Synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of Laminaria japonica fucoidan and Cistanche tubulosa extract

Structural Characterization and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Fucoidan from Cystoseira crinita (Desf.) Borry

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of fucoidan isolated from C. crinita on histamine-induced paw inflammation in rats, and on the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 in rats during systemic inflammation response. The levels of TNF-α in a model of acute peritonitis in rats were also investigated. The isolated crude fucoidan was identified as a sulfated xylogalactofucan with high, medium, and low molecular weight fractions and a content of fucose of 39.74%, xylose of 20.75%, and galactose of 15.51%. Fucoidan from C. crinita showed better anti-inflammatory effects in the rat paw edema model, and this effect was present during all stages of the experiment. When compared to controls, a commercial fucoidan from F. vesiculosus, the results also displayed anti-inflammatory activity on the 60th, 90th, and 120th minute of the experiment. A significant decrease in serum levels of IL-1β in rats treated with both doses of C. crinita fucoidan was observed in comparison to controls, whereas TNF-α concentrations were reduced only in the group treated with fucoidan from C. crinita at the dose of 25 mg/kg bw. In the model of carrageenan-induced peritonitis, we observed a tendency of decrease in the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α in peritoneal fluid after a single dose of C. crinita fucoidan, but this did not reach the statistical significance margin. Single doses of C. crinita fucoidan did not alter serum levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in animals with lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation.

High Molecular Weight Fucoidan Restores Intestinal Integrity by Regulating Inflammation and Tight Junction Loss Induced by Methylglyoxal-Derived Hydroimidazolone-1

Fucoidan from brown seaweeds has several biological effects, including preserving intestinal integrity. To investigate the intestinal protective properties of high molecular weight fucoidan (HMWF) from Undaria pinnatifida on intestinal integrity dysfunction caused by methylglyoxal-derived hydroimidazolone-1 (MG-H1), one of the dietary advanced-glycation end products (dAGEs) in the human-colon carcinoma-cell line (Caco-2) cells and ICR mice. According to research, dAGEs may damage the intestinal barrier by increasing gut permeability. The findings of the study showed that HMWF + MG-H1 treatment reduced by 16.8% the amount of reactive oxygen species generated by MG-H1 treatment alone. Furthermore, HMWF + MGH-1 treatment reduced MG-H1-induced monolayer integrity disruption, as measured by alterations in transepithelial electrical resistance (135% vs. 75.5%) and fluorescein isothiocyanate incorporation (1.40 × 10^-6 cm/s vs. 3.80 cm/s). HMWF treatment prevented the MG-H1-induced expression of tight junction markers, including zonula occludens-1, occludin, and claudin-1 in Caco-2 cells and mouse colon tissues at the mRNA and protein level. Also, in Caco-2 and MG-H1-treated mice, HMWF plays an important role in preventing receptor for AGEs (RAGE)-mediated intestinal damage. In addition, HMWF inhibited the nuclear factor kappa B activation and its target genes leading to intestinal inflammation. These findings suggest that HMWF with price competitiveness could play an important role in preventing AGEs-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.

Renoprotective Effect of Fucoidan from Seaweed Sargassum angustifolium C. Agardh 1820 on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity: From Marine Resources to Therapeutic Uses

Background: Nephrotoxicity is a major side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotics, caused by oxidative damage and inflammation. Fucoidan, a group of sulfated polysaccharides derived from different species of brown algae, are well recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to investigate, for the first time, the efficacy of fucoidan extracted from Sargassum angustifolium C. Agardh 1820 against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of control, gentamicin (100 mg/kg), and gentamicin plus 50- and 100-mg/kg/day fucoidan pretreatment. In the end, all rats were killed, and then urine, blood, and tissue samples were prepared. Kidney weight (KW), body weight (BW), and 24-hour urine volume, as well as serum creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Cr clearance, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, were measured. Kidney samples were also evaluated for histopathological changes. Results: Gentamicin significantly increased KW, KW/BW ratio, 24-hour urine volume, serum Cr, MDA, and BUN levels; however, fucoidan pretreatment, especially at a dose of 50 mg/kg, significantly returned these variables near to the control group values. Gentamicin also decreased BW gain, Cr clearance, SOD activity, and the degree of renal tissue damage compared to the control group, while treatment with fucoidan significantly reversed these alterations. Conclusions: The results show that fucoidan from S. angustifolium C. Agardh 1820 ameliorates gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity by alleviating oxidative stress and augmenting antioxidant enzymes activity in renal tissue, suggesting the potential use of this fucoidan in a clinical setting.

Brown Seaweed Food Supplementation: Effects on Allergy and Inflammation and Its Consequences

Multiple health benefits have been ascribed to brown seaweeds that are used traditionally as dietary component mostly in Asia. This systematic review summarizes information on the impact of brown seaweeds or components on inflammation, and inflammation-related pathologies, such as allergies, diabetes mellitus and obesity. We focus on oral supplementation thus intending the use of brown seaweeds as food additives. Despite the great diversity of experimental systems in which distinct species and compounds were tested for their effects on inflammation and immunity, a remarkably homogeneous picture arises. The predominant effects of consumption of brown seaweeds or compounds can be classified into three categories: (1) inhibition of reactive oxygen species, known to be important drivers of inflammation; (2) regulation, i.e., in most cases inhibition of proinflammatory NF-κB signaling; (3) modulation of adaptive immune responses, in particular by interfering with T-helper cell polarization. Over the last decades, several inflammation-related diseases have increased substantially. These include allergies and autoimmune diseases as well as morbidities associated with lifestyle and aging. In this light, further development of brown seaweeds and seaweed compounds as functional foods and nutriceuticals might contribute to combat these challenges.

