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Wang Q, Hu GL, Qiu MH, Cao J, Xiong WY. Coffee, tea, and cocoa in obesity prevention: Mechanisms of action and future prospects. Curr Res Food Sci 2024; 8:100741. [PMID: 38694556 PMCID: PMC11061710 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a major public health problem, causes numerous complications that threaten human health and increase the socioeconomic burden. The pathophysiology of obesity is primarily attributed to lipid metabolism disorders. Conventional anti-obesity medications have a high abuse potential and frequently deliver insufficient efficacy and have negative side-effects. Hence, functional foods are regarded as effective alternatives to address obesity. Coffee, tea, and cocoa, three widely consumed beverages, have long been considered to have the potential to prevent obesity, and several studies have focused on their intrinsic molecular mechanisms in past few years. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which the bioactive ingredients in these three beverages counteract obesity from the aspects of adipogenesis, lipolysis, and energy expenditure (thermogenesis). The future prospects and challenges for coffee, tea, and cocoa as functional products for the treatment of obesity are also discussed, which can be pursued for future drug development and prevention strategies against obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Gui-Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Jun Cao
- Key Laboratory for Transboundary Ecosecurity of Southwest China (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650504, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen-Yong Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource (Ministry of Education), Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
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Beshel JA, Beshel FN, Nwangwa JN, Okon IA, Ejim CI, Owu DU. Cardioprotective Role of Theobroma cacao against Isoproterenol-Induced Acute Myocardial Injury. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2022; 20:75-80. [PMID: 32940189 DOI: 10.2174/1871525718999200917114954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antioxidants are beneficial in myocardial infarction (MI). It is suggestive that Theobroma cacao (TC) with rich antioxidant properties can be of health benefits in myocardial injury. AIM The study investigated the effect of Theobroma cacao on cardioprotection in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats divided into four groups of 6 rats were used for the study. In group 1, 0.9% normal saline placebo was administered via oral gavage to the control. Group 2 was the MI induced group that was given 100 mg/kg body weight isoproterenol subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 hours. Group 3 was administered TC for 2 weeks at 100 mg/kg bodyweight via the oral route. Group 4 was pretreated with TC (100 mg/kg) via oral route for 2 weeks, immediately followed by the administration of 100 mg/kg body weight isoproterenol subcutaneously twice at an interval of 24 hours. The rats were sacrificed using chloroform anesthesia, and blood samples collected via cardiac puncture. The serum was analyzed for troponin level, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) level. RESULTS The serum troponin, LDH, and MDA levels were found to be significantly (p<0.01) increased in the MI group compared with the control. Pretreatment with TC before MI induction significantly (p<0.01) prevented increased serum troponin, LDH, and MDA levels when compared with the MI group. There was also a significant (p<0.01) decrease in MDA in the TC group compared with the control. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Theobroma cacao protects against isoproterenol-induced myocardial injury, possibly by preventing oxidative stress and consequent lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Atiang Beshel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka - Bushenyi District, Uganda
| | - Favour Nyoh Beshel
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka - Bushenyi District, Uganda
| | - Justina Nwandimma Nwangwa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria
| | - Idara Asuquo Okon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria
| | - Clement Ikani Ejim
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu - Nigeria
| | - Daniel Udofia Owu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka - Bushenyi District, Uganda
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Carrizzo A, Izzo C, Forte M, Sommella E, Di Pietro P, Venturini E, Ciccarelli M, Galasso G, Rubattu S, Campiglia P, Sciarretta S, Frati G, Vecchione C. A Novel Promising Frontier for Human Health: The Beneficial Effects of Nutraceuticals in Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228706. [PMID: 33218062 PMCID: PMC7698807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and diabetes are a significant public health problem worldwide. Although several novel pharmacological treatments to reduce the progression of CVDs have been discovered during the last 20 years, the better way to contain the onset of CVDs remains prevention. In this regard, nutraceuticals seem to own a great potential in maintaining human health, exerting important protective cardiovascular effects. In the last years, there has been increased focus on identifying natural compounds with cardiovascular health-promoting effects and also to characterize the molecular mechanisms involved. Although many review articles have focused on the individual natural compound impact on cardiovascular diseases, the aim of this manuscript was to examine the role of the most studied nutraceuticals, such as resveratrol, cocoa, quercetin, curcumin, brassica, berberine and Spirulina platensis, on different CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Carmine Izzo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Maurizio Forte
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Eduardo Sommella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Eleonora Venturini
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Gennaro Galasso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Speranza Rubattu
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Ospedale S.Andrea, Via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy
| | - Petro Campiglia
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciarretta
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Frati
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Corso della Repubblica 74, 04100 Latina, Italy
| | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Angio-Cardio-Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy; (A.C.); (M.F.); (E.V.); (S.R.); (S.S.); (G.F.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.I.); (P.D.P.); (M.C.); (G.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Rojas S M, Chejne F, Ciro H, Montoya J. Roasting impact on the chemical and physical structure of
Criollo
cocoa variety (
Theobroma cacao L
). J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Rojas S
- Facultad de Minas, Escuela de Procesos y EnergíaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Farid Chejne
- Facultad de Minas, Escuela de Procesos y EnergíaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Medellín Antioquia Colombia
| | - Héctor Ciro
- Departamento de Ingeniería agrícola y alimentosUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Medellín, Antioquia Colombia
| | - Jorge Montoya
- Facultad de Minas, Escuela de Procesos y EnergíaUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Medellín Antioquia Colombia
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Influence of Diet Enriched with Cocoa Bean Extracts on Physiological Indices of Laboratory Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050825. [PMID: 30813510 PMCID: PMC6429181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa bean is a rich source of polyphenols, mainly flavonoids which have a wide range of biological properties. The aim of the study was to determine the physiological indices of laboratory rats as a response to diets containing water extracts of raw or roasted cocoa beans of Forastero variety, as well as purified monomeric flavan-3-ols fraction isolated from them. The influence of these extracts on selected parameters was studied during 4 weeks feeding. The samples of rats feces were collected throughout the experiment and after its completion, biological samples (intestines content, blood, and organs) were retrieved individually from each rat and subjected to analyses. The observed changes in the gastrointestinal tract functioning indices and metabolism indicators, determined throughout the study and after its completion, confirm to some extent the biological activity of polyphenol extracts of cocoa beans. The differences in the results obtained for the analyzed parameters of the gastrointestinal tract revealed that the cocoa bean extracts differently affected the physicochemical properties of rats' intestines. The results indicate the beneficial effects of the applied nutrition treatment on the activity of cecal enzymes and the content of volatile fatty acids in the gut.
