Bosco University, Kamrup, Assam 782 402, India.
| | - Siraj A Khan
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam 786001, India.
| | | | - Prafulla Dutta
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, NE Region, Dibrugarh, Assam 786001, India
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Evidence of transovarial transmission of Chikungunya and Dengue viruses in field-caught mosquitoes in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008362. [PMID: 32559197 PMCID: PMC7329127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are among the most important emerging pathogens due to their increasing public health impact. In Kenya, continued population growth and associated urbanization are conducive to vector spread in both urban and rural environments, yet mechanisms of viral amplification in vector populations is often overlooked when assessing risks for outbreaks. Thus, the characterization of local arbovirus circulation in mosquito populations is imperative to better inform risk assessments and vector control practices. Aedes species mosquitoes were captured at varying stages of their life cycle during different seasons between January 2014 and May 2016 at four distinct sites in Kenya, and tested for chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV) and Zika (ZIKV) viruses by RT-PCR. CHIKV was detected in 45 (5.9%) and DENV in 3 (0.4%) mosquito pools. No ZIKV was detected. Significant regional variation in prevalence was observed, with greater frequency of CHIKV on the coast. DENV was detected exclusively on the coast. Both viruses were detected in immature mosquitoes of both sexes, providing evidence of transovarial transmission of these arboviruses in local mosquitoes. This phenomenon may be driving underlying viral maintenance that may largely contribute to periodic re-emergence among humans in Kenya. Transovarial transmission, or vertical transmission, is the spread of a pathogen from parent to offspring. It has been observed that some mosquito-borne viruses can be transmitted from female mosquitoes to their offspring during follicle development or during oviposition. The occurrence of transovarial transmission is evident in the presence of virally infected male mosquitoes, which typically do not take bloodmeals, and the presence of virus in immature mosquitoes of any sex. Transovarial transmission aids in the amplification of mosquito-borne viruses in the environment by increasing the number of infected mosquitoes in a given region, thus expanding the possibility of viral transmission to humans. The combination of transovarial transmission and the preservation of viable eggs during dry seasons may trigger sudden amplification of the virus after rainy periods, resulting in an outbreak. This study provides some of the first evidence of transovarial transmission of chikungunya and dengue viruses in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Africa during interepidemic periods, which has important implications for local virus persistence and epidemic patterns.
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Nadim SS, Ghosh I, Martcheva M, Chattopadhyay J. Impact of venereal transmission on the dynamics of vertically transmitted viral diseases among mosquitoes. Math Biosci 2020; 325:108366. [PMID: 32387647 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2020.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite centuries of enormous control efforts, mosquito-borne diseases continue to show upward trend of morbidity. According to WHO reports, malaria caused 438000 deaths in the year 2015 and dengue cases have been increased 30-fold over the last five decades. To control these diseases, it is necessary to understand the transmission dynamics of them among mosquitoes. There are some vertically transmitted mosquito-borne diseases which can also be spread among mosquitoes through sexual contact (e.g., dengue, zika, chikungunya). Recent experimental observations indicate that for virus persistence in mosquito population, the role of venereal transmission cannot be ignored. It is therefore important to investigate which transmission route is more responsible for the persistence of the virus when there is no host. To this aim, we propose and analyze a novel compartmental model considering mosquito population only. To the best of authors knowledge, this is the first attempt to take into account both vertical and sexual transmission of the virus in a mathematical model. Expression representing the basic reproduction number is derived using Jacobian approach. Local stability conditions for disease-free equilibrium and complete infection equilibrium are obtained. Global sensitivity analysis of the system is performed with respect to an epidemiologically important response. While investigating the impact of sexual transmission in presence of vertical transmission, we observed that sexual transmission route has the potential to drive the equilibrium from disease free to endemic states. Further numerical experiments reveal that the virus will have higher half life in fertilized infected female mosquitoes for vertical transmission only than for venereal transmission alone. Furthermore, when both transmission pathways are active, a variety of parameters indicate threshold like behavior of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Shahid Nadim
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrajit Ghosh
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal, India.
| | - Maia Martcheva
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Joydev Chattopadhyay
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700 108, West Bengal, India
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14
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Venereal Transmission of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Culicoides sonorensis Midges. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040316. [PMID: 32344602 PMCID: PMC7238210 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are well-known agricultural pests and transmission vectors of arboviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The epidemiology of VSV is complex and encompasses a broad range of vertebrate hosts, multiple routes of transmission, and diverse vector species. In temperate regions, viruses can overwinter in the absence of infected animals through unknown mechanisms, to reoccur the next year. Non-conventional routes for VSV vector transmission may help explain viral maintenance in midge populations during inter-epidemic periods and times of adverse conditions for bite transmission. In this study, we examined whether VSV could be transmitted venereally between male and female midges. Our results showed that VSV-infected females could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve males at a rate as high as 76.3% (RT-qPCR), 31.6% (virus isolation) during the third gonotrophic cycle. Additionally, VSV-infected males could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve females at a rate as high as 76.6% (RT-qPCR), 49.2% (virus isolation). Immunofluorescent staining of micro-dissected reproductive organs, immunochemical staining of midge histological sections, examination of internal reproductive organ morphology, and observations of mating behaviors were used to determine relevant anatomical sites for virus location and to hypothesize the potential mechanism for VSV transmission in C. sonorensis midges through copulation.
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Vairo F, Haider N, Kock R, Ntoumi F, Ippolito G, Zumla A. Chikungunya: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2020; 33:1003-1025. [PMID: 31668189 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya, a zoonotic disease caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), is transmitted by infected Aedes spp mosquitoes. CHIKV has now spread to more than 100 countries and is listed on the WHO Blueprint priority pathogens. After an incubation period of 1 to 12 days, symptoms similar to other febrile infections appear, with a sudden onset of high fever, nausea, polyarthralgia, myalgia, widespread skin rash, and conjunctivitis. Serious complications include myocarditis, uveitis, retinitis, hepatitis, acute renal disease, severe bullous lesions, meningoencephalitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, myelitis, and cranial nerve palsies. Treatment is supportive; there is no specific antiviral treatment and no effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vairo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, "Lazzaro Spallanzani"Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico - IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149, Rome, Italy.
