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Rahman MA, Apu EH, Rakib-Uz-Zaman SM, Chakraborti S, Bhajan SK, Taleb SA, Shaikh MH, Jalouli M, Harrath AH, Kim B. Exploring Importance and Regulation of Autophagy in Cancer Stem Cells and Stem Cell-Based Therapies. Cells 2024; 13:958. [PMID: 38891090 PMCID: PMC11171866 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a globally conserved cellular activity that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis through the breakdown and recycling of cellular constituents. In recent years, there has been much emphasis given to its complex role in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and stem cell treatment. This study examines the molecular processes that support autophagy and how it is regulated in the context of CSCs and stem cell treatment. Although autophagy plays a dual role in the management of CSCs, affecting their removal as well as their maintenance, the intricate interaction between the several signaling channels that control cellular survival and death as part of the molecular mechanism of autophagy has not been well elucidated. Given that CSCs have a role in the development, progression, and resistance to treatment of tumors, it is imperative to comprehend their biological activities. CSCs are important for cancer biology because they also show a tissue regeneration model that helps with organoid regeneration. In other words, the manipulation of autophagy is a viable therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancer and stem cell therapy. Both synthetic and natural substances that target autophagy pathways have demonstrated promise in improving stem cell-based therapies and eliminating CSCs. Nevertheless, there are difficulties associated with the limitations of autophagy in CSC regulation, including resistance mechanisms and off-target effects. Thus, the regulation of autophagy offers a versatile strategy for focusing on CSCs and enhancing the results of stem cell therapy. Therefore, understanding the complex interactions between autophagy and CSC biology would be essential for creating therapeutic treatments that work in both regenerative medicine and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Global Biotechnology and Biomedical Research Network (GBBRN), Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Ehsanul Hoque Apu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN 37923, USA;
- DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - S. M Rakib-Uz-Zaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (S.M.R.-U.-Z.); (S.C.)
- Biotechnology Program, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Data and Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Somdeepa Chakraborti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; (S.M.R.-U.-Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Sujay Kumar Bhajan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science & Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh;
| | - Shakila Afroz Taleb
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Mushfiq H. Shaikh
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, Western University, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada;
| | - Maroua Jalouli
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdel Halim Harrath
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bonglee Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1-5 Hoegidong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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2
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Panwar S, Uniyal P, Kukreti N, Hashmi A, Verma S, Arya A, Joshi G. Role of autophagy and proteostasis in neurodegenerative diseases: Exploring the therapeutic interventions. Chem Biol Drug Des 2024; 103:e14515. [PMID: 38570333 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are devastating disorders characterized by gradual loss of neurons and cognition or mobility impairment. The common pathological features of these diseases are associated with the accumulation of misfolded or aggregation of proteins. The pivotal roles of autophagy and proteostasis in maintaining cellular health and preventing the accumulation of misfolded proteins, which are associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). This article presents an in-depth examination of the interplay between autophagy and proteostasis, highlighting how these processes cooperatively contribute to cellular homeostasis and prevent pathogenic protein aggregate accumulation. Furthermore, the review emphasises the potential therapeutic implications of targeting autophagy and proteostasis to mitigate neurodegenerative diseases. While advancements in research hold promise for developing novel treatments, the article also addresses the challenges and complexities associated with modulating these intricate cellular pathways. Ultimately, advancing understanding of the underlying mechanism of autophagy and proteostasis in neurodegenerative disorders provides valuable insights into potential therapeutic avenues and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Panwar
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Prerna Uniyal
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Afreen Hashmi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Babu Banarasi Das Northern India Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India
| | - Shivani Verma
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Aanchal Arya
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, India
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Khaleque MA, Kim JH, Lee HH, Kim GH, You WY, Lee WJ, Kim YY. Comparative Analysis of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Disc Degeneration: Understanding the Dynamics of Temporary-Compression-Induced Early Autophagy and Sustained-Compression-Triggered Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2352. [PMID: 38397026 PMCID: PMC10889391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the initiation of autophagy activation and apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells under temporary compression (TC) and sustained compression (SC) to identify ideal research approaches in intervertebral disc degeneration. Various techniques were used: radiography (X-ray), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), transmission electron microscope (TEM), H&E staining, Masson's trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) (LC3, beclin-1, and cleaved caspase-3), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for autophagy-related (beclin-1, LC3, and P62) and apoptosis-related (caspase-3 and PARP) gene expression analysis. X-ray and MRI revealed varying degrees of disc degeneration, ranging from moderate to severe in both groups. The severity was directly linked to compression duration, with SC resulting in notably severe central NP cell degeneration. Surprisingly, TC also caused similar, though less severe, degeneration. Elevated expression of LC3 and beclin-1 was identified after 6 weeks, but it notably declined after 12 weeks. Central NP cells in both groups exhibited increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 that was positively correlated with the duration of SC. TC showed fewer apoptotic markers compared to SC. LC3, beclin-1, and P62 mRNA expression peaked after 6 weeks and declined after 12 weeks in both groups. Cleaved caspase-3 and PARP expression peaked in SC, positively correlating with longer compression duration, while TC showed lower levels of apoptosis gene expression. Furthermore, TEM results revealed different events of the autophagic degradation process after 2 weeks of compression. TCmay be ideal for studying early triggered autophagy-mediated degeneration, while SC may be ideal for studying late or slower-triggered apoptosis-mediated degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Young-Yul Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon 34943, Republic of Korea; (M.A.K.); (J.-H.K.); (H.-H.L.); (G.-H.K.); (W.-Y.Y.); (W.-J.L.)
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Gulia S, Chandra P, Das A. The Prognosis of Cancer Depends on the Interplay of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Anoikis within the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:621-658. [PMID: 37787970 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, the fight between the immune system and cancer influences tumor transformation. Metastasis formation is an important stage in the progression of cancer. This process is aided by cellular detachment and resistance to anoikis, which are achieved by altering intercellular signaling. Autophagy, specifically pro-survival autophagy, aids cancer cells in developing treatment resistance. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy promotes tumor growth and resistance to anoikis. To regulate protective autophagy, cancer-related genes phosphorylate both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Apoptosis, a type of controlled cell death, eliminates damaged or unwanted cells. Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death in which cells lose contact with the extracellular matrix. The dysregulation of these cellular pathways promotes tumor growth and spread. Apoptosis, anoikis, and autophagy interact meticulously and differently depending on the cellular circumstances. For instance, autophagy can protect cancer cells from apoptosis by removing cellular components that are damaged and might otherwise trigger apoptotic pathways. Similarly, anoikis dysregulation can trigger autophagy by causing cellular harm and metabolic stress. In order to prevent or treat metastatic disease, specifically, targeting these cellular mechanisms may present a promising prospect for cancer therapy. This review discourses the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor transformation and the establishment of metastatic tumors. To enhance the prognosis for cancer, we highlight and discuss potential therapeutic approaches that target these processes and genes involved in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Gulia
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Prakash Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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Hajibabaie F, Abedpoor N, Mohamadynejad P. Types of Cell Death from a Molecular Perspective. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1426. [PMID: 37998025 PMCID: PMC10669395 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The former conventional belief was that cell death resulted from either apoptosis or necrosis; however, in recent years, different pathways through which a cell can undergo cell death have been discovered. Various types of cell death are distinguished by specific morphological alterations in the cell's structure, coupled with numerous biological activation processes. Various diseases, such as cancers, can occur due to the accumulation of damaged cells in the body caused by the dysregulation and failure of cell death. Thus, comprehending these cell death pathways is crucial for formulating effective therapeutic strategies. We focused on providing a comprehensive overview of the existing literature pertaining to various forms of cell death, encompassing apoptosis, anoikis, pyroptosis, NETosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, entosis, methuosis, paraptosis, mitoptosis, parthanatos, necroptosis, and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hajibabaie
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord 88137-33395, Iran;
- Department of Physiology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord 88137-33395, Iran
| | - Navid Abedpoor
- Department of Physiology, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
- Department of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39998, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohamadynejad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord 88137-33395, Iran;
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord 88137-33395, Iran
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Raupbach J, Müller SK, Schnell V, Friedrich S, Hellwig A, Grune T, Henle T. The Effect of Free and Protein-Bound Maillard Reaction Products N-ε-Carboxymethyllysine, N-ε-Fructosyllysine, and Pyrraline on Nrf2 and NFκB in HCT 116 Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2300137. [PMID: 37465844 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are believed to interact with the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and lead to a pro-inflammatory cellular response. The structural basis for this interaction is scarcely understood. This study investigates the effect of individual lysine modifications in free form or bound to casein on human colon cancer cells. METHODS AND RESULTS Selectively glycated casein containing either protein-bound N-ε-carboxymethyllysine (CML), N-ε-fructosyllysine (FL), or pyrraline is prepared and up to 94%, 97%, and 61% of lysine modification could be attributed to CML, FL, or pyrraline, respectively. HCT 116 cells are treated with free CML, pyrraline, FL, or modified casein for 24 h. Native casein is used as control. Intracellular MRP content is analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. Microscopic analysis of the transcription factors shows no activation of NFκB by free or protein-bound FL or CML, whereas casein containing protein-bound pyrraline activates Nrf2. RAGE expression is not influenced by free or casein-bound MRPs. Activation of Nrf2 by pyrraline-modified casein is confirmed by analyzing Nrf2 target proteins NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone 1) (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). CONCLUSION Studies on the biological effects of glycated proteins require an individual consideration of defined structures. General statements on the effect of "AGEs" in biological systems are scientifically unsound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Raupbach
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Stephan K Müller
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische, Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schnell
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Suse Friedrich
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anne Hellwig
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische, Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Thomas Henle
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Technische, Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Nassar N, Kasapis S. Fundamental advances in hydrogels for the development of the next generation of smart delivery systems as biopharmaceuticals. Int J Pharm 2023; 633:122634. [PMID: 36690133 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in developing and applying therapeutic peptides for anticancer, antimicrobial and immunomodulatory remedies have opened a new era in therapeutics. This development has resulted in the engineering of new biologics as part of a concerted effort by the pharmaceutical industry. Many alternative routes of administration and delivery vehicles, targeting better patient compliance and optimal therapeutic bioavailability, have emerged. However, the design of drug delivery systems to protect a range of unstable macromolecules, including peptides and proteins, from high temperatures, acidic environments, and enzymatic degradation remains a priority. Herein, we give chronological insights in the development of controlled-release drug delivery systems that occurred in the last 70 years or so. Subsequently, we summarise the key physicochemical characteristics of hydrogels contributing to the development of protective delivery systems concerning drug-targeted delivery in the chronospatial domain for biopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, we shed some light on promising hydrogels that can be utilised for systemic bioactive administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazim Nassar
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia.