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Żyżelewicz D, Bojczuk M, Budryn G, Zduńczyk Z, Juśkiewicz J, Jurgoński A, Oracz J. Influence of diet based on bread supplemented with raw and roasted cocoa bean extracts on physiological indices of laboratory rats. Food Res Int 2018; 112:209-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Bianconi V, Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A, Cosentino T, Pirro M. Cholesterol-Lowering Nutraceuticals Affecting Vascular Function and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:53. [PMID: 29802549 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-0994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to provide an update on the effects of the dietary supplementation with cholesterol-lowering nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations affecting vascular function and CV risk in clinical interventional studies. RECENT FINDINGS Current evidence supports the mild-to-moderate cholesterol-lowering efficacy of red yeast rice, berberine, plant sterols, fibers, and some nutraceutical combinations whereas data on the individual cholesterol-lowering action of other nutraceuticals are either less striking or even inconclusive. There is also promising evidence on the vascular protective effects of some of the aforementioned nutraceuticals. However, except for red yeast rice, clinical interventional studies have not investigated their impact on CV outcomes. Evidence of both cholesterol-lowering and vascular protection is a prerogative of few single nutraceuticals and nutraceutical combinations, which may support their clinical use; however, caution on their uncontrolled adoption is necessary as they are freely available on the market and, therefore, subject to potential misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Raffaele Mannarino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Teresa Cosentino
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
- Hospital "Santa Maria della Misericordia", Piazzale Menghini, 1, 06129, Perugia, Italy.
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8
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Pandu SM, Cherupanalli R, Muthukumar SP. Effects of bound phenolic from defatted Moringa oleifera
seed flour on diet-induced hypercholesterolemic mice. J Food Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha M. Pandu
- Department of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Radha Cherupanalli
- Protein Chemistry and Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore Karnataka India
| | - Serva P. Muthukumar
- Department of Biochemistry; CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute; Mysore Karnataka India
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9
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Loullis A, Pinakoulaki E. Carob as cocoa substitute: a review on composition, health benefits and food applications. Eur Food Res Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-017-3018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Abstract
It is well known that cocoa and dark chocolate possess polyphenols as major constituents whose dietary consumption has been associated to beneficial effects. In fact, cocoa and dark chocolate polyphenols exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities switching on some important signaling pathways such as toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor κB/signal transducer and activator of transcription. In particular, cocoa polyphenols induce release of nitric oxide (NO) through activation of endothelial NO synthase which, in turn, accounts for vasodilation and cardioprotective effects. In the light of the above described properties, a number of clinical trials based on the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate have been conducted in healthy subjects as well as in different categories of patients, such as those affected by cardiovascular, neurological, intestinal, and metabolic pathologies. Even if data are not always concordant, modifications of biomarkers of disease are frequently associated to improvement of clinical manifestations. Quite interestingly, following cocoa and dark chocolate ingestion, cocoa polyphenols also modulate intestinal microbiota, thus leading to the growth of bacteria that trigger a tolerogenic anti-inflammatory pathway in the host. Finally, many evidences encourage the consumption of cocoa and dark chocolate by aged people for the recovery of the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Antonio Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Fondazione San Raffaele, Ceglie Messapica, Italy
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Jain A, Rani V. Food and Cardiac Health. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging influence of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) and its impact on the society has raised much awareness for its prevention. Healthy food habits and physical exercise has drawn a lot of attention of the people from scientific as well as common world. The role of food-based bioactive compounds in reducing risk of CVDs has been established with various health benefits apart from the basic nutrition have been reported. The present chapter provides an overview of the role of different foods on cardiovascular health of humans. Biological effects of plant derived food products and their bioactive compounds in the context of relevance to cardiovascular health promotion are discussed in detail. The chapter also covers the effects of the consumption of functional food on the intermediate clinical markers of CVDs including cholesterolemia, hypertension, endothelial function and inflammation. The chapter will enable the better understanding of the current knowledge on the potential health benefits of different functional foods and bioactive compounds on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Jain
- Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India
| | - Vibha Rani
- Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India
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12
