1
|
Alberti A, Araujo Coelho DR, Vieira WF, Moehlecke Iser B, Lampert RMF, Traebert E, Silva BBD, Oliveira BHD, Leão GM, Souza GD, Dallacosta FM, Kades G, Madeira K, Chupel MU, Grossl FS, Souza R, Hur Soares B, Endrigo Ruppel da Rocha R, da Silva Sipriano E, Fernandes Martins D, Agostinetto L. Factors Associated with the Development of Depression and the Influence of Obesity on Depressive Disorders: A Narrative Review. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1994. [PMID: 39335507 PMCID: PMC11429137 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12091994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression affects several aspects of life, including socioeconomic status, relationships, behavior, emotions, and overall health. The etiology of depression is complex and influenced by various factors, with obesity emerging as a significant contributor. This narrative review aims to investigate the factors associated with the development of depression, with a particular focus on the role of obesity. The literature search was conducted on PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO from May to July 2024. The review highlights the impact of environmental and socioeconomic conditions; lifestyle choices, including physical activity and dietary habits; stress; traumatic experiences; neurotransmitter imbalances; medical and psychological conditions; hormone fluctuations; and epigenetic factors on depression. A key emphasis is placed on the inflammatory processes linked to obesity, which may drive the bidirectional relationship between obesity and depression. The findings suggest that obesity is associated with an increased risk of depression, potentially due to chronic inflammation, neurochemical dysregulation, and the emotional and social challenges related to weight stigma and obesity management. Understanding these interconnected factors is important for developing targeted interventions to address both obesity and depression, leading to improved quality of life for those affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Alberti
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça 88132-260, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Environment and Health, University of Planalto Catarinense-UNIPLAC, Lages 88509-900, Brazil
| | | | - Willians Fernando Vieira
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 5508-000, Brazil
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-864, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neuroimmune Interface of Pain Research, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Instituto São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas 13045-755, Brazil
| | - Betine Moehlecke Iser
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences Posgraduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Tubarão 88704-900, Brazil
| | - Rose Meiry Fernandez Lampert
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça 88132-260, Brazil
| | - Eliane Traebert
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça 88132-260, Brazil
| | - Bruna Becker da Silva
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça 88132-260, Brazil
| | - Bruna Hoffmann de Oliveira
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça 88132-260, Brazil
| | - Graziela Marques Leão
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça 88132-260, Brazil
| | - Gabriela de Souza
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça 88132-260, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Kades
- Department of Biosciences and Health, University of West Santa Catarina, Joaçaba 89600-000, Brazil
| | - Kristian Madeira
- Department of Mathematics and Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus Uba Chupel
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences, Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Fernando Schorr Grossl
- Department of Biosciences and Health, University of West Santa Catarina, Joaçaba 89600-000, Brazil
| | - Renan Souza
- Department of Biosciences and Health, University of West Santa Catarina, Joaçaba 89600-000, Brazil
| | - Ben Hur Soares
- Department of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo 99052-900, Brazil
| | - Ricelli Endrigo Ruppel da Rocha
- Department of the Graduate Program in Development and Society-PPGEDS (UNIARP), University of Alto Vale do Rio do Peixe, Caçador 89500-199, Brazil
| | - Erica da Silva Sipriano
- Department of Mathematics and Health Sciences, University of the Extreme South of Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fernandes Martins
- Department of Biological and Health Sciences Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNISUL), Palhoça 88132-260, Brazil
| | - Lenita Agostinetto
- Graduate Program in Environment and Health, University of Planalto Catarinense-UNIPLAC, Lages 88509-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sempach L, Doll JPK, Limbach V, Marzetta F, Schaub AC, Schneider E, Kettelhack C, Mählmann L, Schweinfurth-Keck N, Ibberson M, Lang UE, Schmidt A. Examining immune-inflammatory mechanisms of probiotic supplementation in depression: secondary findings from a randomized clinical trial. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:305. [PMID: 39048549 PMCID: PMC11269721 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-03030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently indicated that four-week probiotic supplementation significantly reduced depression along with microbial and neural changes in people with depression. Here we further elucidated the biological modes of action underlying the beneficial clinical effects of probiotics by focusing on immune-inflammatory processes. The analysis included a total of N = 43 participants with depression, from which N = 19 received the probiotic supplement and N = 24 received a placebo over four weeks, in addition to treatment as usual. Blood and saliva were collected at baseline, at post-intervention (week 4) and follow-up (week 8) to assess immune-inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, MIF), gut-related hormones (ghrelin, leptin), and a stress marker (cortisol). Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses were conducted to identify differentially expressed genes. Finally, we analyzed the associations between probiotic-induced clinical and immune-inflammatory changes. We observed a significant group x time interaction for the gut hormone ghrelin, indicative of an increase in the probiotics group. Additionally, the increase in ghrelin was correlated with the decrease in depressive symptoms in the probiotics group. Transcriptomic analyses identified 51 up- and 57 down-regulated genes, which were involved in functional pathways related to enhanced immune activity. We identified a probiotic-dependent upregulation of the genes ELANE, DEFA4 and OLFM4 associated to immune activation and ghrelin concentration. These results underscore the potential of probiotic supplementation to produce biological meaningful changes in immune activation in patients with depression. Further large-scale mechanistic trials are warranted to validate and extend our understanding of immune-inflammatory measures as potential biomarkers for stratification and treatment response in depression. Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov , identifier: NCT02957591.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Sempach
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jessica P K Doll
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verena Limbach
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavia Marzetta
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Chiara Schaub
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Translational Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Else Schneider
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Experimental Cognitive and Clinical Affective Neuroscience (ECAN) Laboratory, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Kettelhack
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Mählmann
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Mark Ibberson
- Vital-IT Group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Undine E Lang
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Schmidt
- Translational Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Research (DKF), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- University Psychiatric Clinics Basel (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Ruyter T, Martens DS, Bijnens EM, De Henauw S, Nawrot TS, Michels N. Exploring the impact of lifestyle and environmental exposures on appetite hormone levels in children and adolescents: An observational study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118846. [PMID: 38582428 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appetite hormones are considered a promising target in fighting obesity as impaired appetite hormone levels have already been associated with obesity. However, further insights in the drivers of appetite hormone levels are needed. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the associations of fasting appetite hormone levels with lifestyle and environmental exposures in children and adolescents. METHODS A total of 534 fasting blood samples were collected from children and adolescents (4-16y,50% boys) and appetite hormone levels (glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), leptin and ghrelin) were measured. Exposures included dietary quality (fiber-rich food intake, sugar propensity, fat propensity), psychosocial stress (happiness, negative emotions, negative life events and emotional problems), sleep duration, physical activity and environmental quality (long term black carbon (BC), particulate matter <2.5 μM (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure, and green space in a 100 m and 2000 m radius around the residence). A multi-exposure score was calculated to combine all the exposures at study in one measure. Associations of individual exposures and multi-exposure score with appetite hormone levels were evaluated using linear mixed regression models adjusting for sex, age, socioeconomic status, waist-to-height ratio and multiple testing. RESULTS GLP-1 was associated with air pollution exposure (NO2 β* = -0.13, BC β* = -0.15, PM2.5 β* = -0.16, all p < 0.001). Leptin was associated with green space in a 100 m radius around the residence (β* = -0.11; p = 0.002). Ghrelin was associated with negative emotions (active ghrelin β* = -0.16; p = 0.04, total ghrelin β* = -0.23; p = 0.0051) and happiness (active ghrelin β* = 0.25; p < 0.001, total ghrelin β* = 0.26; p < 0.001). Furthermore, total ghrelin levels were associated with the multi-exposure score, reflecting unhealthy exposures and lifestyle (β* = -0.22; p = 0.036). DISCUSSION Our findings provide new insights into the associations of exposures with appetite hormone levels, which are of high interest for preventive obesity research. Further research is crucial to reveal the underlying mechanisms of the observed associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaïs De Ruyter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Dries S Martens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Esmée M Bijnens
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Open University, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang C, Dong Y, Li S, Li M, Gao Y, Liu Y, Liu X, Zhou C, Li J. Ghrelin and depressive symptoms in patients with first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder: The mediating role of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2024; 16:e12552. [PMID: 38348641 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the global burdens of disease, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. An increasing amount of research indicates that ghrelin regulates mood in patients with MDD. Still, current results are inconsistent, and the mechanisms underlying how ghrelin modulates depressive symptoms are inconclusive, especially in first-episode drug-naïve MDD patients. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship and potential mechanism between ghrelin and first-episode drug-naïve MDD. METHODS Ninety first-episode drug-naïve MDD patients and 65 healthy controls (HCs) were included. Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) as a measure of depressive symptoms. Plasma levels of ghrelin and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) hormones were measured in all participants. RESULTS Compared to HCs, the ghrelin levels were higher in the MDD (p < .001) and still showed significance after covarying for sex, age, and Body Mass Index (BMI). Ghrelin was positively related to corticotropin-releasing-hormone (CRH) levels (r = .867, p < .001), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels (r = .830, p < .001), and cortisol levels (r = .902, p < .001) in partial correlation analysis. In addition, there was a positive correlation between HAMD total score and ghrelin levels (r = .240, p = .026). Other than that, the HAMD total score also had a positive correlation with the CRH (r = .333, p = .002) and cortisol (r = .307, p = .004) levels. Further mediation analysis demonstrated that the relationship between ghrelin and HAMD total score was mediated by CRH (ab-path; β = .4457, 95% CI = 0.0780-1.0253, c-path; β = .2447, p = .0260, c'-path; β = -.2009, p = .3427). CONCLUSIONS These findings revealed that plasma ghrelin provides a pivotal link to depressive symptoms in first-episode drug-naive MDD patients. CRH mediated the relationship between ghrelin and HAMD total score. It might provide new insights into understanding the pathogenesis of MDD, contributing to intervention and treatment from this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuhao Zhang
