1
|
Xiao Y, Han L, Wang H, Ke H, Xu S, Huang Z, Lyu G, Li S. Uric Acid Inhibits Mice Pancreatic Steatosis via the Glycerophospholipid Pathway. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21829-21837. [PMID: 38799326 PMCID: PMC11112710 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background: despite evidence for mutually reinforcing effects of serum uric acid (SUA) and lipids, the effects of uric levels on pancreatic steatosis are not well-established. In this study, the relationship between low concentrations of uric acid and pancreatic steatosis was evaluated. Methods: forty C57BL/6J mice were fed a diet of high uric acid (HU), high fat (HF), high uric acid and high fat (HUHF), and normal control (NC) (10 mice in each group). Weight was measured weekly. Ultrasonography was performed to observe the pancreatic echo intensity of all mice before the end of feeding. Subsequently, peripheral blood was taken for biochemical examination. Intact pancreatic tissues were taken, part of which was used for pathological examination, part of which was used for PCR experiments and Western Blot experiments to obtain glycerophospholipid-associated mRNA data and protein levels. Results: body weight was significantly higher in the HF group than in the other three groups. Higher uric acid matched lower total cholesterol and triglyceride, matched higher low-density lipoprotein, and matched equal high-density lipoprotein. Ultrasound images and HE staining of pancreatic tissues of mice showed that higher uric acid matched lower fat content. The mRNA levels of phospholipase A2 group IB were highest in high uric acid group, while relative protein expression levels were lowest in high uric acid and control groups. Phospholipase A2 group IIA showed the opposite patterns. Conclusions: elevated serum uric acid at low concentrations can inhibit pancreatic steatosis, which is modulated via the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiao
- Department
of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital
of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
| | - Lina Han
- Department
of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital
of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department
of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital
of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
| | - Helin Ke
- Department
of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital
of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
| | - Shaodan Xu
- Department
of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital
of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
| | - Zhibin Huang
- Department
of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital
of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
| | - Guorong Lyu
- Department
of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital
of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
- Department
of Medicine, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou 362002, China
| | - Shilin Li
- Department
of Ultrasonography, Second Affiliated Hospital
of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362002, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sawada A, Zhang M, Ustaoglu A, Nikaki K, Lee C, Woodland P, Yazaki E, Takashima S, Ominami M, Tanaka F, Ciafardini C, Nachman F, Ditaranto A, Agotegaray J, Bilder C, Savarino E, Gyawali CP, Penagini R, Fujiwara Y, Sifrim D. Superficial oesophageal mucosal innervation may contribute to severity of symptoms in oesophageal motility disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024; 59:100-112. [PMID: 37845817 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying perception of dysphagia and chest pain have not been completely elucidated, although oesophageal mucosal afferent nerves might play an important role. AIMS To evaluate the relationship between oesophageal mucosal afferent nerves and the severity of dysphagia and chest pain in oesophageal motility disorders. METHODS We prospectively recruited patients with oesophageal motility disorders having dysphagia and/or chest pain from whom oesophageal biopsies were obtained. High-resolution manometry classified patients into disorders of oesophagogastric junction (OGJ) outflow and disorders of peristalsis. Symptom severity was assessed using validated questionnaires including Brief Oesophageal Dysphagia Questionnaire (BEDQ). Immunohistochemistry was performed on oesophageal biopsies to evaluate the location of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunoreactive mucosal afferent nerves. Findings were compared to existing data from 10 asymptomatic healthy volunteers. RESULTS Of 79 patients, 61 patients had disorders of OGJ outflow and 18 had disorders of peristalsis. CGRP-immunoreactive mucosal nerves were more superficially located in the mucosa of patients with oesophageal motility disorders compared to healthy volunteers. Within disorders of OGJ outflow, the location of CGRP-immunoreactive nerves negatively correlated with BEDQ score both in the proximal (ρ = -0.567, p < 0.001) and distal oesophagus (ρ = -0.396, p = 0.003). In the proximal oesophagus, strong chest pain was associated with more superficially located mucosal nerves than weak chest pain (p = 0.04). Multivariate analysis showed superficial nerves in the proximal oesophagus was independently associated with severe dysphagia in disorders of OGJ outflow (p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Superficial location of mucosal nerves in the proximal oesophagus might contribute to symptoms, especially severe dysphagia, in disorders of OGJ outflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinari Sawada
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Ahsen Ustaoglu
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Kornilia Nikaki
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Chung Lee
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Philip Woodland
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Etsuro Yazaki
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Shingo Takashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Ominami
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumio Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Clorinda Ciafardini
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Nachman
- Fundacion Favaloro Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Edoardo Savarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - C Prakash Gyawali
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Roberto Penagini
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daniel Sifrim
- Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tu X, Ren H, Bu S. Therapeutic effects of curcumin on constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome is associated with modulating gut microbiota and neurotransmitters. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1274559. [PMID: 38163069 PMCID: PMC10757613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1274559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) is a functional bowel disease that affects 10-20% of the population worldwide. Curcumin (CUR) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat IBS, but its mechanism of action needs further investigation. Methods In this study, we used mosapride (MOS) as a positive control to evaluate the changes in gut microbiota in IBS-C rat models after treatment with CUR or MOS by analyzing 16S rDNA variation. In addition, we used enzyme immunoassay kits and immunohistochemical analysis to investigate whether CUR or MOS influenced serotonin (5-HT), substance P (SP), and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) levels in the serum and colon of IBS-C rats. Results The study showed that rats supplemented with CUR showed significantly increased fecal weight, fecal water content, small intestine transit rate and significantly decreased serum levels of 5-HT, VIP and SP compared to the IBS group (p < 0.05). In addition, treatment with CUR changed the relative abundance of Blautia, Sutterella, Acetanaerobacterium and Ruminococcus2 in the gut microbiota. Discussion This study showed that the efficacy of CUR on IBS-C was possibly by modulating the microbiota and lowering the serum levels of HT, SP, and VIP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Tu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- Shanghai Mobio Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Shurui Bu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Futagami S, Kessoku T, Kasai Y, Higurashi T, Nakajima A, Agawa S, Yamawaki H, Nakamura K, Habiro M, Kawawa R, Ueki N, Higashida S, Watanabe Y, Yamato H, Yamamoto T, Takasaki Y, Ito K, Hojo M, Isayama H, Motoda N, Ohashi R, Siah KTH, Ng CK, Gwee KA. Comparison of pancreatic enzyme abnormalities and protease-activated receptor-2-positive eosinophils in the duodenum of patients with functional dyspepsia-irritable bowel syndrome overlap with functional dyspepsia alone in Asian populations. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:1778-1786. [PMID: 37278449 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Some patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders exhibit pancreatic dysfunctions and pancreatic enzyme abnormalities. Thus, we aimed to clarify whether significant differences in clinical characteristics, prevalence of pancreatic enzyme abnormalities, duodenal inflammation, and protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) expression levels related to hypersensitivity exist between functional dyspepsia (FD) alone and FD-irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) overlap group. METHODS Ninety-three patients based on the Rome IV criteria, FD alone (n = 44) and FD overlapped with IBS (n = 49) group were enrolled. The patients scored their own clinical symptoms after consuming high-fat meals. Serum trypsin, PLA2, lipase, p-amylase, and elastase-1 levels were measured. PAR2, eotaxin-3, and TRPV4 mRNA levels in duodenum were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction methods. PRG2- and PAR2 in the duodenum were evaluated using immunostaining. RESULTS FD score and global GSRS in patients with FD-IBS overlap were significantly higher than FD alone. Although the prevalence of pancreatic enzyme abnormalities in patients with FD alone was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than that in FD-IBS overlap, the ratio of aggravation of clinical symptoms following high-fat intake in patients with FD-IBS overlap was significantly higher (P = 0.007) than that in patients with FD alone. PAR2- and PRG2-double positive cells were localized in the degranulated eosinophils in the duodenum of patients with FD-IBS overlap. The number of PAR2- and PRG2-double positive cells in FD-IBS overlap was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than FD alone. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic enzyme abnormalities and PAR2 expression on degranulated eosinophils infiltrations in the duodenum may be associated with the pathophysiology of patients with FD-IBS overlap in Asian populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Futagami