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Ranneh Y, Ali F, Al-Qubaisi M, Esa NM, Ismail A. The inhibitory activity of cocoa phenolic extract against pro-inflammatory mediators secretion induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cells. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:547. [PMID: 27190746 PMCID: PMC4850146 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa is a rich source of polyphenols that has been traditionally used as the treatment of several types of inflammation related disease. The response to inflammation comprises the consecutive release of mediators and the enlistment of circulating leukocytes, such as macrophages. Currently, Cocoa-derived polyphenolics have shown anti-inflammatory effects in vivo, but the therapeutic benefits in vitro remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, the effect of cocoa polyphenolic extract (CPE) on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells sensitized by lipopolysaccharide as in vitro inflammatory model was investigated. The anti-inflammatory activity of CPE was assessed by measuring its ability to inhibit the pro-inflammatory enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and the pro-inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The results show that CPE significantly inhibits 5-LOX activity (p < 0.01). In addition, CPE dose-dependently suppressed the production of PGE2, ROS, NO and TNF-α in RAW 264.7 cells. These data suggest that CPE may be used for the treatment of inflammation and it’s related-diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Ranneh
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Faisal Ali
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia ; Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital, Sana'a University, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Mothanna Al-Qubaisi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Norhaizan Mohd Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia ; Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
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Sawale PD, Pothuraju R, Abdul Hussain S, Kumar A, Kapila S, Patil GR. Hypolipidaemic and anti-oxidative potential of encapsulated herb (Terminalia arjuna) added vanilla chocolate milk in high cholesterol fed rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1380-1385. [PMID: 25907198 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is associated with coronary artery disease and occurs in developing as well as developed countries. In the present investigation, hypolipidaemic and anti-oxidative properties of encapsulated herb (Terminalia arjuna, 1.8%) added vanilla chocolate dairy drink was evaluated in high cholesterol fed Wistar rats for 60 days. RESULTS At the end of the experimental period, a significant decrease in the body weight gain by rats receiving the encapsulated herb extract was noted as compared to high cholesterol fed rats. Administration of microencapsulated herb showed a statistically significant decrease in organ weights (epididymal fat and liver). Moreover, a significant decrease in serum lipids such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and atherogenic index was observed with encapsulated Terminalia arjuna extract in high cholesterol fed group. Increases in reduced glutathione and decreases in TBARS levels were also reported in both liver and red blood cell lysates with encapsulated herb supplementation. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the bioactive components (phytosterols, flavanoids, saponins and tannins etc.) which are present in the encapsulated T. arjuna not only withstand the processing conditions but also are effectively released in the intestine and show their effects, such as hypolipidaemic and antioxidant activities, for better treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Digambar Sawale
- Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Shaik Abdul Hussain
- Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Suman Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Girdhari Ramdas Patil
- Dairy Technology Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
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Yanni AE, Efthymiou V, Lelovas P, Agrogiannis G, Kostomitsopoulos N, Karathanos VT. Effects of dietary Corinthian currants (Vitis vinifera L., var. Apyrena) on atherosclerosis and plasma phenolic compounds during prolonged hypercholesterolemia in New Zealand White rabbits. Food Funct 2016; 6:963-71. [PMID: 25662939 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo01106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Corinthian currants are a rich source of phenolic compounds, which are known to exert beneficial effects on cardiovascular disease. The hypothesis tested is whether dietary supplementation with currants attenuates atherosclerosis and affects plasma phenolics during prolonged hypercholesterolemia in rabbits. Thirty New Zealand White rabbits were fed one of four diets (normal and supplemented with 10% currants, with 0.5% cholesterol, and with 0.5% cholesterol plus 10% currants) for eight weeks. Plasma lipids, glucose and hepatic enzymes were determined. Individual phenolic compounds were identified and quantified in plasma during the dietary intervention. At the end of the study, histological examinations of aorta and liver were performed. The high-cholesterol diet resulted in hypercholesterolemia and oxidative stress, increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity and induced aortic and hepatic lesion formation. Corinthian currant supplementation attenuated atherosclerotic lesions, maintained AST within the normal range and reduced oxidative stress without affecting glucose concentrations. The p-OH-benzoic and p-OH-phenylacetic acids predominated at high concentrations in plasma and remained almost constant during the study in the group that received the normal rabbit chow and the groups given food with added cholesterol either alone or supplemented with currants. Currant supplementation to the normal diet resulted in the reduced absorption of phenolic compounds, as revealed by the measurement of their plasma metabolites, suggesting a regulatory mechanism at the gut level under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia E Yanni
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry-Physical Chemistry of Foods, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70 El. Venizelou Ave, 17671 Athens, Greece.