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yeqing Dong
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - ShuHua Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tianjin TEDA Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Meijuan Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chi Zhou
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Mental Health, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Mental Health Center of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moazzami K, Pearce BD, Gurel NZ, Wittbrodt MT, Levantsevych OM, Huang M, Shandhi MMH, Herring I, Murrah N, Driggers E, Alkhalaf ML, Soudan M, Shallenberger L, Hankus AN, Nye JA, Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Inan OT, Bremner JD. Transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation modulates stress-induced plasma ghrelin levels: A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial. J Affect Disord 2023; 342:85-90. [PMID: 37714385 PMCID: PMC10698687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcutaneous cervical vagus nerve stimulation (tcVNS) has emerged as a potential treatment strategy for patients with stress-related psychiatric disorders. Ghrelin is a hormone that has been postulated to be a biomarker of stress. While the mechanisms of action of tcVNS are unclear, we hypothesized that tcVNS reduces the levels of ghrelin in response to stress. METHODS Using a randomized double-blind approach, we studied the effects of tcVNS on ghrelin levels in individuals with a history of exposure to traumatic stress. Participants received either sham (n = 29) or active tcVNS (n = 26) after exposure to acute personalized traumatic script stress and mental stress challenges (public speech, mental arithmetic) over a three day period. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the levels of ghrelin between the tcVNS and sham stimulation groups at either baseline or in the absence of trauma scripts. However, tcVNS in conjunction with personalized traumatic scripts resulted in lower ghrelin levels compared to the sham stimulation group (265.2 ± 143.6 pg/ml vs 478.7 ± 349.2 pg/ml, P = 0.01). Additionally, after completing the public speaking and mental arithmetic tests, ghrelin levels were found to be lower in the group receiving tcVNS compared to the sham group (293.3 ± 102.4 pg/ml vs 540.3 ± 203.9 pg/ml, P = 0.009). LIMITATIONS Timing of ghrelin measurements, and stimulation of only left vagus nerve. CONCLUSION tcVNS decreases ghrelin levels in response to various stressful stimuli. These findings are consistent with a growing literature that tcVNS modulates hormonal and autonomic responses to stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasra Moazzami
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
| | - Bradley D Pearce
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nil Z Gurel
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Matthew T Wittbrodt
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Oleksiy M Levantsevych
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Minxuan Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Md Mobashir H Shandhi
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Isaias Herring
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nancy Murrah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Emily Driggers
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - MhmtJamil L Alkhalaf
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Majd Soudan
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Lucy Shallenberger
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Allison N Hankus
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jonathon A Nye
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Amit J Shah
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| | - Omer T Inan
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America; Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gajewska A, Strzelecki D, Gawlik-Kotelnicka O. Ghrelin as a Biomarker of "Immunometabolic Depression" and Its Connection with Dysbiosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3960. [PMID: 37764744 PMCID: PMC10537261 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a gastrointestinal peptide, is an endogenous ligand of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a), which is mainly produced by X/A-like cells in the intestinal mucosa. Beyond its initial description as a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue stimulator of appetite, ghrelin has been revealed to have a wide range of physiological effects, for example, the modulation of inflammation; the improvement of cardiac performance; the modulation of stress, anxiety, taste sensation, and reward-seeking behavior; and the regulation of glucose metabolism and thermogenesis. Ghrelin secretion is altered in depressive disorders and metabolic syndrome, which frequently co-occur, but it is still unknown how these modifications relate to the physiopathology of these disorders. This review highlights the increasing amount of research establishing the close relationship between ghrelin, nutrition, microbiota, and disorders such as depression and metabolic syndrome, and it evaluates the ghrelinergic system as a potential target for the development of effective pharmacotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agata Gajewska
- Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Oliwia Gawlik-Kotelnicka
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Baber R, Wirkner K, Schroeter ML, Witte AV, Villringer A, Kluge M. Leptin, but not ghrelin, is associated with food addiction scores in a population-based subject sample. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1200021. [PMID: 37559914 PMCID: PMC10407557 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin and leptin are both peptide hormones and act as opposing players in the regulation of hunger, satiety and energy expenditure. Leptin reduces appetite and feelings of hunger and is secreted mainly by adipocytes, while ghrelin increases appetite and food intake and reduces metabolic rate. Both hormones have been implicated in addictive disorders. Ghrelin was shown to have pro-addictive effects while leptin's role in addiction yields more conflicting results. Their involvement in the regulation of both food intake and addictive behaviors make them interesting candidates when investigating the regulation of food addiction. However, only few human studies have been performed and large-scale studies are lacking to date. We aimed to investigate the association between total ghrelin and leptin serum levels with scores in the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). METHODS Subjects were recruited in the LIFE Adult cohort. 909 subjects were included in the analysis and we performed univariate multiple linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex (in total group analyses only), alcohol consumption, smoking status, BMI scores, cortisol concentrations, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) sum scores. The dependent variable was the YFAS score. RESULTS In men, leptin serum levels showed a significant positive association (standardized β = 0.146; p = 0.012) with the YFAS score. This finding was confirmed in an extreme-group comparison: men in the highest quartile of leptin levels had significantly higher YFAS sum scores than men in the lowest quartile (1.55 vs. 1.18; p = 0.00014). There was no association with YFAS sum score in the total group (standardized β = -0.002; p = 0.974) or in women (standardized β = -0.034; p = 0.674). Total serum ghrelin showed no association with YFAS sum score neither in the total group (standardized β = -0.043; p = 0.196) nor in men (n = 530; standardized β = -0.063; p = 0.135) or women (n = 379; standardized β = -0.035; p = 0.494). CONCLUSION Our findings are in line with previous literature and suggest that total ghrelin serum levels are not associated with food addiction scores. Leptin had been previously shown to be associated with food addiction and we confirmed this finding for men in a large, population-based approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Alexander Wittekind
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Ronny Baber
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wirkner
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias L. Schroeter
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A. Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf-Virchow-Klinikum Glauchau, Glauchau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Daniels TE, Mathis KJ, Gobin AP, Lewis-de Los Angeles WW, Smith EM, Chanthrakumar P, de la Monte S, Tyrka AR. Associations of early life stress with leptin and ghrelin in healthy young adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 149:106007. [PMID: 36577337 PMCID: PMC9931677 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood adversity is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic health problems. Stress-related changes in diet suggest a role for endocrine factors that influence dietary intake, such as leptin and ghrelin. These hormones influence metabolism and may contribute to the relationship of early adversity, mental, and cardiometabolic health. This study examined levels of leptin and ghrelin in a sample of young adults with and without early life stress (ELS). METHODS Young adults ages 18-40 (N = 200; 68.5% female) were recruited from the community. Participants with ELS (N = 118) had childhood maltreatment, and a subset, n = 92 (78.0%) also had parental loss, and n = 65 (55.1%) also had a current psychiatric disorder. Control participants (N = 82) had no maltreatment, parental loss, or psychiatric disorders. Standardized interviews and self-reports assessed demographics, adversity, medical/psychiatric history, and health behaviors. Exclusion criteria included medical conditions and current medications other than hormonal contraceptives. Body Mass Index (BMI) and other anthropometrics were measured, and fasting plasma was assayed for total ghrelin and leptin with the Bio-Plex Pro Human Diabetes Panel. RESULTS While ELS was significantly associated with greater leptin (r = .16, p = .025), a finding which held when adjusted for age and sex (F(3196)= 28.32, p = .011), this relationship was abolished when accounting for BMI (p = .44). Participants with ELS also had significantly lower total ghrelin (r = .21, p = .004), which held adjusting for age and sex (p = .002) and was attenuated (p = .045) when the model included BMI (F=46.82, p < .001). Current psychiatric disorder was also a significant predictor of greater leptin (r = .28, p < .001) and lower ghrelin (r = .29, p = .003). In the model with ELS and covariates, psychiatric disorder remained significant (F=7.26, p = .008) and ELS was no longer significant (p = .87). Associations with severity and recent perceived stress were also examined. CONCLUSION The relationship of ELS and leptin was no longer significant when accounting for BMI, suggesting potential avenues for intervention. Ghrelin findings persisted after correction for BMI, which may be secondary to physiological differences in the regulation of these hormones (leptin is produced by adipocytes, whereas ghrelin is produced primarily in the GI tract). Lastly, these findings suggest that psychiatric functioning may be a key component contributing to the relationship of lower total ghrelin and childhood adversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E Daniels
- Initiative on Stress, Trauma, and Resilience (STAR), Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA.
| | | | - Asi Polly Gobin
- Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - William W Lewis-de Los Angeles
- Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital and Bradley Hospital, RI, USA; Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eric M Smith
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Suzanne de la Monte
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Departments of Medicine, Neurology, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, and Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Audrey R Tyrka
- Initiative on Stress, Trauma, and Resilience (STAR), Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA; Mood Disorders Research Program and Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Okasha TA, El-Gabry DA, Ali MH, Gabrielle FF. The role of ghrelin peptide among a sample of Egyptian patients with first episode of major depressive disorder. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-022-00263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prominent psychiatric disorder that significantly reduces living quality and increases the risk of suicide. Ghrelin influences the central nervous system (CNS) and impacts reward, inspiration, and signaling pathways in addition to acting as an appetite signal. This case-controlled comparative study focused on the association between serum ghrelin levels and MDD. The study was done during September 2021 and March 2022 on 25 people with MDD and 25 healthy controls. SCID-1 and the Ham-D 17 scales were used to evaluate the cases. The GHQ scale was used to evaluate the controls. The serum ghrelin levels of all samples were determined. The findings were presented, and statistically analyzed to perform an accurate assessment.