| | - Stefan Kasapis
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Melbourne, Vic 3083, Australia
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8
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Ahmadi-Dehlaghi F, Mohammadi P, Valipour E, Pournaghi P, Kiani S, Mansouri K. Autophagy: A challengeable paradox in cancer treatment. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 36760166 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway conserved in all eukaryotes from yeast to humans. This process plays a quality-control role by destroying harmful cellular components under normal conditions, maintaining cell survival, and establishing cellular adaptation under stressful conditions. Hence, there are various studies indicating dysfunctional autophagy as a factor involved in the development and progression of various human diseases, including cancer. In addition, the importance of autophagy in the development of cancer has been highlighted by paradoxical roles, as a cytoprotective and cytotoxic mechanism. Despite extensive research in the field of cancer, there are many questions and challenges about the roles and effects suggested for autophagy in cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the paradoxical roles of autophagy in different tumors and related cancer treatment options. METHODS In this study, to find articles, a search was made in PubMed and Google scholar databases with the keywords Autophagy, Autophagy in Cancer Management, and Drug Design. RESULTS According to the investigation, some studies suggest that several advanced cancers are dependent on autophagy for cell survival, so when cancer cells are exposed to therapy, autophagy is induced and suppresses the anti-cancer effects of therapeutic agents and also results in cell resistance. However, enhanced autophagy from using anti-cancer drugs causes autophagy-mediated cell death in several cancers. Because autophagy also plays roles in both tumor suppression and promotion further research is needed to determine the precise mechanism of this process in cancer treatment. CONCLUSION We concluded in this article, autophagy manipulation may either promote or hinder the growth and development of cancer according to the origin of the cancer cells, the type of cancer, and the behavior of the cancer cells exposed to treatment. Thus, before starting treatment it is necessary to determine the basal levels of autophagy in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Ahmadi-Dehlaghi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Valipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Sarah Kiani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kamran Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Paudel RR, Lu D, Roy Chowdhury S, Monroy EY, Wang J. Targeted Protein Degradation via Lysosomes. Biochemistry 2023; 62:564-579. [PMID: 36130224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the scope of targeted protein degradation (TPD), proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), leveraging the ubiquitin-proteasome system, have been extensively studied. However, they are limited to the degradation of soluble and membrane proteins, excluding the aggregated and extracellular proteins and dysfunctional organelles. As an alternative protein degradation pathway, lysosomes serve as a feasible tool for accessing these untouched proteins and/or organelles by proteosomes. Here, we focus on reviewing the emerging lysosome-mediated TPD, such as AUTAC, ATTEC, AUTOTAC, LYTAC, and MoDE-A. Intracellular targets, such as soluble and aggregated proteins and organelles, can be degraded via the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Extracellular targets, such as membrane proteins, and secreted extracellular proteins can be degraded via the endosome-lysosome pathway. In addition, we summarize the mechanism and regulation of autophagy, available methods and assays for monitoring the autophagy process, and the recently developed chemical probes for perturbing the autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R Paudel
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Dong Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Sandipan Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Erika Y Monroy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) ameliorates hyperthyroid-induced cardiac hypertrophy in male rats through modulation of miR-377, let-7 b, autophagy, and fibrotic signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14654. [PMID: 36030321 PMCID: PMC9420135 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18860-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism is associated with cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Sacubitril/valsartan (LCZ696) is a new combined drug that has shown promise for the treatment of hyperthyroidism-associated heart failure; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms, including the contributions of epigenetic regulation, remain unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of LCZ696 and the potential contributions of microRNA regulation in a rat model of hyperthyroidism-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by intraperitoneal administration of levothyroxine. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four equal groups (15 rats each): control, cardiac hypertrophy (CH), CH + valsartan, and CH + LCZ696. Treatment with LCZ696 or valsartan significantly improved hemodynamic abnormalities, normalized serum concentrations of natriuretic peptide, fibroblast growth factor-23, and cardiac inflammatory markers compared to CH group rats. Treatment with LCZ696 or valsartan also normalized myocardial expression levels of autophagy markers, fibrotic markers, PPAR-ϒ, mir-377, and let-7b. In addition, both valsartan and LCZ696 ameliorated collagen deposition, ventricular degeneration, and various ultrastructural abnormalities induced by levothyroxine. The beneficial effects of LCZ696 were superior to those of valsartan alone. The superior efficacy of LCZ696 may be explained by the stronger modulation of miR-377 and let-7b.
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11
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Goel P, Chakrabarti S, Goel K, Bhutani K, Chopra T, Bali S. Neuronal cell death mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: An insight. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:937133. [PMID: 36090249 PMCID: PMC9454331 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.937133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is an ordered and tightly orchestrated set of changes/signaling events in both gene expression and protein activity and is responsible for normal development as well as maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Aberrant activation of this pathway results in cell death by various mechanisms including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death. Such pathological changes in neurons alone or in combination have been observed in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological hallmarks of AD focus primarily on the accumulation of two main protein markers: amyloid β peptides and abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins. These protein aggregates result in the formation of A-β plaques and neuro-fibrillary tangles (NFTs) and induce neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration over years to decades leading to a multitude of cognitive and behavioral deficits. Autopsy findings of AD reveal massive neuronal death manifested in the form of cortical volume shrinkage, reduction in sizes of gyri to up to 50% and an increase in the sizes of sulci. Multiple forms of cell death have been recorded in neurons from different studies conducted so far. However, understanding the mechanism/s of neuronal cell death in AD patients remains a mystery as the trigger that results in aberrant activation of RCD is unknown and because of the limited availability of dying neurons. This review attempts to elucidate the process of Regulated cell death, how it gets unregulated in response to different intra and extracellular stressors, various forms of unregulated cell death, their interplay and their role in pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease in both human and experimental models of AD. Further we plan to explore the correlation of both amyloid-beta and Tau with neuronal loss as seen in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Goel
- Department of Biochemistry, Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College Chhainsa, Faridabad, India
| | - Sasanka Chakrabarti
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
| | - Kapil Goel
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Karanpreet Bhutani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
| | - Tanya Chopra
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
| | - Sharadendu Bali
- Department of Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
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Sahoo S, Padhy AA, Kumari V, Mishra P. Role of Ubiquitin-Proteasome and Autophagy-Lysosome Pathways in α-Synuclein Aggregate Clearance. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5379-5407. [PMID: 35699874 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Synuclein aggregation in neuronal cells is the primary underlying cause of synucleinopathies. Changes in gene expression patterns, structural modifications, and altered interactions with other cellular proteins often trigger aggregation of α-synuclein, which accumulates as oligomers or fibrils in Lewy bodies. Although fibrillar forms of α-synuclein are primarily considered pathological, recent studies have revealed that even the intermediate states of aggregates are neurotoxic, complicating the development of therapeutic interventions. Autophagy and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways play a significant role in maintaining the soluble levels of α-synuclein inside cells; however, the heterogeneous nature of the aggregates presents a significant bottleneck to its degradation by these cellular pathways. With studies focused on identifying the proteins that modulate synuclein aggregation and clearance, detailed mechanistic insights are emerging about the individual and synergistic effects of these degradation pathways in regulating soluble α-synuclein levels. In this article, we discuss the impact of α-synuclein aggregation on autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways and the therapeutic strategies that target various aspects of synuclein aggregation or degradation via these pathways. Additionally, we also highlight the natural and synthetic compounds that have shown promise in alleviating the cellular damage caused due to synuclein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashree Sahoo
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Amrita Arpita Padhy
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Varsha Kumari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Parul Mishra
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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13
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Chowdhury SG, Bhattacharya D, Karmakar P. Exosomal long noncoding RNAs - the lead thespian behind the regulation, cause and cure of autophagy-related diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7013-7024. [PMID: 35655053 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in exosome biology have revealed significant roles of exosome and their contents in intercellular communication. Among various exosomal content, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have a large size (˃ 200 nt) and lack protein coding potential, are known to play key roles in intercellular communication and novel biomarkers of various metabolic disorders. Moreover, long non-coding RNAs are often involved in the regulation of various cellular processes such as autophagy, apoptosis, cell proliferation. On the other hand, autophagy is the central regulating point that controls the various metabolic functions of the body. This process is known to prevent diseases and promote longevity. Therefore, the present review discusses the relationship between diseases and autophagy, and also look into the biological functions of exosome-associated lncRNAs in regulating autophagy. Furthermore, this review will summarize some of the studies that provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of autophagy-related diseases followed by the non-canonical roles played by autophagy and related proteins in the development of exosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, 700032, Kolkata, India.