| | - Najmul Haider
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Francine Ntoumi
- Fondation Congolaise pour la Recherche Médicale (FCRM), Brazzaville, Congo; Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Marien Ngouabi, PO Box 69, Brazzaville, Congo; Institute for Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, "Lazzaro Spallanzani"Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico - IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149, Rome, Italy
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, Royal Free Campus 2nd Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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16
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Sitepu FY, Suprayogi A, Pramono D, Harapan H, Mudatsir M. Epidemiological investigation of chikungunya outbreak, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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17
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Guo X, Li C, Deng Y, Jiang Y, Sun A, Liu Q, Dong Y, Xing D, Cao W, Qin C, Zhao T. Vector Competence and Vertical Transmission of Zika Virus in Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:374-379. [PMID: 31934825 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen belonging to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae. Aedes albopictus is widely distributed in China. However, little is known about the vector competence of Ae. albopictus in China. The present study presents the oral susceptibility and vector competence of Ae. albopictus Guangzhou strain to ZIKV. Additionally, vertical transmission of ZIKV is described. The results demonstrated the susceptibility of local Ae. albopictus mosquitoes to ZIKV with an extrinsic incubation period of 6 days. Disseminated infection was observed in Ae. albopictus starting on day 2 postinfection (PI). Starting on day 6 PI, the saliva of Ae. albopictus exhibited ZIKV infection, and the transmission rate was 36.4%. Vertical transmission was observed during the first gonotrophic cycle. The minimum infection rate was observed in third-to-fourth instar larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Guo
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Li
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Aijuan Sun
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qinmei Liu
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yande Dong
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xing
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Wuchun Cao
- Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Chengfeng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Tongyan Zhao
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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18
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Weaver SC, Chen R, Diallo M. Chikungunya Virus: Role of Vectors in Emergence from Enzootic Cycles. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:313-332. [PMID: 31594410 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a re-emerging mosquito-borne arbovirus, has caused millions of cases of severe, often chronic arthralgia during recent outbreaks. In Africa, circulation in sylvatic, enzootic cycles involves several species of arboreal mosquito vectors that transmit among diverse nonhuman primates and possibly other amplifying hosts. Most disease occurs when CHIKV emerges into a human-amplified cycle involving Aedes aegypti and sometimes Aedes albopictus transmission and extensive spread via travelers. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the transition from enzootic to epidemic cycles begins when people are infected via spillover in forests. However, efficient human amplification likely only ensues far from enzootic habitats where peridomestic vector and human densities are adequate. Recent outbreaks have been enhanced by mutations that adapt CHIKV for more efficient infection of Ae. albopictus, allowing for geographic expansion. However, epistatic interactions, sometimes resulting from founder effects following point-source human introductions, have profound effects on transmission efficiency, making CHIKV emergence somewhat unpredictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0610, USA;
| | - Rubing Chen
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0610, USA;
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Medical Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur Dakar, B.P. 220 Dakar, Senegal
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19
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Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus that is primarily transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes. Though reports of an illness consistent with chikungunya date back over 200 years, CHIKV only gained worldwide attention during a massive pandemic that began in East Africa in 2004. Chikungunya, the clinical illness caused by CHIKV, is characterized by a rapid onset of high fever and debilitating joint pain, though in practice, etiologic confirmation of CHIKV requires the availability and use of specific laboratory diagnostics. Similar to infections caused by other arboviruses, CHIKV infections are most commonly detected with a combination of molecular and serological methods, though cell culture and antigen detection are reported. This review provides an overview of available CHIKV diagnostics and highlights aspects of basic virology and epidemiology that pertain to viral detection. Although the number of chikungunya cases has decreased since 2014, CHIKV has become endemic in countries across the tropics and will continue to cause sporadic outbreaks in naive individuals. Consistent access to accurate diagnostics is needed to detect individual cases and initiate timely responses to new outbreaks.
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20
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Silva JVJ, Ludwig-Begall LF, Oliveira-Filho EFD, Oliveira RAS, Durães-Carvalho R, Lopes TRR, Silva DEA, Gil LHVG. A scoping review of Chikungunya virus infection: epidemiology, clinical characteristics, viral co-circulation complications, and control. Acta Trop 2018; 188:213-224. [PMID: 30195666 PMCID: PMC7092809 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya fever is a mosquito-borne viral illness characterized by a sudden onset of fever associated with joint pains. It was first described in the 1950s during a Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak in southern Tanzania and has since (re-) emerged and spread to several other geographical areas, reaching large populations and causing massive epidemics. In recent years, CHIKV has gained considerable attention due to its quick spread to the Caribbean and then in the Americas, with many cases reported between 2014 and 2017. CHIKV has further garnered attention due to the clinical diagnostic difficulties when Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) viruses are simultaneously present. In this review, topical CHIKV-related issues, such as epidemiology and transmission, are examined. The different manifestations of infection (acute, chronic and atypical) are described and a particular focus is placed upon the diagnostic handling in the case of ZIKV and DENV co-circulating. Natural and synthetic compounds under evaluation for treatment of chikungunya disease, including drugs already licensed for other purposes, are also discussed. Finally, previous and current vaccine strategies, as well as the control of the CHIKV transmission through an integrated vector management, are reviewed in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- José V J Silva
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Department of Virology, Recife, PE, Brazil; Federal University of Santa Maria, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Virology Section, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Louisa F Ludwig-Begall
- Liège University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Belgium
| | | | - Renato A S Oliveira
- Federal University of Paraíba, Department of Fisiology and Pathology, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Durães-Carvalho
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Department of Virology, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thaísa R R Lopes
- Federal University of Pernambuco, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Virology Section, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Daisy E A Silva
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Department of Virology, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Laura H V G Gil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Department of Virology, Recife, PE, Brazil.
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Effects of the Environmental Temperature on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes: A Review. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9040158. [PMID: 30404142 PMCID: PMC6316560 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The temperature of the environment is one of the most important abiotic factors affecting the life of insects. As poikilotherms, their body temperature is not constant, and they rely on various strategies to minimize the risk of thermal stress. They have been thus able to colonize a large spectrum of habitats. Mosquitoes, such as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, vector many pathogens, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. The spread of these diseases has become a major global health concern, and it is predicted that climate change will affect the mosquitoes’ distribution, which will allow these insects to bring new pathogens to naïve populations. We synthesize here the current knowledge on the impact of temperature on the mosquito flight activity and host-seeking behavior (1); ecology and dispersion (2); as well as its potential effect on the pathogens themselves and how climate can affect the transmission of some of these pathogens (3).
