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Yang Q, Yang T, Liu X, Liu S, Liu W, Nie L, Chu C, Yang J. Effects of gas signaling molecule SO 2 in cardiac functions of hyperthyroid rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 28:129-143. [PMID: 38414396 PMCID: PMC10902587 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2024.28.2.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2), a novel endogenous gas signaling molecule, is involved in the regulation of cardiac function. Exerting a key role in progression of hyperthyroidism-induced cardiomyopathy (HTC), myocardial fibrosis is mainly caused by myocardial apoptosis, leading to poor treatment outcomes and prognoses. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SO2 on the hyperthyroidism-induced myocardial fibrosis and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Elisa, Masson staining, Western-Blot, transmission electron microscope, and immunofluorescence were employed to evaluate the myocardial interstitial collagen deposition, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), apoptosis, changes in endogenous SO2, and Hippo pathways from in vitro and in vivo experiments. The study results indicated that the hyperthyroidism-induced myocardial fibrosis was accompanied by decreased cardiac function, and down-regulated ERS, apoptosis, and endogenous SO2-producing enzyme aspartate aminotransferase (AAT)1/2 in cardiac myocytes. In contrast, exogenous SO2 donors improved cardiac function, reduced myocardial interstitial collagen deposition, up-regulated AAT1/2, antagonized ERS and apoptosis, and inhibited excessive activation of Hippo pathway in hyperthyroid rats. In conclusion, the results herein suggested that SO2 inhibited the overactivation of the Hippo pathway, antagonized ERS and apoptosis, and alleviated myocardial fibrosis in hyperthyroid rats. Therefore, this study was expected to identify intervention targets and new strategies for prevention and treatment of HTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science of University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Shengquan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Liangui Nie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Chun Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421000, Hunan, China
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Li M, Jiang LQ, Zhang MY, Liu SS, Sawh RRR, Zheng J, Yan Y, Hou SM, Lu KQ, Thorne O, Liu BC, Qian Q, Wu YF, Yang M, Wang B. Elevated serum FGF21 is an independent predictor for adverse events in hemodialysis patients from two large centers: a prospective cohort study. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2256414. [PMID: 37724523 PMCID: PMC10512844 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2256414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: We explored the relationship and the predictive value of serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) with all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and pneumonia in hemodialysis (HD) patients.Methods: A total of 388 Chinese HD patients from two HD centers were finally enrolled in this prospective cohort study (registration number: ChiCTR 1900028249) between January 2018 and December 2018. Serum FGF21 was detected. Patients were followed up with a median period of 47 months to record the MACEs and pneumonia until death or 31 December 2022.Results: The incidence of all-cause mortality, MACEs and pneumonia in HD patients were 20.6%, 29.6%, and 34.8%, respectively. The optimal cutoffs for FGF21 to predict all-cause mortality, MACEs and pneumonia were 437.57 pg/mL, 216.99 pg/mL and 112.79 pg/mL. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that FGF21, as a categorical variable, was an independent predictor for all-cause mortality, MACEs and pneumonia (HR, 3.357, 95% CI, 2.128-5.295, p < 0.001; HR, 1.575, 95% CI, 1.046-2.371, p = 0.029; HR, 1.784; 95% CI, 1.124-2.830; p = 0.014, respectively). The survival nomogram, MACEs-free survival nomogram and pneumonia-free survival nomogram based on FGF21 constructed for individualized assessment of HD patients had a high C-index with 0.841, 0.706 and 0.734.Conclusion: Higher serum FGF21 is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality, MACEs and pneumonia in HD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Li-qiong Jiang
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Meng-yu Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Shu-su Liu
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | | | - Jing Zheng
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Yan
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Shi-mei Hou
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke-qi Lu
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Obadele Thorne
- Department of Nephrology, Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Georgetown, Guyana
| | - Bi-cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Qian
- Department of Pharmacy, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yan-feng Wu
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Nephrology, Southeast University Zhongda Hospital, Nanjing, China
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Li Y, He S, Wang C, Jian W, Shen X, Shi Y, Liu J. Fibroblast growth factor 21 inhibits vascular calcification by ameliorating oxidative stress of vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 650:39-46. [PMID: 36773338 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is very common in clinical. Severe vascular calcification is related to the occurrence of adverse events. Oxidative stress (OS) plays a pathophysiological role in the formation of vascular calcification. Previous studies have demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21) could inhibit vascular calcification both in vivo and in vitro. FGF21 has also been proved to promote the recovery of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and thereby alleviate OS. Thus, our assumption was that FGF21 inhibit vascular calcification partly by restoring the level of antioxidant SOD and reducing OS. In this study, we established the vascular calcification by 5/6 nephrectomy plus high phosphate diet chronic kidney disease (CKD) model. The results showed the receptor of FGF21, fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) and βKlotho in the aorta increased in CKD group, and mainly located in the media of the artery. Ulteriorly, immunofluorescence (IF) and IHC staining showed that FGFR1 and βKlotho mainly existed in arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). When FGF21 was knock out, the calcification was more severe in FGF21 KO + CKD mice, compared to wild type (WT)+ CKD mice. The transcriptional level of vascular calcification-related genes was significantly higher in FGF21 KO mice than control group. The dihydroethidium (DHE) staining reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in the CKD group was higher compared to the control group, but lower in FGF21 KO + CKD group, and the transcriptional level of SOD1 and SOD2 in FGF21 KO + CKD group was significantly higher than that in CKD group. In conclusion, FGF21 could inhibit vascular calcification, partly by restoring the level of antioxidant SOD and reducing vascular oxidative stress. This study provides further evidence for FGF21 as a candidate drug for cardiovascular protective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingkai Li
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Songyuan He
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Cong Wang
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wen Jian
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xueqian Shen
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yuchen Shi
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jinghua Liu
- Center for Coronary Artery Disease (CCAD), Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung, and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, 100029, China.
