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Tsai CY, Lee CL, Wu JCC. Astrocyte-secreted lipocalin-2 elicits bioenergetic failure-induced neuronal death that is causally related to high fatality in a mouse model of hepatic encephalopathy. Neurochem Int 2024; 178:105800. [PMID: 38964718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neurological complication arising from acute liver failure with poor prognosis and high mortality; the underlying cellular mechanisms are still wanting. We previously found that neuronal death caused by mitochondrial dysfunction in rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which leads to baroreflex dysregulation, is related to high fatality in an animal model of HE. Lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) is a secreted glycoprotein mainly released by astrocytes in the brain. We noted the presence of Lcn2 receptor (Lcn2R) in RVLM neurons and a parallel increase of Lcn2 gene in astrocytes purified from RVLM during experimental HE. Therefore, our guiding hypothesis is that Lcn2 secreted by reactive astrocytes in RVLM may underpin high fatality during HE by eliciting bioenergetic failure-induced neuronal death in this neural substrate. In this study, we first established the role of astrocyte-secreted Lcn2 in a liver toxin model of HE induced by azoxymethane (100 μg/g, ip) in C57BL/6 mice, followed by mechanistic studies in primary astrocyte and neuron cultures prepared from postnatal day 1 mouse pups. In animal study, immunoneutralization of Lcn2 reduced apoptotic cell death in RVLM, reversed defunct baroreflex-mediated vasomotor tone and prolonged survival during experimental HE. In our primary cell culture experiments, Lcn2 produced by cultured astrocytes and released into the astrocyte-conditioned medium significantly reduced cell viability of cultured neurons. Recombinant Lcn2 protein reduced cell viability, mitochondrial ATP (mitoATP) production, and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity but enhanced the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) 1, PDK3 and phospho-PDHA1 (inactive PDH) through MAPK/ERK pathway in cultured neurons, with all cellular actions reversed by Lcn2R knockdown. Our results suggest that astrocyte-secreted Lcn2 upregulates PDKs through MAPK/ERK pathway, which leads to reduced PDH activity and mitoATP production; the reinforced neuronal death in RVLM is causally related to baroreflex dysregulation that underlies high fatality associated with HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Yi Tsai
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Lai Lee
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jacqueline C C Wu
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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2
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Afridi R, Kim JH, Bhusal A, Lee WH, Suk K. Lipocalin-2 as a mediator of neuroimmune communication. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 116:357-368. [PMID: 38149462 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2, a neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, is a 25-kDa secreted protein implicated in a broad range of inflammatory diseases affecting the brain and periphery. It is a pleotropic protein expressed by various immune and nonimmune cells throughout the body. Importantly, the surge in lipocalin-2 levels in disease states has been associated with a myriad of undesirable effects, further exacerbating the ongoing pathological processes. In the brain, glial cells are the principal source of lipocalin-2, which plays a definitive role in determining their functional phenotypes. In different central nervous system pathologies, an increased expression of glial lipocalin-2 has been linked to neurotoxicity. Lipocalin-2 mediates a crosstalk between central and peripheral immune cells under neuroinflammatory conditions. One intriguing aspect is that elevated lipocalin-2 levels in peripheral disorders, such as cancer, metabolic conditions, and liver diseases, potentially incite an inflammatory activation of glial cells while disrupting neuronal functions. This review comprehensively summarizes the influence of lipocalin-2 on the exacerbation of neuroinflammation by regulating various cellular processes. Additionally, this review explores lipocalin-2 as a mediator of neuroimmune crosstalk in various central nervous system pathologies and highlights the role of lipocalin-2 in carrying inflammatory signals along the neuroimmune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
- Brain Korea 21 four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, 680 Gukchaebosang Street, Joong-gu, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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Shiadeh SMJ, Goretta F, Svedin P, Jansson T, Mallard C, Ardalan M. Long-term impact of maternal obesity on the gliovascular unit and ephrin signaling in the hippocampus of adult offspring. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:39. [PMID: 38308309 PMCID: PMC10837922 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03030-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children born to obese mothers are at increased risk of developing mood disorders and cognitive impairment. Experimental studies have reported structural changes in the brain such as the gliovascular unit as well as activation of neuroinflammatory cells as a part of neuroinflammation processing in aged offspring of obese mothers. However, the molecular mechanisms linking maternal obesity to poor neurodevelopmental outcomes are not well established. The ephrin system plays a major role in a variety of cellular processes including cell-cell interaction, synaptic plasticity, and long-term potentiation. Therefore, in this study we determined the impact of maternal obesity in pregnancy on cortical, hippocampal development, vasculature and ephrin-A3/EphA4-signaling, in the adult offspring in mice. METHODS Maternal obesity was induced in mice by a high fat/high sugar Western type of diet (HF/HS). We collected brain tissue (prefrontal cortex and hippocampus) from 6-month-old offspring of obese and lean (control) dams. Hippocampal volume, cortical thickness, myelination of white matter, density of astrocytes and microglia in relation to their activity were analyzed using 3-D stereological quantification. mRNA expression of ephrin-A3, EphA4 and synaptic markers were measured by qPCR in the brain tissue. Moreover, expression of gap junction protein connexin-43, lipocalin-2, and vascular CD31/Aquaporin 4 were determined in the hippocampus by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Volume of hippocampus and cortical thickness were significantly smaller, and myelination impaired, while mRNA levels of hippocampal EphA4 and post-synaptic density (PSD) 95 were significantly lower in the hippocampus in the offspring of obese dams as compared to offspring of controls. Further analysis of the hippocampal gliovascular unit indicated higher coverage of capillaries by astrocytic end-feet, expression of connexin-43 and lipocalin-2 in endothelial cells in the offspring of obese dams. In addition, offspring of obese dams demonstrated activation of microglia together with higher density of cells, while astrocyte cell density was lower. CONCLUSION Maternal obesity affects brain size, impairs myelination, disrupts the hippocampal gliovascular unit and decreases the mRNA expression of EphA4 and PSD-95 in the hippocampus of adult offspring. These results indicate that the vasculature-glia cross-talk may be an important mediator of altered synaptic plasticity, which could be a link between maternal obesity and neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorders in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Marziyeh Jabbari Shiadeh
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Fanny Goretta
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of OB/GYN, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maryam Ardalan
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Fan Y, Li X, Ma J, Yang D, Liang K, Shen Y, Wei W, Dong L, Liu C, She Z, Qi X, Shi X, Gu Q, Zheng J, Li D. Increased plasma lipocalin-2 levels are associated with nonmotor symptoms and neuroimaging features in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25303. [PMID: 38361408 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is essential for the regulation of neuroinflammation and cellular uptake of iron. This study aimed to evaluate plasma LCN2 levels and explore their correlation with clinical and neuroimaging features in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure plasma LCN2 levels in 120 subjects. Evaluation of motor symptoms and nonmotor symptoms in PD patients was assessed by the associated scales. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to evaluate brain volume alterations, and quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) was used to quantitatively analyze brain iron deposition in 46 PD patients. Plasma LCN2 levels were significantly higher in PD patients than those in healthy controls. LCN2 levels were negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, total brain gray matter volume (GMV), and GMV/total intracranial volume (TIV) ratio, but positively correlated with Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMD) scores and mean QSM values of the bilateral substantial nigra (SN). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves confirmed that plasma LCN2 levels had good predictive accuracy for PD. The results suggest that plasma LCN2 levels have potential as a biomarker for the diagnosis of PD. LCN2 may be a therapeutic target for neuroinflammation and brain iron deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Ma
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dawei Yang
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Keke Liang
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Imaging, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Imaging, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Linrui Dong
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chuanze Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zonghan She
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuelin Qi
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Shi
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Gu
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinhua Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, Henan University People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Salem NA, Manzano L, Keist MW, Ponomareva O, Roberts AJ, Roberto M, Mayfield RD. Cell-type brain-region specific changes in prefrontal cortex of a mouse model of alcohol dependence. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 190:106361. [PMID: 37992784 PMCID: PMC10874299 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is a crucial regulator of alcohol drinking, and dependence, and other behavioral phenotypes associated with AUD. Comprehensive identification of cell-type specific transcriptomic changes in alcohol dependence will improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying the excessive alcohol use associated with alcohol dependence and will refine targets for therapeutic development. We performed single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) and Visium spatial gene expression profiling on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) obtained from C57BL/6 J mice exposed to the two-bottle choice-chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure (2BC-CIE, defined as dependent group) paradigm which models phenotypes of alcohol dependence including escalation of alcohol drinking. Gene co-expression network analysis and differential expression analysis identified highly dysregulated co-expression networks in multiple cell types. Dysregulated modules and their hub genes suggest novel understudied targets for studying molecular mechanisms contributing to the alcohol dependence state. A subtype of inhibitory neurons was the most alcohol-sensitive cell type and contained a downregulated gene co-expression module; the hub gene for this module is Cpa6, a gene previously identified by GWAS to be associated with excessive alcohol consumption. We identified an astrocytic Gpc5 module significantly upregulated in the alcohol-dependent group. To our knowledge, there are no studies linking Cpa6 and Gpc5 to the alcohol-dependent phenotype. We also identified neuroinflammation related gene expression changes in multiple cell types, specifically enriched in microglia, further implicating neuroinflammation in the escalation of alcohol drinking. Here, we present a comprehensive atlas of cell-type specific alcohol dependence mediated gene expression changes in the mPFC and identify novel cell type-specific targets implicated in alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal A Salem
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | - Lawrence Manzano
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael W Keist
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Olga Ponomareva