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Sánchez-Vargas I, Harrington LC, Doty JB, Black WC, Olson KE. Demonstration of efficient vertical and venereal transmission of dengue virus type-2 in a genetically diverse laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006754. [PMID: 30169505 PMCID: PMC6136804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector of dengue viruses (DENV; serotypes 1-4). Human-mosquito transmission cycles maintain DENV during epidemics but questions remain regarding how these viruses survive when human infections and vector abundance are minimal. Aedes mosquitoes can transmit DENV within the vector population through two alternate routes: vertical and venereal transmission (VT and VNT, respectively). We tested the efficiency of VT and VNT in a genetically diverse laboratory (GDLS) strain of Ae. aegypti orally infected with DENV2 (Jamaica 1409). We examined F1 larvae from infected females generated during the first and second gonotrophic cycles (E1 and E2) for viral envelope (E) antigen by amplifying virus in C6/36 cells and then performing an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). RT-PCR/nested PCR analyses confirmed DENV2 RNA in samples positive by IFA. We observed VT of virus to larvae and adult male progeny and VNT of virus to uninfected virgin females after mating with males that had acquired virus by the VT route. We detected no DENV2 in 30 pools (20 larvae/pool) of F1 larvae following the first gonotrophic cycle, suggesting limited virus dissemination at 7 days post-infection. DENV2 was detected by IFA in 27 of 49 (55%) and 35 of 51 (68.6%) F1 larval pools (20 larvae/pool) from infected E2 females that received a second blood meal without virus at 10 or 21 days post-infection (E2-10d-F1 and E2-21-F1), respectively. The minimum filial infection rates by IFA for E2-10d-F1 and E2-21d-F1 mosquitoes were 1:36 and 1:29, respectively. The VNT rate from E2-10d-F1 males to virgin (uninfected) GDLS females was 31.6% (118 of 374) at 8 days post mating. Twenty one percent of VNT-infected females receiving a blood meal prior to mating had disseminated virus in their heads, suggesting a potential pathway for virus to re-enter the human-mosquito transmission cycle. This is the first report of VNT of DENV by male Ae. aegypti and the first demonstration of sexual transmission in Aedes by naturally infected males. Our results demonstrate the potential for VT and VNT of DENV in nature as mechanisms for virus maintenance during inter-epidemic periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Sánchez-Vargas
- Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Laura C. Harrington
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Doty
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - William C. Black
- Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States of America
| | - Ken E. Olson
- Arthropod-borne Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, United States of America
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Campos SS, Fernandes RS, Dos Santos AAC, de Miranda RM, Telleria EL, Ferreira-de-Brito A, de Castro MG, Failloux AB, Bonaldo MC, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R. Zika virus can be venereally transmitted between Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:605. [PMID: 29246237 PMCID: PMC5731190 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alternative transmission routes have been described for Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we assessed for the first time the venereal transmission of ZIKV between Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. Results Orally-infected mosquito females were able to transmit the virus to males venereally, and males inoculated intrathoracically were capable of infecting females during mating. The genome of venereally-transmitted virus recovered from males was identical to that of ZIKV ingested by mated females. Conclusion We conclude that venereal transmission between Aedes mosquitoes might contribute to Zika virus maintenance in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Silva Campos
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rosilainy Surubi Fernandes
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rafaella Moraes de Miranda
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Erich Loza Telleria
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Parasitos e Vetores, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anielly Ferreira-de-Brito
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Gonçalves de Castro
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Myrna C Bonaldo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Flavivírus, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Pereira-Silva JW, Nascimento VAD, Belchior HCM, Almeida JF, Pessoa FAC, Naveca FG, Ríos-Velásquez CM. First evidence of Zika virus venereal transmission in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 113:56-61. [PMID: 29185595 PMCID: PMC5719534 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is considered the main Zika virus (ZIKV) vector, and is thought to be responsible for the 2015-2016 outbreak in Brazil. Zika positive Ae. aegypti males collected in the field suggest that vertical and/or venereal transmission of ZIKV may occur. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to demonstrate that venereal transmission of ZIKV by Ae. aegypti can occur under laboratory conditions. METHODS Ae. aegypti collected in the city of Manaus, confirmed as negative for Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya virus by reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) (AaM3V- strain), were reared under laboratory conditions and used for the experiments. The ZIKV used in this study was isolated from a patient presenting with symptoms; ZIKV was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Experiment 1: virgin male mosquitoes of AaM3V- strain were intrathoracically inoculated with a ZIKV suspension; four days after injection, they were transferred to a cage containing virgin females of AaM3V- strain and left to copulate for five days. Experiment 2: virgin female mosquitoes of AaM3V- strain were orally infected with a ZIKV suspension by blood feeding membrane assay; nine days after blood feeding, they were placed in cages with Ae. aegypti AaM3V- virgin males and left to copulate for four days. After copulation, all mosquitoes were individually evaluated for viral infection by RT-qPCR. FINDINGS The mean infection rate in Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 was 45% and 35%, respectively. In both experiments, cycle threshold values ranged from 13 to 35, indicating the presence of viral genomes. MAIN CONCLUSION Ae. aegypti males intrathoracically inoculated with a ZIKV suspension are infected and can transmit the virus to uninfected females by mating. Moreover, Ae. aegypti females orally infected with a ZIKV suspension can transmit the virus to uninfected males by copulation. This study shows that ZIKV infection of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes occurs not only during blood feeding, but also during copulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordam William Pereira-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Condições de Vida e Situações de Saúde na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Valdinete Alves do Nascimento
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Heliana Christy Matos Belchior
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Jéssica Feijó Almeida
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Condições de Vida e Situações de Saúde na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Felipe Gomes Naveca
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Claudia María Ríos-Velásquez
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Laboratório de Ecologia de Doenças Transmissíveis na Amazônia, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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25
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Evaluation of a range of mammalian and mosquito cell lines for use in Chikungunya virus research. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14641. [PMID: 29116243 PMCID: PMC5677012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is becoming an increasing global health issue which has spread across the globe and as far north as southern Europe. There is currently no vaccine or anti-viral treatment available. Although there has been a recent increase in CHIKV research, many of these in vitro studies have used a wide range of cell lines which are not physiologically relevant to CHIKV infection in vivo. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a panel of cell lines to identify a subset that would be both representative of the infectious cycle of CHIKV in vivo, and amenable to in vitro applications such as transfection, luciferase assays, immunofluorescence, western blotting and virus infection. Based on these parameters we selected four mammalian and two mosquito cell lines, and further characterised these as potential tools in CHIKV research.