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Pan W, Jie W, Huang H. Vascular calcification: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e200. [PMID: 36620697 PMCID: PMC9811665 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is recognized as a pathological vascular disorder associated with various diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, aortic valve stenosis, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, as well as chronic kidney disease. Therefore, it is a life-threatening state for human health. There were several studies targeting mechanisms of VC that revealed the importance of vascular smooth muscle cells transdifferentiating, phosphorous and calcium milieu, as well as matrix vesicles on the progress of VC. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of VC need to be elucidated. Though there is no acknowledged effective therapeutic strategy to reverse or cure VC clinically, recent evidence has proved that VC is not a passive irreversible comorbidity but an active process regulated by many factors. Some available approaches targeting the underlying molecular mechanism provide promising prospects for the therapy of VC. This review aims to summarize the novel findings on molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions of VC, including the role of inflammatory responses, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron homeostasis, metabolic imbalance, and some related signaling pathways on VC progression. We also conclude some recent studies on controversial interventions in the clinical practice of VC, such as calcium channel blockers, renin-angiotensin system inhibitions, statins, bisphosphonates, denosumab, vitamins, and ion conditioning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina,Joint Laboratory of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic DiseaseSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Wei Jie
- Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina,Joint Laboratory of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic DiseaseSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, the Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina,Joint Laboratory of Guangdong‐Hong Kong‐Macao Universities for Nutritional Metabolism and Precise Prevention and Control of Major Chronic DiseaseSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhenGuangdongChina
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5
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Sayanthan S, Allison MA, Budoff MJ, Rye KA, Ong KL. Relationship of fibroblast growth factor 21 with the prevalence and progression of vascular and valvular calcification: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2023; 370:388-395. [PMID: 36306948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.10.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we investigated the relationship of plasma FGF21 with calcification at different vascular and valvular sites. METHODS A total of 5786 participants, free of clinically apparent CVD at baseline and with valid data on plasma FGF21 and calcification (Agatston score, volume and density) at coronary arteries, thoracic arteries, mitral and aortic valves, and aortic valve ring, were included in the analysis. Vascular calcification was measured at 2-3 follow-up visits. RESULTS At baseline, higher FGF21 levels were associated with prevalent descending thoracic aortic calcification (DTAC) (prevalence ratio = 1.06 [95% CI 1.01-1.11] per SD increase in log-transformed unit, P = 0.016). Among participants without prevalent calcification, higher FGF21 levels were associated with incident DTAC (relative risk [RR] = 1.13 [95% CI 1.04-1.22], P = 0.002). Among all participants, higher FGF21 levels were also associated with the progression of DTAC score and volume (RR = 1.07 [95% CI 1.03-1.12] and 1.08 [95% CI 1.03-1.12] respectively, both P < 0.01). No significant association of FGF21 was found for prevalence (prevalence ratio = 0.89-1.05), incidence (RR = 0.97-1.16) and progression of calcification (RR = 0.94-1.14) at the other sites. CONCLUSION Higher FGF21 levels were associated with the presence, incidence and progression of DTAC. However, the magnitude of this association was similar to those of the non-significant associations of FGF21 levels with calcifications at other sites. Further research is needed to assess the potential of FGF21 as a biomarker for vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoban Sayanthan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Department of Medicine, Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, United States
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kwok Leung Ong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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6
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Sharma M, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Elabela Peptide: An Emerging Target in Therapeutics. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1304-1318. [PMID: 36029072 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220826160123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Elabela, a bioactive micropeptide, is recognized as the second endogenous ligand for the Apelin receptor and is widely distributed in different tissues and organs. Elabela plays an important role in various physiological processes, such as blood pressure control, heart morphogenesis, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, etc. Elabela is also implicated in pathological conditions, like cardiac dysfunctions, heart failure, hypertension, kidney diseases, cancer and CNS disorders. The association of Elabela with these disease conditions makes it a potential target for their therapy. This review summarizes the physiological role of Elabela peptide as well as its implication in various disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Lokesh Kumar Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
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7
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Masbuchin AN, Widodo, Rohman MS, Liu PY. The two facets of receptor tyrosine kinase in cardiovascular calcification-can tyrosine kinase inhibitors benefit cardiovascular system? Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:986570. [PMID: 36237897 PMCID: PMC9552878 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.986570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are widely used in cancer treatment due to their effectiveness in cancer cell killing. However, an off-target of this agent limits its success. Cardiotoxicity-associated TKIs have been widely reported. Tyrosine kinase is involved in many regulatory processes in a cell, and it is involved in cancer formation. Recent evidence suggests the role of tyrosine kinase in cardiovascular calcification, specifically, the calcification of heart vessels and valves. Herein, we summarized the accumulating evidence of the crucial role of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) in cardiovascular calcification and provided the potential clinical implication of TKIs-related ectopic calcification. We found that RTKs, depending on the ligand and tissue, can induce or suppress cardiovascular calcification. Therefore, RTKs may have varying effects on ectopic calcification. Additionally, in the context of cardiovascular calcification, TKIs do not always relate to an unfavored outcome-they might offer benefits in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainun Nizar Masbuchin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Widodo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Saifur Rohman
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Ping-Yen Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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8
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Tao K, Li M, Gu X, Wang M, Qian T, Hu L, Li J. Activating transcription factor 4 aggravates angiotensin II-induced cell dysfunction in human vascular aortic smooth muscle cells via transcriptionally activating fibroblast growth factor 21. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 26:347-355. [PMID: 36039735 PMCID: PMC9437364 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2022.26.5.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening disorder worldwide. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was shown to display a high level in the plasma of patients with AAA; however, its detailed functions underlying AAA pathogenesis are unclear. An in vitro AAA model was established in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) by angiotensin II (Ang-II) stimulation. Cell counting kit-8, wound healing, and Transwell assays were utilized for measuring cell proliferation and migration. RT-qPCR was used for detecting mRNA expression of FGF21 and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). Western blotting was utilized for assessing protein levels of FGF21, ATF4, and markers for the contractile phenotype of HASMCs. ChIP and luciferase reporter assays were implemented for identifying the binding relation between AFT4 and FGF21 promoters. FGF21 and ATF4 were both upregulated in Ang-II-treated HASMCs. Knocking down FGF21 attenuated Ang-II-induced proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch of HASMCs. ATF4 activated FGF21 transcription by binding to its promoter. FGF21 overexpression reversed AFT4 silencing-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch. ATF4 transcriptionally upregulates FGF21 to promote the proliferation, migration, and phenotype switch of Ang-II-treated HASMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tao