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaomi Kessoku
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City Univeristy, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Palliative Medicine, Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuki Kasai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City Univeristy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takuma Higurashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City Univeristy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City Univeristy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Agawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamawaki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Nakamura
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Habiro
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Kawawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobue Ueki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Higashida
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Watanabe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Kawasaki Rinko General Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Hojo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isayama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Motoda
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohashi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kewin Tien Ho Siah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Kok-Ann Gwee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Stomach, Liver and Bowel Clinic, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore
- The Gastroenterology Group, Gleneagles Hospital, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang Y, Wang J, Zhang C, Guo Y, Zhao M, Zhang M, Li Z, Gao F, Luo Y, Wang Y, Cao J, Du M, Wang Y, Lin X, Xu Z. The efficacy and neural mechanism of acupuncture therapy in the treatment of visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1251470. [PMID: 37732301 PMCID: PMC10507180 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1251470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a complex functional gastrointestinal disorder primarily characterized by chronic abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. Chronic abdominal pain caused by visceral Hypersensitivity (VH) is the main reason why patients with IBS seek medication. Significant research effort has been devoted to the efficacy of acupuncture as a non-drug alternative therapy for visceral-hyperalgesia-induced IBS. Herein, we examined the central and peripheral analgesic mechanisms of acupuncture in IBS treatment. Acupuncture can improve inflammation and relieve pain by reducing 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-HT3A receptor expression and increasing 5-HT4 receptor expression in peripheral intestinal sensory endings. Moreover, acupuncture can also activate the transient receptor potential vanillin 1 channel, block the activity of intestinal glial cells, and reduce the secretion of local pain-related neurotransmitters, thereby weakening peripheral sensitization. Moreover, by inhibiting the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ion channels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and anterior cingulate cortex or releasing opioids, acupuncture can block excessive stimulation of abnormal pain signals in the brain and spinal cord. It can also stimulate glial cells (through the P2X7 and prokinetic protein pathways) to block VH pain perception and cognition. Furthermore, acupuncture can regulate the emotional components of IBS by targeting hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis-related hormones and neurotransmitters via relevant brain nuclei, hence improving the IBS-induced VH response. These findings provide a scientific basis for acupuncture as an effective clinical adjuvant therapy for IBS pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen Yang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
| | - Meidan Zhao
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongzheng Li
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Feifei Gao
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Junyi Cao
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingfang Du
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuzhe Wang
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaowei Lin
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhifang Xu
- Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Theory of Innovation and Application, Tianjin, China
- School of Acupuncture & Moxibustion and Tuina, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tian S, Zhang H, Chen S, Wu P, Chen M. Global research progress of visceral hypersensitivity and irritable bowel syndrome: bibliometrics and visualized analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1175057. [PMID: 37201020 PMCID: PMC10185792 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1175057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of functional intestinal disorders characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, and/or stool characteristics. Recent studies have shown that there has been a significant advancement in the study of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. Through the use of bibliometrics, this study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and research hotpots of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. Methods: Publications related to visceral hypersensitivity in IBS from 2012 to 2022 were searched on the web of science core collection (WoSCC) database. CiteSpace.6.1. R2 and Vosviewer 1.6.17 were used to perform bibliometric analysis. Results: A total of 974 articles led by China and the United States from 52 countries were included. Over the past decade, the number of articles on visceral hypersensitivity and IBS has steadily increased year by year. China, the United States, and Belgium are the main countries in this field. Univ Oklahoma, Univ Gothenburg, and Zhejiang University are the main research institutions. Simren, Magnus, Greenwood-van meerveld, Beverley, and Tack, Jan are the most published authors in this research field. The research on the causes, genes, and pathways involved in visceral hypersensitivity in IBS and the mechanism of IBS are the main topics and hotspots in this field. This study also found that gut microbiota may be related to the occurrence of visceral hypersensitivity, and probiotics may be a new method for the treatment of visceral hypersensitivity and pain, which may become a new direction for research in this field. Conclusion: This is the first bibliometric study to comprehensively summarize the research trends and developments of visceral hypersensitivity in IBS. This information provides the research frontier and hot topics in this field in recent years, which will provide a reference for scholars studying this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Tian
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengning Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Colorectal Diseases, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Min Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shin A, Kashyap PC. Multi-omics for biomarker approaches in the diagnostic evaluation and management of abdominal pain and irritable bowel syndrome: what lies ahead. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2195792. [PMID: 37009874 PMCID: PMC10072066 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2195792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable biomarkers for common disorders of gut-brain interaction characterized by abdominal pain, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are critically needed to enhance care and develop individualized therapies. The dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie visceral hypersensitivity have challenged successful biomarker development. Consequently, effective therapies for pain in IBS are lacking. However, recent advances in modern omics technologies offer new opportunities to acquire deep biological insights into mechanisms of pain and nociception. Newer methods for large-scale data integration of complementary omics approaches have further expanded our ability to build a holistic understanding of complex biological networks and their co-contributions to abdominal pain. Here, we review the mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity, focusing on IBS. We discuss candidate biomarkers for pain in IBS identified through single omics studies and summarize emerging multi-omics approaches for developing novel biomarkers that may transform clinical care for patients with IBS and abdominal pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Shin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Purna C. Kashyap