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14
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Sharma S, Patel F, Ara H, Bess E, Shum A, Bhattarai S, Subedi U, Bell DS, Bhuiyan MS, Sun H, Batinic-Haberle I, Panchatcharam M, Miriyala S. Rotenone-Induced 4-HNE Aggresome Formation and Degradation in HL-1 Cardiomyocytes: Role of Autophagy Flux. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094675. [PMID: 35563066 PMCID: PMC9105393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause oxidative stress by generating reactive aldehydes known as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). 4-HNE modifies protein via covalent adduction; however, little is known about the degradation mechanism of 4-HNE-adducted proteins. Autophagy is a dynamic process that maintains cellular homeostasis by removing damaged organelles and proteins. In this study, we determined the role of a superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic MnTnBuOE-2-PyP5+ (MnP, BMX-001) on rotenone-induced 4-HNE aggresome degradation in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. A rotenone treatment (500 nM) given for 24 h demonstrated both increased ROS and 4-HNE aggresome accumulation in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. In addition, cardiomyocytes treated with rotenone displayed an increase in the autophagy marker LC3-II, as shown by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. A pre-treatment with MnP (20 µM) for 24 h attenuated rotenone-induced ROS formation. An MnP pre-treatment showed decreased 4-HNE aggresomes and LC3-II formation. A rotenone-induced increase in autophagosomes was attenuated by a pre-treatment with MnP, as shown by fluorescent-tagged LC3 (tfLC3). Rotenone increased tubulin hyperacetylation through the ROS-mediated pathway, which was attenuated by MnP. The disruption of autophagy caused HL-1 cell death because a 3-methyladenine inhibitor of autophagosomes caused reduced cell death. Yet, rapamycin, an inducer of autophagy, increased cell death. These results indicated that a pre-treatment with MnP decreased rotenone-induced 4-HNE aggresomes by enhancing the degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Sharma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Foram Patel
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Hosne Ara
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Ezra Bess
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Alika Shum
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Susmita Bhattarai
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Utsab Subedi
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Daquonte Sanard Bell
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Md. Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA;
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Ines Batinic-Haberle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-3-186-756-938 (M.P.); +1-3-186-758-326 (S.M.)
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (S.S.); (F.P.); (H.A.); (E.B.); (A.S.); (S.B.); (U.S.); (D.S.B.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (S.M.); Tel.: +1-3-186-756-938 (M.P.); +1-3-186-758-326 (S.M.)
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15
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Costas-Ferreira C, Durán R, Faro LRF. Toxic Effects of Glyphosate on the Nervous System: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4605. [PMID: 35562999 PMCID: PMC9101768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate, a non-selective systemic biocide with broad-spectrum activity, is the most widely used herbicide in the world. It can persist in the environment for days or months, and its intensive and large-scale use can constitute a major environmental and health problem. In this systematic review, we investigate the current state of our knowledge related to the effects of this pesticide on the nervous system of various animal species and humans. The information provided indicates that exposure to glyphosate or its commercial formulations induces several neurotoxic effects. It has been shown that exposure to this pesticide during the early stages of life can seriously affect normal cell development by deregulating some of the signaling pathways involved in this process, leading to alterations in differentiation, neuronal growth, and myelination. Glyphosate also seems to exert a significant toxic effect on neurotransmission and to induce oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, processes that lead to neuronal death due to autophagy, necrosis, or apoptosis, as well as the appearance of behavioral and motor disorders. The doses of glyphosate that produce these neurotoxic effects vary widely but are lower than the limits set by regulatory agencies. Although there are important discrepancies between the analyzed findings, it is unequivocal that exposure to glyphosate produces important alterations in the structure and function of the nervous system of humans, rodents, fish, and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lilian R. F. Faro
- Department of Functional Biology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (C.C.-F.); (R.D.)
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16
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Prasad A, Prasad M. Interaction of ToLCNDV TrAP with SlATG8f marks it susceptible to degradation by autophagy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:241. [PMID: 35428912 PMCID: PMC11072827 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) is a devastating plant pathogen which causes significant losses in tomato yield. According to previous reports, proteins of geminiviruses like βC1 of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus and C1 of Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus are degraded by the autophagy pathway. There are no reports on the role of autophagy in ToLCNDV pathogenesis. In this study, we have shown that SlATG8f interacts with the ToLCNDV Transcription activator protein (TrAP; AC2) to mediate its degradation by the autophagy pathway. Silencing of SlATG8f in a ToLCNDV tolerant tomato cultivar; H-88-78-1 resulted in enhanced viral symptoms and ToLCNDV accumulation suggesting an anti-viral role for SlATG8f against ToLCNDV. TrAP is a nucleus localized protein, but it interacts with SlATG8f in and outside the nucleus indicating its nuclear export. This export might be mediated by Exportin1 as treatment with Exportin1 inhibitor inhibits TrAP export outside the nucleus. ToLCNDV TrAP is known to possess host RNA silencing suppression (RSS) activity. Degradation of TrAP results in the attenuation of its RSS activity. To the best of our knowledge, we have shown for the first time that SlATG8f-TrAP interaction leads to TrAP degradation providing defence against ToLCNDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Manoj Prasad
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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17
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Aloperine: A Potent Modulator of Crucial Biological Mechanisms in Multiple Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040905. [PMID: 35453655 PMCID: PMC9028564 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloperine is an alkaloid found in the seeds and leaves of the medicinal plant Sophora alopecuroides L. It has been used as herbal medicine in China for centuries due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Recently, aloperine has been widely investigated for its therapeutic activities. Aloperine is proven to be an effective therapeutic agent against many human pathological conditions, including cancer, viral diseases, and cardiovascular and inflammatory disorders. Aloperine is reported to exert therapeutic effects through triggering various biological processes, including cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, autophagy, suppressing cell migration, and invasion. It has also been found to be associated with the modulation of various signaling pathways in different diseases. In this review, we summarize the most recent knowledge on the modulatory effects of aloperine on various critical biological processes and signaling mechanisms, including the PI3K, Akt, NF-κB, Ras, and Nrf2 pathways. These data demonstrate that aloperine is a promising therapeutic candidate. Being a potent modulator of signaling mechanisms, aloperine can be employed in clinical settings to treat various human disorders in the future.