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26
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Agarwal A, Parida M, Dash PK. Impact of transmission cycles and vector competence on global expansion and emergence of arboviruses. Rev Med Virol 2017; 27:e1941. [PMID: 28857363 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted between arthropod vectors and vertebrate host. Arboviral infection in mosquitoes is initiated when a mosquito feeds on a viremic host. Following ingestion of a viremic blood meal by mosquitoes, virus enters midgut along with the blood, infects and replicates in midgut epithelial cells, and then escapes to the hemocoel, from where it disseminates to various secondary organs including salivary glands. Subsequently, when mosquito bites another host, a new transmission cycle is initiated. The midgut and salivary glands act as anatomical barriers to virus infection and escape. These complex interactions between the virus and vector dictate the vector competence. Thus, vector competence reflects the success in overcoming different barriers within the vector. Along with these, other intrinsic factors like midgut microbiota and immune responses, extrinsic factors like temperature and humidity, and genetic factors like vector genotype and viral genotype have been discussed in this review. Recent advancement on novel molecular tools to study vector competence is also included. Different modes of arboviral transmission like horizontal, vertical, and venereal and how these play role in sustenance and emergence of arboviruses in nature are also discussed. These factors can be exploited to reduce the susceptibility of vectors for the viruses, so as to control arboviral diseases to certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Agarwal
- Division of Virology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Manmohan Parida
- Division of Virology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Paban Kumar Dash
- Division of Virology, Defence R and D Establishment, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
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27
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Pascini TV, Martins GF. The insect spermatheca: an overview. ZOOLOGY 2017; 121:56-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Silva LA, Dermody TS. Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:737-749. [PMID: 28248203 PMCID: PMC5330729 DOI: 10.1172/jci84417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a reemerging arbovirus, causes a crippling musculoskeletal inflammatory disease in humans characterized by fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, rash, and headache. CHIKV is transmitted by Aedes species of mosquitoes and is capable of an epidemic, urban transmission cycle with high rates of infection. Since 2004, CHIKV has spread to new areas, causing disease on a global scale, and the potential for CHIKV epidemics remains high. Although CHIKV has caused millions of cases of disease and significant economic burden in affected areas, no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies are available. In this Review, we describe CHIKV epidemiology, replication cycle, pathogenesis and host immune responses, and prospects for effective vaccines and highlight important questions for future research.
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29
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Dutra HLC, Caragata EP, Moreira LA. The re-emerging arboviral threat: Hidden enemies: The emergence of obscure arboviral diseases, and the potential use of Wolbachia in their control. Bioessays 2016; 39. [PMID: 28026036 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mayaro, Oropouche, and O'Nyong-Nyong share many traits with more prominent arboviruses, like dengue and yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika. These include severe clinical symptoms, multiple animal hosts, and widespread vector species living in close proximity to human habitats, all of which constitute significant risk factors for more frequent outbreaks in the future, greatly increasing the potential of these hidden enemies to follow Zika and become the next wave of global arboviral threats. Critically, the current dearth of knowledge on these arboviruses might impede the success of future control efforts, including the potential application of Wolbachia pipientis. This bacterium inherently possesses broad anti-pathogen properties and a means of genetic drive that allows it to eliminate or replace target vector populations. We conclude that control of obscure arboviruses with Wolbachia might be possible, but successful implementation will be critically dependent on the ability to transinfect key vector species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heverton Leandro Carneiro Dutra
- Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Eric Pearce Caragata
- Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciano Andrade Moreira
- Mosquitos Vetores: Endossimbiontes e Interação Patógeno-Vetor, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou - Fiocruz, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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30
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Nyari N, Maan HS, Sharma S, Pandey SN, Dhole TN. Identification and genetic characterization of chikungunya virus from Aedes mosquito vector collected in the Lucknow district, North India. Acta Trop 2016; 158:117-124. [PMID: 26943997 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya fever is an emerging mosquito-borne disease caused by the infection with chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The CHIKV has been rarely detected in mosquito vectors from Northern India, since vector surveillance is an effective strategy in controlling and preventing CHIKV transmission. Thus, virological investigation for CHIKV among mosquitoes of Aedes (A.) species was carried out in the Lucknow district during March 2010 to October 2011. We collected adult mosquitoes from areas with CHIKV positive patients. The adult Aedes mosquito samples were pooled, homogenized, clarified and tested for CHIKV by nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) gene based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total 91 mosquito pools comprising of adult A. aegypti and A. albopictus were tested for CHIKV. The partial envelope protein (E1) gene sequences of mosquito-borne CHIKV strains were analyzed for genotyping. Of 91 pools, 6 pools of A. aegypti; and 2 pools of A. albopictus mosquitoes were identified positive for CHIKV by PCR. The phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of CHIKV strains in two sub-lineages within the monophyletic East-Central South African (ECSA) genotype. Novel amino acid changes at the positions 294 (P294L) and 295 (S295F) were observed during analysis of amino acid sequence of the partial E1 gene. This study demonstrates the genetic diversity of circulating CHIKV strains and reports the first detection of CHIKV strains in Aedes vector species from the state of Uttar Pradesh. These findings have implication for vector control strategies to mitigate vector population to prevent the likelihood of CHIKV epidemic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nyari
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rai Barelly Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - H S Maan
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rai Barelly Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rai Barelly Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S N Pandey
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - T N Dhole
- Department of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rai Barelly Road, Lucknow 226014, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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31
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Chompoosri J, Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Boonserm R, Phumee A, Sangkitporn S, Siriyasatien P. Vertical transmission of Indian Ocean Lineage of chikungunya virus in Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:227. [PMID: 27108077 PMCID: PMC4842298 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1505-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The re-emergence of chikungunya (CHIK) fever in Thailand has been caused by a novel lineage of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) termed the Indian Ocean Lineage (IOL). The Aedes albopictus mosquito is thought to be a primary vector of CHIK fever in Thailand, whereas Ae. aegypti acts as a secondary vector of the virus. The vertical transmission is believed to be a primary means to maintain CHIKV in nature and may be associated with an increased risk of outbreak. Therefore, the goal of this study was to analyze the potential of these two Thai mosquito species to transmit the virus vertically and to determine the number of successive mosquito generations for the virus transmission. Methods Two-hundred-and-fifty female Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were artificially fed a mixture of human blood and CHIKV IOL. Mosquito larvae and adults were sampled and screened for CHIKV by one-step qRT-PCR. LLC-MK2 cell line was used to isolate CHIKV in the mosquitoes each generation. The virus isolate was identified by immunocytochemical staining and was confirmed by sequencing. Both mosquito species fed on human blood without CHIKV and uninfected LLC-MK2 cells were used as controls. Results Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes were able to transmit CHIKV vertically to F5 and F6 progenies, respectively. The virus isolated from the two mosquito species caused cytopathic effect in LLC-MK2 cells by 2 days post-infection and immunocytochemical staining showed the reaction between CHIKV IOL antigen and specific monoclonal antibody in the infected cells. DNA sequence confirmed the virus transmitted vertically as CHIKV IOL with E1-A226V mutation. No CHIKV infection was observed in both mosquito species and LLC-MK2 cells from control groups. Conclusions The study demonstrated that Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes from Thailand are capable of transmitting CHIKV IOL vertically in the laboratory. Our results showed that Ae. albopictus is more susceptible and has a greater ability to transmit the virus vertically than Ae. aegypti. This knowledge would be useful for risk assessments of the maintenance of CHIKV in nature, which is crucial for disease surveillance, vector control and the prevention of potential CHIKV epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Usavadee Thavara
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Tawatsin
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Rungfar Boonserm
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atchara Phumee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somchai Sangkitporn
- Department of Medical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Padet Siriyasatien
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Excellence Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand.