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun Y, Li H, Liu L, Bai X, Wu L, Shan J, Sun X, Wang Q, Guo Y. A Novel Mast Cell Stabilizer JM25-1 Rehabilitates Impaired Gut Barrier by Targeting the Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010047. [PMID: 36678544 PMCID: PMC9866683 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell (MC) plays a central role in intestinal permeability; however, few MC-targeting drugs are currently available for protection of the intestinal barrier in clinical practice. A nonfluorinated Lidocaine analog 2-diethylamino-N-2,5-dimethylphenyl acetamide (JM25-1) displays anti-allergic effect, but its impact on MC remains elusive. In this study, we explored whether JM25-1 has therapeutic potential on intestinal barrier defect through stabilizing MC. JM25-1 alleviated release of β-hexosaminidase and cytokine production of MC. The paracellular permeability was redressed by JM25-1 in intestinal epithelial cell monolayers co-cultured with activated MC. In vivo, JM25-1 diminished intestinal mucosal MC amount and cytokine production, especially downregulating the expression of CRHR1, accompanied by an increase of CRHR2. Protective effects appeared in JM25-1-treated stress rats with a recovery of weight and intestinal barrier integrity. Through network pharmacology analysis, JM25-1 showed a therapeutic possibility for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with predictive targeting on PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling. As expected, JM25-1 reinforced p-PI3K, p-AKT, p-mTOR signaling in MC, while the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin reversed the action of JM25-1 on the expression of CRHR1 and CRHR2. Moreover, JM25-1 successfully remedied intestinal defect and declined MC and CRHR1 expression in rat colon caused by colonic mucus of IBS patients. Our data implied that JM25-1 possessed therapeutic capacity against intestinal barrier defects by targeting the CRH receptors of MC through PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueshan Sun
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Hong Li
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Tissue-Orientated Property of Chinese Medicine Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaoqin Bai
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Liping Wu
- Digestive Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jing Shan
- Digestive Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaobin Sun
- Digestive Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Digestive Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuanbiao Guo
- Medical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Jiaotong University, The Third People’s Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (Y.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Camilleri M, Magnus Y, Carlson P, Wang XJ, Chedid V, Maselli D, Taylor A, McKinzie S, Kengunte Nagaraj N, Busciglio I, Nair A. Differential mRNA expression in ileal and colonic biopsies in irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea or constipation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G88-G101. [PMID: 35502856 PMCID: PMC9291427 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00063.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Altered mucosal functions are documented in jejunal or colorectal mucosa from patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Our aim was to quantify ileal, ascending, and rectosigmoid colon mucosal expression of genes in IBS-diarrhea (D) and IBS-constipation (C). Forty-four patients with IBS-D, 30 with IBS-C, and 30 healthy volunteers underwent colonoscopic ileal, ascending, and rectosigmoid colon biopsies. Biopsies were stored in RNAlater at -80 °C, purified with on-column DNase, cDNA libraries prepared from 100-200 ng of total RNA, sequenced on Illumina NovaSeq 6000, and analyzed on Illumina's RTA version 3.4.4. Normalized mRNA expression was obtained using MAP-RSeq bioinformatics pipeline. Differential expressions in the groups (Log2-fold change) were measured using the bioinformatics package edgeR 2.6.2, corrected for false discovery rate (PADJ <0.05). There were 30 females with IBS-C and 31 females and 13 males with IBS-D. In IBS-D and IBS-C groups, there were differential expressions of 181 genes in ascending colon and 199 genes in rectosigmoid colon. The majority were gene upregulations in IBS-D with functions reflecting activation of inflammation genes, TRPV1 (visceral hypersensitivity) and neurotransmitters/receptors (specifically purinergic, GABA, and cannabinoid). Although gene differential expressions in the ascending and rectosigmoid colon mucosa of the two groups were different, the diverse upregulated genes involved immune functions, receptors, transmitters, ion channels, and transporters. Conversely, there was reduced expression of PI15 and PI16 genes that inhibit proteases. In patients with IBS-D and IBS-C, differential expressions of genes related to immune, transmitter, nociceptive, protease inhibition, channel, and transporter functions suggest opportunities to reverse the pathobiology and treat patients with IBS.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study compares gene expression in mucosa of the terminal ileum, right colon, and left colon in patients with diarrhea- or constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and contrasts expression between these two disease entities and also between each entity and mucosa from healthy controls. The study shows there is differential expression of genes related to immune, transmitter, nociceptive, ion channel, and transporter functions, as well as reduced serine protease inhibition, in patients with IBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yorick Magnus
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paula Carlson
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiao Jing Wang
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Victor Chedid
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Maselli
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ann Taylor
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sanna McKinzie
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Irene Busciglio
- 1Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Asha Nair
- 2Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hasler WL, Grabauskas G, Singh P, Owyang C. Mast cell mediation of visceral sensation and permeability in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14339. [PMID: 35315179 PMCID: PMC9286860 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of mast cell structure or function may play prominent roles in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptom genesis. Mast cells show close apposition to sensory nerves and release bioactive substances in response to varied stimuli including infection, stress, and other neuroendocrine factors. Most studies focus on patients who develop IBS after enteric infection or who report diarrhea-predominant symptoms. Three topics underlying IBS pathogenesis have been emphasized in recent investigations. Visceral hypersensitivity to luminal stimulation is found in most IBS patients and may contribute to abdominal pain. Mast cell dysfunction also may disrupt epithelial barrier function which alters mucosal permeability potentially leading to altered bowel function and pain. Mast cell products including histamine, proteases, prostaglandins, and cytokines may participate in hypersensitivity and permeability defects, especially with diarrhea-predominant IBS. Recent experimental evidence indicates that the pronociceptive effects of histamine and proteases are mediated by the generation of prostaglandins in the mast cell. Enteric microbiome interactions including increased mucosal bacterial translocation may activate mast cells to elicit inflammatory responses underlying some of these pathogenic effects. Therapies to alter mast cell activity (mast cell stabilizers) or function (histamine antagonists) have shown modest benefits in IBS. Future investigations will seek to define patient subsets with greater potential to respond to therapies that address visceral hypersensitivity, epithelial permeability defects, and microbiome alterations secondary to mast cell dysfunction in IBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L. Hasler
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Gintautas Grabauskas
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Prashant Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Chung Owyang
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyUniversity of Michigan Health SystemAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Decraecker L, Boeckxstaens G, Denadai-Souza A. Inhibition of Serine Proteases as a Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Abdominal Pain in IBS. Front Physiol 2022; 13:880422. [PMID: 35665224 PMCID: PMC9161638 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.880422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serine proteases are heavily present in the gastrointestinal tract where they are essential in numerous physiological processes. An imbalance in the proteolytic activity is a central mechanism underlying abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, protease inhibitors are emerging as a promising therapeutic tool to manage abdominal pain in this functional gastrointestinal disorder. With this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of the implications of serine proteases in the development of abdominal pain in IBS, along with a critical assessment of the current developments and prospects of protease inhibitors as a therapeutic tool. In particular, we highlight the current knowledge gap concerning the identity of dysregulated serine proteases that are released by the rectal mucosa of IBS patients. Finally, we suggest a workflow with state-of-the-art techniques that will help address the knowledge gap, guiding future research towards the development of more effective and selective protease inhibitors to manage abdominal pain in IBS.