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18
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El Agaty SM, Nassef NA, Abou-Bakr DA, Hanafy AA. Chronic activation of cardiac Atg-5 and pancreatic Atg-7 by intermittent fasting alleviates acute myocardial infarction in old rats. Egypt Heart J 2022; 74:31. [PMID: 35416562 PMCID: PMC9008107 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-022-00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic changes, increasing the susceptibility to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Intermittent fasting (IF) has a beneficial effect on the age-associated cardiovascular diseases. The present study was planned to investigate the possible protective effect of IF against acute AMI induced by isoproterenol (ISO) in old rats and its possible underlying mechanisms mediated by heart and pancreatic autophagy. Thirty Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: adult; old; Old-ISO (rats subjected to AMI by ISO) and Old-F-ISO groups (rats were subjected to IF for 4 weeks and AMI by ISO). RESULTS IF significantly increased the mRNA expression of cardiac Atg-5 and pancreatic Atg-7 in Old-F-ISO versus old and adult groups. This was associated with a significant decrease in serum troponin-I, serum creatine kinase (CK-MB), cardiac malondialdehyde and cardiac TNF-α, fasting plasma glucose, and HOMA-IR in Old-F-ISO compared to Old-ISO group. Also, IF significantly decreased the age-related overall and visceral obesity in Old-F-ISO versus old and Old-ISO groups. Histological studies revealed attenuation of the local inflammatory response in Old-F-ISO versus Old-ISO group. Pancreatic Atg-7 and heart Atg-5 were significantly increased in Old-ISO versus old rats. CONCLUSIONS IF protects against acute AMI in old rats, possibly, via chronic activation of heart Atg-5 and pancreatic Atg-7, and alleviation of age-related overall and visceral obesity. Thus, IF could be a dietary lifestyle modification for attenuation of the susceptibility to acute AMI in aged population. On the other hand, acute activation of heart and pancreatic autophagy by ISO might augment cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mohamed El Agaty
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 24 Mohamed El Makaref Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha A Nassef
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 24 Mohamed El Makaref Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Abou-Bakr
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 24 Mohamed El Makaref Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya A Hanafy
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 24 Mohamed El Makaref Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Khan N, Halcrow PW, Afghah Z, Baral A, Geiger J, Chen X. HIV-1 Tat endocytosis and retention in endolysosomes affects HIV-1 Tat-induced LTR transactivation in astrocytes. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22184. [PMID: 35113458 PMCID: PMC9627655 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101722r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The presence of latent HIV-1 reservoirs in the periphery and brain represents a major obstacle to curing HIV-1 infection. As an essential protein for HIV-1 viral replication, HIV-1 Tat, mostly intracellular, has been implicated in latent HIV-1 infection. From HIV-1 infected cells, HIV-1 Tat is actively secreted and bystander cells uptake the released Tat whereupon it is endocytosed and internalized into endolysosomes. However, to activate the HIV-1 LTR promoter and increase HIV-1 replication, HIV-1 Tat must first escape from the endolysosomes and then enter the nucleus. Here, we tested the hypothesis that HIV-1 Tat can accumulate in endolysosomes and contribute to the activation of latent HIV-1 in astrocytes. Using U87MG astrocytoma cells expressing HIV-1 LTR-driven luciferase and primary human astrocytes we found that exogenous HIV-1 Tat enters endolysosomes, resides in endolysosomes for extended periods of time, and induces endolysosome de-acidification as well as enlargement. The weak base chloroquine promoted the release of HIV-1 Tat from endolysosomes and induced HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Similar results were observed by activating endolysosome Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) and TLR7/8. Conversely, pharmacological block of TLRs and knocking down expression levels of TLR3 and TLR7, but not TLR8, prevented endolysosome leakage and attenuated HIV-1 Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 Tat accumulation in endolysosomes may play an important role in controlling HIV-1 transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabab Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Zahra Afghah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Aparajita Baral
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
| | - Xuesong Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences Grand Forks North Dakota USA
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20
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Khajehdehi M, Khalaj-Kondori M, Baradaran B. Molecular evidences on anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and memory-boosting effects of frankincense. Phytother Res 2022; 36:1194-1215. [PMID: 35142408 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical diversity of natural products with drug-like features has attracted much attention from medicine to develop more safe and effective drugs. Their anti-inflammatory, antitumor, analgesic, and other therapeutic properties are sometimes more successful than chemical drugs in controlling disease due to fewer drug resistance and side effects and being more tolerable in a long time. Frankincense, the oleo gum resin extracted from the Boswellia species, contains some of these chemicals. The anti-inflammatory effect of its main ingredient, boswellic acid, has been traditionally used to treat many diseases, mainly those target memory functions. In this review, we have accumulated research evidence from the beneficial effect of Frankincense consumption in memory improvement and the prevention of inflammation and cancer. Besides, we have discussed the molecular pathways mediating the therapeutic effects of this natural supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Khajehdehi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalaj-Kondori
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Tandel P, Ranjbaran R, Ebrahimi E, Rezvani A, Ramzi M, Tamaddon G. Decreased expression of autophagy‐related genes in the complete remission phase of acute myeloid leukemia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1872. [PMID: 35128828 PMCID: PMC8922948 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a conserved recycling process in cells. However, the effects of autophagy on the remission and treatment response of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients have not been clarified. Methods The expression of MAP1LC3B, ATG5, ATG10, RB1CC1, and AMBRA1 genes was assessed in 32 newly diagnosed AML patients, 18 complete remission (CR) patients, and seven relapsed patients, as well as 15 controls, by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The expression of all five genes was significantly higher in the newly diagnosed AML patients as compared to the controls (p < 0.0001). The MAP1LC3B, ATG5, ATG10, RB1CC1, and AMBRA1 gene expression significantly reduced in CR patients compared to newly diagnosed AML patients (p = 0.006, 0.003, 0.0002, 0.006, and 0.004, respectively). The AMBRA1 gene expression was significantly higher in the relapsed cases as compared to both newly diagnosed (p = 0.01) and CR patients (p = 0.03). Moreover, a significant positive correlation was observed between the expression of MAP1LC3B (r = 0.739, p = 0.000001), ATG5 (r = 0.682, p = 0.00001), and ATG10 (r = 0.586, p = 0.0004) genes and white blood cell (WBC) count in patients at diagnosis. Conclusion The expression of MAP1LC3B, ATG5, ATG10, RB1CC1, and AMBRA1 genes can be examined to follow‐up the remission of AML and the patient's response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Tandel
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbaran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Eqbal Ebrahimi
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Alireza Rezvani
- Hematology and Oncology Department, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Mani Ramzi
- Hematology Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Tamaddon
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
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22
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Setlai BP, Hull R, Reis RM, Agbor C, Ambele MA, Mulaudzi TV, Dlamini Z. MicroRNA Interrelated Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Glioblastoma. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020244. [PMID: 35205289 PMCID: PMC8872331 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNAs that are 20–23 nucleotides in length, functioning as regulators of oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. They are molecular modulators that regulate gene expression by suppressing gene translation through gene silencing/degradation, or by promoting translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Circulating miRNAs have attracted attention as possible prognostic markers of cancer, which could aid in the early detection of the disease. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been implicated in tumorigenic processes, primarily by promoting tumor invasiveness and metastatic activity; this is a process that could be manipulated to halt or prevent brain metastasis. Studies show that miRNAs influence the function of EMT in glioblastomas. Thus, miRNA-related EMT can be exploited as a potential therapeutic target in glioblastomas. This review points out the interrelation between miRNA and EMT signatures, and how they can be used as reliable molecular signatures for diagnostic purposes or targeted therapy in glioblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Botle Precious Setlai
- Department of Surgery, Level 7, Bridge E, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa; (C.A.); (T.V.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.P.S.); (Z.D.)
| | - Rodney Hull
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (R.H.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Rui Manuel Reis
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (R.H.); (R.M.R.)
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Antenor Duarte Villela, 1331, Barretos 14784-400, SP, Brazil
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Cyril Agbor
- Department of Surgery, Level 7, Bridge E, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa; (C.A.); (T.V.M.)
| | - Melvin Anyasi Ambele
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, P.O. Box 1266, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, SAMRC Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Thanyani Victor Mulaudzi
- Department of Surgery, Level 7, Bridge E, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia 0007, South Africa; (C.A.); (T.V.M.)
| | - Zodwa Dlamini
- SAMRC Precision Oncology Research Unit (PORU), Precision Oncology and Cancer Prevention (POCP), Pan African Cancer Research Institute (PACRI), University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, South Africa; (R.H.); (R.M.R.)
- Correspondence: (B.P.S.); (Z.D.)
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23
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Zhao J, Jiang P, Guo S, Schrodi SJ, He D. Apoptosis, Autophagy, NETosis, Necroptosis, and Pyroptosis Mediated Programmed Cell Death as Targets for Innovative Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:809806. [PMID: 35003139 PMCID: PMC8739882 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.809806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disease that can lead to clinical manifestations of systemic diseases. Its leading features include chronic synovial inflammation and degeneration of the bones and joints. In the past decades, multiple susceptibilities for rheumatoid arthritis have been identified along with the development of a remarkable variety of drugs for its treatment; which include analgesics, glucocorticoids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic response modifiers (bDMARDs). Despite the existence of many clinical treatment options, the prognosis of some patients remains poor due to complex mechanism of the disease. Programmed cell death (PCD) has been extensively studied and ascertained to be one of the essential pathological mechanisms of RA. Its dysregulation in various associated cell types contributes to the development of RA. In this review, we summarize the role of apoptosis, cell death-associated neutrophil extracellular trap formation, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy in the pathophysiology of RA to provide a theoretical reference and insightful direction to the discovery and development of novel therapeutic targets for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Steven J Schrodi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
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24
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In Vitro Anticancer Screening and Preliminary Mechanistic Study of A-Ring Substituted Anthraquinone Derivatives. Cells 2022; 11:cells11010168. [PMID: 35011730 PMCID: PMC8750254 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinone derivatives exhibit various biological activities, e.g., antifungal, antibacterial and in vitro antiviral activities. They are naturally produced in many fungal and plant families such as Rhamnaceae or Fabaceae. Furthermore, they were found to have anticancer activity, exemplified by mitoxantrone and pixantrone, and many are well known redox-active compounds. In this study, various nature inspired synthetic anthraquinone derivatives were tested against colon, prostate, liver and cervical cancer cell lines. Most of the compounds exhibit anticancer effects against all cell lines, therefore the compounds were further studied to determine their IC50-values. Of these compounds, 1,4-bis(benzyloxy)-2,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)anthracene-9,10-dione (4) exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against PC3 cells and was chosen for a deeper look into its mechanism of action. Based on flow cytometry, the compound was proven to induce apoptosis through the activation of caspases and to demolish the ROS/RNS and NO equilibrium in the PC3 cell line. It trapped cells in the G2/M phase. Western blotting was performed for several proteins related to the effects observed. Compound 4 enhanced the production of PARP and caspase-3. Moreover, it activated the conversion of LC3A/B-I to LC3A/B-II showing that also autophagy plays a role in its mechanism of action, and it caused the phosphorylation of p70 s6 kinase.