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Aprotosoaie AC, Luca SV, Miron A. Flavor Chemistry of Cocoa and Cocoa Products-An Overview. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 15:73-91. [PMID: 33371573 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cocoa originates from beans of the cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) and it is an important commodity in the world and the main ingredient in chocolate manufacture. Its value and quality are related to unique and complex flavors. Bulk cocoas (Forastero type) exhibit strong basic cocoa notes, whereas fine varieties (Criollo, Nacional) show aromatic, floral, or smoother flavor characteristics. About 600 various compounds (alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and pyrazines) have been identified as odor-active components. The specific cocoa aroma arises from complex biochemical and chemical reactions during the postharvest processing of raw beans, and from many influences of the cocoa genotype, chemical make-up of raw seeds, environmental conditions, farming practices, processing, and manufacturing stages. There has been much research on cocoa flavor components. However, the relationships between all chemical components that are likely to play a role in cocoa flavor, their sensory properties, and the sources and mechanisms of flavor formation are not fully understood. This paper provides an overview on cocoa flavor from a compositional and a sensory perspective. The nonvolatile and volatile chemical components of cocoa and chocolate flavor, and their sensory properties correlated to the main influences involved in flavor formation, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara Aprotosoaie
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Simon Vlad Luca
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Anca Miron
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ. of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T. Popa-Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Immunochemical Detection of Food-Derived Polyphenols in the Aorta: Macrophages as a Major Target Underlying the Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity of Polyphenols. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 75:609-17. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kawai Y. β-Glucuronidase activity and mitochondrial dysfunction: the sites where flavonoid glucuronides act as anti-inflammatory agents. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2014; 54:145-50. [PMID: 24895476 PMCID: PMC4042145 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.14-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies suggest that the consumption of flavonoid-rich diets decreases the risk of various chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases. Although studies on the bioavailability of flavonoids have been well-characterized, the tissue and cellular localizations underlying their biological mechanisms are largely unknown. The development and application of novel monoclonal antibodies revealed that macrophages could be the major target of dietary flavonoids in vivo. Using macrophage-like cell lines in vitro, we examined the molecular basis of the interaction between the macrophages and flavonoids, especially the glucuronide metabolites. We have found that extracellular β-glucuronidase secreted from macrophages is essential for the bioactivation of the glucuronide conjugates into the aglycone, and that the enzymatic activity, which requires an acidic pH, is promoted by the increased secretion of lactate in response to the mitochondrial dysfunction. This review describes our recent findings indicating the molecular mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of dietary flavonoids within the inflammation sites. We propose that the extracellular activity of β-glucuronidase associated with the status of the mitochondrial function in the target cells might be important biomarkers for the specific sites where the glucuronides of dietary flavonoids can act as anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshichika Kawai
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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Cocoa polyphenols and inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease. Nutrients 2014; 6:844-80. [PMID: 24566441 PMCID: PMC3942736 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated the beneficial effect of plant-derived food intake in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The potential bioactivity of cocoa and its polyphenolic components in modulating cardiovascular health is now being studied worldwide and continues to grow at a rapid pace. In fact, the high polyphenol content of cocoa is of particular interest from the nutritional and pharmacological viewpoints. Cocoa polyphenols are shown to possess a range of cardiovascular-protective properties, and can play a meaningful role through modulating different inflammatory markers involved in atherosclerosis. Accumulated evidence on related anti-inflammatory effects of cocoa polyphenols is summarized in the present review.
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Natsume M, Baba S. Suppressive effects of cacao polyphenols on the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Subcell Biochem 2014; 77:189-198. [PMID: 24374929 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7920-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies in humans have shown that the cacao polyphenols, (-)-epicatechin and its oligomers, prevent in vitro and ex vivo low-density lipoprotein oxidation mediated by free radical generators and metal ions and also reduce plasma LDL-cholesterol levels. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cacao polyphenols on the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (-/-) mice. Mice aged 8 weeks (n = 90) were randomized into three groups, and fed either normal mouse chow (controls) or chow supplemented with 0.25 or 0.40 % cacao polyphenols for 16 weeks. The mean plaque area in cross-sections of the brachiocephalic trunk was measured and found to be lower in the 0.25 % cacao polyphenol group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Pathological observations showed that accumulation of cholesterol crystals in the plaque area was greater in the control group compared with the 0.40 % cacao polyphenol group (p < 0.05). Immunochemical staining in the 0.25 and 0.40 % groups showed that expression of the cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and production of oxidative stress markers (4-hydroxynonenal, hexanoyl-lysine, and dityrosine) were reduced in cross-sections of the brachiocephalic trunk. These results suggest that cacao polyphenols inhibit the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (-/-) mice by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Natsume
- Functional Evaluation Department, Food Science Research Laboratories, R&D Division, Meiji Co., Ltd., 540 Naruda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0862, Japan,
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Ali F, Ismail A, Kersten S. Molecular mechanisms underlying the potential antiobesity-related diseases effect of cocoa polyphenols. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:33-48. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Ali