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Amanda J Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Departments of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - R Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Jung BK, Ryu KY. Lipocalin-2: a therapeutic target to overcome neurodegenerative diseases by regulating reactive astrogliosis. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2138-2146. [PMID: 37779143 PMCID: PMC10618504 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial cell activation precedes neuronal cell death during brain aging and the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Under neuroinflammatory stress conditions, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin or 24p3, is produced and secreted by activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Lcn2 expression levels are known to be increased in various cells, including reactive astrocytes, through the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In the central nervous system, as LCN2 exerts neurotoxicity when secreted from reactive astrocytes, many researchers have attempted to identify various strategies to inhibit LCN2 production, secretion, and function to minimize neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death. These strategies include regulation at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels, as well as blocking its functions using neutralizing antibodies or antagonists of its receptor. The suppression of NF-κB signaling is a strategy to inhibit LCN2 production, but it may also affect other cellular activities, raising questions about its effectiveness and feasibility. Recently, LCN2 was found to be a target of the autophagy‒lysosome pathway. Therefore, autophagy activation may be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the levels of secreted LCN2 and overcome neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focused on research progress on astrocyte-derived LCN2 in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kwon Jung
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Yul Ryu
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Cao W, Fan D. Neutrophils: a subgroup of neglected immune cells in ALS. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1246768. [PMID: 37662922 PMCID: PMC10468589 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1246768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons. Dysregulated peripheral immunity has been identified as a hallmark of ALS. Neutrophils, as the front-line responders of innate immunity, contribute to host defense through pathogen clearance. However, they can concurrently play a detrimental role in chronic inflammation. With the unveiling of novel functions of neutrophils in neurodegenerative diseases, it becomes essential to review our current understanding of neutrophils and to recognize the gap in our knowledge about their role in ALS. Thus, a detailed comprehension of the biological processes underlying neutrophil-induced pathogenesis in ALS may assist in identifying potential cell-based therapeutic strategies to delay disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Cao
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongsheng Fan
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Biomarker and Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, National Health Commission/Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
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8
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Jung BK, Park Y, Yoon B, Bae JS, Han SW, Heo JE, Kim DE, Ryu KY. Reduced secretion of LCN2 (lipocalin 2) from reactive astrocytes through autophagic and proteasomal regulation alleviates inflammatory stress and neuronal damage. Autophagy 2023; 19:2296-2317. [PMID: 36781380 PMCID: PMC10351455 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2180202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
LCN2/neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin/24p3 (lipocalin 2) is a secretory protein that acts as a mammalian bacteriostatic molecule. Under neuroinflammatory stress conditions, LCN2 is produced and secreted by activated microglia and reactive astrocytes, resulting in neuronal apoptosis. However, it remains largely unknown whether inflammatory stress and neuronal loss can be minimized by modulating LCN2 production and secretion. Here, we first demonstrated that LCN2 was secreted from reactive astrocytes, which were stimulated by treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an inflammatory stressor. Notably, we found two effective conditions that led to the reduction of induced LCN2 levels in reactive astrocytes: proteasome inhibition and macroautophagic/autophagic flux activation. Mechanistically, proteasome inhibition suppresses NFKB/NF-κB activation through NFKBIA/IκBα stabilization in primary astrocytes, even under inflammatory stress conditions, resulting in the downregulation of Lcn2 expression. In contrast, autophagic flux activation via MTOR inhibition reduced the intracellular levels of LCN2 through its pre-secretory degradation. In addition, we demonstrated that the N-terminal signal peptide of LCN2 is critical for its secretion and degradation, suggesting that these two pathways may be mechanistically coupled. Finally, we observed that LPS-induced and secreted LCN2 levels were reduced in the astrocyte-cultured medium under the above-mentioned conditions, resulting in increased neuronal viability, even under inflammatory stress.Abbreviations: ACM, astrocyte-conditioned medium; ALP, autophagy-lysosome pathway; BAF, bafilomycin A1; BTZ, bortezomib; CHX, cycloheximide; CNS, central nervous system; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; GFP, green fluorescent protein; JAK, Janus kinase; KD, knockdown; LCN2, lipocalin 2; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MACS, magnetic-activated cell sorting; MAP1LC3/LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFKB/NF-κB, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells 1, p105; NFKBIA/IκBα, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells inhibitor, alpha; OVEX, overexpression; SLC22A17, solute carrier family 22 member 17; SP, signal peptide; SQSTM1, sequestosome 1; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TNF/TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor; TUBA, tubulin, alpha; TUBB3/β3-TUB, tubulin, beta 3 class III; UB, ubiquitin; UPS, ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kwon Jung
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Boran Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sil Bae
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Han
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Heo
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Yul Ryu
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Shin HJ, Kim KE, Jeong EA, An HS, Lee SJ, Lee J, Roh GS. Amyloid β oligomer promotes microglial galectin-3 and astrocytic lipocalin-2 levels in the hippocampus of mice fed a high-fat diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 667:10-17. [PMID: 37201358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Activation of glial cells, such as microglia and astrocytes, is crucial for the development of neuroinflammation in both diabetes and AD. The role of amyloid-beta oligomer (AβO) in the hippocampus of diabetic mice has been investigated; however, the effect of galectin-3 and lipocalin-2 (LCN2) on amyloid toxicity-related glial activation in diabetic mice is not known. To fill this knowledge gap, we fed mice a high-fat diet (HFD) for 20 weeks to induce a diabetic state and then injected the hippocampus with AβO. Sholl analysis of iba-1-positive microglia showed retraction of microglial ramifications in the hippocampus of HFD-fed diabetic mice. AβO treatment caused more retraction of microglial process in HFD-fed mice. In particular, microglial galectin-3 levels and astrocytic LCN2 levels were increased in the hippocampus of HFD-fed mice with AβO treatment. These findings suggest that galectin-3 and LCN2 are involved in amyloid toxicity mechanisms, especially glial activation under diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Joo Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ae Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Seok An
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jeong Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewoong Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu Seob Roh
- Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52727, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Kaur N, LaForce G, Mallela DP, Saha PP, Buffa J, Li XS, Sangwan N, Rothenberg K, Zhu W. Exploratory Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals the Role of Gut Microbiota in Vascular Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098091. [PMID: 37175797 PMCID: PMC10178712 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of cognitive impairment and dementia. Vascular dementia (VaD), a cognitive impairment following a stroke, is common and significantly impacts the quality of life. We recently demonstrated via gut microbe transplant studies that the gut microbe-dependent trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) pathway impacts stroke severity, both infarct size and long-term cognitive outcomes. However, the molecular mechanisms that underly the role of the microbiome in VaD have not been explored in depth. To address this issue, we performed a comprehensive RNA-sequencing analysis to identify differentially expressed (DE) genes in the ischemic cerebral cortex of mouse brains at pre-stroke and post-stroke day 1 and day 3. A total of 4016, 3752 and 7861 DE genes were identified at pre-stroke and post-stroke day 1 and day 3, respectively. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated pathways of neurodegeneration in multiple diseases, chemokine signaling, calcium signaling, and IL-17 signaling as the key enriched pathways. Inflammatory response genes interleukin-1 beta (Il-1β), chemokines (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (Cxcl10), chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2)), and immune system genes (S100 calcium binding protein 8 (S100a8), lipocalin-2 (Lcn2)) were among the most significantly upregulated genes. Hypocretin neuropeptide precursor (Hcrt), a neuropeptide, and transcription factors such as neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (Npas4), GATA binding protein 3 (Gata3), and paired box 7 (Pax7) were among the most significantly downregulated genes. In conclusion, our results indicate that higher plasma TMAO levels induce differential mRNA expression profiles in the ischemic brain tissue in our pre-clinical stroke model, and the predicted pathways provide the molecular basis for regulating the TMAO-enhanced neuroinflammatory response in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Geneva LaForce
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Deepthi P Mallela
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Prasenjit Prasad Saha
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jennifer Buffa
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xinmin S Li
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Naseer Sangwan
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Microbial Sequencing & Analytics Resource (MSAAR) Facility, Shared Laboratory Resources (SLR), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Kasia Rothenberg
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Weifei Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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11
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Gupta DP, Park SH, Lee YS, Lee S, Lim S, Byun J, Cho IH, Song GJ. Daphne genkwa flower extract promotes the neuroprotective effects of microglia. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154486. [PMID: 36240609 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are innate immune cells in the central nervous system that play a crucial role in neuroprotection by releasing neurotrophic factors, removing pathogens through phagocytosis, and regulating brain homeostasis. The constituents extracted from the roots and stems of the Daphne genkwa plant have shown neuroprotective effects in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. However, the effect of Daphne genkwa plant extract on microglia has yet to be demonstrated. PURPOSE To study the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of Daphne genkwa flower extract (GFE) in microglia and explore the underlying mechanisms. METHODS In-vitro mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase, Arginase1, and brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in microglia cells. Nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α protein were respectively analyzed by Griess reagent and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Immunoreactivity of Iba-1, Neu-N, and BDNF in mouse brain were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. Phagocytosis capacity of microglia was examined using fluorescent zymosan-red particles. RESULTS GFE significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation and promoted neuroprotection both in vitro and in vivo. First, GFE inhibited the LPS-induced inflammatory factors NO, iNOS, and TNF-α in microglial cell lines and primary glial cells, thus demonstrating anti-inflammatory effects. Arginase1 and BDNF mRNA levels were increased in primary glial cells treated with GFE. Phagocytosis was also increased in microglia treated with GFE, suggesting a neuroprotective effect of GFE. In vivo, neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects of GFE were also found in the mouse brain, as oral administration of GFE significantly inhibited LPS-induced neuronal loss and inflammatory activation of microglia. CONCLUSION GFE has anti-inflammatory effects and promotes microglial neuroprotective effects. GFE inhibited the pro-inflammatory mediators and enhanced neuroprotective microglia activity by increasing BDNF expression and phagocytosis. These novel findings of the GFE effect on microglia show an innovative approach that can potentially promote neuroprotection for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Prasad Gupta
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Sung Hee Park
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea; The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Sujin Lim
- Department of Life Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Jiin Byun
- Department of Life Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea; The Convergence Institute of Healthcare and Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University, International St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Korea.