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25
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Le TV, Dinh NBT, Dang MT, Phan NCL, Dang LTT, Grassi G, Holterman AXL, Le HM, Truong NH. Effects of autophagy inhibition by chloroquine on hepatic stellate cell activation in CCl4-induced acute liver injury mouse model. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 37:216-224. [PMID: 34713488 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation, a critical event in liver fibrosis, has been recently shown to be related to autophagy. Determine whether chloroquine (CQ) could affect (i) the activation of HSC in vivo and (ii) the hepatic damage in a mice acute liver injury model. METHODS The acute liver injury was induced in BALB/c mice by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 group); 24 h before and after CCl4 administration animals were treated by CQ (CCl4 + CQ group). As control, mice treated by olive oil were considered. After 48 h from CCl4 /olive oil administration, blood samples, liver tissues, and HSCs were harvested for analysis. RESULTS In vivo, CQ attenuates CCl4 -induced acute liver damage as evidenced by (i) the reduction of liver enlargement, (ii) the reduction of liver swelling and necrosis also supported by a certain decrease of circulating transaminases level, and (iii) the reduction of liver fibrosis evaluated by collagen deposition and α-sma protein expression. In HSCs isolated from CQ treated group, we observed the inhibition of autophagy proved by the increase in p62 protein and the decrease of lc3 protein. In addition, CQ reduced the expression of the HSCs activation markers α-sma/collagen-I and down-regulated the expression of the proliferative marker ki67. CONCLUSION The autophagy attenuation exerted by CQ together with the reduction of the expression of the proliferation marker in HSCs can lessen the acute liver damage potentially opening the way to novel therapeutic approaches for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinh Van Le
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science-VNUHCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Viet Nam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Bao Thi Dinh
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science-VNUHCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Viet Nam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,International University, VNUHCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Minh Thanh Dang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science-VNUHCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Viet Nam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhan Chinh Lu Phan
- Viet Nam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Stem cell Institute, University of Science-VNUHCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Loan Tung Thi Dang
- Viet Nam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science-VNUHCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ai Xuan Le Holterman
- Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Huy Minh Le
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nhung Hai Truong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Research and Application, University of Science-VNUHCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Viet Nam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science-VNUHCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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26
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The redox mechanism of ferrocene and its phytochemical and biochemical compounds in anticancer therapy: A mini review. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.109044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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27
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Sarkar A, Nazir A. Carrying Excess Baggage Can Slowdown Life: Protein Clearance Machineries That Go Awry During Aging and the Relevance of Maintaining Them. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:821-840. [PMID: 34792731 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular homeostasis is maintained by rapid and systematic cleansing of aberrant and aggregated proteins within cells. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) especially Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are known to be associated with multiple factors, most important being impaired clearance of aggregates, resulting in the accumulation of specific aggregated protein in the brain. Protein quality control (PQC) of proteostasis network comprises proteolytic machineries and chaperones along with their regulators to ensure precise operation and maintenance of proteostasis. Such regulatory factors coordinate among each other multiple functional aspects related to proteins, including their synthesis, folding, transport, and degradation. During aging due to inevitable endogenous and external stresses, sustaining a proteome balance is a challenging task. Such stresses decline the capacity of the proteostasis network compromising the proteome integrity, affecting the fundamental physiological processes including reproductive fitness of the organism. This review focuses on highlighting proteome-wide changes during aging and the strategies for proteostasis improvements. The possibility of augmenting the proteostasis network either via genetic or pharmacological interventions may be a promising strategy towards delaying age-associated pathological consequences due to proteome disbalance, thus promoting healthy aging and prolonged longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Sarkar
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, UP, 226031, India.
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28
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Nkwe DO, Lotshwao B, Rantong G, Matshwele J, Kwape TE, Masisi K, Gaobotse G, Hefferon K, Makhzoum A. Anticancer Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds from Solanaceae: An Update. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4989. [PMID: 34638473 PMCID: PMC8507657 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants continue to provide unlimited pharmacologically active compounds that can treat various illnesses, including cancer. The Solanaceae family, besides providing economically important food plants, such as potatoes and tomatoes, has been exploited extensively in folk medicine, as it provides an array of bioactive compounds. Many studies have demonstrated the anticancer potency of some of the compounds, but the corresponding molecular targets are not well defined. However, advances in molecular cell biology and in silico modelling have made it possible to dissect some of the underlying mechanisms. By reviewing the literature over the last five years, we provide an update on anticancer mechanisms associated with phytochemicals isolated from species in the Solanaceae plant family. These mechanisms are conveniently grouped into cell cycle arrest, transcription regulation, modulation of autophagy, inhibition of signalling pathways, suppression of metabolic enzymes, and membrane disruption. The majority of the bioactive compounds exert their antiproliferative effects by inhibiting diverse signalling pathways, as well as arresting the cell cycle. Furthermore, some of the phytochemicals are effective against more than one cancer type. Therefore, understanding these mechanisms provides paths for future formulation of novel anticancer drugs, as well as highlighting potential areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. Nkwe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Bonolo Lotshwao
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Gaolathe Rantong
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - James Matshwele
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana;
- Department of Applied Sciences, Botho University, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Tebogo E. Kwape
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Kabo Masisi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Goabaone Gaobotse
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Kathleen Hefferon
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada;
| | - Abdullah Makhzoum
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana; (B.L.); (G.R.); (T.E.K.); (K.M.); (G.G.)
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29
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Das S, Kapadia A, Pal S, Datta A. Spatio-Temporal Autophagy Tracking with a Cell-Permeable, Water-Soluble, Peptide-Based, Autophagic Vesicle-Targeted Sensor. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2252-2260. [PMID: 34115486 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential cellular degradation process. Impaired autophagy has been linked to multiple disorders, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Tracking the autophagic flux in living cells will provide mechanistic insights into autophagy and will allow rapid screening of autophagy modulators as potential therapeutics. Imaging autophagy to track the autophagic flux demands a cell-permeable probe that can specifically target autophagic vesicles and report on the extent of autophagy. Existing fluorescent protein-based probes for imaging autophagy target autophagic vesicles but are cell-impermeable and degrade with the progress of autophagy resulting in ambiguous information on the later stages of autophagy. Although small-molecule-based autophagy probes can be cell-permeable, they are mostly water-insoluble and often target lysosomes instead of autophagic vesicles leading to incomplete evidence of the early stages of the process. Hence, there is a major gap in the ability to link the imaging data obtained by applying fluorescent sensors to the real extent of autophagy in living cells. To address these challenges, we have combined the desirable features of targetability and cell permeability to develop a novel water-soluble, cell-permeable, visible-light excitable, peptide-based, fluorescent sensor, HCFP, for imaging autophagy and tracking the autophagic flux. The probe readily enters living cells within 30 min of incubation, distinctly targets autophagic vesicles, and spatio-temporally tracks the entire autophagy pathway in living cells via a ratiometric pH-sensitive detection scheme. The salient features of the probe combining targetability with cell permeability should provide an edge in high-throughput screening of autophagy modulators by tracking autophagy live.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1-Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Akshay Kapadia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1-Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Suranjana Pal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1-Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
| | - Ankona Datta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1-Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400005, India
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30
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Van Acker SI, Van den Bogerd B, Haagdorens M, Siozopoulou V, Ní Dhubhghaill S, Pintelon I, Koppen C. Pterygium-The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071567. [PMID: 34206333 PMCID: PMC8305200 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pterygium is a multifaceted pathology that displays apparent conflicting characteristics: benign (e.g., self-limiting and superficial), bad (e.g., proliferative and potentially recurrent) and ugly (e.g., signs of preneoplastic transformation). The natural successive question is: why are we lacking reports showing that pterygium lesions become life-threatening through metastasis, especially since pterygium has considerable similarities with UV-related malignancies on the molecular level? In this review, we consider how our pathophysiological understanding of the benign pterygium pathology overlaps with ocular surface squamous neoplasia and skin cancer. The three UV-related disorders share the same initial insult (i.e., UV radiation) and responsive repair mechanisms to the ensuing (in)direct DNA damage. Their downstream apoptotic regulators and other cellular adaptations are remarkably alike. However, a complicating factor in understanding the fine line between the self-limiting nature of pterygium and the malignant transformation in other UV-related diseases is the prominent ambiguity in the pathological evaluation of pterygium biopsies. Features of preneoplastic transformation (i.e., dysplasia) are used to define normal cellular reactions (i.e., atypia and metaplasia) and vice versa. A uniform grading system could help in unraveling the true nature of this ancient disease and potentially help in identifying the earliest intervention point possible regarding the cellular switch that drives a cell’s fate towards cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara I. Van Acker
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (B.V.d.B.); (M.H.); (S.N.D.); (C.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3-265-2851
| | - Bert Van den Bogerd
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (B.V.d.B.); (M.H.); (S.N.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Michel Haagdorens
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (B.V.d.B.); (M.H.); (S.N.D.); (C.K.)