Herba Cistanche (Rou Cong Rong): A Review of Its Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

Herba Cistanche, known as Rou Cong Rong in Chinese, is a very valuable Chinese herbal medicine that has been recorded in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Rou Cong Rong has been extensively used in clinical practice in traditional herbal formulations and has also been widely used as a health food supplement for a long time in Asian countries such as China and Japan. There are many bioactive compounds in Rou Cong Rong, the most important of which are phenylethanoid glycosides. This article summarizes the up-to-date information regarding the phytochemistry, pharmacology, processing, toxicity and safety of Rou Cong Rong to reveal its pharmacodynamic basis and potential therapeutic effects, which could be of great value for its use in future research.

Immunomodulatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fucoidan: A Review

Inflammation is the initial response of the immune system to potentially harmful stimuli (e.g., injury, stress, and infections). The process involves activation of macrophages and neutrophils, which produce mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are considered as biomarkers of inflammation. Even though it occurs as a physiological defense mechanism, its involvement in the pathogenesis of various diseases is reported. Rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular diseases are only a part of the diseases, in which pathogenesis the chronic inflammation is involved. Fucoidans are complex polysaccharides from brown seaweeds and some marine invertebrates, composed mainly of L-fucose and sulfate ester groups and minor amounts of neutral monosaccharides and uronic acids. Algae-derived fucoidans are studied intensively during the last years regarding their multiple biological activities and possible therapeutic potential. However, the source, species, molecular weight, composition, and structure of the polysaccharides, as well as the route of administration of fucoidans, could be crucial for their effects. Fucoidan is reported to act on different stages of the inflammatory process: (i) blocking of lymphocyte adhesion and invasion, (ii) inhibition of multiple enzymes, and (iii) induction of apoptosis. In this review, we focused on the immunemodulating and anti-inflammatory effects of fucoidans derived from macroalgae and the models used for their evaluation. Additional insights on the molecular structure of the compound are included.

Protective effects of fucoidan against 4-nitroquinolin-1-oxide provoked genetic damage in mouse bone marrow cells

Fucoidan is a unique bioactive and dietary polymer enriched mainly in the cell wall matrix of the brown seaweeds. This present study was intended to reveal the antigenotoxicity effect of fucoidan on 4-nitroquinolin-1-oxide (4-NQO) induced genetics damage and apoptosis in mice bone marrow cells. The 4-NQO caused genetic damages in the form of chromosome/chromatic breakage was estimated by micronuclei assay whereas apoptosis by annexin-V FITC kit and DNA damage by comet assay kit. In addition, oxidative damage in terms of plasma lipid peroxidation (LPO) and 8-OHdG was also estimated. In the experimental regime, six groups with each in five either sex of mice were used. Fucoidan constituted (50,100,200 mg/kg bwt) by orally for 5 days consequently and on 6th day, 4-NQO was administered (7.5 mg/kg bwt) by i.p. The results clearly show that negative control (H2O) and fucoidan alone constituted mice were not exhibited significant effect on LPO, genetic damages whereas positive control group (4-NQO 7.5 mg/kg bwt, i.p.) showed significant effect on genetic damage by showing increased level of LPO (6.25 vs 1.3 μM MDA), 8-OHdG (12 vs 4%), micronuclei about six-fold, 5-fold of comet, and 4-fold of apoptosis when compared with negative control, 11.6 ± 2.07, 5.00 ± 1.58, and 4.14 ± 0.65 respectively. Fucoidan pretreatment significantly protected the 4-NQO-induced genetic damage by 77% decreased level of micronuclei and 96% comet at dose of 200 mg/kg bwt over the positive control whereas LPO, 8-OHdG, and apoptosis were restored as equal to negative control. This study found as fucoidan possessing significant antigenotoxicity property by protecting 4-NQO-induced genetic damage in mice bone marrow cells as dose dependent manner suggest as valuable food supplements and medicine for mankind from environmental toxicants.

Effects of Cajanus cajan (L.) millsp. roots extracts on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., also named pigeon pea, is widely grown in the tropics and the subtropics. C. cajan roots (CR) and ribs stewed in hot water have been used as a traditional medicine in various cultures to treat diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the functional components of hot water (WCR) and 50%, 95% ethanol extracts (EECR50 and EECR95) from CR, then evaluating their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The results indicated that EECR95 had higher polyphenol, especially the isoflavones (e.x. daidzein, genistein, and cajanol) than those of the other extracts, and it also exhibited the most potent anti-oxidative activities by in vitro antioxidant assay. In the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, we found that EECR95 significantly decreased intracellular reactive oxygen species and significantly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Mechanism studies showed that EECR95 mainly activated nuclear factor (NF) erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant protein heme oxygenase-1 and inhibited nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and thus exhibited antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, this study suggests that CR may have the potential to be developed as a biomedical material and that genistein, which has relatively high uptakes (3.44% for the pure compound and 1.73% for endogenous genistein of EECR95) at 24 h of incubation with RAW 264.7 cells, could be the main active component of CR.