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32
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Degner EC, Harrington LC. Polyandry Depends on Postmating Time Interval in the Dengue Vector Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:780-785. [PMID: 26880776 PMCID: PMC4824218 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of the dengue and chikungunya viruses. After mating, male seminal fluid molecules cause females to become unreceptive to a subsequent mating. This response is often assumed to be immediate and complete, but a growing body of evidence suggests that some females do mate more than once. It is unknown how quickly a female becomes unreceptive to a second mating. Furthermore, the degree to which she remains monandrous after laying several batches of eggs has not been rigorously tested. Therefore, we assessed the rates of polyandry in two sets of experiments using wild-type males and those with fluorescent sperm. The first experiment tested the likelihood of polyandry after postmating intervals of various durations. Most females became refractory to a second mating within 2 hours after mating, and rates of polyandry ranged from 24% immediately after mating to 3% at 20 hours after mating. The second experiment tested whether females were polyandrous after cycles of blood meals and oviposition. No re-insemination was found after one, three, or five such cycles. This study is the first to demonstrate that polyandrous behavior depends on the postmating interval. Our results will inform future applications that depend on an accurate knowledge of Ae. aegypti mating behavior, including models of gene flow, investigations of molecules that drive female mating behavior, and control strategies that deploy genetically modified mosquitoes into the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura C. Harrington
- *Address correspondence to Laura C. Harrington, Department of Entomology, 2130 Comstock Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. E-mail:
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Medlock JM, Hansford KM, Versteirt V, Cull B, Kampen H, Fontenille D, Hendrickx G, Zeller H, Van Bortel W, Schaffner F. An entomological review of invasive mosquitoes in Europe. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015; 105:637-63. [PMID: 25804287 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485315000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Among the invasive mosquitoes registered all over the world, Aedes species are particularly frequent and important. As several of them are potential vectors of disease, they present significant health concerns for 21st century Europe. Five species have established in mainland Europe, with two (Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus) becoming widespread and two (Ae. albopictus and Aedes aegypti) implicated in disease transmission to humans in Europe. The routes of importation and spread are often enigmatic, the ability to adapt to local environments and climates are rapid, and the biting nuisance and vector potential are both an ecomonic and public health concern. Europeans are used to cases of dengue and chikungunya in travellers returning from the tropics, but the threat to health and tourism in mainland Europe is substantive. Coupled to that are the emerging issues in the European overseas territorities and this paper is the first to consider the impacts in the remoter outposts of Europe. If entomologists and public health authorities are to address the spread of these mosquitoes and mitigate their health risks they must first be prepared to share information to better understand their biology and ecology, and share data on their distribution and control successes. This paper focusses in greater detail on the entomological and ecological aspects of these mosquitoes to assist with the risk assessment process, bringing together a large amount of information gathered through the ECDC VBORNET project.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Medlock
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - K M Hansford
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - V Versteirt
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
| | - B Cull
- Medical Entomology Group,MRA/BS,Emergency Response Department,Public Health England,Porton Down,Salisbury,UK
| | - H Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health,Südufer 10,17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems,Germany
| | - D Fontenille
- Centre National d'Expertise sur les Vecteurs (CNEV), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), UMR MIVEGEC,BP 64501,34394 Montpellier,France
| | - G Hendrickx
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
| | - H Zeller
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,Tomtebodavägen 11A,17183 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - W Van Bortel
- Emerging and Vector-borne Diseases, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control,Tomtebodavägen 11A,17183 Stockholm,Sweden
| | - F Schaffner
- Avia-GIS,Risschotlei 33,2980 Zoersel,Belgium
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Owino EA, Sang R, Sole CL, Pirk C, Mbogo C, Torto B. An improved odor bait for monitoring populations of Aedes aegypti-vectors of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:253. [PMID: 25924877 PMCID: PMC4418051 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0866-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective surveillance and estimation of the biting fraction of Aedes aegypti is critical for accurate determination of the extent of virus transmission during outbreaks and inter-epidemic periods of dengue and chikungunya fever. Here, we describe the development and use of synthetic human odor baits for improved sampling of adult Ae. aegypti, in two dengue and chikungunya fevers endemic areas in Kenya; Kilifi and Busia counties. METHODS We collected volatiles from the feet and trunks of two female and two male volunteers aged between 25 and 45 years. We used coupled gas chromatography- electroantennographic detection (GC/EAD) analysis to screen for antennally-active components from the volatiles and coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to identify the EAD-active components. Using randomized replicated designs, we compared the efficacies of Biogents (BG) sentinel traps baited with carbon dioxide plus either single or blends of the identified compounds against the BG sentinel trap baited with carbon dioxide plus the BG commercial lure in trapping Ae. aegypti. The daily mosquito counts in the different traps were subjected to negative binomial regression following the generalized linear models procedures. RESULTS A total of ten major EAD-active components identified by GC/MS as mainly aldehydes and carboxylic acids, were consistently isolated from the human feet and trunk volatiles from at least two volunteers. Field assays with synthetic chemicals of the shared EAD-active components identified from the feet and trunk gave varying results. Ae. aegypti were more attracted to carbon dioxide baited BG sentinel traps combined with blends of aldehydes than to similar traps combined with blends of carboxylic acids. When we assessed the efficacy of hexanoic acid detected in odors of the BG commercial lure and volunteers plus carbon dioxide, trap captures of Ae. aegypti doubled over the trap baited with the commercial BG lure. However, dispensing aldehydes and carboxylic acids together in blends, reduced trap captures of Ae. aegypti by ~45%-50%. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for roles of carboxylic acids and aldehydes in Ae. aegypti host attraction and also show that of the carboxylic acids, hexanoic acid is a more effective lure for the vector than the BG commercial lure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice A Owino
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Africa.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Rosemary Sang
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Africa.
| | - Catherine L Sole
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Christian Pirk
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Charles Mbogo
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI & KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya.