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12
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Yin W, Swanson SP, Biltz RG, Goodman EJ, Gallagher NR, Sheridan JF, Godbout JP. Unique brain endothelial profiles activated by social stress promote cell adhesion, prostaglandin E2 signaling, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis modulation, and anxiety. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:2271-2282. [PMID: 36104533 PMCID: PMC9630498 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress may precipitate psychiatric disorders including anxiety. We reported that Repeated Social Defeat (RSD) in mice increased accumulation of inflammatory monocytes within the brain vasculature, which corresponded with increased interleukin (IL)-1 Receptor 1-mediated activation of endothelia, and augmented anxiety-like behavior. One unknown, however, is the role of immune-activated endothelia in regulating the physiological and behavioral responses to social stress. Thus, we sought to determine the RNA profile of activated endothelia and delineate the pathways by which these endothelia communicate within the brain to influence key responses to social stress. First, endothelial-specific RiboTag mice were exposed to RSD and brain endothelial mRNA profiles from the whole brain and prefrontal cortex were determined using RNAseq. RSD increased expression of cell adhesion molecules (Icam1), inflammatory genes (Lrg1, Lcn2, Ackr1, Il1r1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (Ptgs2/COX-2). In studies with IL-1R1KO mice, there was clear dependence on IL-1R1 on endothelia-associated transcripts including Lrg1, Icam1, Lcn2. Moreover, prostaglandin (PG)E2 was increased in the brain after RSD and Ptgs2 was localized to endothelia, especially within the hypothalamus. Next, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, Celecoxib (CCB), was used with social stress. RSD increased PGE2 in the brain and this was abrogated by CCB. Moreover, CCB reduced RSD-induced Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis activation with attenuation of hypothalamic paraventricular neuron activation, hypothalamic Crh expression, and corticosterone in circulation. Production, release, and accumulation of inflammatory monocytes after RSD was COX-2 independent. Nonetheless, CCB blocked anxiety-like behavior in response to RSD. Collectively, social stress stimulated specific endothelia RNA profiles associated with increased cell adhesion, IL-1 and prostaglandin signaling, HPA axis activation, and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Yin
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samuel P Swanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rebecca G Biltz
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ethan J Goodman
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Natalie R Gallagher
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medicine Center, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John F Sheridan
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medicine Center, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Jonathan P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medicine Center, The Ohio State University, 43210, Columbus, OH, USA.
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13
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Asiedu K. Role of ocular surface neurobiology in neuronal-mediated inflammation in dry eye disease. Neuropeptides 2022; 95:102266. [PMID: 35728484 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is the consequence of dry eye disease regardless of its etiology. Several injurious or harmless processes to the ocular surface neurons promote ocular surface neurogenic inflammation, leading to the vicious cycle of dry eye disease. These processes include the regular release of neuromediators during the conduction of ocular surface sensations, hyperosmolarity-induced ocular surface neuronal damage, neuro-regenerative activities, and neuronal-mediated dendritic cell activities. Neurogenic inflammation appears to be the main culprit, instigating the self-perpetuating inflammation observed in patients with dry eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi Asiedu
- School of Optometry & Vision Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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14
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Yang Y, Wang C, Chen R, Wang Y, Tan C, Liu J, Zhang Q, Xiao G. Novel therapeutic modulators of astrocytes for hydrocephalus. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:932955. [PMID: 36226316 PMCID: PMC9549203 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.932955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is mainly characterized by excessive production or impaired absorption of cerebrospinal fluid that causes ventricular dilation and intracranial hypertension. Astrocytes are the key response cells to inflammation in the central nervous system. In hydrocephalus, astrocytes are activated and show dual characteristics depending on the period of development of the disease. They can suppress the disease in the early stage and may aggravate it in the late stage. More evidence suggests that therapeutics targeting astrocytes may be promising for hydrocephalus. In this review, based on previous studies, we summarize different forms of hydrocephalus-induced astrocyte reactivity and the corresponding function of these responses in hydrocephalus. We also discuss the therapeutic effects of astrocyte regulation on hydrocephalus in experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuansen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuchang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changwu Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingping Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Qinghua Zhang,
| | - Gelei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Gelei Xiao,
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15
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Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhang H, Li S, Li J, Liu H, Cheng Q. The role of lipocalin 2 in brain injury and recovery after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:930526. [PMID: 36187347 PMCID: PMC9520288 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.930526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke (including intracerebral hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage) is the dominating cause of disability and death worldwide. Neuroinflammation, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuronal death are the main pathological progress, which eventually causes brain injury. Increasing evidence indicated that lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a 25k-Da acute phase protein from the lipocalin superfamily, significantly increased immediately after the stroke and played a vital role in these events. Meanwhile, there exists a close relationship between LCN2 levels and the worse clinical outcome of patients with stroke. Further research revealed that LCN2 elimination is associated with reduced immune infiltrates, infarct volume, brain edema, BBB leakage, neuronal death, and neurological deficits. However, some studies revealed that LCN2 might also act as a beneficial factor in ischemic stroke. Nevertheless, the specific mechanism of LCN2 and its primary receptors (24p3R and megalin) involving in brain injury remains unclear. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the mechanism of LCN2 induced brain damage after stroke. This review focuses on the role of LCN2 and its receptors in brain injury and aiming to find out possible therapeutic targets to reduce brain damage following stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Shuwang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hongwei Liu,
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Clinical Diagnosis and Therapy Center for Glioma of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Quan Cheng,
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16
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Liu G, Yu Q, Tan B, Ke X, Zhang C, Li H, Zhang T, Lu Y. Gut dysbiosis impairs hippocampal plasticity and behaviors by remodeling serum metabolome. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2104089. [PMID: 35876011 PMCID: PMC9327780 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2104089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota as a critical mediator of gut-brain axis plays an important role in human health. Altered gut microbial profiles have been implicated in increasing the vulnerability of psychiatric disorders, such as autism, depression, and schizophrenia. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the association remain unknown. Here, we modified the gut microbiome with antibiotics in newborn mice, and found that gut microbial alteration induced behavioral impairment by decreasing adult neurogenesis and long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission, and altering the gene expression profile in hippocampus. Reconstitution with normal gut flora produced therapeutic effects against both adult neurogenesis and behavioral deficits in the dysbiosis mice. Furthermore, our results show that circulating metabolites changes mediate the effect of gut dysbiosis on hippocampal plasticity and behavior outcomes. Elevating the serum 4-methylphenol, a small aromatic metabolite produced by gut bacteria, was found to induce autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-like behavior impairment and hippocampal dysfunction. Together our finding demonstrates that early-life gut dysbiosis and its correlated metabolites change contribute to hippocampal dysfunction and behavior impairment, hence highlight the potential microbiome-mediated therapies for treating psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China
| | - Quntao Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China
| | - Bo Tan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China
| | - Xiao Ke
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China
| | - Tongmei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China
| | - Youming Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Wuhan Center of Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, province, China,CONTACT Youming Lu Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan4030030, China
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17
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Liu R, Wang J, Chen Y, Collier JM, Capuk O, Jin S, Sun M, Mondal SK, Whiteside TL, Stolz DB, Yang Y, Begum G. NOX activation in reactive astrocytes regulates astrocytic LCN2 expression and neurodegeneration. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:371. [PMID: 35440572 PMCID: PMC9018876 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes (RA) secrete lipocalin-2 (LCN2) glycoprotein that regulates diverse cellular processes including cell death/survival, inflammation, iron delivery and cell differentiation. Elevated levels of LCN2 are considered as a biomarker of brain injury, however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms of its expression and release are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the role of astrocytic Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) in regulating reactive astrocyte LCN2 secretion and neurodegeneration after stroke. Astrocyte specific deletion of Nhe1 in Gfap-CreER+/-;Nhe1f/f mice reduced astrogliosis and astrocytic LCN2 and GFAP expression, which was associated with reduced loss of NeuN+ and GRP78+ neurons in stroke brains. In vitro ischemia in astrocyte cultures triggered a significant increase of secreted LCN2 in astrocytic exosomes, which caused neuronal cell death and neurodegeneration. Inhibition of NHE1 activity during in vitro ischemia with its potent inhibitor HOE642 significantly reduced astrocytic LCN2+ exosome secretion. In elucidating the cellular mechanisms, we found that stroke triggered activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX)-NF-κB signaling and ROS-mediated LCN2 expression. Inhibition of astrocytic NHE1 activity attenuated NOX signaling and LCN2-mediated neuronal apoptosis and neurite degeneration. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that RA use NOX signaling to stimulate LCN2 expression and secretion. Blocking astrocytic NHE1 activity is beneficial to reduce LCN2-mediated neurotoxicity after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Department of Neurology, the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Neurology, the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jenelle M Collier
- Department of Neurology, the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Okan Capuk
- Department of Neurology, the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shijie Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sujan K Mondal