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Xuefeng Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Tianwei Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Lijun Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
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9
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Jiang H, Li L, Zhang L, Zang G, Sun Z, Wang Z. Role of endothelial cells in vascular calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:895005. [PMID: 35928939 PMCID: PMC9343736 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.895005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is active and regulates extraosseous ossification progress, which is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Endothelial cells (ECs) line the innermost layer of blood vessels and directly respond to changes in flow shear stress and blood composition. Together with vascular smooth muscle cells, ECs maintain vascular homeostasis. Increased evidence shows that ECs have irreplaceable roles in VC due to their high plasticity. Endothelial progenitor cells, oxidative stress, inflammation, autocrine and paracrine functions, mechanotransduction, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and other factors prompt ECs to participate in VC. EndMT is a dedifferentiation process by which ECs lose their cell lineage and acquire other cell lineages; this progress coexists in both embryonic development and CVD. EndMT is regulated by several signaling molecules and transcription factors and ultimately mediates VC via osteogenic differentiation. The specific molecular mechanism of EndMT remains unclear. Can EndMT be reversed to treat VC? To address this and other questions, this study reviews the pathogenesis and research progress of VC, expounds the role of ECs in VC, and focuses on the regulatory factors underlying EndMT, with a view to providing new concepts for VC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Guangyao Zang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhongqun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhongqun Wang,
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10
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Rao Z, Zheng Y, Xu L, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Chen M, Dong N, Cai Z, Li F. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Pathogenesis of Vascular Calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:918056. [PMID: 35783850 PMCID: PMC9243238 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.918056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is characterized by calcium phosphate deposition in blood vessel walls and is associated with many diseases, as well as increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying of VC development and pathogenesis are not fully understood, thus impeding the design of molecular-targeted therapy for VC. Recently, several studies have shown that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can exacerbate VC. The ER is an intracellular membranous organelle involved in the synthesis, folding, maturation, and post-translational modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins. ER stress (ERS) occurs when unfolded/misfolded proteins accumulate after a disturbance in the ER environment. Therefore, downregulation of pathological ERS may attenuate VC. This review summarizes the relationship between ERS and VC, focusing on how ERS regulates the development of VC by promoting osteogenic transformation, inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis, with particular interest in the molecular mechanisms occurring in various vascular cells. We also discuss, the therapeutic effects of ERS inhibition on the progress of diseases associated with VC are detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Rao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yidan Zheng
- Basic Medical School, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nianguo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhejun Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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11
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Research Progress of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Fibrotic Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5042762. [PMID: 35677107 PMCID: PMC9168133 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5042762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a common pathological outcome of chronic injuries, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in organs, as seen in most chronic inflammatory diseases. At present, there is an increasing tendency of the morbidity and mortality of diseases caused by fibrosis, but the treatment measures for fibrosis are still limited. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) belongs to the FGF19 subfamily, which also has the name endocrine FGFs because of their endocrine manner. In recent years, it has been found that plasma FGF21 level is significantly correlated with fibrosis progression. Furthermore, there is evidence that FGF21 has a pronounced antifibrotic effect in a variety of fibrotic diseases. This review summarizes the biological effects of FGF21 and discusses what is currently known about this factor and fibrosis disease, highlighting emerging insights that warrant further research.
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12
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Molnár Á, Szentpéteri A, Lőrincz H, Seres I, Harangi M, Balogh Z, Kempler P, Paragh G, Sztanek F. Change of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Level Correlates with the Severity of Diabetic Sensory Polyneuropathy after Six-Week Physical Activity. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23:160. [PMID: 39077619 PMCID: PMC11273855 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2305160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a very frequent microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Obesity and physical inactivity are well-known risk factors for T2DM. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a liver-secreted hormone with several beneficial effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders. We aimed to investigate the effect of short-term physical activity on the levels of FGF21, and its correlation with the severity of peripheral sensory polyneuropathy in T2DM patients. Methods Thirty patients with DN were enrolled in the study, compared to age- and gender-matched controls. We conducted a six-week aerobic training program, which meant treadmill and cycle ergometers three times a week. Anthropometric and laboratory parameters were measured for each patient before and after intervention. Serum levels of FGF21, TNF-alpha, irisin, leptin and adiponectin were measured by ELISA. The sensory perception threshold (CPT) was quantitatively measured using Neurometer®. Results We found significant decreases in BMI, waist circumference, HbA1c and TNF-alpha levels. From baseline to six-week follow-up, FGF21 levels were significantly increased in DN patients. Significant negative correlations were shown between the changes in FGF21 levels and BMI, between changes in FGF21 and the improvement of CPT values, and between the changes in FGF21 and TNF-alpha levels. There was no difference in irisin, adiponectin and leptin levels in DN patients after aerobic training program. Conclusions The physical activity may increase the level of FGF21 in T2DM patients with neuropathy. Our results highlight the importance of regular physical activity in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Molnár
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anita Szentpéteri
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hajnalka Lőrincz
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Seres
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mariann Harangi
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balogh
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Kempler
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University Faculty of Medicine, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Paragh
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Sztanek
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Debrecen Faculty of Medicine, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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13