Collapse
|
12
|
Electroacupuncture Alleviates Visceral Hypersensitivity in IBS-D Rats by Inhibiting EGCs Activity through Regulating BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2497430. [PMID: 35198032 PMCID: PMC8860523 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2497430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether electroacupuncture (EA) could alleviate visceral hypersensitivity in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) rats by inhibiting EGCs activity via the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. Methods Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided to a control group (n = 8) and a model preparation group (n = 32), which received Senna solution by gavage and CUMS (chronic unpredictable mild stress) for 14 consecutive days and was further divided to a Model group, an EA group (only electroacupuncture), an EA + TrkB agonist group (electroacupuncture and TrkB), and an EA + DMSO group (electroacupuncture and DMSO, n = 8 for each). Rats in the three EA groups were acupunctured at ST25, ST36, and LR3 for 20 min every day for 14 days. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) was used to quantify visceral sensitivity; reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and double immunofluorescent staining were used to detect the colocalized expression of GFAP/BDNF and GFAP/TrkB. Western Blot (WB) was used to detect the expression of PLC and SP in the colon. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of Ca2+. Results EA effectively alleviated visceral hypersensitivity in IBS-D rats (P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the expression of BDNF, TrkB, PLC, SP, and Ca2+ and the colocalized expression of GFAP/BDNF and GFAP/TrkB increased in the Model group (P < 0.05), while all these parameters decreased in the EA group following EA intervention (P < 0.05). In addition, no significant difference was found between the EA + TrkB agonist group and the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusions EA alleviates visceral hypersensitivity of IBS-D rats possibly by inhibiting the activity of EGCs through the BDNF/TrkB-PLC-Ca2+ signaling pathway in the colon.
Collapse
|
13
|
Li R, Chen S, Gu X, An S, Wang Z. Role of the nuclear receptor subfamily 4a in mast cells in the development of irritable bowel syndrome. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1198-1207. [PMID: 35317226 PMCID: PMC8907967 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of mast cells (MCs) and mediator release are closely related to the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, the exact underlying mechanisms are still not completely understood. The nuclear receptor subfamily 4a (Nr4a) is a family of orphan nuclear receptors implicated in regulating MC activation, degranulation, cytokine/chemokine synthesis and release. Acute and chronic stress trigger hypothalamic–pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA) activation to induce the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), resulting in MC activation and induction of the Nr4a family. Our newest data showed that Nr4a members were specially over-expressed in colonic MCs of the chronic water-avoidance stress (WAS)-induced visceral hyperalgesia mice, suggesting that Nr4a members might be involved in the pathophysiology of visceral hypersensitivity. In this review, we highlight the present knowledge on roles of Nr4a members in the activation of MCs and the pathophysiology of IBS, and discuss signaling pathways that modulate the activation of Nr4a family members. We propose that a better understanding of Nr4a members and their modulators may facilitate the development of more selective and effective therapies to treat IBS patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shuhong An
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Human Anatomy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 2 Ying Sheng Dong Lu, Taian 271000, China.
| | - Zhaojin Wang
- Corresponding authors at: Department of Human Anatomy, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, 2 Ying Sheng Dong Lu, Taian 271000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Singh P, Grabauskas G, Zhou SY, Gao J, Zhang Y, Owyang C. High FODMAP diet causes barrier loss via lipopolysaccharide-mediated mast cell activation. JCI Insight 2021; 6:146529. [PMID: 34618688 PMCID: PMC8663790 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.146529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) are carbohydrates thought to contribute to the symptoms of IBS. A diet in high in FODMAPs (HFM) induces gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and a diet low in FODMAPs (LFM) improves symptoms in up to 60% of patients with IBS. However, the mechanism by which FODMAPs affect IBS symptoms is unclear. We showed that mice fed on a HFM diet have mast cell activation and colonic barrier loss. Using mast cell–deficient mice with and without mast cell reconstitution, we showed that HFM-mediated colonic barrier loss is dependent on TLR4-dependent mast cell activation. In in vitro studies, we demonstrated that IBS fecal supernatant stimulates mast cells significantly more compared with fecal supernatant from healthy controls. This effect of IBS fecal supernatant on mast cell stimulation is ameliorated in the absence of the TLR4 receptor and after a LFM diet. We found that a LFM diet improves colonic barrier function and reduces mast cell activation while decreasing fecal LPS levels. Our findings indicate that a HFM diet causes mast cell activation via LPS, which in turn leads to colonic barrier loss, and a LFM diet reverses these pathophysiologic mucosal changes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Noor-Mohammadi E, Ligon CO, Mackenzie K, Stratton J, Shnider S, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B. A Monoclonal Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Antibody Decreases Stress-Induced Colonic Hypersensitivity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:270-279. [PMID: 34620725 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a brain-gut disorder characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Although the etiology of IBS remains unclear, stress in adulthood or in early life has been shown to be a significant factor in the development of IBS symptomatology. Evidence suggests that aberrant calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling may be involved in afferent sensitization and visceral organ hypersensitivity. Here, we used a monoclonal anti-CGRP divalent antigen-binding fragment [F(ab')2] antibody to test the hypothesis that inhibition of peripheral CGRP signaling reverses colonic hypersensitivity induced by either chronic adult stress or early life stress. A cohort of adult male rats was exposed to repeated water avoidance stress. Additionally, a second cohort consisting of female rats was exposed to a female-specific neonatal odor-attachment learning paradigm of unpredictable early life stress. Colonic sensitivity was then assessed in adult animals via behavioral responses to colorectal distension (CRD). To analyze spinal nociceptive signaling in response to CRD, dorsal horn extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation was measured via immunohistochemistry. Repeated psychologic stress in adulthood or unpredictable stress in early life induced colonic hypersensitivity and enhanced evoked ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the spinal cord after CRD in rats. These phenotypes were reversed by administration of a monoclonal anti-CGRP F(ab')2 fragment antibody. Stress-induced changes in visceral sensitivity and spinal nociceptive signaling were reversed by inhibition of peripheral CGRP signaling, which suggests a prominent role for CGRP in central sensitization and the development of stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Targeting peripheral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) with a monoclonal anti-CGRP divalent antigen-binding fragment antibody reduced central sensitization and attenuated colonic hypersensitivity induced by either chronic adult stress or early life stress. CGRP-targeting antibodies are approved for migraine prevention, and the results of this study suggest that targeting CGRP may provide a novel treatment strategy for irritable bowel syndrome-related, stress-induced visceral pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Noor-Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (E.N.-M., C.O.L., B.G.-V.M); and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Redwood City, California (K.M., J.S., S.S.)
| | - Casey Owen Ligon
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (E.N.-M., C.O.L., B.G.-V.M); and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Redwood City, California (K.M., J.S., S.S.)
| | - Kimberly Mackenzie
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (E.N.-M., C.O.L., B.G.-V.M); and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Redwood City, California (K.M., J.S., S.S.)
| | - Jennifer Stratton
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (E.N.-M., C.O.L., B.G.-V.M); and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Redwood City, California (K.M., J.S., S.S.)
| | - Sara Shnider
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (E.N.-M., C.O.L., B.G.-V.M); and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Redwood City, California (K.M., J.S., S.S.)