Inhibition of UVB-Induced Inflammation by Laminaria japonica Extract via Regulation of nc886-PKR Pathway

Continuous exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) can cause photodamage of the skin. This photodamage can be inhibited by the overexpression of the non-coding RNA, nc886, via the protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) pathway. The study aims to identify how UVB inhibits nc886 expression, and it also seeks to determine whether substances that can control nc886 expression can influence UV-induced inflammation, and the mechanisms involved. The results suggest that UVB irradiation accelerates the methylation of the nc886 gene, therefore, reducing its expression. This induces the activation of the PKR, which accelerates the expression of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and the production of MMP-9, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PGE2), and certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, specifically interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-). Conversely, in a model of nc886 overexpression, the expression and production of those inflammatory factors are inhibited. In addition, Laminaria japonica extract (LJE) protect the levels of nc886 against UVB irradiation then subsequently inhibit the production of UV-induced inflammatory factors through the PKR pathway.

Echinacoside attenuates inflammatory response in a rat model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy via inhibition of excessive mitochondrial fission

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a leading cause of spinal cord dysfunction with few treatment options. Although mitochondrial dynamics are linked to a wide range of pathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases, a connection between aberrant mitochondrial dynamics and CSM remains to be illuminated. In addition, mechanisms underlying the emerging anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of echinacoside (ECH), the main active ingredient of Cistanche salsa, are poorly understood. We hypothesized that excessive mitochondrial fission plays a critical role in regulating inflammatory responses in CSM, and ECH might alleviate such responses by regulating mitochondrial dynamics. To this end, we assessed the effects of ECH and Mdivi-1, a selective inhibitor of dynamin-related protein (Drp1), in a rat model of chronic cervical cord compression and activated BV2 cells. Our results showed that rats with Mdivi-1 intervention had improved motor function compared with vehicle-treated rats. Indeed, Mdivi-1 treatment attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, as well as activation of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), and Drp1 in lesions. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, compression sites of Mdivi-1-treated animals exhibited elongated mitochondrial morphologies and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similarly, ECH-treated rats exhibited neurological recovery and suppression of inflammatory response or related signals in the lesion area after treatment. Interestingly, ECH treatment partly reversed aberrant mitochondrial fragmentation and oxidative stress within the lesion area. In vitro data suggested that ECH suppressed activated microglia by modulating activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, we observed that ECH markedly inhibited Drp1 translocation onto mitochondria, whereby it regulated mitochondrial dynamics and ROS production, which act as regulators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB signaling. Thus, our findings reveal that mitochondrial dynamics modulate inflammatory responses during CSM. Moreover, ECH may attenuate neuroinflammation in rats subjected to chronic cervical cord compression by regulating Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and activation of downstream signaling.

Current Designs and Developments of Fucoidan-based Formulations for Cancer Therapy

BACKGROUND

Natural nanostructure materials have been involved in antitumor drug delivery systems due to their biocompatibility, biodegradation, and bioactive properties.

METHODS

These materials have contributed to advanced drug delivery systems in the roles of both bioactive compounds and delivery nanocarriers. Fucoidan, a valuable ocean material used in drug delivery systems, has been exploited in research on cancer and a variety of other diseases.

RESULTS

Although the uniqueness, structure, properties, and health benefits of fucoidan have been mentioned in various prominent reviews, current developments and designs of fucoidan-based formulations still need to be assessed to further develop an effective anticancer therapy. In this review, current important formulations using fucoidan as a functional material and as an anticancer agent will be discussed. This article will also provide a brief principle of the methods that incorporate functional nanostructure materials in formulations exploiting fucoidan.

CONCLUSION

Current research and future perspectives on the use of fucoidan in anticancer therapy will advance innovative and important products for clinical uses.

Phytochemical analysis and anti-inflammatory activity of Cladophora aegagropila extract

Introduction: The aim of this research is centered on phytochemical analysis and anti-inflammatory activity of Cladophora aegagropila extract. Methods: Total flavonoid content in the appropriate ethanol extract of C. aegagropila was determined using the spectrometric method. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the models of carrageenan-induced and allyl isothiocyanate-induced (AITC-induced) inflammation of hind limb in rats. Experimental animals were divided into 3 groups, 5 animals each: 1st group – control; the animals without therapy of induced inflammation, 2nd group – animals were treated with application of 5% ointment containing C. aegagropila; 3rd group – animals were treated with application of 5% ibuprofen. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity was performed by determination of dynamic change of thickness and volume of affected animal limb for carrageenan-induced inflammation for 8 days (with daily registration of records), and for AITC induced inflammation for 24 h (with registration of records after 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 6 h and 24 h since phlogogen was introduced). Results: Flavonoids content in C. aegagropila extract varied depending on ethanol concentration: usage of 40% ethanol led to 18.2 mg of flavonoid recovery on 1.0 g of dry raw material; 70% ethanol – 39.5 mg and 96% ethanol – 35.5 mg. Therapy of 5% ointment based on C. aegagropila extract decreased inflammatory response caused by the subplantar introduction of the corresponding phlogogen. Conclusion: The ointment from C. aegagropila extract shows anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting inflammation caused by AITC and carrageenan.