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Qiao Y. Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiovascular Calcification: Role of Medicinal Plants. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:858160. [PMID: 35370681 PMCID: PMC8964595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.858160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification, including vascular calcification and calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), is a serious worldwide health problem, especially in older adults. The mechanisms underlying cardiovascular calcifications are complex and multifactorial. An increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress play important roles in the initiation and development of cardiovascular calcification. This mini-review summarizes the recent evidence that supports the association of ROS with vascular calcification and CAVD and discusses the role of medicinal plants for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiao
- King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Duan S, Chen X, Liu Y, Guo W, Liu W. Endoplasmic reticulum stress mediates parathyroid hormone-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Ren Fail 2022; 44:126-136. [PMID: 35172689 PMCID: PMC8856047 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2022.2027248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is one of the most common complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is closely associated with increased mortality and morbidity rates of CKD patients. It has been reported that increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) aggravates vascular calcification in CKD patients. However, the direct role of PTH in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is less elucidated. Here, we present evidence that PTH promotes apoptosis of VSMCs and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress participates in this process. Human aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were treated with different concentrations of PTH for various time. HASMC apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Expression of phosphorylated (p)-PERK, CHOP, IRE1, p-JNK, and cleaved caspase 3 was determined by Western blotting. We found that PTH induced HASMC apoptosis and increased the expression of cleaved caspase 3. Furthermore, PTH activated PERK-CHOP and IRE1-JNK ER stress pathways. Either inhibition of JNK by SP600125 or CHOP by siRNA ameliorated PTH-induced apoptosis in HASMCs. We therefore suggest that ER stress participates in PTH-induced apoptosis of VSMCs, which may be a possible mechanism of PTH-promoted vascular calcification in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzhong Duan
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Chengde Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Chengde, China
| | - Xinpan Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weikang Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Gao Y, Li N, Xue Q, Fan X, Liu X, Han L. Basic fibroblast growth factor inhibits aortic valvular interstitial cells calcification via Notch1 pathway. J Investig Med 2022; 70:907-913. [PMID: 35074856 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is an active pathological process mediated by abnormal activation and transdifferentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs). The present study aims to investigate the function and underlying mechanism of the basic fibroblast growth factor (BFGF) on osteogenic differentiation of VICs. Porcine VICs cultured with osteogenic induction medium are supplemented with or without BFGF. Morphology of VICs is identified by fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled phalloidin, the cell viability is assessed by the cell counting kit-8 method, and protein and mRNA expression level of osteogenic differentiation markers, including Runx2, osteopontin, and Sp7, are verified by western blot analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. RNA sequencing is used to identify changes in gene profiles. Alizarin Red S staining is used to measure calcium deposition. The results demonstrate that the content of calcium deposition and the expression level of osteogenic markers are downregulated by supplementing BFGF. Notch1 signaling pathway is extracted as a candidate target after bioinformatics analysis by RNA sequencing. The transfection of si-Notch1 abolishes the calcification inhibitory effect of BFGF. Taken together, our findings shed the light on the mechanism and potential therapeutics of BFGF for CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Naval Medical Center of PLA, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Xue
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinli Fan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Han
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China
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16
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Wang M, Su L, Sun J, Cai L, Li X, Zhu X, Song L, Li J, Tong S, He Q, Cai M, Yang L, Chen Y, Wang L, Huang X. FGF21 attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension via downregulation of miR-130, which targets PPARγ. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:1034-1049. [PMID: 34989130 PMCID: PMC8831951 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation, migration and apoptotic resistance of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) are central to the progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Our previous study identified that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) regulates signalling pathway molecules, such as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), to play an important role in PAH treatment. However, the biological roles of miRNAs in these effects are not yet clear. In this study, using miRNA sequencing and real‐time PCR, we found that FGF21 treatment inhibited miR‐130 elevation in hypoxia‐induced PAH in vitro and in vivo. Dual luciferase reporter gene assays showed that miR‐130 directly negatively regulates PPARγ expression. Inhibition of miR‐130 expression suppressed abnormal proliferation, migration and apoptotic resistance in hypoxic PASMCs, and this effect was corrected upon PPARγ knockdown. Both the ameliorative effect of FGF21 on pulmonary vascular remodelling and the inhibitory effect on proliferation, migration and apoptotic resistance in PASMCs were observed following exogenous administration of miR‐130 agomir. In conclusion, this study revealed the protective effect and mechanism of FGF21 on PAH through regulation of the miR‐130/PPARγ axis, providing new ideas for the development of potential drugs for PAH based on FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meibin Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihuang Su
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junwei Sun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luqiong Cai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuchun Li
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiayan Zhu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lanlan Song
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingyin Li
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuolan Tong
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qinlian He
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengsi Cai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lehe Yang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanfan Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangxing Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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17
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Yang L, Dai R, Wu H, Cai Z, Xie N, Zhang X, Shen Y, Gong Z, Jia Y, Yu F, Zhao Y, Lin P, Ye C, Hu Y, Fu Y, Xu Q, Li Z, Kong W. Unspliced XBP1 Counteracts β-catenin to Inhibit Vascular Calcification. Circ Res 2021; 130:213-229. [PMID: 34870453 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Vascular calcification is a prevalent complication in chronic kidney disease and contributes to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. XBP1 (X-box binding protein 1), existing as the unspliced (XBP1u) and spliced (XBP1s) forms, is a key component of the endoplasmic reticulum stress involved in vascular diseases. However, whether XBP1u participates in the development of vascular calcification remains unclear. Methods: We aim to investigate the role of XBP1u in vascular calcification.XBP1u protein levels were reduced in high phosphate (Pi)-induced calcified vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), calcified aortas from mice with adenine diet-induced chronic renal failure (CRF) and calcified radial arteries from CRF patients. Results: Inhibition of XBP1u rather than XBP1s upregulated in the expression of the osteogenic markers runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and msh homeobox2 (Msx2), and exacerbated high Pi-induced VSMC calcification, as verified by calcium deposition and Alizarin red S staining. In contrast, XBP1u overexpression in high Pi-induced VSMCs significantly inhibited osteogenic differentiation and calcification. Consistently, SMC-specific XBP1 deficiency in mice markedly aggravated the adenine diet- and 5/6 nephrectomy-induced vascular calcification compared with that in the control littermates. Further interactome analysis revealed that XBP1u bound directly to β-catenin, a key regulator of vascular calcification, via aa 205-230 in its C-terminal degradation domain. XBP1u interacted with β-catenin to promote its ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation and thus inhibited β-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF)-mediated Runx2 and Msx2 transcription. Knockdown of β-catenin abolished the effect of XBP1u deficiency on VSMC calcification, suggesting a β-catenin-mediated mechanism. Moreover, the degradation of β-catenin promoted by XBP1u was independent of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β)-involved destruction complex. Conclusions: Our study identified XBP1u as a novel endogenous inhibitor of vascular calcification by counteracting β-catenin and promoting its ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation, which represents a new regulatory pathway of β-catenin and a promising target for vascular calcification treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Rongbo Dai