| | - Beverley Greenwood-Van Meerveld
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (E.N.-M., C.O.L., B.G.-V.M); and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd., Redwood City, California (K.M., J.S., S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Su J, Duan X, Qiu Y, Zhou L, Zhang H, Gao M, Liu Y, Zou Z, Qiu J, Chen C. Pregnancy exposure of titanium dioxide nanoparticles causes intestinal dysbiosis and neurobehavioral impairments that are not significant postnatally but emerge in adulthood of offspring. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:234. [PMID: 34362405 PMCID: PMC8349049 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnancy exposure to titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) is a vital consideration due to their inadvertent ingestion from environmental contamination. The potential health effects of TiO2NPs on the neurodevelopmental process should be seriously concerned in health risk assessment, especially for the pregnant women who are susceptible to the neurodevelopmental toxicity of nano-sized particles. However, the available evidence of neurodevelopmental toxicity of TiO2NPs remains very limited. METHODS In the present study, the pregnant mice were intragastric administered with 150 mg/kg TiO2NPs from gestational day (GD) 8 to 21, the maternal behaviors and neurodevelopment-related indicators in offspring were all assessed at different time points after delivery. The gut microbial community in both dams and their offspring were detected by using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing. The gut-brain axis related indicators were also determined in the offspring. RESULTS The results clearly demonstrated that exposure to TiO2NPs did not affect the maternal behaviors of pregnant mice, or cause the deficits on the developmental milestones and perturbations in the early postnatal development of offspring. Intriguingly, our data revealed that pregnancy exposure of TiO2NPs did not affect locomotor function, learning and memory ability and anxiety-like behavior in offspring at postnatal day (PD) 21, but resulted in obvious impairments on these neurobehaviors at PD49. Similar phenomena were obtained in the composition of gut microbial community, intestinal and brain pathological damage in offspring in adulthood. Moreover, the intestinal dysbiosis induced by TiO2NPs might be highly associated with the delayed appearance of neurobehavioral impairments in offspring, possibly occurring through disruption of gut-brain axis. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report elucidated that pregnancy exposure to TiO2NPs caused delayed appearance of neurobehavioral impairments in offspring when they reached adulthood, although these perturbations did not happen at early life after delivery. These findings will provide valuable insights about neurodevelopmental toxicity of TiO2NPs, and call for comprehensive health risk assessment of TiO2NPs on the susceptible population, such as pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Su
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhao Duan
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiao Zhou
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Zhang
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Liu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zou
- Molecular Biology Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- Dongsheng Lung-Brain Disease Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingfu Qiu
- Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengzhi Chen
- Dongsheng Lung-Brain Disease Joint Lab, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Silicon dioxide nanoparticles induced neurobehavioral impairments by disrupting microbiota-gut-brain axis. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:174. [PMID: 34112173 PMCID: PMC8194163 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are widely used as additive in the food industry with controversial health risk. Gut microbiota is a new and hot topic in the field of nanotoxicity. It also contributes a novel and insightful view to understand the potential health risk of food-grade SiO2NPs in children, who are susceptible to the toxic effects of nanoparticles. Methods In current study, the young mice were orally administrated with vehicle or SiO2NPs solution for 28 days. The effects of SiO2NPs on the gut microbiota were detected by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing, and the neurobehavioral functions were evaluated by open field test and Morris water maze. The level of inflammation, tissue integrity of gut and the classical indicators involved in gut–brain, gut–liver and gut–lung axis were all assessed. Results Our results demonstrated that SiO2NPs significantly caused the spatial learning and memory impairments and locomotor inhibition. Although SiO2NPs did not trigger evident intestinal or neuronal inflammation, they remarkably damaged the tissue integrity. The microbial diversity within the gut was unexpectedly enhanced in SiO2NPs-treated mice, mainly manifested by the increased abundances of Firmicutes and Patescibacteria. Intriguingly, we demonstrated for the first time that the neurobehavioral impairments and brain damages induced by SiO2NPs might be distinctively associated with the disruption of gut–brain axis by specific chemical substances originated from gut, such as Vipr1 and Sstr2. Unapparent changes in liver or lung tissues further suggested the absence of gut–liver axis or gut–lung axis regulation upon oral SiO2NPs exposure. Conclusion This study provides a novel idea that the SiO2NPs induced neurotoxic effects may occur through distinctive gut–brain axis, showing no significant impact on either gut–lung axis or gut–liver axis. These findings raise the exciting prospect that maintenance and coordination of gastrointestinal functions may be critical for protection against the neurotoxicity of infant foodborne SiO2NPs. ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00916-2.
Collapse
|
18
|
Holland AM, Bon-Frauches AC, Keszthelyi D, Melotte V, Boesmans W. The enteric nervous system in gastrointestinal disease etiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4713-4733. [PMID: 33770200 PMCID: PMC8195951 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly conserved but convoluted network of neurons and glial cells, the enteric nervous system (ENS), is positioned along the wall of the gut to coordinate digestive processes and gastrointestinal homeostasis. Because ENS components are in charge of the autonomous regulation of gut function, it is inevitable that their dysfunction is central to the pathophysiology and symptom generation of gastrointestinal disease. While for neurodevelopmental disorders such as Hirschsprung, ENS pathogenesis appears to be clear-cut, the role for impaired ENS activity in the etiology of other gastrointestinal disorders is less established and is often deemed secondary to other insults like intestinal inflammation. However, mounting experimental evidence in recent years indicates that gastrointestinal homeostasis hinges on multifaceted connections between the ENS, and other cellular networks such as the intestinal epithelium, the immune system, and the intestinal microbiome. Derangement of these interactions could underlie gastrointestinal disease onset and elicit variable degrees of abnormal gut function, pinpointing, perhaps unexpectedly, the ENS as a diligent participant in idiopathic but also in inflammatory and cancerous diseases of the gut. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence on the role of the ENS in the pathogenesis of enteric neuropathies, disorders of gut-brain interaction, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Marie Holland
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ana Carina Bon-Frauches
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gottesman-Katz L, Latorre R, Vanner S, Schmidt BL, Bunnett NW. Targeting G protein-coupled receptors for the treatment of chronic pain in the digestive system. Gut 2021; 70:970-981. [PMID: 33272979 PMCID: PMC9716638 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a hallmark of functional disorders, inflammatory diseases and cancer of the digestive system. The mechanisms that initiate and sustain chronic pain are incompletely understood, and available therapies are inadequate. This review highlights recent advances in the structure and function of pronociceptive and antinociceptive G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that provide insights into the mechanisms and treatment of chronic pain. This knowledge, derived from studies of somatic pain, can guide research into visceral pain. Mediators from injured tissues transiently activate GPCRs at the plasma membrane of neurons, leading to sensitisation of ion channels and acute hyperexcitability and nociception. Sustained agonist release evokes GPCR redistribution to endosomes, where persistent signalling regulates activity of channels and genes that control chronic hyperexcitability and nociception. Endosomally targeted GPCR antagonists provide superior pain relief in preclinical models. Biased agonists stabilise GPCR conformations that favour signalling of beneficial actions at the expense of detrimental side effects. Biased agonists of µ-opioid receptors (MOPrs) can provide analgesia without addiction, respiratory depression and constipation. Opioids that preferentially bind to MOPrs in the acidic microenvironment of diseased tissues produce analgesia without side effects. Allosteric modulators of GPCRs fine-tune actions of endogenous ligands, offering the prospect of refined pain control. GPCR dimers might function as distinct therapeutic targets for nociception. The discovery that GPCRs that control itch also mediate irritant sensation in the colon has revealed new targets. A deeper understanding of GPCR structure and function in different microenvironments offers the potential of developing superior treatments for GI pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Gottesman-Katz
- Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, New York, USA,Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rocco Latorre
- Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen Vanner
- Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Division of Gastroenterology, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Bluestone Center, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Molecular Pathobiology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ciriza de Los Ríos C, Castel de Lucas I, Canga Rodríguez-Valcárcel F, Diéguez Pastor MDC, de Las Cuevas Moreno N, Rey Díaz-Rubio E. IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME AND BASAL SERUM TRYPTASE: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN SUBTYPE, SEVERITY AND COMORBIDITIES. A PILOT STUDY. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2021; 114:22-27. [PMID: 33562988 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2021.7697/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of mast cells causes alteration in epithelial and neuromuscular function, and is involved in visceral hypersensitivity and dysmotility in gastrointestinal functional disorders. OBJECTIVES Primary: Evaluate differences in basal serum tryptase (BST) between patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls. Secondary: BST depending on IBS subtype (diarrhea: IBS-D; constipation: IBS-C), comorbidities and correlations with IBS severity and quality of life. MATERIAL AND METHODS Prospective control-case study in IBS patients (Rome IV criteria). BST was determined (ImmunoCAP-Phadia, Sweden®) IBS Severity Score (IBSSS), pain, bloating and flatulence analogue scales, IBS quality of life (IBSQOL) and patient health status (PHQ-9) were performed. BST is the primary variable in achieving the primary end-point. RESULTS Thirty-two patients, 21 (65.6%) IBS-D, 11 (34.4%) IBS-C and 32 controls were included. Mean IBSSSS: 326.6 (± 71.4), IBSQOL: 76 (± 20.3) and PHQ9: 10.2 (± 5.9). BST was 4.8 ± 2.6 in IBS and 4.7± 2.6 in controls (p=0.875). There was no difference in BST between IBS subtypes (4.7 ± 2.9 in IBS-D and 5± 1.8 in IBS-C; p =0.315) or IBS severity (p=0.662). However, BST was higher in patients with IBS and extraintestinal comorbidities compared to other patients and controls (p=0.029). This subgroup also has more severe bloating (p=0.021). There was no correlation between BST, quality of life (p=0.9260) and health status (p=0.3985). CONCLUSION BST does not discriminate between IBS patients and controls. However, BST was higher in patients with IBS with extraintestinal comorbidities which have more severe bloating. This finding is worthy of investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Ciriza de Los Ríos
- Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC). , España
| | | | | | | | | | - Enrique Rey Díaz-Rubio
- Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico San Carlos. Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), España
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Choo J, Heo G, Pothoulakis C, Im E. Posttranslational modifications as therapeutic targets for intestinal disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105412. [PMID: 33412276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A variety of biological processes are regulated by posttranslational modifications. Posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, and proteolytic cleavage, control diverse physiological functions in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, a better understanding of their implications in intestinal diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease, and colorectal cancer would provide a basis for the identification of novel biomarkers as well as attractive therapeutic targets. Posttranslational modifications can be common denominators, as well as distinct biomarkers, characterizing pathological differences of various intestinal diseases. This review provides experimental evidence that identifies changes in posttranslational modifications from patient samples, primary cells, or cell lines in intestinal disorders, and a summary of carefully selected information on the use of pharmacological modulators of protein modifications as therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Choo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangbeom Heo
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Section of Inflammatory Bowel Disease & Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Eunok Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mast Cell Regulation and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Effects of Food Components with Potential Nutraceutical Use. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184314. [PMID: 32962285 PMCID: PMC7570512 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are key actors in inflammatory reactions. Upon activation, they release histamine, heparin and nerve growth factor, among many other mediators that modulate immune response and neuron sensitization. One important feature of mast cells is that their population is usually increased in animal models and biopsies from patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Therefore, mast cells and mast cell mediators are regarded as key components in IBS pathophysiology. IBS is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder affecting the quality of life of up to 20% of the population worldwide. It is characterized by abdominal pain and altered bowel habits, with heterogeneous phenotypes ranging from constipation to diarrhea, with a mixed subtype and even an unclassified form. Nutrient intake is one of the triggering factors of IBS. In this respect, certain components of the daily food, such as fatty acids, amino acids or plant-derived substances like flavonoids, have been described to modulate mast cells' activity. In this review, we will focus on the effect of these molecules, either stimulatory or inhibitory, on mast cell degranulation, looking for a nutraceutical capable of decreasing IBS symptoms.
Collapse
|
23
|
Akhmedov VA, Sargsyan AK, Gaus OV. Prospects for the use of biomarkers in the diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-175-3-94-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a chronic functional disorder of the intestine, manifested by altered intestinal habits and recurrent abdominal pain in combination with two or more criteria: association with defecation, association with a change in the frequency of defecation, association with a change in the appearance of the stool. To date, IBS remains a diagnosis of exclusion that needs to be differentiated from a wide range of organic diseases. In recent years, a large number of publications have appeared on the research of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of IBS. This literary review highlights the problems of searching for biomarkers of IBS as a way to solve the problem of diagnosis of this pathology and understanding the causes of its occurrence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Akhmedov
- Federal State Educational Establishment of Higher Education Omsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - A. K. Sargsyan
- Federal State Educational Establishment of Higher Education Omsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| | - O. V. Gaus
- Federal State Educational Establishment of Higher Education Omsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gonzalez CG, Tankou SK, Cox LM, Casavant EP, Weiner HL, Elias JE. Latent-period stool proteomic assay of multiple sclerosis model indicates protective capacity of host-expressed protease inhibitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12460. [PMID: 31462662 PMCID: PMC6713765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases are often diagnosed once overt symptoms arise, ignoring the prior latent period when effective prevention may be possible. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis, exhibits such disease latency, but the molecular processes underlying this asymptomatic period remain poorly characterized. Gut microbes also influence EAE severity, yet their impact on the latent period remains unknown. Here, we show the latent period between immunization and EAE's overt symptom onset is characterized by distinct host responses as measured by stool proteomics. In particular, we found a transient increase in protease inhibitors that inversely correlated with disease severity. Vancomycin administration attenuated both EAE symptoms and protease inhibitor induction potentially by decreasing immune system reactivity, supporting a subset of the microbiota's role in modulating the host's latent period response. These results strengthen previous evidence of proteases and their inhibitors in EAE and highlight the utility stool-omics for revealing complex, dynamic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Gonzalez
- Chemical and Systems Biology Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Stephanie K Tankou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department Of Neurology, Icahn School Of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School Of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School Of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura M Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen P Casavant
- Chemical and Systems Biology Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua E Elias