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Theresa L Whiteside
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Donna B Stolz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, the Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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18
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Luo C, Zhou S, Yin S, Jian L, Luo P, Dong J, Liu E. Lipocalin-2 and Cerebral Stroke. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:850849. [PMID: 35493318 PMCID: PMC9039332 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.850849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a common and devastating disease with an escalating prevalence worldwide. The known secondary injuries after stroke include cell death, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, oxidative stress, iron dysregulation, and neurovascular unit dysfunction. Lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) is a neutrophil gelatinase-associated protein that influences diverse cellular processes during a stroke. The role of LCN-2 has been widely recognized in the peripheral system; however, recent findings have revealed that there are links between LCN-2 and secondary injury and diseases in the central nervous system. Novel roles of LCN-2 in neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and endothelial cells have also been demonstrated. Here, we review the evidence on the regulatory roles of LCN-2 in secondary injuries following a stroke from various perspectives and the pathological mechanisms involved in the modulation of stroke. Overall, our review suggests that LCN-2 is a promising target to promote a better understanding of the neuropathology of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Shi Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Lipeng Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Pengren Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jigeng Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Erheng Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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19
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ASK1 signaling regulates phase-specific glial interactions during neuroinflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2103812119. [PMID: 35101972 PMCID: PMC8832969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103812119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, decreasing neuroinflammation may be a promising treatment for these diseases. Apoptosis signal-related kinase 1 (ASK1) has been shown to cause neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disease models, but its mechanism of action has been unclear. Here, we generated conditional knockout mice that lack ASK1 in T cells, dendritic cells, microglia/macrophages, microglia, or astrocytes, to assess the roles of ASK1 during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS. We propose that ASK1 is required in microglia and astrocytes to cause and maintain neuroinflammation by a feedback loop between these two cell types. Neuroinflammation is well known to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that has been implicated in neuroinflammation, but its precise cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we generated conditional knockout (CKO) mice that lack ASK1 in T cells, dendritic cells, microglia/macrophages, microglia, or astrocytes, to assess the roles of ASK1 during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We found that neuroinflammation was reduced in both the early and later stages of EAE in microglia/macrophage-specific ASK1 knockout mice, whereas only the later-stage neuroinflammation was ameliorated in astrocyte-specific ASK1 knockout mice. ASK1 deficiency in T cells and dendritic cells had no significant effects on EAE severity. Further, we found that ASK1 in microglia/macrophages induces a proinflammatory environment, which subsequently activates astrocytes to exacerbate neuroinflammation. Microglia-specific ASK1 deletion was achieved using a CX3CR1CreER system, and we found that ASK1 signaling in microglia played a major role in generating and maintaining disease. Activated astrocytes produce key inflammatory mediators, including CCL2, that further activated and recruited microglia/macrophages, in an astrocytic ASK1-dependent manner. Astrocyte-specific analysis revealed CCL2 expression was higher in the later stage compared with the early stage, suggesting a greater proinflammatory role of astrocytes in the later stage. Our findings demonstrate cell-type–specific roles of ASK1 and suggest phase-specific ASK1-dependent glial cell interactions in EAE pathophysiology. We propose glial ASK1 as a promising therapeutic target for reducing neuroinflammation.
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20
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Cui J, Yuan Y, Wang J, Song N, Xie J. Desferrioxamine Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Lipocalin-2 Upregulation via Autophagy Activation in Primary Astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2052-2067. [PMID: 35040039 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an important regulator of both neuroinflammation and iron homeostasis. Upregulated LCN2 was observed in reactive astrocytes in the Parkinson's disease (PD) models. In the present study, we reported iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) abolished lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced LCN2 upregulation in primary astrocytes, although iron overload had no effects. The suppressive effects of DFO were consistent with autophagy inducer rapamycin or carfilzomib, blocked by autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine rather than chloroquine or bafilomycin A1, meanwhile, while were not dependent on proteasome system and NF-κB pathway. DFO was not able to ameliorate LCN2 upregulation in α-synuclein-treated astrocytes, because DFO failed to induce autophagy in these cells. We further demonstrated that DFO could not enhance autophagy lysosomal degradation, however promoted secretory autophagy in primary astrocytes with LPS insults. These data suggest that DFO could serve as an autophagy activator, capable of ameliorating the upregulation of LCN2 in astrocytes by acting on the formation of autophagosomes and secretory autophagy. This provides better understandings of DFO-mediated neuroprotection against neuroinflammation and provides new insights that autophagy activation could be beneficial approaches in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Cui
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ning Song
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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21
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Buawangpong N, Pinyopornpanish K, Siri-Angkul N, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. The role of trimethylamine-N-Oxide in the development of Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1661-1685. [PMID: 34812510 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is associated with multiple risk factors and is the most common type of dementia. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a gut microbiota metabolite derived from dietary choline and carnitine, has recently been identified as a potential risk factor of Alzheimer's disease. It has been demonstrated that TMAO is associated with Alzheimer's disease through various pathophysiological pathways. As a result of molecular crowding effects, TMAO causes the aggregation of the two proteins, amyloid-beta peptide and tau protein. The aggregation of these proteins is the main pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease. In addition, it has been found that TMAO can activate astrocytes, and inflammatory response. Besides molecular investigation, animal and human studies have also supported the existence of a functional relationship between TMAO and cognitive decline. This article comprehensively summarizes the relationship between TMAO and Alzheimer's disease including emerging evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. We hope that this knowledge will improve the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nida Buawangpong
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Natthapat Siri-Angkul
- Department of Physiology, Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Physiology, Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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22
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Role of Lipocalin-2 in Amyloid-Beta Oligomer-Induced Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111657. [PMID: 34829528 PMCID: PMC8614967 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an inflammatory protein with diverse functions in the brain. Although many studies have investigated the mechanism of LCN2 in brain injuries, the effect of LCN2 on amyloid-toxicity-related memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been less studied. We investigated the role of LCN2 in human AD patients using a mouse model of AD. We created an AD mouse model by injecting amyloid-beta oligomer (AβO) into the hippocampus. In this model, animals exhibited impaired learning and memory. We found LCN2 upregulation in the human brain frontal lobe, as well as a positive correlation between white matter ischemic changes and serum LCN2. We also found increased astrocytic LCN2, microglia activation, iron accumulation, and blood–brain barrier disruption in AβO-treated hippocampi. These findings suggest that LCN2 is involved in a variety of amyloid toxicity mechanisms, especially neuroinflammation and oxidative stress.
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23
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Yu F, Saand A, Xing C, Lee JW, Hsu L, Palmer OP, Jackson V, Tang L, Ning M, Du R, Kochanek PM, Lo EH, Chou SHY. CSF lipocalin-2 increases early in subarachnoid hemorrhage are associated with neuroinflammation and unfavorable outcome. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2524-2533. [PMID: 33951946 PMCID: PMC8504948 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211012110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 mediates neuro-inflammation and iron homeostasis in vascular injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) and is upregulated in extra-CNS systemic inflammation. We postulate that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood lipocalin-2 levels are associated with markers of inflammation and functional outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We prospectively enrolled 67 SAH subjects, serially measured CSF and plasma lipocalin-2, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on post-SAH days 1-5 and assessed outcome by modified Rankin Scale (mRS) every 3 months. Unfavorable outcome is defined as mRS > 2. Twenty non-SAH patients undergoing lumbar drain trial were enrolled as controls. Lipocalin-2 was detectable in the CSF and significantly higher in SAH compared to controls (p < 0.0001). Higher CSF LCN2 throughout post-SAH days 1-5 was associated with unfavorable outcome at 3 (p = 0.0031) and 6 months (p = 0.014). Specifically, higher CSF lipocalin-2 on post-SAH days 3 (p = 0.036) and 5 (p = 0.016) were associated with unfavorable 3-month outcome. CSF lipocalin-2 levels positively correlated with CSF IL-6, TNF-α and MMP-9 levels. Higher plasma lipocalin-2 levels over time were associated with worse 6-month outcome. Additional studies are required to understand the role of lipocalin-2 in SAH and to validate CSF lipocalin-2 as a potential biomarker for SAH outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aisha Saand
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Changhong Xing
- Department of Pathology, South Western Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Woo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Liangge Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Octavia P Palmer
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vanessa Jackson
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - MingMing Ning
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rose Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Pediatrics and Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sherry H-Y Chou
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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24