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Hao Wu
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Zeyu Cai
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Nan Xie
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Xu Zhang
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Yicong Shen
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Ze Gong
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Yiting Jia
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Fang Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University
| | - Ying Zhao
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Pinglan Lin
- Nephrology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, CHINA
| | - Chaoyang Ye
- Nephrology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, CHINA
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Cardiology, Zhejiang University, CHINA
| | - Yi Fu
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiology, Zhejing University, CHINA
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, CHINA
| | - Wei Kong
- Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, CHINA
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18
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The Roles of FGF21 and ALCAT1 in Aerobic Exercise-Induced Cardioprotection of Postmyocardial Infarction Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8996482. [PMID: 34777697 PMCID: PMC8589520 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8996482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise mitigates oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by myocardial infarction (MI) even though the precise mechanisms remain completely elusive. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanisms of aerobic exercise in ameliorating the cardiac function of mice with MI. In vivo, MI was induced by left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation in wild-type mice, alcat1 knockout, and fgf21 knockout mice. The mice were exercised under a moderate-intensity protocol for 6 weeks at one week later post-MI. In vitro, H9C2 cells were treated with lentiviral vector carrying alcat1 gene, recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21), PI3K inhibitor, and H2O2 to explore the potential mechanisms. Our results showed that aerobic exercise significantly increased the FGF21 expression and decreased the ALCAT1 expression in the hearts of mice with MI. fgf21 knockout weakened the inhibitory effects of aerobic exercise on oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis in mice with MI. Both/either alcat1 knockout and/or aerobic exercise improved cardiac function by inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in the MI heart. rhFGF21 inhibited both H2O2 and overexpression of ALCAT1-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway in H9C2 cells. In conclusion, our results showed that aerobic exercise alleviated oxidative stress and apoptosis by activating the FGF21/FGFR1/PI3K/AKT pathway or inhibiting the hyperexpression of ALCAT1, which ultimately improved the cardiac function in MI mice.
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19
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Song JJ, Yang M, Liu Y, Song JW, Liu XY, Miao R, Zhang ZZ, Liu Y, Fan YF, Zhang Q, Dong Y, Yang XC, Zhong JC. Elabela prevents angiotensin II-induced apoptosis and inflammation in rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts via the activation of FGF21-ACE2 signaling. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:905-918. [PMID: 34453661 PMCID: PMC8401356 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis contribute to vascular remodeling and injury. Elabela (ELA) serves as a crucial regulator to maintain vascular function and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertensive vascular remodeling. This study aims to explore regulatory roles and underlying mechanisms of ELA in rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) in response to angiotensin II (ATII). In cultured AFs, exposure to ATII resulted in marked decreases in mRNA and protein levels of ELA, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as well as increases in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular migration, which were partially blocked by the exogenous replenishment of ELA and recombinant FGF21, respectively. Moreover, treatment with ELA strikingly reversed ATII-mediated the loss of FGF21 and ACE2 levels in rat aortic AFs. FGF21 knockdown with small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly counterbalanced protective effects of ELA on ATII-mediated the promotion of cell migration, apoptosis, inflammatory, and oxidative injury in rat aortic AFs. More importantly, pretreatment with recombinant FGF21 strikingly inhibited ATII-mediated the loss of ACE2 and the augmentation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory injury in rat aortic AFs, which were partially prevented by the knockdown of ACE2 with siRNA. In summary, ELA exerts its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects in rat aortic AFs via activation of the FGF21-ACE2 signaling. ELA may represent a potential candidate to predict vascular damage and targeting the FGF21-ACE2 signaling may be a promising therapeutic intervention for vascular adventitial remodeling and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Song
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jia-Wei Song
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ran Miao
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Zhang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yi-Fan Fan
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xin-Chun Yang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jiu-Chang Zhong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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20
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Amer AE, Shehatou GSG, El-Kashef HA, Nader MA, El-Sheakh AR. Flavocoxid Ameliorates Aortic Calcification Induced by Hypervitaminosis D 3 and Nicotine in Rats Via Targeting TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and Osteogenic Runx2. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2021; 36:1047-1059. [PMID: 34309798 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This research was designed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of flavocoxid (FCX) on vascular calcification (VC) in rats. METHODS Vitamin D3 and nicotine were administered to Wistar rats, which then received FCX (VC-FCX group) or its vehicle (VC group) for 4 weeks. Control and FCX groups served as controls. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, heart rate (HR), and left ventricular weight (LVW)/BW were measured. Serum concentrations of calcium, phosphate, creatinine, uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase were determined. Moreover, aortic calcium content and aortic expression of runt-related transcription factor (Runx2), osteopontin (OPN), Il-1β, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assessed. Oxidative status in aortic homogenates was investigated. RESULTS Compared to untreated VC rats, FCX treatment prevented body weight loss, reduced aortic calcium deposition, restored normal values of SBP, DBP, and HR, and attenuated LV hypertrophy. FCX also improved renal function and ameliorated serum levels of phosphorus, calcium, and ALP in rats with VC. FCX abolished aortic lipid peroxidation in VC rats. Moreover, VC-FCX rats showed marked reductions in aortic levels of Il-1β and osteogenic marker (Runx2) and attenuated aortic expression of TNF-α, iNOS, and MMP-9 proteins compared to untreated VC rats. The expression of the smooth muscle lineage marker α-SMA was greatly enhanced in aortas from VC rats upon FCX treatment. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate FCX ability to attenuate VDN-induced aortic calcinosis in rats, suggesting its potential for preventing arteiocalcinosis in diabetic patients and those with chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Amer
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, International Coastal Road, Gamasa City, Dakahliya, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - George S G Shehatou
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, International Coastal Road, Gamasa City, Dakahliya, Egypt.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt.