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Amin Ismail
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
- Halal Products Research Institute; Universiti Putra Malaysia; Selangor Malaysia
| | - Sander Kersten
- Metabolism and Genomics Group; Division of Human Nutrition; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
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Yakala GK, Wielinga PY, Suarez M, Bunschoten A, van Golde JM, Arola L, Keijer J, Kleemann R, Kooistra T, Heeringa P. Effects of chocolate supplementation on metabolic and cardiovascular parameters in ApoE3L mice fed a high-cholesterol atherogenic diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2039-48. [PMID: 23946229 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Dietary intake of cocoa and/or chocolate has been suggested to exhibit protective cardiovascular effects although this is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chocolate supplementation on metabolic and cardiovascular parameters. METHODS AND RESULTS Four groups of ApoE*3Leiden mice were exposed to the following diet regimens. Group 1: cholesterol-free control diet (CO). Group 2: high-dose (1.0% w/w) control cholesterol (CC). Group 3: CC supplemented chocolate A (CCA) and Group 4: CC supplemented chocolate B (CCB). Both chocolates differed in polyphenol and fiber content, CCA had a relatively high-polyphenol and low-fiber content compared to CCB. Mice fed a high-cholesterol diet showed increased plasma-cholesterol and developed atherosclerosis. Both chocolate treatments, particularly CCA, further increased plasma-cholesterol and increased atherosclerotic plaque formation. Moreover, compared to mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, both chocolate-treated groups displayed increased liver injury. Mice on high-cholesterol diet had elevated plasma levels of sVCAM-1, sE-selectin and SAA, which was further increased in the CCB group. Similar effects were observed for renal inflammation markers. CONCLUSION The two chocolate preparations showed unfavorable, but different effects on cardiometabolic health in E3L mice, which dissimilarities may be related to differences in chocolate composition. We conclude that discrepancies reported on the effects of chocolate on cardiometabolic health may at least partly be due to differences in chocolate composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopala K Yakala
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ingestion of cocoa ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in mesentery arterioles induced by high fat diet in rats: An in vivo intravital microscopy study. Life Sci 2012; 91:1196-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Fernández-Murga L, Tarín J, García-Perez M, Cano A. The impact of chocolate on cardiovascular health. Maturitas 2011; 69:312-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Yoshihara D, Fujiwara N, Suzuki K. Antioxidants: benefits and risks for long-term health. Maturitas 2010; 67:103-7. [PMID: 20627629 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative modification hypothesis postulates that oxidative stress is one of the major factors in aging and the development of age-related disorders, including cardiovascular diseases. In this scenario, the oxidative modification of lipids, proteins and nucleic acids in vascular walls contributes to the etiology of cardiovascular disease, implying that consumption or therapeutic use of antioxidants could prevent the onset of such pathological disorders. Because of this, a number of studies have been conducted to address the question of whether cardiovascular diseases can be modulated by antioxidant treatment or consumption. Although some of the earliest data, collected in animal studies and epidemiologic studies have shown a measure of success, numerous clinical trials indicate that this approach is of minimal or no benefit. These conclusions represent a challenge to design more sensitive antioxidant trials in order to confirm or alter these conclusions. The focus of this review is on the benefits and disadvantages associated with the use of antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E, polyphenols, or antioxidant therapies, including hormone replacement therapy and iron reduction therapy, on overall vascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisaku Yoshihara
- Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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Abstract
A significant body of evidence demonstrates that diets rich in fruits and vegetables promote health and attenuate, or delay, the onset of various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, certain cancers, and several other age-related degenerative disorders. The concept that moderate chocolate consumption could be part of a healthy diet has gained acceptance in past years based on the health benefits ascribed to selected cocoa components. Specifically, cocoa as a plant and chocolate as food contain a series of chemicals that can interact with cell and tissue components, providing protection against the development and amelioration of pathological conditions. The most relevant effects of cocoa and chocolate have been related to cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms behind these effects are still under investigation. However, the maintenance or restoration of vascular NO production and bioavailability and the antioxidant effects are the mechanisms most consistently supported by experimental data. This review will summarize the most recent research on the cardiovascular effects of cocoa flavanols and related compounds.
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Abstract
A food can be regarded as ‘functional’ if it can demonstrate a beneficial efficacy on one or more target functions in the body in a convincing way. Beyond adequate nutritional qualities, functional foods should either improve the state of health and wellbeing and/or reduce the risk of disease. Functional foods that are marketed with claims of heart disease reduction focus primarily on the major risk factors, i.e. cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension. Some of the most innovative products are designed to be enriched with ‘protective’ ingredients, believed to reduce risk. They may contain, for example, soluble fibre (from oat and psyllium), useful both for lowering cholesterol and blood pressure, or fructans, effective in diabetes. Phytosterols and stanols lower LDL-cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner. Soya protein is more hypocholesterolaemic in subjects with very high initial cholesterol and recent data indicate also favourable activities in the metabolic syndrome.n-3 Fatty acids appear to exert significant hypotriacylglycerolaemic effects, possibly partly responsible for their preventive activity. Dark chocolate is gaining much attention for its multifunctional activities, useful both for the prevention of dyslipidaemia as well as hypertension. Finally, consensus opinions about tea and coffee have not emerged yet, and the benefits of vitamin E, garlic, fenugreek and policosanols in the management of dyslipidaemia and prevention of arterial disease are still controversial.