Marine Seaweed Polysaccharides-Based Engineered Cues for the Modern Biomedical Sector

Seaweed-derived polysaccharides with unique structural and functional entities have gained special research attention in the current medical sector. Seaweed polysaccharides have been or being used to engineer novel cues with biomedical values to tackle in practice the limitations of counterparts which have become ineffective for 21st-century settings. The inherited features of seaweed polysaccharides, such as those of a biologically tunable, biocompatible, biodegradable, renewable, and non-toxic nature, urge researchers to use them to design therapeutically effective, efficient, controlled delivery, patient-compliant, and age-compliant drug delivery platforms. Based on their significant retention capabilities, tunable active units, swelling, and colloidal features, seaweed polysaccharides have appeared as highly useful materials for modulating drug-delivery and tissue-engineering systems. This paper presents a standard methodological approach to review the literature using inclusion-exclusion criteria, which is mostly ignored in the reported literature. Following that, numerous marine-based seaweed polysaccharides are discussed with suitable examples. For the applied perspectives, part of the review is focused on the biomedical values, i.e., targeted drug delivery, wound-curative potential, anticancer potentialities, tissue-engineering aspects, and ultraviolet (UV) protectant potential of seaweed polysaccharides based engineered cues. Finally, current challenges, gaps, and future perspectives have been included in this review.

Bioactive compounds in seaweeds: An overview of their biological properties and safety

Seaweeds are among the significant currently exploited marine plant resources which are gaining full applications in culinary, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological processes. Much attention has been devoted to seaweeds based on their proven health benefits and is considered as a rich source of structurally different bioactive metabolites for the discovery of novel functional food-based pharmacophores/drugs. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of updated compilation and analysis of the in-depth pharmacological activities of these compounds. This review, therefore, aims to provide a piece of up-to-date detailed information on the major compounds isolated from various seaweed species together with their in-vitro and in-vivo biological properties. These compounds were found to possess broad pharmacological properties and inhibitory enzyme activities against critical enzymes involved in the aetiology of noncommunicable diseases. However, their toxicity, clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action, and interaction with conventional foods, are still less explored and require more attention in future studies.

A Review of Biologically Active Natural Products from a Desert Plant Cistanche tubulosa

An Orobanchaceae plant Cistanche tubulosa (SCHENK) WIGHT (Kanka-nikujuyou in Japanese), which is one of the authorized plant resources as Cistanches Herba in both Japanese and Chinese Pharmacopoeias, is a perennial parasitic plant growing on roots of sand-fixing plants. The stems of C. tubulosa have traditionally been used for treatment of impotence, sterility, lumbago, and body weakness as well as a promoting agent of blood circulation. In recent years, Cistanches Herba has also been widely used as a health food supplement in Japan, China, and Southeast Asian countries. Here we review our recent studies on chemical constituents from the stems of C. tubulosa as well as their bioactivities such as vasorelaxtant, hepatoprotective, and glucose tolerance improving effects.

Anticancer effect of fucoidan on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, genetic damage and apoptotic cell death in HepG2 cancer cells

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The centre of the attraction of this article is inevitably associated with fucoidan polymers in terms of brown seaweed such as Turbinaria conoides.

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Fucoidan in various cancer types exhibited by targeting apoptotic molecules and mitigate the toxicity of chemotherapeutic agents and radiation.

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To treat deadly liver cancer by identifying bioactive compounds available in the dietary supplement that rekindles the direction of research against cancer diseases.

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Fucoidan in a HepG2 cell line was studied with typical techniques such as cell viability, colony formation, cell migration, cell cycle progression, genetic damage and apoptosis along with their nuclear morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential.

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This study concluded that the fucoidan contain brown seaweeds consumed as dietary supplement not predispose to liver cancer.