Results
There were 50 subjects: 25 cases of MDD and 25 healthy matched controls with non-statistically significant difference to cases as regard gender, marital status, residence, education, age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Total serum ghrelin levels among our cases showed a mean value of 4.152, while the controls showed markedly low values, with a mean value of 0.436, showing a statistically significant difference between both groups with p < 0.001. Furthermore, Post Hoc analysis by least significant difference showed a significant difference between mild-severe and moderate-severe groups, although there was no statistically significant difference between mild and moderate groups.
Conclusions
There was a significant indirect correlation between serum ghrelin level and severity of the illness. Further investigations via longitudinal studies and on larger samples are recommended to settle specific causal paths between the two variables.
Collapse
|
10
|
Serretti A. Clinical Utility of Fluid Biomarker in Depressive Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 20:585-591. [PMID: 36263634 PMCID: PMC9606424 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2022.20.4.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorders are ranked as the single largest contributor to non-fatal health loss and biomarkers could largely improve our routine clinical activity by predicting disease course and guiding treatment. However there is still a dearth of valid biomarkers in the field of psychiatry. The initial assumption that a single biomarker can capture the myriad of complex processes proved to be naive. The purpose of this paper is to critically review the field and to illustrate the possible practical application for routine clinical care. Biomarkers derived from DNA analysis are the ones that have received the most attention. Other potential candidates include circulating transcription products, proteins, and inflammatory markers. DNA polygenic risk scores proved to be useful in other fields of medicine and preliminary results suggest that they could be useful both as risk and diagnostic biomarkers also in depression and for the choice of treatment. A number of other possible fluid biomarkers are currently under investigation for diagnosis, outcome prediction, staging, and stratification of interventions, however research is still needed before they can be used for routine clinical care. When available, clinicians may be able to receive a lab report with detailed information about disease risk, outcome prediction, and specific indications about preferred treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Serretti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy,Address for correspondence: Alessandro Serretti Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Viale Carlo Pepoli 5, 40123 Bologna, Italy, E-mail: , ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4363-3759
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ghrelin and Obestatin in Adolescent Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: Is There an Association with Disordered Eating, Depression, and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms? PSYCHIATRY INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/psychiatryint3030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by restrictive eating and significant weight loss. In the course of AN, changes are observed in appetite regulation, including orexigenic ghrelin and potentially anorexigenic obestatin. The study aimed to determine if any changes in serum ghrelin and obestatin levels during treatment of AN are observed, while investigating the correlations between these peptides and the severity of disturbed eating attitudes, depression, and anxiety. Thirty adolescent inpatients with AN (examined twice: before hospitalization treatment AN-BT and after treatment AN-AT) and thirty healthy age- and height-matched girls (CG) participated in the study. Anthropometric, serum ghrelin and obestatin concentrations and psychometric evaluations (Eating Attitudes Test 26 Item-EAT-26, Beck Depression Inventory-BDI, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-HDRS, and Yale Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale-Y-BOCS) were performed. The study revealed significantly higher ghrelin and obestatin levels in AN-BT than in AN-AT. A trend toward lower levels during treatment provided partial normalizations. Analyzing correlations in the AN-BT vs. CG group, correlations of peptides with EAT-26, BDI, and HDRS scores were detected. These results suggest a potential role for ghrelin and obestatin in the context of defense mechanisms regulating appetite and body weight in the course of AN and in terms of psychopathological changes co-occurring with this eating disorder.
Collapse
|
12
|
Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Riedel-Heller S, Witte AV, Villringer A, Kluge M. Serum ghrelin is positively associated with physiological anxiety but negatively associated with pathological anxiety in humans: Data from a large community-based study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 140:105728. [PMID: 35305404 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The orexigenic hormone ghrelin is being increasingly recognized as a stress hormone being involved in anxiety regulation. In animals, ghrelin effects on, and responses to acute stress differed from those in chronic stress, an animal model for anxiety and depression. In humans, elevated ghrelin levels were reported in pathological anxiety (e.g. panic disorder). However, no reports exist on physiological anxiety in mentally healthy subjects. In addition, reports on generalized anxiety symptoms, both in mentally healthy subjects (e.g. worrying) or in adult patients, are lacking. Total serum ghrelin was determined in 1666 subjects of a population-based cross-sectional study ('LIFE'). The 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), detecting also other anxiety disorders, was administered. For multiple linear regression analyses, 1091 subjects were finally included. Serum ghrelin and GAD-7 scores were positively but not significantly associated in the total group (ß=0.00025, standardized β = 0.039, 95%CI: -0.00006;0.0006;p = 0.144), in subjects with no more than mild anxiety, there was a significant positive association (GAD-7 ≤9: n = 1061, 97.25%, β = 0.00032; standardized β = 0.060; 95%CI: 0.000023;0.00062;p = 0.036). In contrast, there was a negative association in subjects with anxiety symptoms above the GAD-7 cut-off (GAD-7 ≥10: n = 30, 2.75%, ß=-0.003, standardized β = -0.462; 95% CI:-0.006;0.0001;p = 0.045). Ghrelin levels were only numerically (p = 0.23) higher in subjects with clinically relevant anxiety symptoms (963.5 ± 399.6 pg/ml; mean±SD) than in those without (901.0 ± 416.4 pg/ml). In conclusion, the positive association between ghrelin and no more than mild anxiety is an initial indication for a role for ghrelin in the regulation of physiological anxiety in humans. This association and the opposed association in pathological anxiety resemble findings in animals showing diverging ghrelin effects in acute and chronic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Institute of Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, and Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Clinic of Cognitive Neurology, University of Leipzig, and Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Biemann R, Mergl R, Riedel-Heller S, Witte V, Villringer A, Kluge M. Association Between Self-rating Depression Scores and Total Ghrelin and Adipokine Serum Levels in a Large Population-Based Sample. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:891325. [PMID: 35633817 PMCID: PMC9130496 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.891325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ghrelin and the adipokines leptin and adiponectin have been suggested to be involved in mood and anxiety regulation and to be altered in affective disorders. However, studies investigating the association between ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin and depressive symptomatology are scarce but might contribute to a better understanding of their involvement in mood regulation. We thus aimed investigating the association between depressive symptomatology and total ghrelin as well as leptin and adiponectin serum levels in a large population-based sample. Methods Total serum ghrelin, adiponectin and leptin levels were determined in 1666 subjects of a population-based cross-sectional study ("LIFE"). The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Inventory of Depressive Symptoms - Self Rating (IDS-SR) were administered. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between total serum ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin and the intensity of depressive symptoms. Results In the total sample (n = 1,092), neither ghrelin nor leptin or adiponectin serum levels showed a significant association with CES-D or IDS-SR sum scores (N = 1,092) or in depressed/non-depressed subjects. Leptin serum levels showed a significantly positive association with IDS-SR sum scores in elderly men (≥60 years; β = 0.122, 95% CI: 0.009; 0.236; p = 0.035). Conclusion Our study suggests that peripheral levels of ghrelin and adipokines in a cross-sectional study design might not be sufficient to measure their involvement in depression, suggesting that associations are more complex and multi-layered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Biemann
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roland Mergl
- Institute of Psychology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Steffi Riedel-Heller
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social Medicine, Occupational Health and Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Veronika Witte
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Krishna AG, Goyal N, Ram D, Rajan AK, Kshitiz KK. Hunger Hormones in Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder in Adolescents: An Exploratory Study. ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2210676612666220415112851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Hunger hormones, including ghrelin and leptin, are associated with appetitive behaviors in various psychiatric disorders. Biochemical and hormonal status in disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) in adolescents is largely unexplored.
Objectives:
The study aimed to assess levels of leptin and ghrelin and find their association with lipid profiles in adolescents with DMDD.
Methods:
Twenty adolescents with a DSM 5 diagnosis of DMDD with age and gender-matched 19 healthy controls were recruited, followed by clinical assessment. They were assessed for leptin, ghrelin, and lipid profiles, respectively.
Results:
Adolescents with DMDD were comparable in age, education, family income, domicile status, psychiatric illness in the family, and body mass index (BMI) with matched controls. There was no difference in mean lipid profile and ghrelin in both groups. However, the DMDD group had statistically significant higher mean level of leptin as compared to the control group (t=1.84, p < 0.05). As measured by the Modified Overt Aggression Scale in DMDD, aggression showed a significant positive correlation with measures of lipid profile.