| | - Vasiliki Siozopoulou
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
- Center for Oncological Research (CORE), Integrated Personalized and Precision Oncology Network (IPPON), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sorcha Ní Dhubhghaill
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (B.V.d.B.); (M.H.); (S.N.D.); (C.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Carina Koppen
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science (ARGOS), Translational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (B.V.d.B.); (M.H.); (S.N.D.); (C.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2650 Edegem, Belgium
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Zullo A, Mancini FP, Schleip R, Wearing S, Klingler W. Fibrosis: Sirtuins at the checkpoints of myofibroblast differentiation and profibrotic activity. Wound Repair Regen 2021; 29:650-666. [PMID: 34077595 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases are still a serious concern for public health, due to their high prevalence, complex etiology and lack of successful treatments. Fibrosis consists of excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. As a result, the structure and function of tissues are impaired, thus potentially leading to organ failure and death in several chronic diseases. Myofibroblasts represent the principal cellular mediators of fibrosis, due to their extracellular matrix producing activity, and originate from different types of precursor cells, such as mesenchymal cells, epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Profibrotic activation of myofibroblasts can be triggered by a variety of mechanisms, including the transforming growth factor-β signalling pathway, which is a major factor driving fibrosis. Interestingly, preclinical and clinical studies showed that fibrotic degeneration can stop and even reverse by using specific antifibrotic treatments. Increasing scientific evidence is being accumulated about the role of sirtuins in modulating the molecular pathways responsible for the onset and development of fibrotic diseases. Sirtuins are NAD+ -dependent protein deacetylases that play a crucial role in several molecular pathways within the cells, many of which at the crossroad between health and disease. In this context, we will report the current knowledge supporting the role of sirtuins in the balance between healthy and diseased myofibroblast activity. In particular, we will address the signalling pathways and the molecular targets that trigger the differentiation and profibrotic activation of myofibroblasts and can be modulated by sirtuins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, Benevento, Italy.,CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies s.c.a.r.l. Naples, Italy
| | | | - Robert Schleip
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Germany.,Fascia Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University, Germany.,Diploma University of Applied Sciences, Bad Sooden-Allendorf, Germany
| | - Scott Wearing
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Werner Klingler
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Germany.,Fascia Research Group, Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University, Germany.,Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesiology, SRH Hospital Sigmaringen, Germany
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Sustained oxidative stress instigates differentiation of cancer stem cells into tumor endothelial cells: Pentose phosphate pathway, reactive oxygen species and autophagy crosstalk. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111643. [PMID: 33945913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis plays a vital role in tumor growth and metastasis. It is proven that in tumor vasculature, endothelial cells (ECs) originate from a small population of cancer cells introduced as cancer stem cells (CSCs). Autophagy has a vital role in ECs differentiation from CSCs and tumor angiogenesis. High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased autophagy by inhibition of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and inactivation of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Previously, we suggested that cancer cells initially increase the glycolysis rate when encountering ROS, then the metabolic balance is changed from glycolysis to PPP, following the continuation of oxidative stress. In this study, we investigate the possible role of persistent oxidative stress in the differentiation of CSCs into tumor ECs by relying on the relationship between the ROS, PPP and autophagy. Because tumor angiogenesis plays an important role in the growth and development of cancer, understanding the mechanisms involved in differentiating ECs from CSCs can help find promising treatments for cancer.
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Bhattamisra SK, Koh HM, Lim SY, Choudhury H, Pandey M. Molecular and Biochemical Pathways of Catalpol in Alleviating Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020323. [PMID: 33672590 PMCID: PMC7924042 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalpol isolated from Rehmannia glutinosa is a potent antioxidant and investigated against many disorders. This review appraises the key molecular pathways of catalpol against diabetes mellitus and its complications. Multiple search engines including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct were used to retrieve publications containing the keywords “Catalpol”, “Type 1 diabetes mellitus”, “Type 2 diabetes mellitus”, and “diabetic complications”. Catalpol promotes IRS-1/PI3K/AKT/GLUT2 activity and suppresses Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) expression in the liver. Catalpol induces myogenesis by increasing MyoD/MyoG/MHC expression and improves mitochondria function through the AMPK/PGC-1α/PPAR-γ and TFAM signaling in skeletal muscles. Catalpol downregulates the pro-inflammatory markers and upregulates the anti-inflammatory markers in adipose tissues. Catalpol exerts antioxidant properties through increasing superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat), and glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px) activity in the pancreas and liver. Catalpol has been shown to have anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis, and anti-fibrosis properties that in turn bring beneficial effects in diabetic complications. Its nephroprotective effect is related to the modulation of the AGE/RAGE/NF-κB and TGF-β/smad2/3 pathways. Catalpol produces a neuroprotective effect by increasing the expression of protein Kinase-C (PKC) and Cav-1. Furthermore, catalpol exhibits a cardioprotective effect through the apelin/APJ and ROS/NF-κB/Neat1 pathway. Catalpol stimulates proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast cells in high glucose condition. Lastly, catalpol shows its potential in preventing neurodegeneration in the retina with NF-κB downregulation. Overall, catalpol exhibits numerous beneficial effects on diabetes mellitus and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Kumar Bhattamisra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +60-3-2731-7310; Fax: +60-3-8656-7229
| | - Hui Min Koh
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (H.M.K.); (S.Y.L.)
| | - Shin Yean Lim
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (H.M.K.); (S.Y.L.)
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (H.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia; (H.C.); (M.P.)
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Ghozlan MF, Farweez BAT, Safwat NA, Hassan NB, Elsalakawy WA. Reductive regulation of BECN1 gene in adult Egyptian patients with do novo AML. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-020-00087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a clonal haematopoietic disease characterized by the proliferation of immature blast cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Autophagy is an inherent cellular route by which waste macromolecules are engulfed within autophagosomes prior to their fusion with cytoplasmic lysosomes for degradation. The BECN1 gene encodes the Beclin-1 protein, which regulates autophagy. Few reports have investigated BECN1 gene expression and its value in AML patients.
Results
This randomized case-control study included 50 newly diagnosed AML patients, in addition to 20 subjects as a control group. BECN1 gene expression was assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
The median level of BECN1 gene expression in AML patients was 0.41 (IQR 0.29–1.03) in comparison to 1.12 (IQR 0.93–1.26) in the control group (P = 0.000). Seventy-two percent of AML patients showed reduced BECN1 gene expression, which was highly significantly associated with intermediate and adverse cytogenetic risk. Reduced BECN1 gene expression was associated with older age, higher total leukocyte counts, the presence of peripheral blood blast cells, a higher percentage of bone marrow blast cells, and higher expression of CD34 and CD117. FLT3-ITD mutation was detected in 14 patients (38.9%), all of whom showed reduced BECN1 gene expression (P = 0.006). BECN1 gene expression was also reduced in non-responder AML patients, with a highly statistically significant difference (P = 0.002).
Conclusion
A reduction in BECN1 gene expression might indicate a poor prognosis in adult Egyptian patients with de novo AML. Decreased BECN1 gene expression is associated with a higher risk of resistance to treatment. Targeting autophagy pathways may help in the treatment of AML patients.