The centre of the attraction of this article is inevitably associated with fucoidan polymers in terms of brown seaweed such as Turbinaria conoides. Fucoidan is a sulphated polysaccharide constitutes fucose as a major principle sugar along with other monosugars such as glucuronic acid, xylose and galactose. The core value of fucoidan in terms of various cancer types were substantially exhibited through targeting the key apoptotic molecules and subsequently mitigate the toxicity that are essentially included in the chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. The pragmatic investigation about the anti-cancer effect of fucoidan in a hepatoblastoma-derived (HepG2) cell line was thoroughly analyzed by the typical techniques such as cell viability, colony formation, cell migration, cell cycle progression, genetic damage and apoptosis along with their nuclear morphology and mitochondrial membrane potential. Following the analyzes, the cell viability was precisely evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. And hence, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was appropriately examined staining with propidium iodide (PI) and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyante (FITC) by flowcytometer, respectively. Primarily, genetic damage by fucoidan in HepG2 cell line was evaluated by following Trevigen’s comet assay kit. In addition, alteration of nuclear content and mitochondrial membrane potential were also detected with Hoechst and mitochondrial membrane potential dye (JC-1: 5,5′6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′3,3′tetraethylbenzimi-dazolycarbocyanine iodide) by fluorescence microscopy, respectively. The results of the present study showed that cells constituted with fucoidan/quercetin standard at 50, 100 and 200 μg/ml exhibited cell viability about 71, 60 & 40/80, 65 & 45%, respectively. The above recorded effect of fucoidan was a concentration-dependant inhibition on the basis of decline in colony forming and cell migration potential of HepG2 cancer cells. Compared with untreated control, fucoidan consituted cells were significantly (p ≤  0.05) accumulated proliferative cells in the G₀/G₁ phase of the cell cycle in a concentration dependent manner. Increasing concentration of fucoidan (50,100 and 200 μg/ml) was remarkably enhanced the DNA damage which reflected through tail moment value of 3.8, 7.1 & 12.8 folds with respect to the untreated control. Fucoidan induced total apoptotic cells were observed ∼20–40% at 50–200 μg/ml concentrations. The apoptotic cell formation effected by change in the nuclear content and mitochondrial membrane potential was confirmed in HepG2 cancer cells under fluorescence microscopy. It was eventually concluded that the fucoidan display promising anti-cancer activity against HepG2 cancer cells by promoting the inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and cell arrest on concentration dependent-manner that was well correlated with genetic damage and apoptosis.

Cistanches Herba: An overview of its chemistry, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics property

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cistanches Herba is an Orobanchaceae parasitic plant. As a commonly used Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), its traditional functions include treating kidney deficiency, impotence, female infertility and senile constipation. Chemical analysis of Cistanches Herba revealed that phenylethanoid glycosides, iridoids, lignans, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides were the main constituents. Pharmacological studies demonstrated that Cistanches Herba exhibited neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, hormonal balancing, anti-fatigue, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotection, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-tumor effects, etc. The aim of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized information on the phytochemistry, pharmacological research and pharmacokinetics studies of the major constituents of Cistanches Herba.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The literature search was conducted by systematic searching multiple electronic databases including SciFinder, ISI Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar and CNKI. Information was also collected from journals, local magazines, books, monographs.

RESULTS

To date, more than 100 compounds have been isolated from this genus, include phenylethanoid glycosides, carbohydrates, lignans, iridoids, etc. The crude extracts and isolated compounds have exhibited a wide range of in vitro and in vivo pharmacologic effects, such as neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotection, anti-oxidative, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor effects. The phenylethanoid glycosides, echinacoside and acteoside have attracted the most attention for their significantly neuropharmacology effects. Pharmacokinetic studies of echinacoside and acteoside also have also been summarized.

CONCLUSION

Phenylethanoid glycosides have demonstrated wide pharmacological actions and have great clinical value if challenges such as poor bioavailability, fast and extensive metabolism are addressed. Apart from phenylethanoid glycosides, other constituents of Cistanches Herba, their pharmacological activities and underlying mechanisms are also need to be studied further.

Herba Cistanches: Anti-aging

The Cistanche species ("Rou Cong Rong" in Chinese) is an endangered wild species growing in arid or semi-arid areas. The dried fleshy stem of Cistanches has been used as a tonic in China for many years. Modern pharmacological studies have since demonstrated that Herba Cistanches possesses broad medicinal functions, especially for use in anti-senescence, anti-oxidation, neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, hepatoprotection, immunomodulation, anti-neoplastic, anti-osteoporosis and the promotion of bone formation. This review summarizes the up-to-date and comprehensive information on Herba Cistanches covering the aspects of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology, to lay ground for fully elucidating the potential mechanisms of Herba Cistanches' anti-aging effect and promote its clinical application as an anti-aging herbal medicine.

In-vitro antioxidative, antiinflammatory properties of Aurea helianthus leaf extract a Korean traditional medicinal plant

The leaf of Aurea helianthus (A. helianthus Jinhuakui) is popularly used in China traditional medicine, however, scientific evidence on its antioxidant properties rarely studied. In this study, biological activities of A. helianthus leave’s 80% ethanol extract (AHL) were investigated. The measured total polyphenol and flavonoid content of AHL was 184.24 ± 5.01 mg GAE/g and 102.53 ± 0.98 mg NAR/g. AHL showed the highest α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities of 98.30 ± 0.18% at 1000 µg/mL. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities significantly increased in a AHL concentration-dependent manner. AHL treatment significantly suppressed the generation of pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide (NO), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. AHL demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity that reduced NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. To test the potential protective effect of AHL, the antioxidant capacity, on the cell growth, viability of a human hepatoma cell (HepG2) and Raw 264.7 cell were investigated. AHL also enhanced cytotoxicity on the proliferation of HepG2 cells and was capable of inhibiting 56% against LPS at 400 µg/mL. The results of this study the potential of AHL as an excellent antioxidant substance for inhibiting inflammatory mediators. Therefore, AHL may be used as a therapeutic approach to various inflammatory diseases.