Conclusion:
Adolescents with DMDD have elevated serum leptin levels. Further research is needed to confirm this finding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nishant Goyal
- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi
| | - Dushad Ram
- Associate Professor of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra
| | | | - K. K. Kshitiz
- Professor of Biochemistry, Central Institute of Psychiatry, Ranchi
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ünler M, Ekmekçi Ertek İ, Afandiyeva N, Kavutçu M, Yüksel N. The role of neuropeptide Y, orexin-A, and ghrelin in differentiating unipolar and bipolar depression: a preliminary study. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:162-169. [PMID: 35282777 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2048887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When depressive symptoms in bipolar and unipolar patients were compared, a number of studies reported that atypical vegetative features such as hypersomnia and hyperphagia were more common in bipolar patients. Moreover, neuropeptides such as orexin-A (ORX-A), ghrelin (GRL), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are involved in the regulation of these vegetative functions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 45 unipolar and 24 bipolar depressive patients, and 36 euthymic healthy controls were included in the study. The groups were compared in terms of peripheral blood samples of ORX-A, GRL, and NPY levels, as well as HAM-D, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-Revised, and Suicide Probability Scale scores. RESULTS Both unipolar and bipolar patients had lower ORX-A, GRL, and NPY levels compared to the controls, whereas NPY levels of bipolar patients were lower than unipolar patients. There was a negative correlation between NPY levels and emotional eating in the bipolar group. CONCLUSION While lower ORX-A, GRL, and NPY levels are associated with depressive episodes regardless of the diagnosis; NPY levels also differ in bipolar and unipolar depression patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ünler
- Gaziantep 25 Aralık State Hospital, Psychiatry Clinic, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - İrem Ekmekçi Ertek
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nigar Afandiyeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kavutçu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Yüksel
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Masule MV, Rathod S, Agrawal Y, Patil CR, Nakhate KT, Ojha S, Goyal SN, Mahajan UB. Ghrelin mediated regulation of neurosynaptic transmitters in depressive disorders. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100113. [PMID: 35782191 PMCID: PMC9240712 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide released by the endocrine cells of the stomach and the neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. It modulates both peripheral and central functions. Although ghrelin has emerged as a potent stimulator of growth hormone release and as an orexigenic neuropeptide, the wealth of literature suggests its involvement in the pathophysiology of affective disorders including depression. Ghrelin exhibits a dual role through the advancement and reduction of depressive behavior with nervousness in the experimental animals. It modulates depression-related signals by forming neuronal networks with various neuropeptides and classical neurotransmitter systems. The present review emphasizes the integration and signaling of ghrelin with other neuromodulatory systems concerning depressive disorders. The role of ghrelin in the regulation of neurosynaptic transmission and depressive illnesses implies that the ghrelin system modulation can yield promising antidepressive therapies. Ghrelin is the orexigenic type of neuropeptide. It binds with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). GHSR is ubiquitously present in the various brain regions. Ghrelin is involved in the regulation of depression-related behavior. The review focuses on the neurotransmission and signaling of ghrelin in neuropsychiatric and depressive disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milind V. Masule
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumit Rathod
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Yogeeta Agrawal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chandragouda R. Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kartik T. Nakhate
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal's Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule, 424001, Maharashtra, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Umesh B. Mahajan
- Department of Pharmacology, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405, Maharashtra, India
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Naufel MF, Pedroso AP, Oyama LM, Telles MM, Hachul H, Ribeiro EB. Preliminary evidence of acylated ghrelin association with depression severity in postmenopausal women. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5319. [PMID: 33674672 PMCID: PMC7935977 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84431-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown increased depression and anxiety scores in postmenopausal overweight women, when compared to overweight premenopausal women. The mechanisms responsible for these alterations are not understood. Although ghrelin involvement in mood modulation has been suggested, its role is still ambiguous and has not been evaluated in postmenopause. Here we investigated the association of ghrelin with depression and anxiety symptoms in postmenopausal women. Fifty-five postmenopausal women with depression symptoms, who were not in use of hormones or antidepressants, were included in the study. Depression symptoms were evaluated by Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and anxiety symptoms were evaluated by Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Women were allocated into three groups, according to BDI classification of mild, moderate, or severe depression symptoms. Anthropometric, biochemical and hormonal parameters were analyzed. Total and acylated ghrelin levels were higher in the severe depression than in the mild depression group. Multivariate regression analyses showed positive associations of BDI scores with acylated ghrelin and BMI, and of PHQ-9 scores with acylated ghrelin and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). BAI scores associated positively with waist-to-hip ratio. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an association between acylated ghrelin and the severity of depression symptoms in postmenopausal women. This association may reflect either a physiological response aimed at fighting against depression symptoms or a causal factor of this mental disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernanda Naufel
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Amanda Paula Pedroso
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mônica Marques Telles
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Helena Hachul
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Department Gynecology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliane Beraldi Ribeiro
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Botucatu 862, Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP, 04023-062, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang KL, Chen MH, Hsu JW, Tsai SJ, Bai YM. Using classification and regression tree modeling to investigate appetite hormones and proinflammatory cytokines as biomarkers to differentiate bipolar I depression from major depressive disorder. CNS Spectr 2021:1-7. [PMID: 33563365 DOI: 10.1017/s109285292100016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered immunity and metabolic profiles have been compared between bipolar depression (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed at developing a composite predictor of appetite hormones and proinflammatory cytokines to differentiate BD from MDD. METHODS This cross-sectional study enrolled patients with BD and those with MDD aged 20 to 59 years and displaying depressive episodes. Clinical characteristics (age, sex, body mass index, and depression severity), cytokines (C-reactive protein, interleukin [IL]-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, P-selectin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein), and appetite hormones (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, and insulin) were assessed as potential predictors using a classification and regression tree (CRT) model for differentiating BD from MDD. RESULTS The predicted probability of a composite predictor of ghrelin and TNF-α was significantly greater (for BD: area under curve = 0.877; for MDD: area under curve = 0.914) than that of any one marker (all P > .05) to distinguish BD from MDD. The most powerful predictors for diagnosing BD were high ghrelin and TNF-α levels, whereas those for MDD were low ghrelin and TNF-α levels. CONCLUSION A composite predictor of ghrelin and TNF-α driven by CRT could assist in the differential diagnosis of BD from MDD with high specificity. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate our results and to explore underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Lin Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Karadeniz S, Yaman H, Bilginer Ç, Hızarcı Bulut S, Yaman SÖ. Serum nesfatin-1, ghrelin, and lipid levels in adolescents with first episode drug naïve unipolar depression. Nord J Psychiatry 2020; 74:613-619. [PMID: 32496844 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2020.1772363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental health and emotional disorder that affects children and adolescents worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate serum nesfatin-1, ghrelin, and lipid levels as biological markers of adolescent MDD and their relationship with the severity of depression-anxiety and suicide risk in MDD. Methods:This study included 37 drug naïve adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 who were diagnosed with a first episode MDD according to the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and DSM-V diagnostic criteria. Thirty-three healthy adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 were included as the control group. The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED), and Suicide Probability Scale (SPS) were used to evaluate the subjects in the MDD and control groups. In the first stage, serum nesfatin-1, ghrelin, and lipid levels were compared between the adolescents diagnosed with MDD and the control group. Next, the correlations between these levels and the CDI, SCARED, and SPS scores were evaluated. Results: Nesfatin-1 levels were significantly lower in the MDD group than the control group (p < 0.001) A positive correlation was found between the nesfatin-1 levels and the SPS scores. Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate nesfatin-1 levels in adolescent depression, suggesting that nesfatin-1, ghrelin, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels can be used as biomarkers in child-adolescent MDD. However, it is evident that further studies with larger samples and post-treatment measurements are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Karadeniz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Çilem Bilginer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Sevda Hızarcı Bulut
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Serap Özer Yaman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fritz EM, Singewald N, De Bundel D. The Good, the Bad and the Unknown Aspects of Ghrelin in Stress Coping and Stress-Related Psychiatric Disorders. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:594484. [PMID: 33192444 PMCID: PMC7652849 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.594484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released by specialized X/A cells in the stomach and activated by acylation. Following its secretion, it binds to ghrelin receptors in the periphery to regulate energy balance, but it also acts on the central nervous system where it induces a potent orexigenic effect. Several types of stressors have been shown to stimulate ghrelin release in rodents, including nutritional stressors like food deprivation, but also physical and psychological stressors such as foot shocks, social defeat, forced immobilization or chronic unpredictable mild stress. The mechanism through which these stressors drive ghrelin release from the stomach lining remains unknown and, to date, the resulting consequences of ghrelin release for stress coping remain poorly understood. Indeed, ghrelin has been proposed to act as a stress hormone that reduces fear, anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in rodents but some studies suggest that ghrelin may - in contrast - promote such behaviors. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on the role of the ghrelin system in stress coping. We discuss whether ghrelin release is more than a byproduct of disrupted energy homeostasis following stress exposure. Furthermore, we explore the notion that ghrelin receptor signaling in the brain may have effects independent of circulating ghrelin and in what way this might influence stress coping in rodents. Finally, we examine how the ghrelin system could be utilized as a therapeutic avenue in stress-related psychiatric disorders (with a focus on anxiety- and trauma-related disorders), for example to develop novel biomarkers for a better diagnosis or new interventions to tackle relapse or treatment resistance in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Maria Fritz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy and CMBI, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dimitri De Bundel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Center for Neurosciences (C4N), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sang YM, Wang LJ, Mao HX, Lou XY, Zhu YJ, Zhu YH. Correlation of lower 2 h C-peptide and elevated evening cortisol with high levels of depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:490. [PMID: 33023555 PMCID: PMC7539383 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of studies have explored the association between depression and ghrelin, leptin, and cortisol; further, postprandial C-peptide levels have a therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the relationship between C-peptide and depression in patients with diabetes, remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the association between depression and ghrelin, leptin, cortisol, and C-peptide in patients with diabetes. METHODS We enrolled 50 adults without T2DM, 77 non-depressed adults with T2DM (free of Axis-I psychiatric disorders as assessed using the Mental Illness Needs Index (MINI), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 score ≤ 4)) and 59 patients with T2DM and depression (PHQ-9 ≥ 7 and positive by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5). The age range of the participants was 45-59 years of age. We compared the above three groups and explored the association between ghrelin, leptin, cortisol, C-peptide, and depression in patients with diabetes. A post-hoc power-analysis was finished. RESULTS Compared with the non-depression T2DM group, the depression T2DM group had significantly higher blood glucose fluctuations. Further, compared with the non-depression T2DM and non-diabetic groups, the depression T2DM group had significantly lower levels of post-meal 2-h C-peptide and elevated evening cortisol (p < 0.01). Regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between depression severity and 2-h postprandial C-peptide in patients with diabetes (p < 0.01) and a significant positive correlation with midnight cortisol levels (p < 0.01). A post hoc power analysis showed that we had an adequate sample size and met the minimum requirement to attain 80% power. A post hoc power calculation also demonstrated that this study basically achieved power of 80% at 5% alpha level. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate a correlation of low fasting levels of 2-h C-peptide as well as higher midnight cortisol levels with higher depression severity in middle-aged patients with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ming Sang