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Dekens DW, Eisel ULM, Gouweleeuw L, Schoemaker RG, De Deyn PP, Naudé PJW. Lipocalin 2 as a link between ageing, risk factor conditions and age-related brain diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101414. [PMID: 34325073 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic (neuro)inflammation plays an important role in many age-related central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and vascular dementia. Inflammation also characterizes many conditions that form a risk factor for these CNS disorders, such as physical inactivity, obesity and cardiovascular disease. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an inflammatory protein shown to be involved in different age-related CNS diseases, as well as risk factor conditions thereof. Lcn2 expression is increased in the periphery and the brain in different age-related CNS diseases and also their risk factor conditions. Experimental studies indicate that Lcn2 contributes to various neuropathophysiological processes of age-related CNS diseases, including exacerbated neuroinflammation, cell death and iron dysregulation, which may negatively impact cognitive function. We hypothesize that increased Lcn2 levels as a result of age-related risk factor conditions may sensitize the brain and increase the risk to develop age-related CNS diseases. In this review we first provide a comprehensive overview of the known functions of Lcn2, and its effects in the CNS. Subsequently, this review explores Lcn2 as a potential (neuro)inflammatory link between different risk factor conditions and the development of age-related CNS disorders. Altogether, evidence convincingly indicates Lcn2 as a key constituent in ageing and age-related brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doortje W Dekens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Gouweleeuw
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter P De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Petrus J W Naudé
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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25
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Kim JH, Afridi R, Han J, Jung HG, Kim SC, Hwang EM, Shim HS, Ryu H, Choe Y, Hoe HS, Suk K. Gamma subunit of complement component 8 is a neuroinflammation inhibitor. Brain 2021; 144:528-552. [PMID: 33382892 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement system is part of the innate immune system that comprises several small proteins activated by sequential cleavages. The majority of these complement components, such as components 3a (C3a) and C5a, are chemotactic and pro-inflammatory. However, in this study, we revealed an inhibitory role of complement component 8 gamma (C8G) in neuroinflammation. In patients with Alzheimer's disease, who exhibit strong neuroinflammation, we found higher C8G levels in brain tissue, CSF, and plasma. Our novel findings also showed that the expression level of C8G increases in the inflamed mouse brain, and that C8G is mainly localized to brain astrocytes. Experiments using recombinant C8G protein and shRNA-mediated knockdown showed that C8G inhibits glial hyperactivation, neuroinflammation, and cognitive decline in acute and chronic animal models of Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, we identified sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) as a novel interaction protein of C8G and demonstrated that astrocyte-derived C8G interacts with S1PR2 to antagonize the pro-inflammatory action of S1P in microglia. Taken together, our results reveal the previously unrecognized role of C8G as a neuroinflammation inhibitor. Our findings pave the way towards therapeutic containment of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease and related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Heon Kim
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Gug Jung
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chan Kim
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- School of Biosystems and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Shim
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuromedicine and Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youngshik Choe
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Hoe
- Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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26
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Bhusal A, Lee WH, Suk K. Lipocalin-2 in Diabetic Complications of the Nervous System: Physiology, Pathology, and Beyond. Front Physiol 2021; 12:638112. [PMID: 33613327 PMCID: PMC7892766 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.638112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is a 25 kDa secreted protein that belongs to the family of lipocalins, a group of transporters of small hydrophobic molecules such as iron, fatty acids, steroids, and lipopolysaccharide in circulation. LCN2 was previously found to be involved in iron delivery, pointing toward a potential role for LCN2 in immunity. This idea was further validated when LCN2 was found to limit bacterial growth during infections in mice by sequestering iron-laden siderophores. Recently, LCN2 was also identified as a critical regulator of energy metabolism, glucose and lipid homeostasis, and insulin function. Furthermore, studies using Lcn2 knockout mice suggest an important role for LCN2 in several biobehavioral responses, including cognition, emotion, anxiety, and feeding behavior. Owing to its expression and influence on multiple metabolic and neurological functions, there has emerged a great deal of interest in the study of relationships between LCN2 and neurometabolic complications. Thorough investigation has demonstrated that LCN2 is involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, while more recent studies have shown that LCN2 is also instrumental for the progression of diabetic complications like encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy. Preliminary findings have shown that LCN2 is also a promising drug target and diagnostic marker for the treatment of neuropathic complications from diabetes. In particular, future translational research related to LCN2, such as the development of small-molecule inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies against LCN2, appears essential for exploring its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 FOUR KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea.,Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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27
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Lipocalin-2 Deficiency Reduces Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation and Results in Attenuation of Kainic Acid-Induced Hippocampal Cell Death. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10010100. [PMID: 33445746 PMCID: PMC7828212 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal cell death that follows kainic acid (KA)-induced seizures is associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage and oxidative stress. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an iron-trafficking protein which contributes to both oxidative stress and inflammation. However, LCN2′s role in KA-induced hippocampal cell death is not clear. Here, we examine the effect of blocking LCN2 genetically on neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in KA-induced neuronal death. LCN2 deficiency reduced neuronal cell death and BBB leakage in the KA-treated hippocampus. In addition to LCN2 upregulation in the KA-treated hippocampus, circulating LCN2 levels were significantly increased in KA-treated wild-type (WT) mice. In LCN2 knockout mice, we found that the expressions of neutrophil markers myeloperoxidase and neutrophil elastase were decreased compared to their expressions in WT mice following KA treatment. Furthermore, LCN2 deficiency also attenuated KA-induced iron overload and oxidative stress in the hippocampus. These findings indicate that LCN2 may play an important role in iron-related oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in KA-induced hippocampal cell death.
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28
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Czapski GA, Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ, Strosznajder JB. Acute Systemic Inflammatory Response Alters Transcription Profile of Genes Related to Immune Response and Ca 2+ Homeostasis in Hippocampus; Relevance to Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217838. [PMID: 33105802 PMCID: PMC7660108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute systemic inflammatory response (SIR) triggers an alteration in the transcription of brain genes related to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and cells death. These changes are also characteristic for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology. Our aim was to evaluate gene expression patterns in the mouse hippocampus (MH) by using microarray technology 12 and 96 h after SIR evoked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results were compared with microarray analysis of human postmortem hippocampal AD tissues. It was found that 12 h after LPS administration the expression of 231 genes in MH was significantly altered (FC > 2.0); however, after 96 h only the S100a8 gene encoding calgranulin A was activated (FC = 2.9). Gene ontology enrichment analysis demonstrated the alteration of gene expression related mostly to the immune-response including the gene Lcn2 for Lipocalin 2 (FC = 237.8), involved in glia neurotoxicity. The expression of genes coding proteins involved in epigenetic regulation, histone deacetylases (Hdac4,5,8,9,11) and bromo- and extraterminal domain protein Brd3 were downregulated; however, Brd2 was found to be upregulated. Remarkably, the significant increase in expression of Lcn2, S100a8, S100a9 and also Saa3 and Ch25h, was found in AD brains suggesting that early changes of immune-response genes evoked by mild SIR could be crucial in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz A. Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (G.A.C.); (J.B.S.); Tel.: +48-22-6086-600 (G.A.C.); +48-22-6086-414 (J.B.S.)
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSU-HSC), New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.Z.); (W.J.L.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU-HSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Science Center (LSU-HSC), New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (Y.Z.); (W.J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU-HSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Neurology, LSU-HSC, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Joanna B. Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (G.A.C.); (J.B.S.); Tel.: +48-22-6086-600 (G.A.C.); +48-22-6086-414 (J.B.S.)
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29
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Braga A, Bandiera S, Verheyen J, Hamel R, Rutigliani C, Edenhofer F, Smith JA, Pluchino S. Combination of In Situ Lcn2 pRNA-RNAi Nanotherapeutics and iNSC Transplantation Ameliorates Experimental SCI in Mice. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2677-2690. [PMID: 32877696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating neurological condition characterized by different cellular and molecular mechanisms that interplay in exacerbating the progression of the pathology. No fully restorative therapies are yet available, and it is thus becoming recognized that combinatorial approaches aimed at addressing different aspects of SCI will likely results in greater functional outcomes. Here we employed packaging RNA-mediated RNA interference (pRNA-RNAi) nanotherapeutics to downregulate in situ the expression of lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), a known mediator of neuroinflammation and autocrine mediator of reactive astrogliosis, and to create a more amenable niche for the subsequent transplantation of induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). To our knowledge, this is the first approach that takes advantage of the modular and multifunctional pRNA three-way junction platform in the SCI niche, while also exploiting the therapeutic potential of immune-compatible and feasible iNSC transplants. We show the combination of such treatments in a mouse model of contusion thoracic SCI leads to significant improvement of locomotor function, albeit not better than single pRNA-RNAi treatment, and results in synergistic histopathological effects, such as reduction of glial scar volume, diminished pro-inflammatory response, and promotion of neuronal survival. Our results provide evidence for a novel combinatorial approach for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Braga
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Bandiera
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeroen Verheyen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK
| | - Regan Hamel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK
| | - Carola Rutigliani
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank Edenhofer
- Department of Molecular Biology & CMBI, Genomics, Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jayden Aaron Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK; Cambridge Innovation Technologies Consulting, Ltd., CB4 0WS Cambridge, UK.
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, CB2 0HA Cambridge, UK.