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Rimbach G, Melchin M, Moehring J, Wagner AE. Polyphenols from cocoa and vascular health-a critical review. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:4290-4309. [PMID: 20057946 PMCID: PMC2790109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10104290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocoa is a rich source of dietary polyphenols. In vitro as well as cell culture data indicate that cocoa polyphenols may exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, as well as anti-atherogenic activity. Several molecular targets (e.g., nuclear factor kappa B, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, angiotensin converting enzyme) have been recently identified which may partly explain potential beneficial cardiovascular effects of cocoa polyphenols. However cocoa polyphenol concentrations, as used in many cell culture studies, are not physiologically achievable. Bioavailability studies indicate that plasma concentrations of cocoa polyphenols following dietary intake are low and in the nanomolar range. Human studies regarding the effect of cocoa polyphenols on vascular health are often underpowered and lack a rigorous study design. If dietary cocoa polyphenol intake is due to chocolate its high energy content needs to be taken into account. In order to determine potential health benefits of cocoa polyphenols large scale, long term, randomized, placebo controlled studies, (ideally with a cross-over design) as well as prospective studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Rimbach
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +49-431-880-2583; Fax: +49-431-880-2628
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Osakabe N, Yamagishi M. Procyanidins in Theobroma cacao Reduce Plasma Cholesterol Levels in High Cholesterol-Fed Rats. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2009; 45:131-6. [PMID: 19794919 PMCID: PMC2735623 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.07-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of cacao procyanidins (CP) on plasma lipid levels in high cholesterol-fed rats. Animals were divided into 4 groups, and each group was fed on either a normal diet, high cholesterol diet (HCD) containing 1% cholesterol (HCD without CP), HCD with 0.5% (HCD with 0.5% CP) or 1.0% CP (HCD with 1.0% CP) for 4 weeks. Plasma cholesterol level was significantly higher in the HCD without CP group than the normal diet group (p<0.01). Supplementation of CP significantly decreased plasma cholesterol (p<0.01) to levels similar to those of the normal diet group. The liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels in all HCD groups were significantly higher (p<0.01), but 1.0% CP feeding significantly reduced this increase. Fecal excretion of neutral sterol and triglyceride was significantly increased in all HCD groups (p<0.01), and the excreted amounts tended to be higher in the HCD with CP groups. The procyanidins dose-dependently reduced micellar solubility of cholesterol and this activity increased with increasing molecular weight. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms of CP to lower plasma cholesterol is inhibition of intestinal absorption of cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Osakabe
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Fukasaku 307, Minuma, Saitama-city, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
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Akita M, Kuwahara M, Itoh F, Nakano Y, Osakabe N, Kurosawa T, Tsubone H. Effects of cacao liquor polyphenols on cardiovascular and autonomic nervous functions in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 103:581-7. [PMID: 19067684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies have shown that polyphenols can reduce the risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases. This study tested the hypothesis that cacao liquor polyphenols have the properties to restore the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous function in an animal model of familial hypercholesterolaemia. Male Kurosawa and Kusanagi-hypercholesterolaemic rabbits were housed in individual cages in a room where a 12-hr light:dark cycle (lights-on at 8:00 and lights-off at 20:00) was maintained. At 3 months of age, they were divided into two groups (standard diet and cacao liquor polyphenol) and the animals received 100 g of the respective diets per day and were provided with tap water ad libitum. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured by a telemetry system. To clarify the autonomic nervous function, power spectral analysis of heart rate variability, baroreflex sensitivity and autonomic nervous tone were measured. After 6 months of dietary administration of cacao liquor polyphenols, heart rate and blood pressure were lowered but plasma lipid concentrations were unchanged. The area of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta in the cacao liquor polyphenol group was significantly smaller than that in the standard diet group. The high-frequency power of heart rate variability in the rabbits in the standard diet group was significantly decreased with ageing, but that in the cacao liquor polyphenol group was not different between short-term and long-term treatment. Moreover, cacao liquor polyphenols preserved parasympathetic nervous tone, although that in the standard diet group was significantly decreased with ageing. We conclude that cacao liquor polyphenols may play an important role to protect cardiovascular and autonomic nervous functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Akita
- Department of Comparative Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Mukai R, Fukuda I, Nishiumi S, Natsume M, Osakabe N, Yoshida KI, Ashida H. Cacao polyphenol extract suppresses transformation of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor in C57BL/6 mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10399-10405. [PMID: 18928297 DOI: 10.1021/jf802453t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins enter the body through the diet and cause various toxicological effects through transformation of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Plant extracts and phytochemicals including flavonoids are reported to suppress this transformation. This paper investigates the suppression by a cacao polyphenol extract (CPE) of AhR transformation in vivo. The CPE was administered orally to C57BL/6 mice at 100 mg/kg of body weight, followed 1 h later by 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), an AhR agonist, injected intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg of body weight. CPE suppressed the MC-induced transformation to the control level by inhibiting the formation of a heterodimer between AhR and an aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator in the liver at 3 h postadministration. It also suppressed MC-induced cytochrome P4501A1 expression and NAD(P)H:quinone-oxidoreductase activity, whereas it increased glutathione S-transferase activity at 25 h. CPE constituents and their metabolites might contribute, at least in part, to the suppression of AhR transformation. The results indicate that the intake of CPE suppressed the toxicological effects of dioxins in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Mukai