| | - Hassan A El-Kashef
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, International Coastal Road, Gamasa City, Dakahliya, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Manar A Nader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R El-Sheakh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt
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21
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Zhu Y, Han XQ, Sun XJ, Yang R, Ma WQ, Liu NF. Lactate accelerates vascular calcification through NR4A1-regulated mitochondrial fission and BNIP3-related mitophagy. Apoptosis 2021; 25:321-340. [PMID: 31993850 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arterial media calcification is related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Protective mitophagy delays the progression of vascular calcification. We previously reported that lactate accelerates osteoblastic phenotype transition of VSMC through BNIP3-mediated mitophagy suppression. In this study, we investigated the specific links between lactate, mitochondrial homeostasis, and vascular calcification. Ex vivo, alizarin S red and von Kossa staining in addition to measurement of calcium content, RUNX2, and BMP-2 protein levels revealed that lactate accelerated arterial media calcification. We demonstrated that lactate induced mitochondrial fission and apoptosis in aortas, whereas mitophagy was suppressed. In VSMCs, lactate increased NR4A1 expression, leading to activation of DNA-PKcs and p53. Lactate induced Drp1 migration to the mitochondria and enhanced mitochondrial fission through NR4A1. Western blot analysis of LC3-II and p62 and mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus detection showed that NR4A1 knockdown was involved in enhanced autophagy flux. Furthermore, NR4A1 inhibited BNIP3-related mitophagy, which was confirmed by TOMM20 and BNIP3 protein levels, and LC3-II co-localization with TOMM20. The excessive fission and deficient mitophagy damaged mitochondrial structure and impaired respiratory function, determined by mPTP opening rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial morphology under TEM, ATP production, and OCR, which was reversed by NR4A1 silencing. Mechanistically, lactate enhanced fission but halted mitophagy via activation of the NR4A1/DNA-PKcs/p53 pathway, evoking apoptosis, finally accelerating osteoblastic phenotype transition of VSMC and calcium deposition. This study suggests that the NR4A1/DNA-PKcs/p53 pathway is involved in the mechanism by which lactate accelerates vascular calcification, partly through excessive Drp-mediated mitochondrial fission and BNIP3-related mitophagy deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Qiong Han
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Jiao Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Feng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Salgado JV, Goes MA, Salgado Filho N. FGF21 and Chronic Kidney Disease. Metabolism 2021; 118:154738. [PMID: 33617873 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The global nephrology community recognizes the increasing burden of kidney disease and its poor health outcomes in the general population. Given this, strategies to establish early diagnosis, improve understanding of the natural course and develop novel therapeutic interventions to slow progression and reduce complications are encouraged. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a member of the endocrine FGF subfamily, has emerged as a master homeostasis regulator of local and systemic lipid, glucose and energy metabolism. In addition, FGF21 should be considered an autonomic and endocrine regulator of stress responses in general. Promising results has been shown in both dysmetabolic animal models and metabolic disease patients after pharmacological administration of FGF21 analogs. The association of FGF21 with renal function has been studied for more than ten years. However, the functional role of FGF21 in the kidney is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the biological effects of FGF21 and discusses what is currently known about this hormone and chronic kidney disease, highlighting important gaps that warrant further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Victor Salgado
- Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil.
| | | | - Natalino Salgado Filho
- Kidney Disease Prevention Centre, University Hospital, Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil; Department of Medicine I, Federal University of Maranhão, Brazil
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23
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:499-521. [PMID: 33619348 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke and heart failure, are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although specific CVDs and the associated cardiometabolic abnormalities have distinct pathophysiological and clinical manifestations, they often share common traits, including disruption of proteostasis resulting in accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER proteostasis is governed by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signalling pathway that adjusts the protein-folding capacity of the cell to sustain the cell's secretory function. When the adaptive UPR fails to preserve ER homeostasis, a maladaptive or terminal UPR is engaged, leading to the disruption of ER integrity and to apoptosis. ER stress functions as a double-edged sword, with long-term ER stress resulting in cellular defects causing disturbed cardiovascular function. In this Review, we discuss the distinct roles of the UPR and ER stress response as both causes and consequences of CVD. We also summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the importance of the UPR and ER stress in the pathogenesis of CVD and discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring ER proteostasis in CVDs.
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24
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Boraldi F, Lofaro FD, Quaglino D. Apoptosis in the Extraosseous Calcification Process. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010131. [PMID: 33445441 PMCID: PMC7827519 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraosseous calcification is a pathologic mineralization process occurring in soft connective tissues (e.g., skin, vessels, tendons, and cartilage). It can take place on a genetic basis or as a consequence of acquired chronic diseases. In this last case, the etiology is multifactorial, including both extra- and intracellular mechanisms, such as the formation of membrane vesicles (e.g., matrix vesicles and apoptotic bodies), mitochondrial alterations, and oxidative stress. This review is an overview of extraosseous calcification mechanisms focusing on the relationships between apoptosis and mineralization in cartilage and vascular tissues, as these are the two tissues mostly affected by a number of age-related diseases having a progressively increased impact in Western Countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Boraldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francesco Demetrio Lofaro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
| | - Daniela Quaglino
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy; (F.D.L.); (D.Q.)