- Chemical and Systems Biology Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Du L, Long Y, Kim JJ, Chen B, Zhu Y, Dai N. Protease Activated Receptor-2 Induces Immune Activation and Visceral Hypersensitivity in Post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome Mice. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:729-739. [PMID: 30446929 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in the pathogenesis of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is not well defined. AIMS To investigate the role of PAR-2-mediated visceral hypersensitivity in a post-infectious IBS (PI-IBS) mouse model. METHODS T. spiralis-infected PI-IBS mouse model was used. Fecal serine protease activity and intestinal mast cells were evaluated. Intestinal permeability was assessed by urine lactulose/mannitol ratio, and colonic expressions of PAR-2 and tight junction (TJ) proteins were examined by Western blot. Intestinal immune profile was assessed by measuring Th (T helper) 1/Th2 cytokine expression. Visceral sensitivity was evaluated by abdominal withdrawal reflex in response to colorectal distention. RESULTS Colonic PAR-2 expression as well as fecal serine protease activity and intestinal mast cell counts were elevated in PI-IBS compared to the control mice. Decreased colonic TJ proteins expression, increased lactulose/mannitol ratio, elevated colonic Th1/Th2 cytokine ratio, and visceral hypersensitivity were observed in PI-IBS compared to the control mice. Administration of PAR-2 agonist in control mice demonstrated similar changes observed in PI-IBS mice, while PAR-2 antagonist normalized the increased intestinal permeability and reduced visceral hypersensitivity observed in PI-IBS mice. CONCLUSIONS PAR-2 activation increases intestinal permeability leading to immune activation and visceral hypersensitivity in PI-IBS mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yanqin Long
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - John J Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Binrui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yubin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Ning Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Paul M, Murphy SF, Hall C, Schaeffer AJ, Thumbikat P. Protease-activated receptor 2 activates CRAC-mediated Ca2+ influx to cause prostate smooth muscle contraction. FASEB Bioadv 2019; 1:255-264. [PMID: 31198907 PMCID: PMC6563600 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2018-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor that contributes to prostate fibrosis and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). In addition to fibrosis, aberrant smooth muscle tone in the prostate has been hypothesized to play a role. We therefore examined PAR2 expression in primary human prostate smooth muscle cells (PSMC) and studied the downstream signaling effects of PAR2 activation. Signaling pathways involved in the process were assessed using the PAR2 activating peptide SLIGKV-NH2. We show that PAR2 is expressed in PSMC and that PAR2 activation mediates a biphasic elevation in intracellular Ca2+ and phosphorylation of myosin light chain 20 (MLC20), causing cellular contraction as assessed in a gel contraction assay. Intracellular Ca2+ flux was inhibited by a phosphoinositide hydrolysis inhibitor, U73122, showing a requirement for phospholipase C β (PLCβ) activation. PSMC expressed mRNA for L-type voltage dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCC) as well as Ca2+ release activated channels (CRAC), a hitherto unreported finding. Secondary intracellular Ca2+ oscillations were abrogated only by BTP2, the CRAC channel inhibitor, but not by nifedipine, an inhibitor of VDCC. These data suggest that, PAR2 activation and subsequent Ca2+ entry through CRAC channels are important mechanisms in prostate smooth muscle contraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Paul
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Stephen F Murphy
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Christel Hall
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anthony J Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Praveen Thumbikat
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Electroacupuncture Relieves Visceral Hypersensitivity by Inactivating Protease-Activated Receptor 2 in a Rat Model of Postinfectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:7048584. [PMID: 30420896 PMCID: PMC6211213 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7048584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background The role of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) in the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on visceral hypersensitivity (VH) in postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) has yet to be elucidated. Aim In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the analgesic effect of EA in a rat model of PI-IBS. Methods Visceral hypersensitivity was evaluated by the abdominal withdrawal reflex test before and after administration of the PAR2 agonist, PAR2-AP, and/or EA. The protein expression and mRNA levels of PAR2, CGRP, SP, and TPSP in colon tissues were measured by immunofluorescence, western blot, and RT-PCR. Results We found that EA could alleviate VH and significantly decrease protein and mRNA levels of PAR2, TPSP, CGRP, and SP in PI-IBS rats. The analgesic effect of EA on VH was slightly reduced in the presence of PAR2-AP. Conclusions These results suggest that EA alleviates VH symptoms through downregulation of the levels of the TPSP/PAR2/SP/CGRP signaling axis in colon tissues in PI-IBS rats. Together, our data suggests that PAR2 plays a critical role in the analgesic effect of EA on VH in PI-IBS.
Collapse
|
28
|
Shukla R, Ghoshal U, Ranjan P, Ghoshal UC. Expression of Toll-like Receptors, Pro-, and Anti-inflammatory Cytokines in Relation to Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: The Evidence for Its Micro-organic Basis. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 24:628-642. [PMID: 30347939 PMCID: PMC6175562 DOI: 10.5056/jnm18130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims A Subset of patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may have mild inflammation due to immune activation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cytokines may cause intestinal inflammation. We studied their expression in relation to gut microbiota. Methods Expression of TLRs and cytokines was assessed in 47 IBS patients (Rome III) and 25 controls using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was further performed to confirm the expression of TLR-4 and TLR-5. Results Of 47 patients with IBS, 20 had constipation (IBS-C), 20 diarrhea (IBS-D), and 7 unclassified (IBS-U). The mRNA levels of TLR-4 and TLR-5 were up-regulated in IBS patients than controls (P = 0.013 and P < 0.001, respectively). Expression of TLR-4 and TLR-5 at protein level was 4.2-folds and 6.6-folds higher in IBS-D than controls. The mRNA levels of IL-6 (P = 0.003), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11 (CXCL-11) (P < 0.001) and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR-3) (P < 0.001) were higher among IBS patients than controls. Expression of IL-6 (P = 0.002), CXCL-11 (P < 0.001), and CXCR-3 (P < 0.001) were up-regulated and IL-10 (P = 0.012) was down-regulated in IBS-D patients than controls. Positive correlation was seen between TLR-4 and IL-6 (P = 0.043), CXCR-3, and CXCL-11 (P = 0.047), and IL-6 and CXCR-3 (P = 0.003). Stool frequency per week showed positive correlation with mRNA levels of TLR-4 (P = 0.016) and CXCR-3 (P = 0.005), but inversely correlated with IL-10 (P = 0.002). Copy number of Lactobacillus (P = 0.045) and Bifidobacterium (P = 0.011) showed correlation with IL-10 in IBS-C, while Gram-positive (P = 0.031) and Gram-negative bacteria (P = 0.010) showed correlation with CXCL-11 in IBS-D patients. Conclusions Altered immune activation in response to dysbiotic microbiota may promote intestinal inflammation in a subset of patients with IBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratnakar Shukla
- Departments of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Ujjala Ghoshal
- Departments of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Prabhat Ranjan
- Departments of Microbiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Uday C Ghoshal
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu L, Cai J, Tian A, Qian K, Qin R, Qi S, Tan X, Qiu Y, Gong M, Han B, Hu X. The Effect of Prim-O-Glucosylcimifugin on Tryptase-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Caco-2 Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:1355-1361. [PMID: 29910215 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal barrier dysfunction is a critical pathological change in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Prim-O-glucosylcimifugin (POG) on intestinal barrier dysfunction and reveal possible molecular mechanisms. Human colon adenocarcinoma cell line (Caco-2) cell monolayers induced by tryptase (TRYP) were used to establish an intestinal barrier dysfunction model. Caco-2 cell monolayers from both functional and dysfunctional samples were treated with POG (30, 60 and 120 µg/mL) for 2, 8, 24, 36, 48 and 72 h. The Caco-2 cell monolayers were assessed by measurement of trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and percentage of fluorescein permeation (PFP). The expression of Protease Activated Receptor 2 (PAR-2) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) mRNA was analyzed by RT-PCR and the level of Zonula Occludens-1 (ZO-1) protein expression was determined by Western blot. In addition, the impact of POG on the distribution of the tight juction protein of Occludin was performed by immunofluorescence. Our results showed that POG elevated the TEER and decreased the PFP of the functional Caco-2 cell monolayers, as well as the dysfunctional Caco-2 cell monolayers. Furthermore, POG inhibited the expression of PAR-2 mRNA and MLCK mRNA and increased the level of ZO-1 protein expression in dysfunctional Caco-2 cells. The distribution of the Occludin proteins was ameliorated simultaneously. This study demonstrates that POG can enhance the intestinal barrier function of Caco-2 cell monolayers by inhibiting the expression of PAR-2 and MLCK and up-regulating the expression of ZO-1 protein, and ameliorated the distribution of Occludin protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Jieyi Cai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Aofei Tian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kai Qian