- Department of Agrobioscienec, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Jalil AMM, Ismail A, Pei CP, Hamid M, Kamaruddin SHS. Effects of cocoa extract on glucometabolism, oxidative stress, and antioxidant enzymes in obese-diabetic (Ob-db) rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:7877-7884. [PMID: 18702467 DOI: 10.1021/jf8015915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this present study, we investigated the effects of cocoa extract containing polyphenols and methylxanthines prepared from cocoa powder on the biochemical parameters of obese-diabetic (Ob-db) rats. Obese-diabetic (Ob-db) rats were developed using a high-fat diet (49% fat, 32% carbohydrate, and 19% protein from total energy, kcal) for 3 months, followed by a low dose (35 mg/kg body weight) streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Cocoa extract (600 mg/kg body weight/day) was given to the rats for 4 weeks. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in fasting plasma glucose and insulin level after 4 weeks of cocoa extract administration. Oral glucose tolerance test revealed that cocoa supplementation in Ob-db rats significantly (p < 0.05) reduced plasma glucose at 60 and 90 min compared to unsupplemented Ob-db rats. Plasma free fatty acid and oxidative stress biomarker (8-isoprostane) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced after cocoa supplementation. Superoxide dismutase activity was enhanced in Ob-db compared to that in nonsupplemented rats. However, no change was observed in catalase activity. The results showed that cocoa supplementation had an effect on postprandial glucose control but not for long term (4 weeks). Moreover, cocoa supplementation could reduce circulating plasma free fatty acid and 8-isoprostane and may enhance the antioxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbe Maleyki Mhd Jalil
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Lee YS, Yang JH, Bae MJ, Yoo WK, Ye S, Xue CCL, Li CG. Anti-oxidant and Anti-hypercholesterolemic Activities of Wasabia japonica. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2008; 7:459-64. [PMID: 18955343 PMCID: PMC2892354 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nen038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Wasabia japonica (WJ) were investigated in vitro and in vivo for their anti-oxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic activities. It was found that the aqueous extracts of WJ leaves (WJL) had strong scavenging activities towards 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) free radicals in cell free systems. WJL also inhibited NO production and the expressions of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) mRNA and enzyme protein, determined by Griess reactions, RT-PCR or Western blotting respectively in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells. The anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of WJ diet were investigated in hypercholesterolemia rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups and were fed with either normal diet (Group 1), or diet containing 1%(w/w) cholesterol (Groups 2, 3 and 4). After 4 weeks, Group 2 was changed to normal diet, Groups 3 and 4 were changed to the diet containing 5% WJ leaf and or 5% WJ root, respectively. 3 weeks after WJ diets, Serum HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly increased in WJ diet groups compared with the normal diet hypercholesterolemia rats. In contrast, the serum LDL-cholesterol levels and liver xanthine oxidase (XO) activity in WJ diet groups were significantly decreased. The results indicate that the WJ extracts have significant anti-oxidant activities, and the WJ diet exhibited anti-hypercholesterolemic action in high cholesterol diet rats, which was companied with modulations of cholesterol metabolism and decrease in liver XO activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sun Lee
- Department of Traditional Health Resource Development, College of Sung Duk, Yeongcheonsi, Gyeongsangbukdo 770-811, Daegu Haany University, Daegu 706-060, Korea and The RMIT Chinese Medicine Research Group, RMIT University, Bundoora West, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Frederiksen H, Mortensen A, Schrøder M, Frandsen H, Bysted A, Knuthsen P, Rasmussen SE. Effects of red grape skin and seed extract supplementation on atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:564-71. [PMID: 17441214 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between consumption of red wine and other polyphenolic compounds and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits were used to investigate the effects of polyphenols in a red grape skin and seed extract (GSE) on the development of atherosclerosis. WHHL rabbits received either semisynthetic diet (casein based) or semisynthetic diet added GSE over a period of 15 wk. Plasma lipids and aortic cholesterol accumulation were measured. Feeding semisynthetic diet was associated with increasing hypercholesterolemia, which was developing slower in GSE group compared to the controls as recorded by significantly lower plasma cholesterol in dosage week 7 (males: P < 0.05, females: P < 0.01) and 11 (males: P < 0.01). Aortic atherosclerosis evaluated as the cholesterol content in aortic tissue was comparable in the control and GSE-dosed females, but it was significantly reduced in the abdominal part of GSE-dosed male compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding GSE extract to WHHL rabbits had no significant effects in females but was associated with transient less hypercholesterolemic response to semisynthetic diet and, furthermore, retarded the development of aortic atherosclerosis in males as demonstrated by significantly lower cholesterol content in the abdominal part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Frederiksen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark.