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Petrozziello T, Mills AN, Farhan SM, Mueller KA, Granucci EJ, Glajch KE, Chan J, Chew S, Berry JD, Sadri‐Vakili G. Lipocalin‐2 is increased in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve 2020; 62:272-283. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.26911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Petrozziello
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass GeneralMassachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Alexandra N. Mills
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass GeneralMassachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Sali M.K. Farhan
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts
- Program in Medical and Population GeneticsBroad Institute of MIT and Harvard Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Kaly A. Mueller
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass GeneralMassachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Eric J. Granucci
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass GeneralMassachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kelly E. Glajch
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass GeneralMassachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - James Chan
- Biostatistics Center, Department of MedicineMassachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Sheena Chew
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass GeneralMassachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - James D. Berry
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass GeneralMassachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Ghazaleh Sadri‐Vakili
- Sean M. Healey & AMG Center for ALS at Mass GeneralMassachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts
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31
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Kaelberer MM, Caceres AI, Jordt SE. Activation of a nerve injury transcriptional signature in airway-innervating sensory neurons after lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 318:L953-L964. [PMID: 32159971 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00403.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs and the immune and nervous systems functionally interact to respond to respiratory environmental exposures and infections. The lungs are innervated by vagal sensory neurons of the jugular and nodose ganglia, fused together in smaller mammals as the jugular-nodose complex (JNC). Whereas the JNC shares properties with the other sensory ganglia, the trigeminal (TG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG), these sensory structures express differential sets of genes that reflect their unique functionalities. Here, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in mice to identify the differential transcriptomes of the three sensory ganglia types. Using a fluorescent retrograde tracer and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, we isolated a defined population of airway-innervating JNC neurons and determined their differential transcriptional map after pulmonary exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major mediator of acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after infection with gram-negative bacteria or inhalation of organic dust. JNC neurons activated an injury response program, leading to increased expression of gene products such as the G protein-coupled receptor Cckbr, inducing functional changes in neuronal sensitivity to peptides, and Gpr151, also rapidly induced upon neuropathic nerve injury in pain models. Unique JNC-specific transcripts, present at only minimal levels in TG, DRG, and other organs, were identified. These included TMC3, encoding for a putative mechanosensor, and urotensin 2B, a hypertensive peptide. These findings highlight the unique properties of the JNC and reveal that ALI/ARDS rapidly induces a nerve injury-related state, changing vagal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Isabel Caceres
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sven-Eric Jordt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine. Durham, North Carolina.,Integrated Toxicology and Environmental Health Program (ITEHP), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Vismara I, Papa S, Veneruso V, Mauri E, Mariani A, De Paola M, Affatato R, Rossetti A, Sponchioni M, Moscatelli D, Sacchetti A, Rossi F, Forloni G, Veglianese P. Selective Modulation of A1 Astrocytes by Drug-Loaded Nano-Structured Gel in Spinal Cord Injury. ACS NANO 2020; 14:360-371. [PMID: 31887011 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Astrogliosis has a very dynamic response during the progression of spinal cord injury, with beneficial or detrimental effects on recovery. It is therefore important to develop strategies to target activated astrocytes and their harmful molecular mechanisms so as to promote a protective environment to counteract the progression of the secondary injury. The challenge is to formulate an effective therapy with maximum protective effects, but reduced side effects. In this study, a functionalized nanogel-based nanovector was selectively internalized in activated mouse or human astrocytes. Rolipram, an anti-inflammatory drug, when administered by these nanovectors limited the inflammatory response in A1 astrocytes, reducing iNOS and Lcn2, which in turn reverses the toxic effect of proinflammatory astrocytes on motor neurons in vitro, showing advantages over conventionally administered anti-inflammatory therapy. When tested acutely in a spinal cord injury mouse model, it improved motor performance, but only in the early stage after injury, reducing the astrocytosis and preserving neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Vismara
- Department of Neuroscience , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milano , Italy
| | - Simonetta Papa
- Department of Neuroscience , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milano , Italy
| | - Valeria Veneruso
- Department of Neuroscience , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milano , Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , via Mancinelli 7 , 20131 Milano , Italy
| | - Emanuele Mauri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , via Mancinelli 7 , 20131 Milano , Italy
| | - Alessandro Mariani
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Massimiliano De Paola
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Roberta Affatato
- Department of Oncology , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milan , Italy
| | - Arianna Rossetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , via Mancinelli 7 , 20131 Milano , Italy
| | - Mattia Sponchioni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , via Mancinelli 7 , 20131 Milano , Italy
| | - Davide Moscatelli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , via Mancinelli 7 , 20131 Milano , Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , via Mancinelli 7 , 20131 Milano , Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" , Politecnico di Milano , via Mancinelli 7 , 20131 Milano , Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milano , Italy
| | - Pietro Veglianese
- Department of Neuroscience , Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS , via Mario Negri 2 , 20156 Milano , Italy
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Neuronal Mitochondria Modulation of LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:1756-1765. [PMID: 31937559 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2324-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation are two prominent pathological features increasingly realized as important pathogenic mechanisms for neurodegenerative diseases. However, little attempt has been taken to investigate the likely interactions between them. Mitofusin2 (Mfn2) is a mitochondrial outer membrane protein regulating mitochondrial fusion, a dynamic process essential for mitochondrial function. To explore the significance of neuronal mitochondria in the regulation of neuroinflammation, male and female transgenic mice with forced overexpression of Mfn2 specifically in neurons were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a widely used approach to model neurodegeneration-associated neuroinflammation. Remarkably, LPS-induced lethality was almost completely abrogated in neuronal Mfn2 overexpression mice. Compared with nontransgenic wild-type mice, mice with neuronal Mfn2 overexpression also exhibited alleviated bodyweight loss, behavioral sickness, and myocardial dysfunction. LPS-induced release of IL-1β but not TNF-α was further found greatly inhibited in the CNS of mice with neuronal Mfn2 overexpression, whereas peripheral inflammatory responses in the blood, heart, lung, and spleen remained unchanged. At the cellular and molecular levels, neuronal Mfn2 suppressed the activation of microglia, prevented LPS-induced mitochondrial fragmentation in neurons, and importantly, upregulated the expression of CX3CL1, a unique chemokine constitutively produced by neurons to suppress microglial activation. Together, these results reveal an unrecognized possible role of neuronal mitochondria in the regulation of microglial activation, and propose neuronal Mfn2 as a likely mechanistic linker between neuronal mitochondria dysfunction and neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our study suggests that Mfn2 in neurons contributes to the regulation of neuroinflammation. Based on the remarkable suppression of LPS-induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and dynamic abnormalities by neuronal Mfn2, this study centered on Mfn2-mediated neuroinflammation reveals novel molecular mechanisms that are involved in both mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. The pharmacological targeting of Mfn2 may present a novel treatment for neuroinflammation-associated diseases.
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Pinyopornpanish K, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Lipocalin-2: Its perspectives in brain pathology and possible roles in cognition. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12779. [PMID: 31393997 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has been known to play an important role in pathological conditions, specifically in response to inflammation, infection and injury to cells. Recently, several research teams have been interested in investigating its association with cognition during the progression of pathology. Previous studies have demonstrated that LCN2 is not correlated with cognitive function under normal physiological conditions, although LCN2 has been negatively associated with cognition and some neuropathologies. Increasing LCN2 production is associated with reduced cognitive performance in a rodent model. However, further studies are needed to explore the potential underlying mechanisms of LCN2 on cognitive dysfunction, as well as its clinical relevance. This review aims to summarise the evidence available from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies concerning the possible role of LCN2 on cognitive function following the onset of pathological conditions. Any contradictory evidence is also assessed and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Halpern M, Brennand KJ, Gregory J. Examining the relationship between astrocyte dysfunction and neurodegeneration in ALS using hiPSCs. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 132:104562. [PMID: 31381978 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex and fatal neurodegenerative disease for which the causes of disease onset and progression remain unclear. Recent advances in human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-based models permit the study of the genetic factors associated with ALS in patient-derived neural cell types, including motor neurons and glia. While astrocyte dysfunction has traditionally been thought to exacerbate disease progression, astrocytic dysfunction may play a more direct role in disease initiation and progression. Such non-cell autonomous mechanisms expand the potential targets of therapeutic intervention, but only a handful of ALS risk-associated genes have been examined for their impact on astrocyte dysfunction and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes what is currently known about astrocyte function in ALS and suggests ways in which hiPSC-based models can be used to more effectively study the role of astrocytes in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Halpern
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Department of Genetics and Genomics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States of America.
| | - James Gregory
- Center for Genomics of Neurodegenerative Disease, New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, United States of America.
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Ranjbar Taklimie F, Gasterich N, Scheld M, Weiskirchen R, Beyer C, Clarner T, Zendedel A. Hypoxia Induces Astrocyte-Derived Lipocalin-2 in Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061271. [PMID: 30871254 PMCID: PMC6471434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke causes rapid hypoxic damage to the core neural tissue which is followed by graded chronological tissue degeneration in the peri-infarct zone. The latter process is mainly triggered by neuroinflammation, activation of inflammasomes, proinflammatory cytokines, and pyroptosis. Besides microglia, astrocytes play an important role in the fine-tuning of the inflammatory network in the brain. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is involved in the control of innate immune responses, regulation of excess iron, and reactive oxygen production. In this study, we analyzed LCN2 expression in hypoxic rat brain tissue after ischemic stroke and in astrocyte cell cultures receiving standardized hypoxic treatment. Whereas no LCN2-positive cells were seen in sham animals, the number of LCN2-positive cells (mainly astrocytes) was significantly increased after stroke. In vitro studies with hypoxic cultured astroglia revealed that LCN2 expression is significantly increased after only 2 h, then further increased, followed by a stepwise decline. The expression pattern of several proinflammatory cytokines mainly followed that profile in wild type (WT) but not in cultured LCN2-deficient astrocytes. Our data revealed that astrocytes are an important source of LCN2 in the peri-infarct region under hypoxic conditions. However, we must also stress that brain-intrinsic LCN2 after the initial hypoxia period might come from other sources such as invaded immune cells and peripheral organs via blood circulation. In any case, secreted LCN2 might have an influence on peripheral organ functions and the innate immune system during brain hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Gasterich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Miriam Scheld
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tim Clarner
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Pavlou MAS, Grandbarbe L, Buckley NJ, Niclou SP, Michelucci A. Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms underlying astrocyte identity. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 174:36-52. [PMID: 30599178 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play a significant role in coordinating neural development and provide critical support for the function of the CNS. They possess important adaptation capacities that range from their transition towards reactive astrocytes to their ability to undergo reprogramming, thereby revealing their potential to retain latent features of neural progenitor cells. We propose that the mechanisms underlying reactive astrogliosis or astrocyte reprogramming provide an opportunity for initiating neuronal regeneration, a process that is notably reduced in the mammalian nervous system throughout evolution. Conversely, this plasticity may also affect normal astrocytic functions resulting in pathologies ranging from neurodevelopmental disorders to neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors. We postulate that epigenetic mechanisms linking extrinsic cues and intrinsic transcriptional programs are key factors to maintain astrocyte identity and function, and critically, to control the balance of regenerative and degenerative activity. Here, we will review the main evidences supporting this concept. We propose that unravelling the epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms underlying the acquisition of astrocyte identity and plasticity, as well as understanding how these processes are modulated by the local microenvironment under specific threatening or pathological conditions, may pave the way to new therapeutic avenues for several neurological disorders including neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors of astrocytic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeliki S Pavlou
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg; NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Luc Grandbarbe
- Life Sciences Research Unit, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Noel J Buckley
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simone P Niclou
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg; KG Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- NORLUX Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-Belval, Luxembourg.