Fucoidan Prevents the Progression of Osteoarthritis in Rats

This study investigated the effects of fucoidan (extract from Hizikia fusiforme) on symptoms and inflammatory cytokine activation in rats with monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced osteoarthritis (OA). Forty male SD rats were divided into five groups, including normal, negative control (MIA), positive control (Lyprinol), and two experimental groups treated with 50 or 100 mg/kg fucoidan. Weight-bearing assessments were done after MIA injection into the right knee to induce OA. After 14 days of treatment, microcomputed tomographic (micro-CT) images were made of rat knee joints, and then animals were sacrificed for joint histology and inflammatory cytokine level assessments. MIA injection successfully induced OA by causing 40% weight-bearing imbalance, severe bone loss and cartilage degeneration, and markedly increased cytokine levels. However, fucoidan groups showed over 45% of imbalance and no articular cartilage surface lesions or change in subchondral trabecular bones in Micro-CT images. Histological analysis revealed that cartilage morphology and cell counts were also normal in the 100 mg/kg fucoidan group. In addition, the 100 mg/kg fucoidan groups exhibited lower serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (30%), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) (48%), and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) (65%) compared to the MIA groups. These results suggest that administration of fucoidan prevents the progression of OA in a MIA-induced OA rat model.

Efficacy of Cistanche Tubulosa and Laminaria Japonica Extracts (MK-R7) Supplement in Preventing Patterned Hair Loss and Promoting Scalp Health

Cistanche tubulosa and Laminaria japonica have been reported to have anti-oxidative, anticoagulant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. They are expected to be a promising candidates for promoting hair growth and treating dandruff and scalp inflammation as a consequence. In this double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial, we investigated the efficacy of Cistanche tubulosa extract and Laminaria japonica extract complex (MK-R7) in promoting hair health in patients with mild to moderate patterned hair loss. Using phototrichogram (Folliscope 4.0, LeadM, Seoul, Korea), we compared the density and diameter of hairs in patients receiving a placebo or Cistanche tubulosa extract and Laminaria japonica extract complex (MK-R7) at baseline, 8 and 16 weeks of the study. In order to determine the efficacy of treatment on dandruff and scalp inflammation, investigator's assessment score and patient's subjective score were also performed. We found a statistically significant increase in the hair density of the test group (n = 45, MK-R7 400 mg) after 16 weeks of consuming the MK-R7 (test group: 23.29 n/cm(2) ± 24.26, control: 10.35 n/cm(2) ± 20.08, p < 0.05). In addition, we found a statistically significant increase in hair diameter in the test group compared to control group at week 16 (test group: 0.018 mm ± 0.015, control: 0.003 mm ± 0.013, p < 0.05). There were also significant outcomes regarding the investigator's visual assessment and patient's subjective score of dandruff and scalp inflammation in the test group compared to those in control group. Based on the results of this clinical study, we conclude that Cistanche tubulosa extract and Laminaria japonica extract complex (MK-R7) are promising substances for promoting health of the scalp and hair.

Effectiveness of the combinational treatment of Laminaria japonica and Cistanche tubulosa extracts in hair growth

Since scalp hair loss has increased recently even in young people, seriously affecting individual's quality of life, the hair growth-stimulating effects of Laminaria japonica extract (LJE) and Cistanche tubulosa extract (CTE) were investigated. After confirming anagen phase of follicles under shaving, male C57BL/6 mice were dermally applied with 3% Minoxidil or orally administered with the combinations of LJE and CTE for 21 days. Minoxidil promoted the hair regrowth and increased γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. In addition, Minoxidil up-regulated epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. Co-administration of LJE and CTE at 54 mg/kg LJE plus 162 mg/kg CTE exerted synergistic promoting effects on the hair regrowth, comparable to 3% Minoxidil. LJE preferentially enhanced ALP activity, while CTE increased both γ-GTP and ALP activities as well as EGF and VEGF expressions. In vivo air pouch inflammation model, carrageenan-induced vascular exudation and increased nitric oxide and prostaglandin E₂ concentrations in the exudates were synergistically suppressed by co-administration of LJE and CTE. In addition, inflammatory cell infiltration was substantially inhibited by the combinational treatment. The results suggest that combinational oral treatment with LJE and CTE in appropriate doses and ratios prevent hair loss and improve alopecia, which might be in part mediated by their anti-inflammatory activities.

Essential oils purified from Schisandrae semen inhibits tumor necrosis factor-α-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 activation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells

BACKGROUND

The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells from the tunica media to the subendothelial region may be a key event in the development of atherosclerosis after arterial injury. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanisms underlying the anti-atherosclerotic effects of Schisandrae Semen essential oil (SSeo) in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs).

METHODS

Metalloproteinase-2/9 (MMP-2/9) activity was evaluated by gelatin zymography and gelatinase activity assay kit. The possible mechanisms underlying SSeo-mediated reduction of by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced cell invasion and inhibition of secreted and cytosolic MMP-9 production in HASMCs were investigated.