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya, Africa.
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Nasar F, Haddow AD, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Eilat virus displays a narrow mosquito vector range. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:595. [PMID: 25515341 PMCID: PMC4297418 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most alphaviruses are arthropod-borne and utilize mosquitoes as vectors for transmission to susceptible vertebrate hosts. This ability to infect both mosquitoes and vertebrates is essential for maintenance of most alphaviruses in nature. A recently characterized alphavirus, Eilat virus (EILV), isolated from a pool of Anopheles coustani s.I. is unable to replicate in vertebrate cell lines. The EILV host range restriction occurs at both attachment/entry as well as genomic RNA replication levels. Here we investigated the mosquito vector range of EILV in species encompassing three genera that are responsible for maintenance of other alphaviruses in nature. METHODS Susceptibility studies were performed in four mosquito species: Aedes albopictus, A. aegypti, Anopheles gambiae, and Culex quinquefasciatus via intrathoracic and oral routes utilizing EILV and EILV expressing red fluorescent protein (-eRFP) clones. EILV-eRFP was injected at 10(7) PFU/mL to visualize replication in various mosquito organs at 7 days post-infection. Mosquitoes were also injected with EILV at 10(4)-10(1) PFU/mosquito and virus replication was measured via plaque assays at day 7 post-infection. Lastly, mosquitoes were provided bloodmeals containing EILV-eRFP at doses of 10(9), 10(7), 10(5) PFU/mL, and infection and dissemination rates were determined at 14 days post-infection. RESULTS All four species were susceptible via the intrathoracic route; however, replication was 10-100 fold less than typical for most alphaviruses, and infection was limited to midgut-associated muscle tissue and salivary glands. A. albopictus was refractory to oral infection, while A. gambiae and C. quinquefasciatus were susceptible only at 10(9) PFU/mL dose. In contrast, A. aegypti was susceptible at both 10(9) and 10(7) PFU/mL doses, with body infection rates of 78% and 63%, and dissemination rates of 26% and 8%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The exclusion of vertebrates in its maintenance cycle may have facilitated the adaptation of EILV to a single mosquito host. As a consequence, EILV displays a narrow vector range in mosquito species responsible for the maintenance of other alphaviruses in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Nasar
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
- Present Address: Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Andrew D Haddow
- Present Address: Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Savage HM, Ledermann JP, Yug L, Burkhalter KL, Marfel M, Hancock WT. Incrimination of Aedes (Stegomyia) hensilli Farner as an epidemic vector of Chikungunya virus on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia, 2013. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 92:429-436. [PMID: 25404070 PMCID: PMC4347352 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Two species of Aedes (Stegomyia) were collected in response to the first chikungunya virus (CHIKV) outbreak on Yap Island: the native species Ae. hensilli Farner and the introduced species Ae. aegypti (L.). Fourteen CHIKV-positive mosquito pools were detected. Six pools were composed of female Ae. hensilli, six pools were composed of female Ae. aegypti, one pool was composed of male Ae. hensilli, and one pool contained female specimens identified as Ae. (Stg.) spp. Infection rates were not significantly different between female Ae. hensilli and Ae. aegypti. The occurrence of human cases in all areas of Yap Island and the greater number of sites that yielded virus from Ae. hensilli combined with the ubiquitous distribution of this species incriminate Ae. hensilli as the most important vector of CHIKV during the outbreak. Phylogenic analysis shows that virus strains on Yap are members of the Asia lineage and closely related to strains currently circulating in the Caribbean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry M. Savage
- *Address correspondence to Harry M. Savage, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521. E-mail:
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Rougeron V, Sam IC, Caron M, Nkoghe D, Leroy E, Roques P. Chikungunya, a paradigm of neglected tropical disease that emerged to be a new health global risk. J Clin Virol 2014; 64:144-52. [PMID: 25453326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family that causes chronic and incapacitating arthralgia in human populations. Since its discovery in 1952, CHIKV was responsible for sporadic and infrequent outbreaks. However, since 2005, global Chikungunya outbreaks have occurred, inducing some fatalities and associated with severe and chronic morbidity. Chikungunya is thus considered as an important re-emerging public health problem in both tropical and temperate countries, where the distribution of the Aedes mosquito vectors continues to expand. This review highlights the most recent advances in our knowledge and understanding of the epidemiology, biology, treatment and vaccination strategies of CHIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; Unité Mixte de Recherche Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mélanie Caron
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Dieudonné Nkoghe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Eric Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon; Unité Mixte de Recherche Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (IRD 224 - CNRS 5290 - UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Roques
- CEA, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Division of Immuno-Virology, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Sud 11, UMR E1, Orsay, France.