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Haghi M, Masoudi R, Najibi SM. Distinctive alteration in the expression of autophagy genes in Drosophila models of amyloidopathy and tauopathy. Ups J Med Sci 2020; 125:265-273. [PMID: 32657227 PMCID: PMC7594860 DOI: 10.1080/03009734.2020.1785063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one the most common types of dementia. Plaques of amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles of tau are two major hallmarks of AD. Metabolism of these two proteins, in part, depends on autophagy pathways. Autophagy dysfunction and protein aggregation in AD may be involved in a vicious circle. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tau or amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) could affect expression of autophagy genes, and whether they exert their effects in the same way or not. METHODS Expression levels of some autophagy genes, Hook, Atg6, Atg8, and Cathepsin D, were measured using quantitative PCR in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster expressing either Aβ42 or Tau R406W. RESULTS We found that Hook mRNA levels were downregulated in Aβ42-expressing flies both 5 and 25 days old, while they were increased in 25-day-old flies expressing Tau R406W. Both Atg6 and Atg8 were upregulated at day 5 and then downregulated in 25-day-old flies expressing either Aβ42 or Tau R406W. Cathepsin D expression levels were significantly increased in 5-day-old flies expressing Tau R406W, while there was no significant change in the expression levels of this gene in 5-day-old flies expressing Aβ42. Expression levels of Cathepsin D were significantly decreased in 25-day-old transgenic flies expressing Tau R406W or Aβ42. CONCLUSION We conclude that both Aβ42 and Tau R406W may affect autophagy through dysregulation of autophagy genes. Interestingly, it seems that these pathological proteins exert their toxic effects on autophagy through different pathways and independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Haghi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Masoudi
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- CONTACT Raheleh Masoudi Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Morteza Najibi
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Statistics, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Khan N, Chen X, Geiger JD. Role of Endolysosomes in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Infection and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pathogenesis: Implications for Potential Treatments. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:595888. [PMID: 33324224 PMCID: PMC7723437 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. Humans infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop a disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with symptoms and consequences including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cardiovascular disorders, and death. SARS-CoV-2 appears to infect cells by first binding viral spike proteins with host protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors; the virus is endocytosed following priming by transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). The process of virus entry into endosomes and its release from endolysosomes are key features of enveloped viruses. Thus, it is important to focus attention on the role of endolysosomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Indeed, coronaviruses are now known to hijack endocytic machinery to enter cells such that they can deliver their genome at replication sites without initiating host detection and immunological responses. Hence, endolysosomes might be good targets for developing therapeutic strategies against coronaviruses. Here, we focus attention on the involvement of endolysosomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis. Further, we explore endolysosome-based therapeutic strategies to restrict SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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da Silva Rosa SC, Nayak N, Caymo AM, Gordon JW. Mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance and the cross-talk with liver and adipose tissue. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14607. [PMID: 33038072 PMCID: PMC7547588 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder affecting multiple tissues and is a precursor event to type 2 diabetes (T2D). As T2D affects over 425 million people globally, there is an imperative need for research into insulin resistance to better understand the underlying mechanisms. The proposed mechanisms involved in insulin resistance include both whole body aspects, such as inflammation and metabolic inflexibility; as well as cellular phenomena, such as lipotoxicity, ER stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Despite numerous studies emphasizing the role of lipotoxicity in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, an understanding of the interplay between tissues and these proposed mechanisms is still emerging. Furthermore, the tissue-specific and unique responses each of the three major insulin target tissues and how each interconnect to regulate the whole body insulin response has become a new priority in metabolic research. With an emphasis on skeletal muscle, this mini-review highlights key similarities and differences in insulin signaling and resistance between different target-tissues, and presents the latest findings related to how these tissues communicate to control whole body metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C. da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Nichole Nayak
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- College of NursingUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Andrei Miguel Caymo
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
| | - Joseph W. Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell ScienceUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- The Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) ThemeUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM)University of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
- College of NursingUniversity of ManitobaWinnipegCanada
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Ghartey-Kwansah G, Adu-Nti F, Aboagye B, Ankobil A, Essuman EE, Opoku YK, Abokyi S, Abu EK, Boampong JN. Autophagy in the control and pathogenesis of parasitic infections. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:101. [PMID: 32944216 PMCID: PMC7487832 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00464-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy has a crucial role in the defense against parasites. The interplay existing between host autophagy and parasites has varied outcomes due to the kind of host cell and microorganism. The presence of autophagic compartments disrupt a significant number of pathogens and are further cleared by xenophagy in an autolysosome. Another section of pathogens have the capacity to outwit the autophagic pathway to their own advantage. Result To comprehend the interaction between pathogens and the host cells, it is significant to distinguish between starvation-induced autophagy and other autophagic pathways. Subversion of host autophagy by parasites is likely due to differences in cellular pathways from those of ‘classical’ autophagy and that they are controlled by parasites in a peculiar way. In xenophagy clearance at the intracellular level, the pathogens are first ubiquitinated before autophagy receptors acknowledgement, followed by labeling with light chain 3 (LC3) protein. The LC3 in LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is added directly into vacuole membrane and functions regardless of the ULK, an initiation complex. The activation of the ULK complex composed of ATG13, FIP200 and ATG101causes the initiation of host autophagic response. Again, the recognition of PAMPs by conserved PRRs marks the first line of defense against pathogens, involving Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These all important immune-related receptors have been reported recently to regulate autophagy. Conclusion In this review, we sum up recent advances in autophagy to acknowledge and understand the interplay between host and parasites, focusing on target proteins for the design of therapeutic drugs. The target host proteins on the initiation of the ULK complex and PRRs-mediated recognition of PAMPs may provide strong potential for the design of therapeutic drugs against parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Ghartey-Kwansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Frank Adu-Nti
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Radford University College, Accra, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Aboagye
- Department of Forensic Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Amandus Ankobil
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, State University of New York at Albany, New York, USA
| | - Edward Eyipe Essuman
- US Food and Drugs Administration CBER, OBRR, DETTD 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, White Oak, USA
| | - Yeboah Kwaku Opoku
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Science, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana
| | - Samuel Abokyi
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.,School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Emmanuel Kwasi Abu
- Department of Optometry and Vision Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Johnson Nyarko Boampong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Herrenbruck AR, Bollinger LM. Role of skeletal muscle autophagy in high-fat-diet-induced obesity and exercise. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:56-64. [PMID: 31529063 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex degradation pathway responsible for clearing damaged and dysfunctional organelles. High-fat-diet-induced obesity has been shown to alter autophagy throughout the body in a tissue-specific manner. The impact of obesity on skeletal muscle autophagy has yet to be elucidated. This review examines the impact of high-fat-diet-induced obesity and exercise on skeletal muscle autophagy. Better understanding this major quality control mechanism may help develop novel therapies to combat high-fat-diet-induced obesity comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne R Herrenbruck
- A.R. Herrenbruck, and L.M. Bollinger are with the Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lance M Bollinger
- A.R. Herrenbruck, and L.M. Bollinger are with the Department of Kinesiology and Health Promotion, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Abbaszadeh F, Fakhri S, Khan H. Targeting apoptosis and autophagy following spinal cord injury: Therapeutic approaches to polyphenols and candidate phytochemicals. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105069. [PMID: 32652198 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disorder associated with the loss of sensory and motor function. Understanding the precise dysregulated signaling pathways, especially apoptosis and autophagy following SCI, is of vital importance in developing innovative therapeutic targets and treatments. The present study lies in the fact that it reveals the precise dysregulated signaling mediators of apoptotic and autophagic pathways following SCI and also examines the effects of polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals. It provides new insights to develop new treatments for post-SCI complications. Accordingly, a comprehensive review was conducted using electronic databases including, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Medline, along with the authors' expertise in apoptosis and autophagy as well as their knowledge about the effects of polyphenols and other phytochemicals on SCI pathogenesis. The primary mechanical injury to spinal cord is followed by a secondary cascade of apoptosis and autophagy that play critical roles during SCI. In terms of pharmacological mechanisms, caspases, Bax/Bcl-2, TNF-α, and JAK/STAT in apoptosis along with LC3 and Beclin-1 in autophagy have shown a close interconnection with the inflammatory pathways mainly glutamatergic, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, ERK/MAPK, and other cross-linked mediators. Besides, apoptotic pathways have been shown to regulate autophagy mediators and vice versa. Prevailing evidence has highlighted the importance of modulating these signaling mediators/pathways by polyphenols and other candidate phytochemicals post-SCI. The present review provides dysregulated signaling mediators and therapeutic targets of apoptotic and autophagic pathways following SCI, focusing on the modulatory effects of polyphenols and other potential phytochemical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran.
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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41
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The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Disease: From Physiological Response to Injury Factor. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5732956. [PMID: 32509147 PMCID: PMC7244977 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5732956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemical species containing oxygen, controlled by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems. In the heart, ROS play an important role in cell homeostasis, by modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and excitation-contraction coupling. Oxidative stress occurs when ROS production exceeds the buffering capacity of the antioxidant defense systems, leading to cellular and molecular abnormalities, ultimately resulting in cardiac dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the physiological sources of ROS in the heart, the mechanisms of oxidative stress-related myocardial injury, and the implications of experimental studies and clinical trials with antioxidant therapies in cardiovascular diseases.
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42
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Stefaniak S, Wojtyla Ł, Pietrowska-Borek M, Borek S. Completing Autophagy: Formation and Degradation of the Autophagic Body and Metabolite Salvage in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2205. [PMID: 32210003 PMCID: PMC7139740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that occurs in yeast, plants, and animals. Despite many years of research, some aspects of autophagy are still not fully explained. This mostly concerns the final stages of autophagy, which have not received as much interest from the scientific community as the initial stages of this process. The final stages of autophagy that we take into consideration in this review include the formation and degradation of the autophagic bodies as well as the efflux of metabolites from the vacuole to the cytoplasm. The autophagic bodies are formed through the fusion of an autophagosome and vacuole during macroautophagy and by vacuolar membrane invagination or protrusion during microautophagy. Then they are rapidly degraded by vacuolar lytic enzymes, and products of the degradation are reused. In this paper, we summarize the available information on the trafficking of the autophagosome towards the vacuole, the fusion of the autophagosome with the vacuole, the formation and decomposition of autophagic bodies inside the vacuole, and the efflux of metabolites to the cytoplasm. Special attention is given to the formation and degradation of autophagic bodies and metabolite salvage in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Stefaniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.S.); (Ł.W.)
| | - Łukasz Wojtyla
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.S.); (Ł.W.)
| | - Małgorzata Pietrowska-Borek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomy and Bioengineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Borek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (S.S.); (Ł.W.)
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Yeom J, Ma S, Lim YH. Oxyresveratrol Induces Autophagy via the ER Stress Signaling Pathway, and Oxyresveratrol-Induced Autophagy Stimulates MUC2 Synthesis in Human Goblet Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030214. [PMID: 32150901 PMCID: PMC7139292 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Autophagy is a cell protection system invoked to eliminate the damaged organelles and misfolded proteins that induce various stresses, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Autophagy can control mucin secretion in goblet cells. Oxyresveratrol (OXY), an antioxidant, stimulates expression of MUC2. Thus, we investigated the effect of OXY on autophagy and found that OXY-induced autophagy stimulates MUC2 expression in human intestinal goblet cells. Methods: Autophagy-related genes and proteins were examined by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Autophagy was assessed by immunocytochemistry (ICC). To analyze the protein expression profiles of OXY-treated LS 174T goblet cells, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) were performed. MUC2 expression in cells was evaluated by ICC. Results: OXY significantly increased the expression levels of genes related to autophagy induction, and activated phagosome elongation resulted in the formation of autophagosomes. OXY also activated the ER stress signaling pathway and promoted MUC2 synthesis, which was inhibited by treatment with an autophagy inhibitor. Conclusion: OXY induces autophagy via the ER stress signaling pathway, and OXY-induced autophagy increases MUC2 production in intestinal goblet cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiah Yeom
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Seongho Ma
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.M.)
| | - Young-Hee Lim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.Y.); (S.M.)