RESULTS

Our results indicate that SSeo treatment has an inhibitory effect on activation as well as expression of MMP-9 induced by TNF-α in HASMCs in a dose-dependent manner without significant cytotoxicity. SSeo attenuated nuclear translocation of TNF-α-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and blocked degradation of the NF-κB inhibitor proteins as well as the production of reactive oxygen species. SSeo also reduced TNF-α-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 and inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in HASMCs. Furthermore, the Matrigel migration assay showed that SSeo effectively reduced TNF-α-induced HASMC migration compared with that in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Taken together, these results suggest that SSeo treatment suppresses TNF-α-induced HASMC migration by selectively inhibiting MMP-9 expression, which was associated with suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Taken together, these results suggest that SSeo has putative potential anti-atherosclerotic activity.

Sulfated glycans in inflammation

Sulfated glycans such as glycosaminoglycans on proteoglycans are key players in both molecular and cellular events of inflammation. They participate in leukocyte rolling along the endothelial surface of inflamed sites; chemokine regulation and its consequential functions in leukocyte guidance, migration and activation; leukocyte transendothelial migration; and structural assembly of the subendothelial basement membrane responsible to control tissue entry of cells. Due to these and other functions, exogenous sulfated glycans of various structures and origins can be used to interventionally down-regulate inflammation processes. In this review article, discussion is given primarily on the anti-inflammatory functions of mammalian heparins, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate and related compounds as well as the holothurian fucosylated chondroitin sulfate and the brown algal fucoidans. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of action of these sulfated glycans in inflammation, helps research programs involved in developing new carbohydrate-based drugs aimed to combat acute and chronic inflammatory disorders.

Diallyl trisulfide exerts anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages by suppressing the Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB pathway

Diallyl trisulfide (DATS; di‑2‑propen‑1‑yl trisulfide) is an organic polysulfide compound found in garlic and other allium vegetables. Although certain studies have demonstrated that DATS possesses strong anti‑inflammatory activity, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unresolved. In the present study, the anti‑inflammatory potential of DATS was investigated using the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell model. At non‑toxic concentrations, DATS inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 by inhibiting inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase‑2 expression at the transcriptional level in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. DATS attenuated the release of the pro‑inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β, by inhibiting mRNA expression, respectively. DATS also suppressed LPS‑induced DNA‑binding activity of nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB), as well as the nuclear translocation of the NF‑κB p65, which correlated with the inhibitory effects of DATS on inhibitor κB (IκB) degradation. In addition, DATS was observed to significantly suppress LPS‑induced Toll‑like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression and the binding of LPS to macrophages, indicating the antagonistic effect of DATS against TLR4. Furthermore, blocking TLR4 signaling with the specific TLR4 signaling inhibitor, CLI‑095, increased the anti‑inflammatory potential of DATS in LPS‑stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. These data demonstrate that DATS may attenuate the initiation of LPS‑mediated intracellular signaling cascades by suppressing activation of NF‑κB and by inhibiting binding of LPS to TLR4 on macrophages.

Anti-inflammatory effects of cordycepin in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages through Toll-like receptor 4-mediated suppression of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB signaling pathways

Cordycepin is the main functional component of the Cordyceps species, which has been widely used in traditional Oriental medicine. This compound possesses many pharmacological properties, such as an ability to enhance immune function, as well as antioxidant, antiaging, and anticancer effects. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of cordycepin using a murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell model. Our data demonstrated that cordycepin suppressed production of proinflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ by inhibiting inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression. Cordycepin also inhibited the release of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1-beta, through downregulation of respective mRNA expression. In addition, pretreatment with cordycepin significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activating protein kinases and attenuated nuclear translocation of NF-κB by LPS, which was associated with abrogation of inhibitor kappa B-alpha degradation. Furthermore, cordycepin potently inhibited the binding of LPS to macrophages and LPS-induced Toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression. Taken together, the results suggest that the inhibitory effects of cordycepin on LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages are associated with suppression of mitogen-activating protein kinases and activation of NF-κB by inhibition of the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway.

The enhancing effect of fucoidan derived from Undaria pinnatifida on immunoglobulin production by mouse spleen lymphocytes

In this study, we revealed that a Mekabu (Udaria pinnantifida) extract enhanced immunoglobulin (Ig) production of mouse spleen lymphocytes. Furthermore, it was suggested that water-soluble and high molecular weight ingredients in the Mekabu extract have significant enhancing effect on Ig production. Therefore, fucoidan was estimated as the active component.

Fucoidan inhibits the proliferation of human urinary bladder cancer T24 cells by blocking cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis

Although fucoidan has been shown to exert anticancer activity against several types of cancer cell lines, no reports have explored fucoidan-affected cell growth in human urinary bladder cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the anti-proliferative effects of fucoidan in human bladder cancer T24 cells. Our results indicated that fucoidan decreased the viability of T24 cells through the induction of G1 arrest and apoptosis. Fucoidan-induced G1 arrest is associated with the enhanced expression of the Cdk inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 and dephosphorylation of the pRB along with enhanced binding of p21 to Cdk4/6 as well as pRB to the transcription factor E2Fs. Further investigations showed the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol, proving mitochondrial dysfunction upon fucoidan treatment with a corresponding increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 expression ratio. Fucoidan-triggered apoptosis was also accompanied by the up-regulation of Fas and truncated Bid as well as the sequential activation of caspase-8. Furthermore, a significant increased activation of caspase-9/-3 was detected in response to fucoidan treatment with the decreased expression of IAPs and degradation of PARP, whereas a pan-caspase inhibitor significantly suppressed apoptosis and rescued the cell viability reduction. In conclusion, these observations suggest that fucoidan attenuates G1-S phase cell cycle progression and serves as an important mediator of crosstalk between caspase-dependent intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in T24 cells.