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Dekens DW, Naudé PJW, Keijser JN, Boerema AS, De Deyn PP, Eisel ULM. Lipocalin 2 contributes to brain iron dysregulation but does not affect cognition, plaque load, and glial activation in the J20 Alzheimer mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:330. [PMID: 30501637 PMCID: PMC6267886 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) is an acute-phase protein implicated in multiple neurodegenerative conditions. Interestingly, both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative effects have been described for Lcn2. Increased Lcn2 levels were found in human post-mortem Alzheimer (AD) brain tissue, and in vitro studies indicated that Lcn2 aggravates amyloid-β-induced toxicity. However, the role of Lcn2 has not been studied in an in vivo AD model. Therefore, in the current study, the effects of Lcn2 were studied in the J20 mouse model of AD. METHODS J20 mice and Lcn2-deficient J20 (J20xLcn2 KO) mice were compared at the behavioral and neuropathological level. RESULTS J20xLcn2 KO and J20 mice presented equally strong AD-like behavioral changes, cognitive impairment, plaque load, and glial activation. Interestingly, hippocampal iron accumulation was significantly decreased in J20xLcn2 KO mice as compared to J20 mice. CONCLUSIONS Lcn2 contributes to AD-like brain iron dysregulation, and future research should further explore the importance of Lcn2 in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doortje W. Dekens
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Petrus J. W. Naudé
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Jan N. Keijser
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9747 AG The Netherlands
| | - Ate S. Boerema
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9747 AG The Netherlands
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ The Netherlands
| | - Peter P. De Deyn
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ulrich L. M. Eisel
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9747 AG The Netherlands
- University Center of Psychiatry & Interdisciplinary Center of Psychopathology of Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9713 GZ The Netherlands
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Schiavon E, Smalley JL, Newton S, Greig NH, Forsythe ID. Neuroinflammation and ER-stress are key mechanisms of acute bilirubin toxicity and hearing loss in a mouse model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201022. [PMID: 30106954 PMCID: PMC6091913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice) is caused by raised levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. When severe, susceptible brain regions including the cerebellum and auditory brainstem are damaged causing neurological sequelae such as ataxia, hearing loss and kernicterus. The mechanism(s) by which bilirubin exerts its toxic effect have not been completely understood to date. In this study we investigated the acute mechanisms by which bilirubin causes the neurotoxicity that contributes to hearing loss. We developed a novel mouse model that exhibits the neurological features seen in human Bilirubin-Induced Neurological Dysfunction (BIND) syndrome that we assessed with a behavioural score and auditory brainstem responses (ABR). Guided by initial experiments applying bilirubin to cultured cells in vitro, we performed whole genome gene expression measurements on mouse brain tissue (cerebellum and auditory brainstem) following bilirubin exposure to gain mechanistic insights into biochemical processes affected, and investigated further using immunoblotting. We then compared the gene changes induced by bilirubin to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a well characterized inducer of neuroinflammation, to assess the degree of similarity between them. Finally, we examined the extent to which genetic perturbation of inflammation and both known and novel anti-inflammatory drugs could protect hearing from bilirubin-induced toxicity. The in vitro results indicated that bilirubin induces changes in gene expression consistent with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). These gene changes were similar to the gene expression signature of thapsigargin–a known ER stress inducer. It also induced gene expression changes associated with inflammation and NF-κB activation. The in vivo model showed behavioural impairment and a raised auditory threshold. Whole genome gene expression analysis confirmed inflammation as a key mechanism of bilirubin neurotoxicity in the auditory pathway and shared gene expression hallmarks induced by exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) a well-characterized inducer of neuroinflammation. Interestingly, bilirubin caused more severe damage to the auditory system than LPS in this model, but consistent with our hypothesis of neuroinflammation being a primary part of bilirubin toxicity, the hearing loss was protected by perturbing the inflammatory response. This was carried out genetically using lipocalin-2 (LCN2)-null mice, which is an inflammatory cytokine highly upregulated in response to bilirubin. Finally, we tested known and novel anti-inflammatory compounds (interfering with NF-κB and TNFα signalling), and also demonstrated protection of the auditory system from bilirubin toxicity. We have developed a novel, reversible, model for jaundice that shows movement impairment and auditory loss consistent with human symptoms. We used this model to establish ER-stress and inflammation as major contributors to bilirubin toxicity. Because of the rapid and reversible onset of toxicity in this novel model it represents a system to screen therapeutic compounds. We have demonstrated this by targeting inflammation genetically and with anti-inflammatory small molecules that offered protection against bilirubin toxicity. This also suggests that anti-inflammatory drugs could be of therapeutic use in hyperbilirubinemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Schiavon
- Department Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua L. Smalley
- Department Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Sherylanne Newton
- Department Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel H. Greig
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Ian D. Forsythe
- Department Neuroscience, Psychology & Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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40
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Boutej H, Rahimian R, Thammisetty SS, Béland LC, Lalancette-Hébert M, Kriz J. Diverging mRNA and Protein Networks in Activated Microglia Reveal SRSF3 Suppresses Translation of Highly Upregulated Innate Immune Transcripts. Cell Rep 2018; 21:3220-3233. [PMID: 29241548 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled microglial activation may lead to the development of inflammation-induced brain damage. Here, we uncover a ribosome-based mechanism/checkpoint involved in control of the innate immune response and microglial activation. Using an in vivo model system for analysis of the dynamic translational state of microglial ribosomes, with mRNAs as input and newly synthesized peptides as an output, we find a marked dissociation of microglia mRNA and protein networks following innate immune challenge. Highly upregulated and ribosome-associated mRNAs were not translated, resulting in two distinct microglial molecular signatures, a highly specialized pro-inflammatory mRNA signature and an immunomodulatory/homeostatic protein signature. We find that this is due to specific translational suppression of highly expressed mRNAs through a 3' UTR-mediated mechanism involving the RNA-binding protein SRSF3. This discovery suggests avenues for therapeutic modulation of innate immune response in resident microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejer Boutej
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J2G3, Canada
| | - Reza Rahimian
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J2G3, Canada
| | - Sai Sampath Thammisetty
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J2G3, Canada
| | - Louis-Charles Béland
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J2G3, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lalancette-Hébert
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J2G3, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J2G3, Canada.