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Soulat T, Philippe C, Bal dit Sollier C, Brézillon C, Berge N, Teissedre PL, Callebert J, Rabot S, Drouet L. Wine constituents inhibit thrombosis but not atherogenesis in C57BL/6 apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Br J Nutr 2007; 96:290-8. [PMID: 16923223 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20061818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regular and moderate wine consumption is one of the explanations suggested for the lower incidence of cardiovascular events in France compared with other industrialized countries. We evaluated whether alcohol alone or combined with red wine polyphenols reduced plaque size and/or attenuated thrombotic reactivity at the site of advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Red wine extract, or purified (+)-catechin with alcohol, or alcohol alone, was added for 12 weeks to the drinking water of apoE-deficient (apoE−/−) C57B/ mice and wild-type counterparts. In the apoE−/−mice, all alcohol-containing mixtures were associated with a larger size of aortic atherosclerotic lesions. On the other hand, red wine extract and (+)-catechin significantly inhibited blood thrombotic reactivity (P<0·05) as assessed in a cylindrical perfusion chamber model of experimental thrombosis: area reductions in cross-sectional surface of theex vivothrombus were 64% and 63%, respectively. In the wild-type mice, red wine extract and (+)-catechin tended to reduce thrombogenicity, which was on the whole less marked than in the apoE−/−mice. These findings suggest that a moderate and regular consumption of red wine may protect against clinical cardiovascular events, mainly by attenuating the thrombogenic response rather than by reducing the development of atherosclerotic lesions. This antithrombogenic effect may include normalization of the abnormally high thrombogenic responsiveness in apoE−/−mice as well as a direct antithrombotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Soulat
- Laboratoire de Thrombose et d'Athérosclérose Expérimentales, IVS, Hôpital Lariboisière, 2 rue Ambroise Paré, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
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37
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Yang PY, Almofti MR, Lu L, Kang H, Zhang J, Li TJ, Rui YC, Sun LN, Chen WS. Reduction of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits and decrease of expressions of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in foam cells by a water-soluble fraction of Polygonum multiflorum. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 99:294-300. [PMID: 16276035 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0050333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum stilbeneglycoside (PMS) is a water-soluble fraction of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., one of the most famous tonic traditional Chinese medicines, that has protective effects on the cardiovascular system. The purpose of the present study is to elucidate the effects of PMS on macrophage-derived foam cell functions and the reduction of severity of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. NZW rabbits were fed for 12 weeks with a normal diet, a high cholesterol diet, or a high cholesterol diet associated with irrigation with different doses of PMS (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg). Treatment of NZW rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet with 100 mg/kg PMS attenuated the increase in plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and plasma triglyceride. Treatment with 50 and 100 mg/kg PMS caused 43% and 60% decrease in atherosclerotic lesioned area ratio to total surface area, respectively. In U937 foam cells, PMS could decrease the high expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 protein and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels in the medium induced by oxidized lipoprotein when analyzed by flow cytometry. The results proved that PMS is a powerful agent against atherosclerosis and that PMS action could possibly be through the inhibition of the expression of ICAM-1 and VEGF in foam cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yuan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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38
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Kurosawa T, Itoh F, Nozaki A, Nakano Y, Katsuda SI, Osakabe N, Tsubone H, Kondo K, Itakura H. Suppressive effects of cacao liquor polyphenols (CLP) on LDL oxidation and the development of atherosclerosis in Kurosawa and Kusanagi-hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2005; 179:237-46. [PMID: 15777537 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the properties of cacao liquor polyphenols (CLP), which have an antioxidative effect on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and an anti-atherosclerotic effect in the spontaneous familial hypercholesterolemic model, the Kurosawa and Kusanagi-hypercholesterolemic (KHC) rabbit. After 6 months of dietary administration of CLP at 1% (w/w) to the KHC rabbits, a higher total cholesterol concentration was observed in the treatment group compared to the control group. However, no other effects were noted in lipid profiles in plasma or lipoproteins. The plasma concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which is a lipid-peroxidation index, was significantly decreased 1 month after the start of CLP administration compared to that of the control group. The antioxidative effect of CLP on LDL was observed from 2 to 4 months of administration. The area of atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta in the CLP group (32.01+/-1.58%) was significantly smaller than that in the control group (47.05+/-3.29%), and the tissue cholesterol and TBARS concentrations were lower in the CLP group than in the control group. The anti-atherosclerotic effect of CLP was confirmed both rheologically and histopathologically. An in vitro study using KHC rabbit-derived LDL revealed that CLP significantly prolonged the lag time of LDL oxidation that was induced by a lipophilic azo-radical initiator, 2,2'-azobis(4-methoxy)-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile (V-70), or Cu(2+) from a low concentration of 0.1 microg/mL. The antioxidative effect of CLP was superior to those of the well-known antioxidative substances, vitamin C, vitamin E and probucol. Therefore, CLP suppressed the generation of atherosclerosis, and its antioxidative effect appeared to have an important role in its anti-atherosclerotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Kurosawa
- Toxicology Laboratory, Pharmaceutical Development Department, Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd., 760 Morooka-cho, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 222-8567, Japan.
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Osakabe N. Important Role of Antioxidants in Oxidative Stress: Cacao Polyphenols and Atherosclerosis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2005. [DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.37.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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