- grid.452555.60000 0004 1758 3222Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Jinhua City, 321000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Li Jun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Hong Xian Mao
- grid.452555.60000 0004 1758 3222Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Jinhua City, 321000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Xue Yong Lou
- grid.452555.60000 0004 1758 3222Department of Endocrinology, Jinhua Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Jinhua City, 321000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yi Jun Zhu
- The Central Laboratory, Jinhua Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Jinhua City, 321000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yue Hua Zhu
- grid.452555.60000 0004 1758 3222Department of Psychiatry, Jinhua Central Hospital, 351 Mingyue Street, Jinhua City, 321000 Zhejiang Province China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stone LA, Harmatz ES, Goosens KA. Ghrelin as a Stress Hormone: Implications for Psychiatric Illness. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:531-540. [PMID: 32912426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The stress response is an adaptive means of maintaining physiological homeostasis in the face of changing environmental conditions. However, protracted recruitment of stress systems can precipitate wear and tear on the body and may lead to many forms of disease. The mechanisms underlying the connection between chronic stress and disease are not fully understood and are likely multifactorial. In this review, we evaluate the possibility that the hormone ghrelin may contribute to the pathophysiology that follows chronic stress. Since ghrelin was discovered as a pro-hunger hormone, many additional roles for it have been identified, including in learning, memory, reward, and stress. We describe the beneficial effects that ghrelin exerts in healthy mammals and discuss that prolonged exposure to ghrelin has been linked to maladaptive responses and behaviors in the realm of psychiatric disease. In addition, we consider whether chronic stress-associated altered ghrelin signaling may enhance susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid conditions such as major depressive disorder and alcohol use disorder. Finally, we explore the possibility that ghrelin-based therapeutics could eventually form the basis of a treatment strategy for illnesses that are linked to chronic stress and potentially also ghrelin dysregulation, and we identify critical avenues for future research in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ki A Goosens
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Simmons WK, Burrows K, Avery JA, Kerr KL, Taylor A, Bodurka J, Potter W, Teague TK, Drevets WC. Appetite changes reveal depression subgroups with distinct endocrine, metabolic, and immune states. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:1457-1468. [PMID: 29899546 PMCID: PMC6292746 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There exists little human neuroscience research to explain why some individuals lose their appetite when they become depressed, while others eat more. Answering this question may reveal much about the various pathophysiologies underlying depression. The present study combined neuroimaging, salivary cortisol, and blood markers of inflammation and metabolism collected prior to scanning. We compared the relationships between peripheral endocrine, metabolic, and immune signaling and brain activity to food cues between depressed participants experiencing increased (N = 23) or decreased (N = 31) appetite and weight in their current depressive episode and healthy control participants (N = 42). The two depression subgroups were unmedicated and did not differ in depression severity, anxiety, anhedonia, or body mass index. Depressed participants experiencing decreased appetite had higher cortisol levels than subjects in the other two groups, and their cortisol values correlated inversely with the ventral striatal response to food cues. In contrast, depressed participants experiencing increased appetite exhibited marked immunometabolic dysregulation, with higher insulin, insulin resistance, leptin, CRP, IL-1RA, and IL-6, and lower ghrelin than subjects in other groups, and the magnitude of their insulin resistance correlated positively with the insula response to food cues. These findings provide novel evidence linking aberrations in homeostatic signaling pathways within depression subtypes to the activity of neural systems that respond to food cues and select when, what, and how much to eat. In conjunction with prior work, the present findings strongly support the existence of pathophysiologically distinct depression subtypes for which the direction of appetite change may be an easily measured behavioral marker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Kyle Simmons
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
- School of Community Medicine, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.
- Janssen Research and Development, LLC., Titusville, NJ, USA.
| | | | | | - Kara L Kerr
- Department of Psychology, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Ashlee Taylor
- Integrative Immunology Center, The Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Jerzy Bodurka
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - William Potter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - T Kent Teague
- Departments of Surgery and Psychiatry, School of Community Medicine, The University of Oklahoma, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, The Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Age and leptinemia association with anxiety and depression symptoms in overweight middle-aged women. Menopause 2020; 26:317-324. [PMID: 30277920 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of menopause and of postmenopausal stages on depression and anxiety symptoms, and whether these symptoms associate with anthropometric, metabolic, and hormonal parameters in midlife women. METHODS Postmenopausal women (age 50-65), either at early (EPM, n=33) or late (LPM, n = 23) postmenopause, and 23 premenopausal controls (PreM, age 40-50), matched for BMI with the PM groups, were studied. Blood biochemical and hormonal determinations, bioimpedance anthropometry, and depression and anxiety symptoms (Beck's depression [BDI] and anxiety [BAI] inventories) were conducted. RESULTS The BAI score was higher in both PM groups than in the PreM group. In contrast, only the LPM group showed a significantly elevated BDI score. All groups presented overweight and abdominal obesity, having similar BMI and waist/hip ratio values. Both PM groups showed insulin resistance, whereas only the LPM group presented decreased skeletal muscle mass and basal metabolic rate. Correlation analysis, including all 79 middle-aged women, showed age, percentage body fat, waist/hip ratio, and leptinemia to correlate positively with the anxiety and depression scores. Multivariate regression showed leptin and age to associate positively with depressive- and anxious-like symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Postmenopausal women presented impaired body composition, energy expenditure, insulin sensitivity, and mental symptoms, in comparison to similarly overweight premenopausal women. Among all the overweight midlife women, these symptoms were more strongly associated with age and leptin levels than with reproductive aging itself. The data indicate that, among overweight middle-aged women with abdominal obesity, the aging process and the development of leptin resistance are associated with impairment of mental health.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ozmen S, Şeker A, Demirci E. Ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2019; 32:1043-1047. [PMID: 31472067 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2019-0229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric disorders in childhood and an important health problem that is associated with the risk of serious mental, educational and economical problems. Researchers have mentioned many different mechanisms in the etiopathology of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to investigate ghrelin and leptin levels in children with anxiety disorders and thus to contribute to the clarification of anxiety in children. Methods Forty-three children aged 6-12 years with a diagnosis of the Anxiety Disorder according to DSM 5 and 21 healthy children age- and gender-matched to the study group were included. All the subjects were assessed with Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAI-C) scale. Blood samples were obtained in the morning and serum ghrelin and leptin levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results In the anxiety group the ghrelin levels were higher than the control group (p = 0.037) but there was no significant difference between the leptin levels (p = 0.430). Also, when the girls in the anxiety group and the girls in the control group were compared, ghrelin levels were higher in the anxiety group (p < 0.01). Conclusions These findings suggest that ghrelin may play a significant role in the etiologic mechanisms of anxiety disorders. However, more detailed studies are needed to explain the linkage between anxiety disorders and neuropeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Ozmen
- Erciyes University Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Asilay Şeker
- Erciyes University Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Demirci
- Erciyes University Hospital, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Mills JG, Larkin TA, Deng C, Thomas SJ. Weight gain in Major Depressive Disorder: Linking appetite and disordered eating to leptin and ghrelin. Psychiatry Res 2019; 279:244-251. [PMID: 30878306 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) involves changes in appetite and weight, with a subset of individuals at an increased risk of weight gain. Pathways to weight gain may include appetite disturbances, excess eating, and dysregulation of appetite hormones. However, little research has simultaneously examined relationships between hormones, eating behaviours and MDD symptoms. Plasma ghrelin and leptin, biometrics, eating behaviours and psychopathology were compared between depressed (n = 60) and control (n = 60) participants. Depressed participants were subcategorised into those with increased or decreased appetite/weight for comparison by subtype. The Dutch Eating Behaviours Questionnaire and Yale Food Addiction Scale measured eating behaviours. Disordered eating was higher in MDD than controls, in females than males, and in depressed individuals with increased, compared to decreased, appetite/weight. Leptin levels were higher in females only. Leptin levels correlated positively, and ghrelin negatively, with disordered eating. The results provide further evidence for high levels of disordered eating in MDD, particularly in females. The correlations suggest that excessive eating in MDD is significantly linked to appetite hormones, indicating that it involves physiological, rather than purely psychological, factors. Further, longitudinal, research is needed to better understand whether hormonal factors play a causal role in excessive eating in MDD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Mills
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Theresa A Larkin
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia; Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Susan J Thomas
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Luño I, Palacio J, García-Belenguer S, Rosado B. Baseline and postprandial concentrations of cortisol and ghrelin in companion dogs with chronic stress-related behavioural problems: A preliminary study. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
28
|