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnologies (CIB), Italy
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25
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Xiao M, Tang Y, Wang S, Wang J, Wang J, Guo Y, Zhang J, Gu J. The Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 in Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications and Related Epigenetic Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:598008. [PMID: 34349728 PMCID: PMC8326758 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.598008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), is an emerging metabolic regulator mediates multiple beneficial effects in the treatment of metabolic disorders and related complications. Recent studies showed that FGF21 acts as an important inhibitor in the onset and progression of cardiovascular complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Furthermore, evidences discussed so far demonstrate that epigenetic modifications exert a crucial role in the initiation and development of DM-related cardiovascular complications. Thus, epigenetic modifications may involve in the function of FGF21 on DM-induced cardiovascular complications. Therefore, this review mainly interprets and delineates the recent advances of role of FGF21 in DM cardiovascular complications. Then, the possible changes of epigenetics related to the role of FGF21 on DM-induced cardiovascular complications are discussed. Thus, this article not only implies deeper understanding of the pathological mechanism of DM-related cardiovascular complications, but also provides the possible novel therapeutic strategy for DM-induced cardiovascular complications by targeting FGF21 and related epigenetic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Xiao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yufeng Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Shudong Wang
- Department of Cardiology at the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanfang Guo
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology at the First Hospital of China Medical University, and Department of Cardiology at the People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Junlian Gu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Junlian Gu,
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Amer AE, El-Sheakh AR, Hamed MF, El-Kashef HA, Nader MA, Shehatou GSG. Febuxostat attenuates vascular calcification induced by vitamin D3 plus nicotine in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 156:105580. [PMID: 33010420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the possible ameliorative influences of febuxostat (FEB) on vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN)-induced vascular calcification (VC) in Wistar rats. VDN rats received a single dose of vitamin D3 (300.000 IU/kg, I.M) and two oral doses of nicotine (25 mg/kg) on day 1. They were then administrated FEB, in two doses (10 and 15 mg/kg/day, orally), or the drug vehicle, for 4 weeks. Age-matched normal rats served as control. At the end of the experiment, body weight, kidney function parameters, serum ionic composition, cardiovascular measures, aortic calcium deposition and aortic levels of oxidative stress markers, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteopontin (OPN) were determined. Aortic immunoexpressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were evaluated. FEB significantly restored body weight loss, ameliorated kidney function and diminished serum disturbances of calcium and phosphorus in VDN rats. Moreover, FEB reduced VDN-induced elevations in aortic calcium deposition, SBP and DBP. FEB (15 mg/kg) markedly decreased left ventricular hypertrophy and bradycardia in VDN group. Mechanistically, FEB dose-dependently improved oxidative damage, decreased levels of IL-1β and Runx2, lessened expression of TNF-α, iNOS and MMP-9 and enhanced expression of OPN and α-SMA in VDN aortas relative to controls. These findings indicate that FEB, mainly at the higher administered dose (15 mg/kg), successfully attenuated VDN-induced VC. FEB may be useful in reducing VC in patients at high risk, including those with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E Amer
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, International Coastal Road, Gamasa City, Dakahliya, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R El-Sheakh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F Hamed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Hassan A El-Kashef
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, International Coastal Road, Gamasa City, Dakahliya, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - Manar A Nader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt
| | - George S G Shehatou
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, International Coastal Road, Gamasa City, Dakahliya, Egypt; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahliya, Egypt.
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27
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Kaufman A, Abuqayyas L, Denney WS, Tillman EJ, Rolph T. AKR-001, an Fc-FGF21 Analog, Showed Sustained Pharmacodynamic Effects on Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Metabolism in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Cell Rep Med 2020; 1:100057. [PMID: 33205064 PMCID: PMC7659583 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogs can improve lipid profiles in patients with metabolic diseases. However, their effects on markers of insulin sensitivity appear to be minimal, potentially because of insufficient exposure. Systemic drug levels vary from sub-pharmacological to demonstrating pharmacodynamic effects but with dose-limiting adverse events. Here we report results from a phase 1 multiple ascending dose study of AKR-001, an Fc-FGF21 fusion protein engineered for sustained systemic pharmacologic exposure, in individuals with type 2 diabetes. With a half-life of 3-3.5 days, the peak-to-trough ratio under steady-state conditions is approximately 2 following QW dosing. AKR-001 appears to demonstrate pharmacodynamic effects on serum markers of insulin sensitivity and acceptable tolerability up to and including 70 mg QW. Positive trends in lipoprotein profile, including triglycerides, non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol, HDL-C, and apolipoproteins B and C3 are consistent with other FGF21 analogs. AKR-001's clinical profile supports further evaluation as a treatment for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tim Rolph
- Akero Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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28
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Dexamethasone causes calcium deposition and degeneration in human anterior cruciate ligament cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113918. [PMID: 32194056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dexamethasone is widely used in the treatment of joint diseases due to its anti-inflammatory properties. However, it can cause serious adverse effects. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is an important stabilizer of the knee joint. However, the effect of dexamethasone treatment on the ACL is unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the effects of dexamethasone on ACL tissues and cells through in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS In vitro, we found that after treatment with dexamethasone, human ACL cell apoptosis was increased, type I collagen (COL1A1) content was decreased, mineralization related genes (ENPP1 and ANKH) and calcified nodules were increased, and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) was enhanced. However, ERS inhibitors could significantly inhibit the increase in calcification and the decrease in COL1A1 induced by dexamethasone. In vivo, Wistar rats received the infra-articular injection with dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) for 8 weeks. We found that dexamethasone treatment decreased the COL1A1 content and increased the COL2A1 content in the ACL tissues of rats and that chondroid differentiation and mineralization occurred. Meanwhile, the expression of ERS-related proteins was increased. CONCLUSION Dexamethasone increased the calcification of ACL cells and caused ACL degeneration through ERS, suggesting that long-term treatment with dexamethasone may cause adverse effects on ACL tissue and increase the risk of long-term rupture.