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Renan Qin
- Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain Hutchison Whampoa Traditional Chinese Medicine Co., Ltd
| | - Shaoyun Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Xupeng Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yuqin Qiu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Mengjuan Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Bin Han
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| | - Xuguang Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Videlock EJ, Mahurkar-Joshi S, Hoffman JM, Iliopoulos D, Pothoulakis C, Mayer EA, Chang L. Sigmoid colon mucosal gene expression supports alterations of neuronal signaling in irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G140-G157. [PMID: 29565640 PMCID: PMC6109711 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00288.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral factors likely play a role in at least a subset of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Few studies have investigated mucosal gene expression using an unbiased approach. Here, we performed mucosal gene profiling in a sex-balanced sample to identify relevant signaling pathways and gene networks and compare with publicly available profiling data from additional cohorts. Twenty Rome III+ IBS patients [10 IBS with constipation (IBS-C), 10 IBS with diarrhea (IBS-D), 5 men/women each), and 10 age-/sex-matched healthy controls (HCs)] underwent sigmoidoscopy with biopsy for gene microarray analysis, including differential expression, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), gene set enrichment analysis, and comparison with publicly available data. Expression levels of 67 genes were validated in an expanded cohort, including the above samples and 18 additional participants (6 each of IBS-C, IBS-D, HCs) using NanoString nCounter technology. There were 1,270 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05) in IBS-C vs. HCs but none in IBS or IBS-D vs. HCs. WGNCA analysis identified activation of the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway. Nine of 67 genes were validated by the NanoString nCounter technology (FDR < 0.05) in the expanded sample. Comparison with publicly available microarray data from the Mayo Clinic and University of Nottingham supports the reproducibility of 17 genes from the microarray analysis and three of nine genes validated by nCounter in IBS-C vs. HCs. This study supports the involvement of peripheral mechanisms in IBS-C, particularly pathways mediating neuronal signaling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Peripheral factors play a role in the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which, to date, has been mostly evident in IBS with diarrhea. Here, we show that sigmoid colon mucosal gene expression profiles differentiate IBS with constipation from healthy controls. These profiling data and analysis of additional cohorts also support the concept that peripheral neuronal pathways contribute to IBS pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Videlock
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Swapna Mahurkar-Joshi
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Jill M Hoffman
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Center for Systems Biomedicine, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Emeran A Mayer
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Lin Chang
- G. Oppenheimer Center for Neurobiology of Stress and Resilience, Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yoon H. Mast Cell May Be the Master Key to Solve the Mystery of Pathogenesis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Gut Liver 2017; 10:325-6. [PMID: 27114430 PMCID: PMC4849681 DOI: 10.5009/gnl16092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ren HX, Zhang FC, Luo HS, Zhang G, Liang LX. Role of mast cell-miR-490-5p in irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:93-102. [PMID: 28104984 PMCID: PMC5221290 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the functional role of miR-490-5p in mast cell proliferation and apoptosis, and in the mast cell tryptase/PAR-2 signal pathway.
METHODS The 3rd generation of lentivirus vector systems containing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) (Ruisai Inc., Shanghai, China), which acts as a reporter gene was used to construct the mmu-miR-490-5p lentivirus expression vector pEGFP-antagomiR-490-5p, and the lentivirus vector pEGFP-negative was used as a negative control. The stably transfected mast cell line p815 was then constructed. GFP positive cells were successfully transfected cells. We determined the expression of miR-490-5p in p815 mast cells before and after transfection using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In addition, after transduction with the lentivirus vectors, the role of miR-490-5p in mast cell proliferation and apoptosis was investigated using the CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA levels of tryptase and PAR-2 were detected by qRT-PCR and the protein levels were detected by Western blot.
RESULTS The inhibition of miR-490-5p expression promoted apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of p815 mast cells. The mRNA levels of tryptase and PAR-2 were significantly increased after transfection compared with the control group, tryptase (P = 0.721, normal vs null; P = 0.001, siRNA vs normal; P = 0.002, siRNA vs null) and PAR-2 (P = 0.027, siRNA vs null; P = 0.353, normal vs null; P = 0.105, siRNA vs normal). The protein levels of tryptase and PAR2 were slightly higher in the siRNA group than those in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION miR-490-5p plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome by affecting mast cell proliferation and apoptosis; with down-regulation of miR-490-5p, the mRNA level of mast cell tryptase and PAR-2 increased, and the protein level increased, but the difference was not statistically significant.
Collapse
|
33
|
Ceuleers H, Van Spaendonk H, Hanning N, Heirbaut J, Lambeir AM, Joossens J, Augustyns K, De Man JG, De Meester I, De Winter BY. Visceral hypersensitivity in inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome: The role of proteases. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:10275-10286. [PMID: 28058009 PMCID: PMC5175241 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i47.10275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases, enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of peptide bonds, are present at high concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract. Besides their well-known role in the digestive process, they also function as signaling molecules through the activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). Based on their chemical mechanism for catalysis, proteases can be classified into several classes: serine, cysteine, aspartic, metallo- and threonine proteases represent the mammalian protease families. In particular, the class of serine proteases will play a significant role in this review. In the last decades, proteases have been suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of visceral hypersensitivity, which is a major factor contributing to abdominal pain in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases and/or irritable bowel syndrome. So far, only a few preclinical animal studies have investigated the effect of protease inhibitors specifically on visceral sensitivity while their effect on inflammation is described in more detail. In our accompanying review we describe their effect on gastrointestinal permeability. On account of their promising results in the field of visceral hypersensitivity, further research is warranted. The aim of this review is to give an overview on the concept of visceral hypersensitivity as well as on the physiological and pathophysiological functions of proteases herein.
Collapse
|
34
|
Edgington-Mitchell LE. Pathophysiological roles of proteases in gastrointestinal disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G234-9. [PMID: 26702140 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00393.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer, affect a large proportion of the population and are associated with many unpleasant symptoms. Although the causes of these diseases remain largely unknown, there is increasing evidence to suggest that dysregulated protease activity may be a contributing factor. Proteases are enzymes that cleave other proteins, and their activity is normally very tightly regulated. During disease, however, the balance between proteases and their inhibitors is often shifted, leading to altered spatial and temporal control of substrate cleavage. Evaluating protease levels in normal physiology and disease has relied heavily on the use of chemical tools. Although these tools have greatly advanced the field, they are not without caveats. This review provides an introduction to these tools, their application in the gut, and a summary of the current knowledge on the contribution of protease activity to gastrointestinal disease.
Collapse
|