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Diallo D, Sall AA, Diagne CT, Faye O, Faye O, Ba Y, Hanley KA, Buenemann M, Weaver SC, Diallo M. Zika virus emergence in mosquitoes in southeastern Senegal, 2011. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109442. [PMID: 25310102 PMCID: PMC4195678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zika virus (ZIKV; genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae) is maintained in a zoonotic cycle between arboreal Aedes spp. mosquitoes and nonhuman primates in African and Asian forests. Spillover into humans has been documented in both regions and the virus is currently responsible for a large outbreak in French Polynesia. ZIKV amplifications are frequent in southeastern Senegal but little is known about their seasonal and spatial dynamics. The aim of this paper is to describe the spatio-temporal patterns of the 2011 ZIKV amplification in southeastern Senegal. METHODOLOGY/FINDINGS Mosquitoes were collected monthly from April to December 2011 except during July. Each evening from 18:00 to 21:00 hrs landing collections were performed by teams of 3 persons working simultaneously in forest (canopy and ground), savannah, agriculture, village (indoor and outdoor) and barren land cover sites. Mosquitoes were tested for virus infection by virus isolation and RT-PCR. ZIKV was detected in 31 of the 1,700 mosquito pools (11,247 mosquitoes) tested: Ae. furcifer (5), Ae. luteocephalus (5), Ae. africanus (5), Ae. vittatus (3), Ae. taylori, Ae. dalzieli, Ae. hirsutus and Ae. metallicus (2 each) and Ae. aegypti, Ae. unilinaetus, Ma. uniformis, Cx. perfuscus and An. coustani (1 pool each) collected in June (3), September (10), October (11), November (6) and December (1). ZIKV was detected from mosquitoes collected in all land cover classes except indoor locations within villages. The virus was detected in only one of the ten villages investigated. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This ZIKV amplification was widespread in the Kédougou area, involved several mosquito species as probable vectors, and encompassed all investigated land cover classes except indoor locations within villages. Aedes furcifer males and Aedes vittatus were found infected within a village, thus these species are probably involved in the transmission of Zika virus to humans in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diawo Diallo
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
- * E-mail:
| | - Amadou A. Sall
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Cheikh T. Diagne
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Oumar Faye
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane Faye
- Unité des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres Hémorragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Yamar Ba
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Kathryn A. Hanley
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michaela Buenemann
- Department of Geography, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Sénégal
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Owino EA, Sang R, Sole CL, Pirk C, Mbogo C, Torto B. Field evaluation of natural human odours and the biogent-synthetic lure in trapping Aedes aegypti, vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Kenya. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:451. [PMID: 25246030 PMCID: PMC4261536 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methods currently used in sampling adult Aedes aegypti, the main vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses are limited for effective surveillance of the vector and accurate determination of the extent of virus transmission during outbreaks and inter - epidemic periods. Here, we document the use of natural human skin odours in baited traps to improve sampling of adult Ae. aegypti in two different endemic areas of chikungunya and dengue in Kenya - Kilifi and Busia Counties. The chemistry of the volatiles released from human odours and the Biogent (BG)-commercial lure were also compared. METHODS Cotton socks and T-shirts were used to obtain natural human skin volatiles from the feet and trunk of three volunteers (volunteers 1 and 2 in Kilifi and volunteers 2 and 3 in Busia). Using Latin square design, we compared the efficacies of BG sentinel traps baited with carbon dioxide plus (a) no bait, (b) human feet volatiles, (c) human trunk volatiles each against (c) a control (Biogent commercial lure) at the two sites. Coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and compare candidate attractants released by the commercial lure and human odours. RESULTS Ae. aegypti captured in the trap baited with feet odours from volunteer 2 and trunk odours from the same volunteer were significantly higher than in the control trap in Busia and Kilifi respectively, [IRR = 5.63, 95% CI: 1.15 - 28.30, p = 0.030] and [IRR = 3.99, 95% CI: 0.95-16.69, p = 0.049]. At both sites, Ae. aegypti captures in traps baited with either the feet or trunk odours from volunteers 1 and 3 were not significantly different from the control. Major qualitative differences were observed between the chemical profiles of human odours and the commercial BG-lure. Aldehydes, fatty acids and ketones dominated human odour profiles, whereas the BG-lure released mainly hexanoic acid. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that additional candidate attractants are present in human skin volatiles which can help to improve the efficacy of lures for trapping and surveillance of Ae. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice A Owino
- />International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772–00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- />Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Rosemary Sang
- />International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772–00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- />Centre for Virus Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Catherine L Sole
- />Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian Pirk
- />Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charles Mbogo
- />Centre for Geographic Medicine Research – Coast, KEMRI & KEMRI – Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Baldwyn Torto
- />International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O BOX 30772–00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Berthet N, Paulous S, Coffey LL, Frenkiel MP, Moltini I, Tran C, Matheus S, Ottone C, Ungeheuer MN, Renaudat C, Caro V, Dussart P, Gessain A, Desprès P. Resequencing microarray method for molecular diagnosis of human arboviral diseases. J Clin Virol 2012; 56:238-43. [PMID: 23219893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resequencing DNA microarray (RMA) technology uses probes designed to identify a panel of viral sequences. It can be used for detecting emerging viruses by revealing the nucleotide polymorphisms within the target of interest. OBJECTIVES/STUDY DESIGN As a new tool for molecular diagnosis of arbovirus infection, high density PathogenID v2.0 RMA (PID2-RMA) was assessed for the detection and genetic analysis of dengue, West Nile, and Chikungunya viruses in spiked blood samples or sera from individuals infected with dengue virus. Viral RNAs extracted from biological samples were retrotranscribed into cDNA and amplified using the Phi 29 polymerase-based method. This amplified cDNA was used for hybridization on PID2-RMA. RESULTS A good specificity of RMA-based detection was demonstrated using a panel of arboviruses including Dengue, West Nile and Chikungunya viruses. This technology was also efficient for the detection and genetic analysis of the different serotypes of dengue virus in sera of infected patients. Furthermore, the mixing of dengue, West Nile and Chikungunya prototype viruses within a single sample of human blood did not interfere with the sensitivity of PID2-RMA. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that high density PID2-RMA was suitable for the identification of medically important arboviruses. It appears to be particularly adapted to the genetic analysis of dengue, West Nile, and Chikungunya viruses in urgent clinical situations where the rapid identification and characterization of the pathogen is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Berthet
- Institut Pasteur, Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Oncogenic Viruses Unit, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F75015 Paris, France
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Patramool S, Choumet V, Surasombatpattana P, Sabatier L, Thomas F, Thongrungkiat S, Rabilloud T, Boulanger N, Biron DG, Missé D. Update on the proteomics of major arthropod vectors of human and animal pathogens. Proteomics 2012; 12:3510-23. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus; Institut Pasteur; Paris; France
| | | | - Laurence Sabatier
- Département des Sciences Analytiques Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien; Strasbourg; France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC; UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1; Montpellier; France
| | - Supatra Thongrungkiat
- Department of Medical Entomology; Faculty of Tropical Medicine; Mahidol University; Bangkok; Thailand
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- CNRS UMR 5249; Chemistry and Biology of Metals; CEA; Grenoble; France
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- EA4438 Physiopathologie et médecine translationnelle; Faculté de Pharmacie; Illkirch; France
| | - David G. Biron
- CNRS UMR 6023; Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement; Aubière; France
| | - Dorothée Missé
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC; UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1; Montpellier; France
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Weaver SC, Winegar R, Manger ID, Forrester NL. Alphaviruses: population genetics and determinants of emergence. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:242-57. [PMID: 22522323 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are responsible for several medically important emerging diseases and are also significant veterinary pathogens. Due to the aerosol infectivity of some alphaviruses and their ability to cause severe, sometimes fatal neurologic diseases, they are also of biodefense importance. This review discusses the ecology, epidemiology and molecular virology of the alphaviruses, then focuses on three of the most important members of the genus: Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis and chikungunya viruses, with emphasis on their genetics and emergence mechanisms, and how current knowledge as well as gaps influence our ability to detect and determine the source of both natural outbreaks and potential use for bioterrorism. This article is one of a series in Antiviral Research on the genetic diversity of emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Gaugler R, Suman D, Wang Y. An autodissemination station for the transfer of an insect growth regulator to mosquito oviposition sites. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2012; 26:37-45. [PMID: 21689125 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A prototype autodissemination station to topically contaminate oviposition-seeking container-dwelling mosquitoes with the insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, was developed and tested in the laboratory. Our test subject was the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), an urban species that colonizes small-volume cryptic larval habitats and is a skip ovipositor that visits multiple containers. The station consists of a water reservoir to attract gravid females, which is joined to a transfer chamber designed to contaminate visiting mosquitoes. The unit is easily constructed by moulding wet shredded cardboard using corn starch as a binder. The essential criteria that must be met to prove the efficacy of an autodissemination station require it to demonstrate effectiveness in attracting the target insect, in transferring the toxicant to the insect that will disperse the agent, and in facilitating the subsequent transfer of the toxicant from the insect to target habitats at a lethal concentration. Cage experiments demonstrated that the unit was readily accepted by gravid females as an oviposition site. A powder formulation of pyriproxyfen-impregnated silica particles adhered to visiting Ae. albopictus females (mean: 66 particles/female), although particles were lost over time. In cage (2.2 m(3) ) trials, pyriproxyfen-charged stations resulted in 100% inhibition of adult emergence, whereas in small-room (31.1 m(3) ) trials, 81% emergence inhibition was recorded. The venereal transfer of pyriproxyfen from contaminated males to virgin females was also observed, and pyriproxyfen was subsequently transferred to water-holding containers at concentrations that inhibited emergence. Key autodissemination station features include lack of maintenance requirements, biodegradable construction, low cost and low risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gaugler
- Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8536, U.S.A.