The role of hormonal, metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers on sleep and appetite in drug free patients with major depression: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2019; 250:249-259. [PMID: 30870775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex and heterogeneous disorder in which clinical symptoms can widely differ among patients. Neurovegetative symptoms, i.e. decreased or increased appetite, changes in body weight and sleep disturbances, described as 'melancholic' or 'atypical' features of a depressive episode, are the most variable symptoms among patients with MDD. We hypothesized biomarkers differences underlying this neurovegetative variability in major depression. METHODS We systematically reviewed, according to the PRISMA guidelines, the role of specific metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory biomarkers in drug-free MDD patients, that could have neurobiological effects on appetite, weight regulation and circadian rhythms, influencing eating behaviour and sleep patterns. All studies regarding the co-occurrence of disturbed sleep and appetite were examined. RESULTS Besides the well-known leptin and ghrelin, other biomarkers such as BDNF, VEGF, NPY, orexin, and the recent discovered nesfatin-1 seem to be involved in neurovegetative changes in depressive disorders playing a role in the regulation of affective states, stress reactions and sleep patterns. Interestingly, based on the existing evidence, ghrelin, orexin and nesfatin-1 could be linked both to sleep and appetite regulation in depressed patients. LIMITATIONS Heterogeneous studies with low sample size. CONCLUSIONS Despite the wide heterogeneity of results, studies on biomarkers of appetite and sleep in MDD are an interesting field of research to explain the neurobiological substrates of depressive symptoms that deserve further investigation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Weibert E, Hofmann T, Stengel A. Role of nesfatin-1 in anxiety, depression and the response to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 100:58-66. [PMID: 30292960 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1 has been discovered a decade ago and since then drawn a lot of attention. The initially proposed anorexigenic effect was followed by the description of several other involvements such as a role in gastrointestinal motility, glucose homeostasis, cardiovascular functions and thermoregulation giving rise to a pleiotropic action of this peptide. The recent years witnessed mounting evidence on the involvement of nesfatin-1 in emotional processes as well. The present review will describe the peptide's relations to anxiety, depressiveness and stress in animal models and humans and also discuss existing gaps in knowledge in order to stimulate further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Weibert
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Hofmann
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Stengel
- Charité Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Department for Psychosomatic Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mills JG, Thomas SJ, Larkin TA, Pai NB, Deng C. Problematic eating behaviours, changes in appetite, and weight gain in Major Depressive Disorder: The role of leptin. J Affect Disord 2018; 240:137-145. [PMID: 30071417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appetite and weight changes are core symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), and those with MDD are at increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders. Leptin promotes satiety, with leptin dysregulation and resistance noted in obesity. However, the role of leptin in weight changes in MDD is not established. This study investigates leptin levels in relation to appetite and weight changes and problematic eating behaviours in MDD. METHODS Plasma leptin levels, psychopathology and biometrics were compared between participants meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for MDD (n = 63) and healthy controls (n = 60). Depressed participants were also sub-categorised according to increased, decreased or unchanged appetite and weight. The Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire and Yale Food Addiction Scale were examined in a subset of participants with MDD. RESULTS Females with increased appetite/weight had higher leptin levels than those with stable or reduced appetite/weight, however males showed the opposite effect. Leptin levels were positively correlated with problematic eating behaviours. One quarter of the depressed subset, all females, met the Yale criteria for food addiction, approximately double the rates reported in general community samples. LIMITATIONS The study is limited by a cross sectional design and a small sample size in the subset analysis of eating behaviours. CONCLUSIONS The results provide new information about associations between leptin, sex-specific weight and appetite changes and problematic eating behaviours, which may be risk factors for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in MDD, particularly in females. Future longitudinal research investigating leptin as a risk factor for weight gain in MDD is warranted, and may lead to early interventions aimed at preventing weight gain in at-risk individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica G Mills
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia.
| | - Susan J Thomas
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Theresa A Larkin
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Nagesh B Pai
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Chao Deng
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia; Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, University of Wollongong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Morin V, Hozer F, Costemale-Lacoste JF. The effects of ghrelin on sleep, appetite, and memory, and its possible role in depression: A review of the literature. Encephale 2018; 44:256-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
32
|
Hacimusalar Y, Eşel E. Suggested Biomarkers for Major Depressive Disorder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 55:280-290. [PMID: 30224877 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2017.19482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) mainly relies on clinical examination and subjective evaluation of depressive symptoms. There is no non-invasive, quantitative test available today for the diagnosis of MDD. In MDD, exploration of biomarkers will be helpful in diagnosing the disorder as well as in choosing a treatment, and predicting the treatment response. In this article, it is aimed to review the findings of suggested biomarkers such as growth factors, cytokines and other inflammatory markers, oxidative stress markers, endocrine markers, energy balance hormones, genetic and epigenetic features, and neuroimaging in MDD and to evaluate how these findings contribute to the pathophysiology of MDD, the prediction of treatment response, severity of the disorder, and identification of subtypes. Among these, the findings related to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, cytokines, and neuroimaging may be strong candidates for being biomarkers MDD, and may provide critical information in understanding biological etiology of depression. Although the findings are not sufficient yet, we think that the results of epigenetic studies will also provide very important contributions to the biomarker research in MDD. The availability of biomarkers in MDD will be an advancement that will facilitate the diagnosis of the disorder, treatment choices in the early stages, and prediction of the course of the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Hacimusalar
- Department of Psychiatry, Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ertuğrul Eşel
- Department of Psychiatry, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Simanek AM, Parry A, Dowd JB. Differences in the association between persistent pathogens and mood disorders among young- to middle-aged women and men in the U.S. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 68:56-65. [PMID: 28965957 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing literature supports the role of immune system alterations in the etiology of mood regulation, yet there is little population-based evidence regarding the association between persistent pathogens, inflammation and mood disorders among younger women and men in the U.S. METHODS We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III on individuals 15-39 years of age assessed for major depression, dysthymia, and/or bipolar disorder I and tested for cytomegalovirus (N=6825), herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 (N=5618) and/or Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) (N=3167) seropositivity as well as C-reactive protein (CRP) level (N=6788). CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody level was also available for a subset of women (N=3358). We utilized logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between pathogens, CRP levels and each mood disorder overall and among women and men, separately. RESULTS H. pylori seropositivity was associated with increased odds of dysthymia (OR 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 5.24) among women, but decreased odds among men (OR 0.51, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.92). CMV seropositivity was also associated with lower odds of depression (OR 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.91) among men, while elevated CMV IgG level was marginally associated with increased odds of mood disorders among women. Associations were not mediated by CRP level. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that persistent pathogens such as CMV and H. pylori may differentially influence mood disorders among women and men, warranting further investigation into biological and/or sociocultural explanations for the contrasting associations observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Simanek
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States.
| | - Amy Parry
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer B Dowd
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Algul S, Ozcelik O. Evaluating the Levels of Nesfatin-1 and Ghrelin Hormones in Patients with Moderate and Severe Major Depressive Disorders. Psychiatry Investig 2018; 15:214-218. [PMID: 29475222 PMCID: PMC5900400 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2017.05.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to evaluate the importance of nesfatin-1, acylated and des-acylated ghrelin, which are known as energy regulatory hormones, in patients with moderate and severe major depression disorders (MDD). METHODS Thirty patients with a moderate degree of MDD and, 30 with a severe degree of MDD were used as participants in this study. Thirty subjects without depression were enrolled as a control group. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale was used to classify the patients with MDD. Blood samples were taken after overnight fasting. The plasma nesfatin-1, acylated ghrelin and des-acylated ghrelin levels were measured using a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. RESULTS The nesfatin-1, the acylated ghrelin and the des-acylated ghrelin levels were found to be significantly higher in severe MDD (3.92±0.4 ng/mL; 88.56±4.1 pg/mL; 962.76±67 pg/mL) as compared to moderate MDD (2.91±0.5 ng/mL; 77.63±4.19 pg/mL; 631.16±35 pg/mL), or the control (1.01±0.3 ng/mL; 58.60±9.00 pg/mL; 543.13±62 pg/mL), respectively. CONCLUSION Although nesfatin-1 and ghrelin are known as adversely affecting the hormones involving the regulation of appetite and food intake, they all increase in depressive patients and are even associated with the severity of the disease. In clinical medicine, the evaluation of the role of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin in endocrine and neu-roendocrine regulation of major metabolic functions is an important key mechanism in solving numerous diseases associated with endocrine and neuroendocrine disturbance. Increased levels of nesfatin-1 and ghrelin may also be important criteria in describing the prognoses of the patients and the effectiveness of the treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sermin Algul
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Oguz Ozcelik
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Horne R, Foster JA. Metabolic and Microbiota Measures as Peripheral Biomarkers in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:513. [PMID: 30405455 PMCID: PMC6204462 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding the role of the microbiome in physical and mental health are at the forefront of medical research and hold potential to have a direct impact on precision medicine approaches. In the past 7 years, we have studied the role of microbiota-brain communication on behavior in mouse models using germ-free mice, mice exposed to antibiotics, and healthy specific pathogen free mice. Through our work and that of others, we have seen an amazing increase in our knowledge of how bacteria signal to the brain and the implications this has for psychiatry. Gut microbiota composition and function are influenced both by genetics, age, sex, diet, life experiences, and many other factors of psychiatric and bodily disorders and thus may act as potential biomarkers of the gut-brain axis that could be used in psychiatry and co-morbid conditions. There is a particular need in major depressive disorder and other mental illness to identify biomarkers that can stratify patients into more homogeneous groups to provide better treatment and for development of new therapeutic approaches. Peripheral outcome measures of host-microbe bidirectional communication have significant translational value as biomarkers. Enabling stratification of clinical populations, based on individual biological differences, to predict treatment response to pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Here we consider the links between co-morbid metabolic syndrome and depression, focusing on biomarkers including leptin and ghrelin in combination with assessing gut microbiota composition, as a potential tool to help identify individual differences in depressed population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Horne