Ethanol extract of Poria cocos reduces the production of inflammatory mediators by suppressing the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

Background

Poria cocos Wolf, a medicinal fungus, is widely used in traditional medicines in East Asian countries owing to its various therapeutic potentials. Although several studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity of this fungus, its underlying mechanisms have not yet been clearly defined.

Methods

In the present study, we have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of ethanol extract of P. cocos (EEPC) in lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. As inflammatory parameters, the productions of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were evaluated. We also examined the EEPC’s effect on the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway.

Results

Our results indicated that EEPC exhibits a potent inhibitory effect on NO production and inhibits PGE2 release in LPS-induced macrophages without affecting cell viability. EEPC also significantly attenuated LPS-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Additionally, LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α was decreased by pre-treatment with EEPC at the transcriptional level. Moreover, EEPC clearly inhibited LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunits, which correlated with EEPC’s inhibitory effects on inhibitor kappaB (IκB) degradation. Moreover, EEPC clearly suppressed the LPS-induced DNA-binding activity of NF-κB, as well as the nuclear translocation of the NF-κB p65, which correlated with EEPC’s inhibitory effects on inhibitor kappaB (IκB) degradation.

Conclusions

Taken together, our data indicates that EEPC targets the inflammatory response of macrophages via inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, and TNF-α through inactivation of the NF-κB signaling pathway, supporting the pharmacological basis of P. cocos as a traditional herbal medicine for treatment of inflammation and its associated disorders.

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone attenuates the release of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglial cells through the suppression of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a member of the flavonoid family, has received considerable attention as a selective tyrosine kinase receptor B agonist. However, the pharmacological mechanisms responsible for its anti-inflammatory activities in microglial cells have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of this compound on the production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine BV2 microglial cells. At non-toxic concentrations, 7,8-DHF attenuated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), by inhibiting inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, respectively. Furthermore, the release and expression of inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were inhibited by 7,8-DHF. In addition, 7,8-DHF suppressed nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) translocation and its transcriptional activity by blocking IκB (IκB)-α degradation; in addition, it exerted suppressive effects on the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). These results indicate that 7,8-DHF possesses therapeutic potential against neurodegenerative diseases that involve microglial activation.

Anti-inflammatory effects of genistein via suppression of the toll-like receptor 4-mediated signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 microglia

Genistein, a principal soy isoflavone, has received considerable attention as a protein kinase inhibitor. Although some studies have demonstrated that genistein possesses anti-inflammatory effects, the molecular mechanisms of genistein-mediated anti-inflammatory potential are unclear in microglial cells. In this study, we determined whether genistein attenuates pro-inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia and attempted to establish the possible mechanisms. Our results indicated that genistein inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 at non-toxic concentrations by inhibiting inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. The increased release and expression of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, by LPS, were markedly reduced by genistein. Genistein also attenuated LPS-induced reactive oxygen species generation and LPS-mediated nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), associated with blocking degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB-α. Furthermore, genistein potently suppressed binding of LPS to the microglial cell surface, indicating the antagonistic effect of genistein against toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), and inhibited LPS-induced TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 expression. In addition, blocking TLR4 signaling using the specific TLR4 signaling inhibitor CLI-095 increased the anti-inflammatory potential of genistein in BV2 microglia. Our data indicate that genistein may attenuate the initiation of intracellular signaling cascades by LPS through inhibiting NF-κB activation by inhibiting the binding of LPS to TLR-4 on microglial cells.

Low molecular weight fucoidan against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury via inhibition of the MAPK signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in both native and transplanted kidneys. The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether low-molecular-weight fucoidan (LMWF) could attenuate renal IRI in an animal model and in vitro cell models and study the mechanisms in which LMWF protected from IRI.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

Male mice were subjected to right renal ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h, or to a sham operation with left kidney removed. Kidneys undergone IR showed characteristic morphological changes, such as tubular dilatation, and brush border loss. However, LMWF significantly corrected the renal dysfunction and the abnormal levels of MPO, MDA and SOD induced by IR. LMWF also inhibited the activation of MAPK pathways, which consequently resulted in a significant decrease in the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, ratios of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3, and phosphorylation of p53. LMWF alleviated hypoxia-reoxygenation or CoCl(2) induced cell viability loss and ΔΨm dissipation in HK2 renal tubular epithelial cells, which indicates LMWF may result in an inhibition of the apoptosis pathway through reducing activity of MAPK pathways in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE

Our in vivo and in vitro studies show that LMWF ameliorates acute renal IRI via inhibiting MAPK signaling pathways. The data provide evidence that LMWF may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for acute renal IRI.