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29
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Wang H, Shi X, Qiu M, Lv S, Liu H. Hydrogen Sulfide Plays an Important Protective Role through Influencing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:264-271. [PMID: 31929754 PMCID: PMC6949148 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.38143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is an important organelle responsible for protein synthesis, modification, folding, assembly and transport of new peptide chains. When the endoplasmic reticulum protein folding ability is impaired, the unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate to lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Hydrogen sulfide is an important signaling molecule that regulates many physiological and pathological processes. Recent studies indicate that H2S plays an important protective role in many diseases through influencing endoplasmic reticulum stress, but its mechanism is not fully understood. This article reviewed the progress about the effect of H2S on endoplasmic reticulum stress and its mechanisms involved in diseases in recent years to provide theoretical basis for in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
| | - Xingzhuo Shi
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
| | - Mengyuan Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
| | - Shuangyu Lv
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
| | - Huiyang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, Bioinformatics Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
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30
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Brown RB. Diabetes, Diabetic Complications, and Phosphate Toxicity: A Scoping Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:674-689. [PMID: 31686640 DOI: 10.2174/1573399815666191104113236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a scoping review and synthesis of research findings investigating the toxic cellular accumulation of dysregulated inorganic phosphate-phosphate toxicity-as a pathophysiological determinant of diabetes and diabetic complications. Phosphorus, an essential micronutrient, is closely linked to the cellular metabolism of glucose for energy production, and serum inorganic phosphate is often transported into cells along with glucose during insulin therapy. Mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuronal degeneration, and pancreatic cancer are associated with dysregulated levels of phosphate in diabetes. Ectopic calcification involving deposition of calcium-phosphate crystals is prevalent throughout diabetic complications, including vascular calcification, nephropathy, retinopathy, and bone disorders. A low-glycemic, low-phosphate dietary intervention is proposed for further investigations in the treatment and prevention of diabetes and related diabetic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Brown
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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31
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Tillman EJ, Rolph T. FGF21: An Emerging Therapeutic Target for Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Related Metabolic Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:601290. [PMID: 33381084 PMCID: PMC7767990 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.601290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising global prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes has driven a sharp increase in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver. Approximately one-sixth of the NAFLD population progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with liver inflammation, hepatocyte injury and cell death, liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. NASH is one of the leading causes of liver transplant, and an increasingly common cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), underscoring the need for intervention. The complex pathophysiology of NASH, and a predicted prevalence of 3-5% of the adult population worldwide, has prompted drug development programs aimed at multiple targets across all stages of the disease. Currently, there are no approved therapeutics. Liver-related morbidity and mortality are highest in more advanced fibrotic NASH, which has led to an early focus on anti-fibrotic approaches to prevent progression to cirrhosis and HCC. Due to limited clinical efficacy, anti-fibrotic approaches have been superseded by mechanisms that target the underlying driver of NASH pathogenesis, namely steatosis, which drives hepatocyte injury and downstream inflammation and fibrosis. Among this wave of therapeutic mechanisms targeting the underlying pathogenesis of NASH, the hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) holds considerable promise; it decreases liver fat and hepatocyte injury while suppressing inflammation and fibrosis across multiple preclinical studies. In this review, we summarize preclinical and clinical data from studies with FGF21 and FGF21 analogs, in the context of the pathophysiology of NASH and underlying metabolic diseases.
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32
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Olapoju SO, Adejobi OI, Le Thi X. Fibroblast growth factor 21; review on its participation in vascular calcification pathology. Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 125-126:106636. [PMID: 31881276 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.106636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is an independent cardiovascular event and also a complication commonly found in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetic patients. The mechanisms underpinning pathophysiology of VC is yet to be fully understood. Nevertheless, certain processes are generally believed to participate in its onset and progression. VC pathology is characterized by disequilibrium in the amount of natural inhibitors and active inducers of VC process. The imbalance may favor ectopic deposition of calcium-phosphate in form of hydroxyapatite in media or intima tunica compartments of blood vessels. This eventually could trigger phenotypic switch of smooth muscle cells to osteoblasts related cells. Thus, VSMC phenotypic trans-differentiation is currently considered as one of the hallmarks of VC. At the moment, there is no approved treatment. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a protein family that participates in varieties of biological processes. More recently, FGF21 seems to be gaining more attention with recent findings showing its anti-calcifying efficacy. In this review, the aim is to point out specific processes involved in VC and also to highlight the participation of FGF21 in the pathology of vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O Olapoju
- EA 7288, Biocommunication en Cardiometabolique (BC2M), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, France; National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung Str., Hoan Kiem Dist., Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Oluwaniyi Isaiah Adejobi
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institutes of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xoan Le Thi
- National Institute of Medicinal Materials, 3B Quang Trung Str., Hoan Kiem Dist., Hanoi, Viet Nam
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33
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Liu H, Zhao Y, Zou Y, Huang W, Zhu L, Liu F, Wang D, Guo K, Hu J, Chen J, Ye L, Li X, Lin L. Heparin-poloxamer hydrogel-encapsulated rhFGF21 enhances wound healing in diabetic mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:9858-9870. [PMID: 31166803 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802600rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Wound healing, especially for diabetic wounds, is a lengthy and complicated process involving interactions and responses at the protein, cell, and tissue levels. Loading of growth factors into a hydrogel to construct a sustained-release system is considered a promising approach to improve wound healing. The present study investigates the effect of thermosensitive heparin-poloxamer (HP) hydrogel-encapsulated recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 21 (rhFGF21) on wound healing in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. First, we studied the in vitro release of rhFGF21 from the rhFGF21-HP coacervate. The results showed that HP might control the release of rhFGF21. Next, we examined the effect of rhFGF21-HP on skin wound healing in diabetic mice. Our data showed that rhFGF21-HP significantly improved wound closure; promoted granulation, collagen deposition, and re-epithelialization; and enhanced the expression of CD31. Moreover, rhFGF21-HP had obvious advantages in diabetic wound healing. Therefore, the results suggest that the rhFGF21-HP hydrogel polymer plays an important role in skin wound healing. This work provides a suitable sustained-release delivery system that can continuously release rhFGF21 and presents a promising therapeutic strategy for wound healing in patients with diabetes.-Liu, H., Zhao, Y., Zou, Y., Huang, W., Zhu, L., Liu, F., Wang, D., Guo, K., Hu, J., Chen, J., Ye, L., Li, X., Lin, L. Heparin-poloxamer hydrogel-encapsulated rhFGF21 enhances wound healing in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yeli Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuchi Zou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenting Huang
- School of the First Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liyun Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaiming Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lixia Ye
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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