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sominsky L, Hodgson DM, McLaughlin EA, Smith R, Wall HM, Spencer SJ. Linking Stress and Infertility: A Novel Role for Ghrelin. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:432-467. [PMID: 28938425 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Infertility affects a remarkable one in four couples in developing countries. Psychological stress is a ubiquitous facet of life, and although stress affects us all at some point, prolonged or unmanageable stress may become harmful for some individuals, negatively impacting on their health, including fertility. For instance, women who struggle to conceive are twice as likely to suffer from emotional distress than fertile women. Assisted reproductive technology treatments place an additional physical, emotional, and financial burden of stress, particularly on women, who are often exposed to invasive techniques associated with treatment. Stress-reduction interventions can reduce negative affect and in some cases to improve in vitro fertilization outcomes. Although it has been well-established that stress negatively affects fertility in animal models, human research remains inconsistent due to individual differences and methodological flaws. Attempts to isolate single causal links between stress and infertility have not yet been successful due to their multifaceted etiologies. In this review, we will discuss the current literature in the field of stress-induced reproductive dysfunction based on animal and human models, and introduce a recently unexplored link between stress and infertility, the gut-derived hormone, ghrelin. We also present evidence from recent seminal studies demonstrating that ghrelin has a principal role in the stress response and reward processing, as well as in regulating reproductive function, and that these roles are tightly interlinked. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that stress may negatively impact upon fertility at least in part by stimulating a dysregulation in ghrelin signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luba Sominsky
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Deborah M Hodgson
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Science and IT, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,School of Environmental & Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and IT, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Lookout Road, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia.,Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Hannah M Wall
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Sarah J Spencer
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ricken R, Bopp S, Schlattmann P, Himmerich H, Bschor T, Richter C, Elstner S, Stamm TJ, Schulz-Ratei B, Lingesleben A, Reischies FM, Sterzer P, Borgwardt S, Bauer M, Heinz A, Hellweg R, Lang UE, Adli M. Ghrelin Serum Concentrations Are Associated with Treatment Response During Lithium Augmentation of Antidepressants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 20:692-697. [PMID: 28911006 PMCID: PMC5581484 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium augmentation of antidepressants is an effective strategy in treatment-resistant depression. The proteohormone ghrelin is thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of treatment response with the course of ghrelin levels during lithium augmentation. METHOD Ghrelin serum concentrations and severity of depression were measured in 85 acute depressive patients before and after 4 weeks of lithium augmentation. RESULTS In a linear mixed model analysis, we found a significant effect of response*time interaction (F1.81=9.48; P=.0028): under treatment, ghrelin levels increased in nonresponders and slightly decreased in responders to lithium augmentation. The covariate female gender had a significant positive effect (F1.83=4.69; P=.033), whereas time, response, appetite, and body mass index (kg/m2) did not show any significant effect on ghrelin levels (P>.05). CONCLUSION This is the first study showing that the course of ghrelin levels separates responders and nonresponders to lithium augmentation. Present results support the hypothesis that ghrelin serum concentrations might be involved in response to pharmacological treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ricken
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor).,Correspondence: Roland Ricken, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany ()
| | - Sandra Bopp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Hubertus Himmerich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Tom Bschor
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Christoph Richter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Samuel Elstner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Thomas J Stamm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Brigitte Schulz-Ratei
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Alexandra Lingesleben
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Friedel M Reischies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Philipp Sterzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Rainer Hellweg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Undine E Lang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| | - Mazda Adli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany (Drs Ricken, Bopp, Richter, Stamm, Sterzer, Heinz, Hellweg, and Adli); Department of Statistics, Informatics and Documentation, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany (Dr Schlattmann); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (Dr Himmerich); King’s College London, London, Great Britain (Dr Himmerich); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Schlosspark-Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Bschor); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Wenckebach Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Vivantes Klinikum Kaulsdorf, Berlin, Germany (Dr Richter); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Königin Elisabeth Herzberge gGmbH, Berlin, Germany (Dr Elstner); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany (Dr Stamm); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Fliedner Klinik Berlin, Berlin, Germany (Dr Schulz-Ratei); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany (Dr Lingesleben); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich von Bodelschwingh-Klinik, Berlin, Germany (Dr Reischies); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Switzerland (Drs Borgwardt and Lang); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (Drs Bauer and Bschor)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jiao Q, Du X, Li Y, Gong B, Shi L, Tang T, Jiang H. The neurological effects of ghrelin in brain diseases: Beyond metabolic functions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 73:98-111. [PMID: 27993602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide released by the stomach that plays a major role in regulating energy metabolism, has recently been shown to have effects on neurobiological behaviors. Ghrelin enhances neuronal survival by reducing apoptosis, alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress, and accordingly improving mitochondrial function. Ghrelin also stimulates the proliferation, differentiation and migration of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs). Additionally, the ghrelin is benefit for the recovery of memory, mood and cognitive dysfunction after stroke or traumatic brain injury. Because of its neuroprotective and neurogenic roles, ghrelin may be used as a therapeutic agent in the brain to combat neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we highlight the pre-clinical evidence and the proposed mechanisms underlying the role of ghrelin in physiological and pathological brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Jiao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xixun Du
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Bing Gong
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Limin Shi
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Tingting Tang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders and State Key Disciplines: Physiology, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China; Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jeon SW, Kim YK. Molecular Neurobiology and Promising New Treatment in Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:381. [PMID: 26999106 PMCID: PMC4813239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited effects of currently available antidepressants are becoming an urgent issue in depression research. It takes a long time to determine treatment effects, and the overall remission rate is low. Although we expect the development of non-monoamine antidepressants in the near future, efforts in this regard over the past several decades have not yet been compensated. Thus, researchers and clinicians should clarify the neurobiological mechanisms of integrated modulators that regulate changes in genes, cells, the brain, and behaviors associated with depression. In this study, we review molecular neurobiological theories and new treatments for depression. Beyond neuroanatomy and monoamine theory, we discuss cells and molecules, neural plasticity, neurotrophisms, endocrine mechanisms, immunological mechanisms, genetics, circadian rhythms, and metabolic regulation in depression. In addition, we introduce the possibility of new antidepressant drug development using protein translation signaling (mTOR) pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul 15355, Korea.
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, 123, Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Seoul 15355, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Russo F, Chimienti G, Clemente C, Ferreri C, Orlando A, Riezzo G. A possible role for ghrelin, leptin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and docosahexaenoic acid in reducing the quality of life of coeliac disease patients following a gluten-free diet. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:807-818. [PMID: 26687809 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1128-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A gluten-free diet (GFD) has been reported to negatively impact the quality of life (QoL) of coeliac disease (CD) patients. The gut-brain axis hormones ghrelin and leptin, with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), may affect QoL of CD patients undergoing GFD. Our aims were to evaluate whether: (a) the circulating concentrations of leptin, ghrelin and BDNF in CD patients were different from those in healthy subjects; (b) GFD might induce changes in their levels; (c) BDNF Val66Met polymorphism variability might affect BDNF levels; and (d) serum BDNF levels were related to dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as a neurotrophin modulator. METHODS Nineteen adult coeliac patients and 21 healthy controls were included. A QoL questionnaire was administered, and serum concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, BDNF and red blood cell membrane DHA levels were determined at the enrolment and after 1 year of GFD. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was analysed. RESULTS Results from the questionnaire indicated a decline in QoL after GFD. Ghrelin and leptin levels were not significantly different between groups. BDNF levels were significantly (p = 0.0213) lower in patients after GFD (22.0 ± 2.4 ng/ml) compared to controls (31.2 ± 2.2 ng/ml) and patients at diagnosis (25.0 ± 2.5 ng/ml). BDNF levels correlated with DHA levels (p = 0.008, r = 0.341) and the questionnaire total score (p = 0.041, r = 0.334). CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin and leptin seem to not be associated with changes in QoL of patients undergoing dietetic treatment. In contrast, a link between BDNF reduction and the vulnerability of CD patients to psychological distress could be proposed, with DHA representing a possible intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Russo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute for Digestive Diseases I.R.C.C.S. "Saverio de Bellis", Via Turi 27, 70013, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy.
| | - Guglielmina Chimienti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Clemente
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute for Digestive Diseases I.R.C.C.S. "Saverio de Bellis", Via Turi 27, 70013, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Carla Ferreri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), ISOF Bio Free Radicals, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Orlando
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute for Digestive Diseases I.R.C.C.S. "Saverio de Bellis", Via Turi 27, 70013, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riezzo
- Laboratory of Nutritional Pathophysiology, National Institute for Digestive Diseases I.R.C.C.S. "Saverio de Bellis", Via Turi 27, 70013, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mathews MJ, Mathews EH, Liebenberg L. The mechanisms by which antidepressants may reduce coronary heart disease risk. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2015; 15:82. [PMID: 26231223 PMCID: PMC4522054 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-015-0074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is known to increase the risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) likely through various pathogenetic actions. Understanding the links between depression and CHD and the effects of mediating these links may prove beneficial in CHD prevention. METHODS An integrated model of CHD was used to elucidate pathogenetic pathways of importance between depression and CHD. Using biomarker relative risk data the pathogenetic effects are representable as measurable effects based on changes in biomarkers. RESULTS A 'connection graph' presents interactions by illustrating the relationship between depression and the biomarkers of CHD. The use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is postulated to have potential to decrease CHD risk. Comparing the 'connection graph' of SSRI's to that of depression elucidates the possible actions through which risk reduction may occur. CONCLUSIONS The CHD effects of depression appear to be driven by increased inflammation and altered metabolism. These effects might be mediated with the use of SSRI's.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Mathews
- CRCED Pretoria, North-West University, P.O. Box 11207, Silver Lakes, 0054, South Africa.
| | - Edward H Mathews
- CRCED Pretoria, North-West University, P.O. Box 11207, Silver Lakes, 0054, South Africa.