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Das B, Swain S, Patra A, Das M, Tripathy HK, Mohapatra N, Kar SK, Hazra RK. Development and evaluation of a single-step multiplex PCR to differentiate the aquatic stages of morphologically similar Aedes (subgenus: Stegomyia) species. Trop Med Int Health 2011; 17:235-43. [PMID: 22040518 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02899.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a single-step multiplex PCR to differentiate the aquatic stages of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Aedes vittatus collected from different breeding spots in arbovirus endemic/epidemic areas and to detect the most abundant species by the multiplex PCR. METHODS Aquatic stages of different mosquito species were sampled by inspecting artificial and natural breeding sites in domestic and peridomestic areas. DNA was isolated from different stages of the three Aedes species. Using novel primers based on 18S rDNA sequence, a single-step multiplex PCR was developed to clearly distinguish the three Aedes species. It was then evaluated in the aquatic stages of Aedes species collected from different areas. RESULTS A total of 1150 aquatic stages were collected from 294 breeding spots, of which 156 contained Aedes species. Discarded tires were the major breeding spots of Aedes species. The aquatic stages were clustered into 230 pools; Ae. albopictus was detected in the largest number of pools, followed by Ae. aegypti and Ae. vittatus. CONCLUSIONS The Multiplex PCR clearly differentiated the aquatic stages of the three Aedes species and detected that Ae. albopictus was most profuse in different breeding spots surveyed, hence indicating to be the main vector in this region. So control measures can be designed against Ae. albopictus at an early stage to prevent any arboviral outbreak. This method is a convenient tool for precise identification of Aedes vectors during entomological surveys in arbovirus endemic/epidemic areas where several species coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswadeep Das
- Department of Medical Entomology, Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India
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Romoser WS, Oviedo MN, Lerdthusnee K, Patrican LA, Turell MJ, Dohm DJ, Linthicum KJ, Bailey CL. Rift Valley fever virus-infected mosquito ova and associated pathology: possible implications for endemic maintenance. Res Rep Trop Med 2011; 2:121-127. [PMID: 30881185 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endemic/Enzootic maintenance mechanisms like vertical transmission (pathogen passage from infected adults to their offspring) are central in the epidemiology of zoonotic pathogens. In Kenya, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) may be maintained by vertical transmission in ground-pool mosquitoes such as Aedes mcintoshi. RVFV can cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock. Past epidemics/epizootics have occurred in sub-Saharan Africa but, since the late 1970s, RVFV has also appeared in North Africa and the Middle East. Preliminary results revealed RVFV-infected eggs in Ae. mcintoshi after virus injection into the hemocoel after the first of two blood meals, justifying further study. Methods Mosquitoes were collected from an artificially flooded water-catching depression along a stream in Kenya, shipped live to the USA, and studied using an immunocytochemical method for RVFV-antigen localization in mosquito sections. Results and conclusion After virus injection into the hemocoel, RVFV-infected reproductive tissues were found, particularly follicular epithelia and oocyte/nurse cells. Ovarian infection from the hemocoel is a crucial step in establishing a vertically transmitting mosquito line. Ovarian follicles originate from germarial cells, primordia located distally in each ovariole, and infection of these cells is expected to be requisite for long-term vertical transmission. However, no germarial cell infection was found, so establishing a new line of vertically transmitting mosquitoes may require two generations. The findings support the hypothesis that Ae. mcintoshi is involved in the endemic maintenance of RVFV by vertical transmission. Detection of distinct pathology in infected eggs raises the possibility of virus-laden eggs being deposited among healthy eggs, thereby providing an exogenous source of infection via ingestion by mosquito larvae and other organisms. This has potentially significant epidemiological implications. Possible modes of entry of virus from the hemocoel into the ovaries and routes by which larvae might become infected by ingesting virus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Romoser
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA,
| | - Marco Neira Oviedo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Tropical Disease Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA,
| | - Kriangkrai Lerdthusnee
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lisa A Patrican
- Infectious Disease Division, National Center for Medical Intelligence, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael J Turell
- Department of Vector Assessment, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - David J Dohm
- Department of Vector Assessment, Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Kenneth J Linthicum
- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Charles L Bailey
- National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Disease, School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, USA
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Singh SK, Unni SK. Chikungunya virus: host pathogen interaction. Rev Med Virol 2011; 21:78-88. [PMID: 21412934 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya is a re-emerging arthropod-borne viral disease caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) belonging to the Togaviridae family of genus Alphavirus. It is a virus with a single stranded, positive sense RNA, as its genome. It is maintained in a sylvatic and urban cycle involving humans and the mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It has garnered the attention of scientists in the past 5-6 years due to the massive outbreaks in the Indian Ocean region in 2005-2006. It has a major health impact on humans as it causes fever, rashes, arthralgia and myalgia. Polyarthralgia is the most important feature of CHIKV infection which primarily affects the small joints of the wrists and fingers along with the large joints like shoulders and knees. Currently, there are no vaccines or treatment regimens available for CHIKV infection. The molecular mechanism underlying the chronic polyarthralgia observed in patients is not well understood. In this review we have summarized the CHIKV organization, replication, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and pathogenesis with emphasis on the arthralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Neurovirology & Inflammation Biology, Section of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Hyderabad 500007, India.
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