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Smith JA, Braga A, Verheyen J, Basilico S, Bandiera S, Alfaro-Cervello C, Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Shu D, Haque F, Guo P, Pluchino S. RNA Nanotherapeutics for the Amelioration of Astroglial Reactivity. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 10:103-121. [PMID: 29499926 PMCID: PMC5738063 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In response to injuries to the CNS, astrocytes enter a reactive state known as astrogliosis, which is believed to be deleterious in some contexts. Activated astrocytes overexpress intermediate filaments including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and vimentin (Vim), resulting in entangled cells that inhibit neurite growth and functional recovery. Reactive astrocytes also secrete inflammatory molecules such as Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), which perpetuate reactivity and adversely affect other cells of the CNS. Herein, we report proof-of-concept use of the packaging RNA (pRNA)-derived three-way junction (3WJ) motif as a platform for the delivery of siRNAs to downregulate such reactivity-associated genes. In vitro, siRNA-3WJs induced a significant knockdown of Gfap, Vim, and Lcn2 in a model of astroglial activation, with a concomitant reduction in protein expression. Knockdown of Lcn2 also led to reduced protein secretion from reactive astroglial cells, significantly impeding the perpetuation of inflammation in otherwise quiescent astrocytes. Intralesional injection of anti-Lcn2-3WJs in mice with contusion spinal cord injury led to knockdown of Lcn2 at mRNA and protein levels in vivo. Our results provide evidence for siRNA-3WJs as a promising platform for ameliorating astroglial reactivity, with significant potential for further functionalization and adaptation for therapeutic applications in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden A Smith
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alice Braga
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Jeroen Verheyen
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Basilico
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sara Bandiera
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Clara Alfaro-Cervello
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dan Shu
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Farzin Haque
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peixuan Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; College of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; NCI Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Center for RNA Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Division of Stem Cell Neurobiology, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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Ohgomori T, Yamasaki R, Takeuchi H, Kadomatsu K, Kira JI, Jinno S. Differential activation of neuronal and glial STAT3 in the spinal cord of the SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2001-2014. [PMID: 28715117 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins are activated by phosphorylation in the spinal cord of patients suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The major scope of our study is a comprehensive histological characterization of the mechanisms underlying neuronal and glial STAT3 activation in the pathogenesis of ALS using SOD1G93A mice. We calculated the fold changes (FCs, ratios vs. appropriate controls) of the numerical densities of the following phosphorylated STAT3-positive (pSTAT3)+ cells - choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)+ α-motoneurons, ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1)+ microglia, and S100β+ astrocytes in SOD1G93A mice. The FCs of pSTAT3+ microglia and pSTAT3+ astrocytes were increased from 9 to 15 weeks of age and then plateaued until 21 weeks. In contrast, the FCs of pSTAT3+ α-motoneurons peaked at 9 weeks and then decreased until 21 weeks. The immunoreactivity for nonphosphorylated neurofilament protein (SMI-32), a marker of axonal impairment, was decreased in pSTAT3+ α-motoneurons compared with pSTAT3- α-motoneurons at 9 weeks of age. We then compared the following pharmacological models - the chronic administration of 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN), which models axonal impairment, and the acute administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a model of neuroinflammation. The FCs of pSTAT3+ α-motoneurons were increased in IDPN-treated mice, while those of pSTAT3+ microglia were increased in LPS-treated mice. The FCs of pSTAT3+ astrocytes were higher in SOD1G93A mice at 9 weeks compared with IDPN- and LPS-treated mice. Our results indicate that axonopathy and neuroinflammation may trigger the respective activation of neuronal and glial STAT3, which is observed during ALS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Suk K. Lipocalin-2 as a therapeutic target for brain injury: An astrocentric perspective. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:158-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Shishido H, Toyota Y, Hua Y, Keep RF, Xi G. Role of lipocalin 2 in intraventricular haemoglobin-induced brain injury. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2016; 1:37-43. [PMID: 28959462 PMCID: PMC5435192 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2016-000009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our recent studies have shown that blood components, including haemoglobin and iron, contribute to hydrocephalus development and brain injury after intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH). The current study investigated the role of lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a protein involved in iron handling, in the ventricular dilation and neuroinflammation caused by brain injury in a mouse model of IVH. DESIGN Female wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice and LCN2-deficient (LCN2-/-) mice had an intraventricular injection of haemoglobin, and control mice received an equivalent amount of saline. MRI was performed presurgery and postsurgery to measure ventricular volume and the brains were used for either immunohistochemistry or western blot. RESULTS Ventricular dilation was observed in WT mice at 24 h after haemoglobin (25 mg/mL, 20 µL) injection (12.5±2.4 vs 8.6±1.5 mm3 in the control, p<0.01). Western blotting showed that LCN2 was significantly upregulated in the periventricular area (p<0.01). LCN2 was mainly expressed in astrocytes, whereas the LCN2 receptor was detected in astrocytes, microglia/macrophages and neurons. Haemoglobin-induced ventricle dilation and glia activation were less in LCN2-/- mice (p<0.01). Injection of high-dose haemoglobin (50 mg/mL) resulted in lower mortality in LCN2-/- mice (27% vs 86% in WT; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Intraventricular haemoglobin caused LCN2 upregulation and ventricular dilation. Haemoglobin resulted in lower mortality and less ventricular dilation in LCN2-/- mice. These results suggest that LCN2 has a role in haemoglobin-induced brain injury and may be a therapeutic target for IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Shishido
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yasunori Toyota
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Ya Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Guohua Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Lipocalin-2 as an Infection-Related Biomarker to Predict Clinical Outcome in Ischemic Stroke. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154797. [PMID: 27152948 PMCID: PMC4859492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES From previous data in animal models of cerebral ischemia, lipocalin-2 (LCN2), a protein related to neutrophil function and cellular iron homeostasis, is supposed to have a value as a biomarker in ischemic stroke patients. Therefore, we examined LCN2 expression in the ischemic brain in an animal model and measured plasma levels of LCN2 in ischemic stroke patients. METHODS In the mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), LCN2 expression in the brain was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and correlated to cellular nonheme iron deposition up to 42 days after tMCAO. In human stroke patients, plasma levels of LCN2 were determined one week after ischemic stroke. In addition to established predictive parameters such as age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and thrombolytic therapy, LCN2 was included into linear logistic regression modeling to predict clinical outcome at 90 days after stroke. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of LCN2 in the mouse brain already at one day following tMCAO, and the amount of LCN2 subsequently increased with a maximum at 2 weeks after tMCAO. Accumulation of cellular nonheme iron was detectable one week post tMCAO and continued to increase. In ischemic stroke patients, higher plasma levels of LCN2 were associated with a worse clinical outcome at 90 days and with the occurrence of post-stroke infections. CONCLUSIONS LCN2 is expressed in the ischemic brain after temporary experimental ischemia and paralleled by the accumulation of cellular nonheme iron. Plasma levels of LCN2 measured in patients one week after ischemic stroke contribute to the prediction of clinical outcome at 90 days and reflect the systemic response to post-stroke infections.
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46
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Ohgomori T, Yamada J, Takeuchi H, Kadomatsu K, Jinno S. Comparative morphometric analysis of microglia in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1340-51. [PMID: 26946061 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that reactive microglia undergo a series of phenotypic changes accompanying morphological transformation. However, the morphological classification of microglia has not yet been achieved. To address this issue, here we morphometrically analysed three-dimensionally reconstructed ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1-immunoreactive (Iba1(+) ) microglia in the ventral horn of the lumbar spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) transgenic mice, a model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that microglia were objectively divided into four groups: type S (named after surveillant microglia) and types R1, R2 and R3 (named after reactive microglia). For the purpose of comparative morphometry, we also analysed two pharmacological disease models using wild-type mice: 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN)-induced axonopathy and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. Type S microglia showed a typical ramified morphology of surveillant microglia, and were mostly observed in wild-type controls. Type R1 microglia were seen at the early stage of disease in SOD1(G93A) mice, and also frequently occurred in IDPN-treated mice. They exhibited small cell bodies with shorter and simple processes. Type R2 microglia were morphologically similar to type R1 microglia, but only transiently occurred in the middle stage of disease in SOD1(G93A) mice and in IDPN-treated mice. Type R3 microglia exhibited a bushy shape, and were observed in the end stage of disease in SOD1(G93A) mice and in LPS-treated mice. These findings indicate that microglia of SOD1(G93A) mice can be classified into four types, and also suggest that the phenotypic changes may be induced by the events related to axonopathy and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jun Yamada
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Takeuchi
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kenji Kadomatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shozo Jinno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Catorce MN, Gevorkian G. LPS-induced Murine Neuroinflammation Model: Main Features and Suitability for Pre-clinical Assessment of Nutraceuticals. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:155-64. [PMID: 26639457 PMCID: PMC4825946 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666151204122017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important feature in the pathogenesis and progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer´s disease (AD), Parkinson´s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Based on current knowledge in the field, suggesting that targeting peripheral inflammation could be a promising additional treatment/prevention approach for neurodegenerative diseases, drugs and natural products with anti-inflammatory properties have been evaluated in animal models of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. In this review, we provide an extensive analysis of one of the most important and widely-used animal models of peripherally induced neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice, and address the data reproducibility in published research. We also summarize briefly basic features of various natural products, nutraceuticals, with known anti-inflammatory effects and present an overview of data on their therapeutic potential for reducing neuroinflammation in LPS-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Goar Gevorkian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Apartado Postal 70228, Cuidad Universitaria, Mexico DF, CP 04510, Mexico.
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48
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Ferreira AC, Dá Mesquita S, Sousa JC, Correia-Neves M, Sousa N, Palha JA, Marques F. From the periphery to the brain: Lipocalin-2, a friend or foe? Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:120-36. [PMID: 26159707 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is an acute-phase protein that, by binding to iron-loaded siderophores, acts as a potent bacteriostatic agent in the iron-depletion strategy of the immune system to control pathogens. The recent identification of a mammalian siderophore also suggests a physiological role for LCN2 in iron homeostasis, specifically in iron delivery to cells via a transferrin-independent mechanism. LCN2 participates, as well, in a variety of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis, and has been mostly found up-regulated in various tissues and under inflammatory states, being its expression regulated by several inducers. In the central nervous system less is known about the processes involving LCN2, namely by which cells it is produced/secreted, and its impact on cell proliferation and death, or in neuronal plasticity and behaviour. Importantly, LCN2 recently emerged as a potential clinical biomarker in multiple sclerosis and in ageing-related cognitive decline. Still, there are conflicting views on the role of LCN2 in pathophysiological processes, with some studies pointing to its neurodeleterious effects, while others indicate neuroprotection. Herein, these various perspectives are reviewed and a comprehensive and cohesive view of the general function of LCN2, particularly in the brain, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Sandro Dá Mesquita
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - João C Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana A Palha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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Nasioudis D, Witkin SS. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and innate immune responses to bacterial infections. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:471-9. [PMID: 25716557 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-015-0394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), an essential component of the antimicrobial innate immune system, is present in neutrophils and multiple other tissues. It prevents iron acquisition by microorganisms by sequestering iron-loaded bacterial siderophores. NGAL also modulates neutrophil functions. Its production is inducible following Toll-like receptor 4 activation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. NGAL is employed clinically in the diagnosis of acute kidney injury and may be useful in general in the differential diagnosis of a bacterial-mediated infectious process. Elevated levels of NGAL have been detected in the blood of patients with bacterial urinary tract infection, community-acquired pneumonia, sepsis, as well as in the cerebrospinal fluid and peritoneal fluid of patients with bacterial meningitis and peritonitis. Some bacteria have developed resistance to NGAL-mediated iron sequestration by production of modified siderophores that are not recognized by NGAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Nasioudis
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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50
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Diverse functional roles of lipocalin-2 in the central nervous system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 49:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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