| | - Leon Liebenberg
- CRCED Pretoria, North-West University, P.O. Box 11207, Silver Lakes, 0054, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tang M, Jiang P, Li H, Liu Y, Cai H, Dang R, Zhu W, Cao L. Fish oil supplementation alleviates depressant-like behaviors and modulates lipid profiles in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:239. [PMID: 26183327 PMCID: PMC4504181 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Patients with major depressive disorder have a higher prevalence and incidence of dyslipidemia. However, clinical studies concerning the association between lipid levels and depression are inconsistent. Adipokines (like leptin and adiponectin) and ghrelin are strongly associated with lipid metabolism. Fish oil, which is reported to possess antidepressant effect, also have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism and the cardiovascular system. In the present study, we investigated lipid metabolism in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and the effect of fish oil on lipid profiles, aforementioned adipokines and ghrelin. Methods Sucrose preference test (SPT), open field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST) were used to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of fish oil. After the behavior tests, peripheral blood were collected. Serum parameters, including fasting triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCH), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c), free fatty acid (FFA), glucose (GLU), adipokines (leptin, adiponectin) and ghrelin were assayed. Results After 5 weeks of CUMS procedures, rats were induced to depressive-like state, and exhibited increased serum levels of TCH, HDL-c, FFA and decreased serum levels of leptin and ghrelin, whereas the serum status of adiponectin, GLU, TG and LDL-c remained stable. Fish oil treatment showed robust antidepressant effect and reversed the stress-induced lipid disturbance and decrease in serum concentration of ghrelin. Conclusions Our results suggested that CUMS altered the serum levels of lipid profiles, leptin and ghrelin in rats. Fish oil supplementation not only provided antidepressant-like effects, but also reversed the altered lipid profiles and ghrelin level in serum. Our data indicated that fish oil treatment exerts anti-depressant effect and regulates lipid disturbance simultaneously.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ghrelin's Role in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Stress Response: Implications for Mood Disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:19-27. [PMID: 25534754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a stomach hormone normally associated with feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Recent studies highlight that ghrelin targets the brain to regulate a diverse number of functions, including learning, memory, motivation, stress responses, anxiety, and mood. In this review, we discuss recent animal and human studies showing that ghrelin regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and affects anxiety and mood disorders, such as depression and fear. We address the neural sites of action through which ghrelin regulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and associated stress-induced behaviors, including the centrally projecting Edinger-Westphal nucleus, the hippocampus, amygdala, locus coeruleus, and the ventral tegmental area. Stressors modulate many behaviors associated with motivation, fear, anxiety, depression, and appetite; therefore, we assess the potential role for ghrelin as a stress feedback signal that regulates these associated behaviors. Finally, we briefly discuss important areas for future research that will help us move closer to potential ghrelin-based therapies to treat stress responses and related disorders.
Collapse
|
44
|
François M, Schaefer JM, Bole-Feysot C, Déchelotte P, Verhulst FC, Fetissov SO. Ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulins and anxiety, depression and stress-induced cortisol response in adolescents. The TRAILS study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 59:1-7. [PMID: 25562566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin, a hunger hormone, has been implicated in the regulation of stress-response, anxiety and depression. Ghrelin-reactive immunoglobulins (Ig) were recently identified in healthy and obese humans showing abilities to increase ghrelin's stability and orexigenic effects. Here we studied if ghrelin-reactive Ig are associated with anxiety and depression and with the stress-induced cortisol response in a general population of adolescents. Furthermore, to test the possible infectious origin of ghrelin-reactive Ig, their levels were compared with serum IgG against common viruses. METHODS We measured ghrelin-reactive IgM, IgG and IgA in serum samples of 1199 adolescents from the Dutch TRAILS study and tested their associations with 1) anxiety and depression symptoms assessed with the Youth Self-Report, 2) stress-induced salivary cortisol levels and 3) IgG against human herpesvirus 1, 2, 4 and 6 and Influenza A and B viruses. RESULTS Ghrelin-reactive IgM and IgG correlated positively with levels of antibodies against Influenza A virus. Ghrelin-reactive IgM correlated negatively with antibodies against Influenza B virus. Ghrelin-reactive IgM correlated positively with anxiety scores in girls and ghrelin-reactive IgG correlated with stress-induced cortisol secretion, but these associations were weak and not significant after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSION These data indicate that production of ghrelin-reactive autoantibodies could be influenced by viral infections. Serum levels of ghrelin-reactive autoantibodies probably do not play a role in regulating anxiety, depression and the stress-response in adolescents from the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie François
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France
| | - Johanna M Schaefer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France
| | - Pierre Déchelotte
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry & Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sergueï O Fetissov
- Nutrition, Gut and Brain Laboratory, Inserm UMR1073, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Rouen University, Normandy University, 76183, France.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zarouna S, Wozniak G, Papachristou AI. Mood disorders: A potential link between ghrelin and leptin on human body? World J Exp Med 2015; 5:103-109. [PMID: 25992324 PMCID: PMC4436933 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin and ghrelin are two hormones associated with multiple physiological functions, especially energy balance. Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone discovered in 1950 and ghrelin which was found in 1999, is a peptide hormone produced and secreted in the stomach. A number of previous studies showed that these hormones could be associated with different types of mood disorders. The results of previous studies, nevertheless, are confounded by diverse sample selection and different methodologies. A search for related articles in the PubMed database was attempted. The search covered studies, reports, reviews and editorials published in the last ten years. Older references served as auxiliary sources for comparison purposes. However, due to the different results of the studies, there is a need for more investigation in order to establish the exact biochemical mechanisms that are responsible for these diseases and ghrelin’s and leptin’s effects on mood.
Collapse
|
46
|
Wittekind DA, Kluge M. Ghrelin in psychiatric disorders - A review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 52:176-94. [PMID: 25459900 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide hormone, first described in 1999 and broadly expressed in the organism. As the only known orexigenic hormone secreted in the periphery, it increases hunger and appetite, promoting food intake. Ghrelin has also been shown to be involved in various physiological processes being regulated in the central nervous system such as sleep, mood, memory and reward. Accordingly, it has been implicated in a series of psychiatric disorders, making it subject of increasing investigation, with knowledge rapidly accumulating. This review aims at providing a concise yet comprehensive overview of the role of ghrelin in psychiatric disorders. Ghrelin was consistently shown to exert neuroprotective and memory-enhancing effects and alleviated psychopathology in animal models of dementia. Few human studies show a disruption of the ghrelin system in dementia. It was also shown to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of addictive disorders, promoting drug reward, enhancing drug seeking behavior and increasing craving in both animals and humans. Ghrelin's exact role in depression and anxiety is still being debated, as it was shown to both promote and alleviate depressive and anxiety-behavior in animal studies, with an overweight of evidence suggesting antidepressant effects. Not surprisingly, the ghrelin system is also implicated in eating disorders, however its exact role remains to be elucidated. Its widespread involvement has made the ghrelin system a promising target for future therapies, with encouraging findings in recent literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang P, Liu C, Liu L, Zhang X, Ren B, Li B. The Antidepressant-like Effects of Estrogen-mediated Ghrelin. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:524-35. [PMID: 26412072 PMCID: PMC4790402 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x1304150831120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, one of the brain-gut peptides, stimulates food-intake. Recently, ghrelin has also shown to play an important role in depression treatment. However, the mechanism of ghrelin's antidepressant-like actions is unknown. On the other hand, sex differences in depression, and the fluctuation of estrogens secretion have been proved to play a key role in depression. It has been reported that women have higher level of ghrelin expression, and ghrelin can stimulate estrogen secretion while estrogen acts as a positive feedback mechanism to up-regulate ghrelin level. Ghrelin may be a potential regulator of reproductive function, and estrogen may have additional effect in ghrelin's antidepressantlike actions. In this review, we summarize antidepressant-like effects of ghrelin and estrogen in basic and clinical studies, and provide new insight on ghrelin's effect in depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wang
- Life Sciences institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Changhong Liu
- Life Sciences institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Lei Liu
- Life Sciences institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Jilin provincial key
laboratory on molecular and chemical genetic, Second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun
130024, China
| | - Bingzhong Ren
- Life Sciences institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
| | - Bingjin Li
- Life Sciences institute, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 130024
- Jilin provincial key
laboratory on molecular and chemical genetic, Second hospital of Jilin University, Changchun
130024, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
The association between depression, weight loss and leptin/ghrelin levels in male patients with head and neck cancer undergoing radiotherapy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2015; 37:31-5. [PMID: 25440723 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the relationship between weight loss, depression and anxiety, and appetite hormones, leptin and ghrelin levels in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC), as well as the effect of radiotherapy and antidepressant treatment on weight and these hormones. METHODS Forty male patients with HNC and twenty physically and mentally healthy male controls were recruited for the study. Psychiatric status was evaluated with clinical interview and psychometric tests. All patients received radiotherapy and antidepressant treatment with mirtazapine that was given to patients with psychiatric disorders. Serum leptin and ghrelin levels were measured pre- and post-treatment in the patients and once in the controls. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the serum leptin and ghrelin levels of patients and controls. The leptin levels of the patients were decreased by radiotherapy. Eleven patients were diagnosed with major depressive disorder and adjustment disorder and were classed as depressive patients. Depressive patients were affected more by radiotherapy with respect to weight loss. The basal leptin levels of depressive patients were also lower than non-depressive patients and controls. CONCLUSION It seems that depression aggravated weight loss and, in addition, decreased leptin levels in cancer patients. Detection and treatment of psychiatric disorders may improve prognosis by preventing weight loss as well as by providing psychiatric treatment in cancer patients.
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hymie Anisman
- Correspondence to: H. Anisman, Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa ON K1S 5B6;
| |
Collapse
|