- Department of Public Health Sciences (Brain Korea 21 PLUS program), Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3290-5635
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Joshi V, Upadhyay A, Prajapati VK, Mishra A. How autophagy can restore proteostasis defects in multiple diseases? Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1385-1439. [PMID: 32043639 DOI: 10.1002/med.21662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular evolution develops several conserved mechanisms by which cells can tolerate various difficult conditions and overall maintain homeostasis. Autophagy is a well-developed and evolutionarily conserved mechanism of catabolism, which endorses the degradation of foreign and endogenous materials via autolysosome. To decrease the burden of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), autophagy also promotes the selective degradation of proteins in a tightly regulated way to improve the physiological balance of cellular proteostasis that may get perturbed due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins. However, the diverse as well as selective clearance of unwanted materials and regulations of several cellular mechanisms via autophagy is still a critical mystery. Also, the failure of autophagy causes an increase in the accumulation of harmful protein aggregates that may lead to neurodegeneration. Therefore, it is necessary to address this multifactorial threat for in-depth research and develop more effective therapeutic strategies against lethal autophagy alterations. In this paper, we discuss the most relevant and recent reports on autophagy modulations and their impact on neurodegeneration and other complex disorders. We have summarized various pharmacological findings linked with the induction and suppression of autophagy mechanism and their promising preclinical and clinical applications to provide therapeutic solutions against neurodegeneration. The conclusion, key questions, and future prospectives sections summarize fundamental challenges and their possible feasible solutions linked with autophagy mechanism to potentially design an impactful therapeutic niche to treat neurodegenerative diseases and imperfect aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhuti Joshi
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Arun Upadhyay
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
| | - Vijay K Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Karwar, India
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Singh D, Khan MA, Siddique HR. Apigenin, A Plant Flavone Playing Noble Roles in Cancer Prevention Via Modulation of Key Cell Signaling Networks. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2020; 14:298-311. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666191026095728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer is a global health problem and the continuous rise in incidence and
mortality due to cancer carries a real economic burden to all countries. Accumulation of genetic mutation,
exposure of environmental carcinogens and food habits due to change in lifestyles are the key
reasons for cancer. Targeting cancer cells, we need a multitargeting molecule with low/no toxicity.
Objective :
To review the current update of the research status of chemopreventive/therapeutic molecule,
Apigenin.
Methods:
Compare the results of the published articles and granted patents on this compound. We also
discuss the pros and cons of the present research and future direction.
Results:
Cancer cells have characteristic alterations and dysregulation of various cell signaling pathways
that control cell homeostasis, proliferation, motility, and survival in normal cells. Natural flavonoids
are the compounds well known for their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancerous
properties. Apigenin, along with several other physiological effects, has a very low intrinsic toxicity
and striking effects on the proliferation of cancer cells. Interestingly, this multitargeting molecule is
getting wide acceptance among researchers. It is evident from the recent patents filed in this compound.
At present, three patents have been granted only on the anticancer properties of apigenin.
Conclusion:
This mini-review will explain the present research status of apigenin and will further
shine some light on how apigenin performs its anti-cancerous actions by interfering with the key cellsignaling
pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Singh
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Mohammad A. Khan
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Hifzur R. Siddique
- Molecular Cancer Genetics & Translational Research Lab, Section of Genetics, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
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Cytotoxic effects of a sesquiterpene β-elemene on THP-1 leukemia cells is mediated via crosstalk between beclin-1 mediated autophagy and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abdoli A, Nakhaie M, Feizi N, Salimi Jeda A, Ramezani A. Harmonized Autophagy Versus Full-Fledged Hepatitis B Virus: Victorious or Defeated. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:322-334. [PMID: 31483214 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a finely tuned process in the regulation of innate immunity to avoid excessive inflammatory responses and inflammasome signaling. In contrast, the results of recent studies have shown that autophagy may disease-dependently contribute to the pathogenesis of liver diseases, such as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV has learned to subvert the cell's autophagic machinery to promote its replication. Given the great impact of the autophagy mechanism on the HBV infection and HCC, recognizing these factors may be offered new hope for human intervention and treatment of chronic HBV. This review focuses on recent findings viewing the dual role of autophagy plays in the pathogenesis of HBV infected hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nakhaie
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Neda Feizi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Ali Salimi Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amitis Ramezani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Bourebaba L, Bedjou F, Röcken M, Marycz K. Nortropane alkaloids as pharmacological chaperones in the rescue of equine adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal stem cells affected by metabolic syndrome through mitochondrial potentiation, endoplasmic reticulum stress mitigation and insulin resistance alleviation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:178. [PMID: 31215461 PMCID: PMC6582509 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1292-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) refers to a cluster of associated abnormalities and metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and adiposity. The numerous biological properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), including self-renewal and multipotency, have been the subject of many in-depth studies, for the management of EMS; however, it has been shown that this cell type may be affected by the condition, impairing thus seriously their therapeutic potential. Therefore, an attempt to rescue EMS adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) with calystegines (polyhydroxylated alkaloids) that are endowed with strong antioxidant and antidiabetic abilities was performed. METHODS ASCs isolated from EMS horses were subsequently treated with various concentrations of total calystegines. Different parameters were then assessed using flow cytometry, confocal as well as SE microscopy, and RT-qPCR. RESULTS Our results clearly demonstrated that calystegines could improve EqASC viability and proliferation and significantly reduce apoptosis, via improvement of mitochondrial potentiation and functionality, regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic pathways, and suppression of ER stress. Furthermore, nortropanes positively upregulated GLUT4 and IRS transcripts, indicating a possible sensitizing or mimetic effect to insulin. Most interesting finding in this investigation lies in the modulatory effect of autophagy, a process that allows the maintenance of cellular homeostasis; calystegines acted as pharmacological chaperones to promote cell survival. CONCLUSION Obtained data open new perspectives in the development of new drugs, which may improve the metabolic dynamics of cells challenged by MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda Bourebaba
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland. .,International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114, Wisznia Mała, Poland.
| | - Fatiha Bedjou
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologies végétales et d'Ethnobotanique, Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie, Université de Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria
| | - Michael Röcken
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Marycz
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Animal Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 27B, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland. .,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Clinic - Equine Surgery, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392, Gießen, Germany. .,International Institute of Translational Medicine, Jesionowa, 11, Malin, 55-114, Wisznia Mała, Poland.
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Luna-Dulcey L, Tomasin R, Naves MA, da Silva JA, Cominetti MR. Autophagy-dependent apoptosis is triggered by a semi-synthetic [6]-gingerol analogue in triple negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:30787-30804. [PMID: 30112107 PMCID: PMC6089392 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is very aggressive and lacks specific therapeutic targets, having limited treatment options and poor prognosis. [6]-gingerol is the most abundant and studied compound in ginger, presenting diverse biological properties such as antitumor activity against several types of cancer, including breast cancer. In this study, we show that the semi-synthetic analogue SSi6, generated after chemical modification of the [6]-gingerol molecule, using acetone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNPH) reagent, enhanced selective cytotoxic effects on MDA-MB-231 cells. Remarkably, unlike the original [6]-gingerol molecule, SSi6 enabled autophagy followed by caspase-independent apoptosis in tumor cells. We found a time-dependent association between SSi6-induced oxidative stress, autophagy and apoptosis. Initial SSi6-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation (1h) led to autophagy activation (2-6h), which was followed by caspase-independent apoptosis (14h) in TNBC cells. Additionally, our data showed that SSi6 induction of ROS plays a key role in the promotion of autophagy and apoptosis. In order to investigate whether the observed cell death induction was dependent on preceding autophagy in MDA-MB-231 cells, we used siRNA to knock down LC3B prior to SSi6 treatment. Our data show that LC3B downregulation decreased the number of apoptotic cells after treatment with SSi6, indicating that autophagy is a key initial step on SSi6-induced caspase-independent apoptosis. Overall, the results of this study show that structural modifications of natural compounds can be an interesting strategy for developing antitumor drugs, with distinct mechanisms of actions, which could possibly be used against triple negative breast cancer cells that are resistant to canonical apoptosis-inducing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liany Luna-Dulcey
- Laboratory of Biology of Aging, Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rebeka Tomasin
- Laboratory of Biology of Aging, Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina A Naves
- Laboratory of Biology of Aging, Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - James A da Silva
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, CEP 49400-000, São José, Lagarto, SE, Brazil
| | - Marcia R Cominetti
- Laboratory of Biology of Aging, Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos, CEP 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Zhang KY, Yu Q, Wei H, Liu S, Zhao Q, Huang W. Long-Lived Emissive Probes for Time-Resolved Photoluminescence Bioimaging and Biosensing. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1770-1839. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Huanjie Wei
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Shaanxi
Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced
Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for
Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211800, P. R. China
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