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Schantz SL, Sneed SE, Fagan MM, Golan ME, Cheek SR, Kinder HA, Duberstein KJ, Kaiser EE, West FD. Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Stem Cell Therapy Limits Tissue Damage and Promotes Tissue Regeneration and Functional Recovery in a Pediatric Piglet Traumatic-Brain-Injury Model. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1663. [PMID: 39200128 PMCID: PMC11351842 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in pediatric patients and often results in delayed neural development and altered connectivity, leading to lifelong learning, memory, behavior, and motor function deficits. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (iNSCs) may serve as a novel multimodal therapeutic as iNSCs possess neuroprotective, regenerative, and cell-replacement capabilities post-TBI. In this study, we evaluated the effects of iNSC treatment on cellular, tissue, and functional recovery in a translational controlled cortical impact TBI piglet model. Five days post-craniectomy (n = 6) or TBI (n = 18), iNSCs (n = 7) or PBS (n = 11) were injected into perilesional brain tissue. Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) neurological evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging, and immunohistochemistry were performed over the 12-week study period. At 12-weeks post-transplantation, iNSCs showed long-term engraftment and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. iNSC treatment enhanced endogenous neuroprotective and regenerative activities indicated by decreasing intracerebral immune responses, preserving endogenous neurons, and increasing neuroblast formation. These cellular changes corresponded with decreased hemispheric atrophy, midline shift, and lesion volume as well as the preservation of cerebral blood flow. iNSC treatment increased piglet survival and decreased mRS scores. The results of this study in a predictive pediatric large-animal pig model demonstrate that iNSC treatment is a robust multimodal therapeutic that has significant promise in potentially treating human pediatric TBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Schantz
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.L.S.); (S.E.S.); (M.E.G.); (S.R.C.); (H.A.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sydney E. Sneed
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.L.S.); (S.E.S.); (M.E.G.); (S.R.C.); (H.A.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Madison M. Fagan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.L.S.); (S.E.S.); (M.E.G.); (S.R.C.); (H.A.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Morgane E. Golan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.L.S.); (S.E.S.); (M.E.G.); (S.R.C.); (H.A.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Savannah R. Cheek
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.L.S.); (S.E.S.); (M.E.G.); (S.R.C.); (H.A.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Holly A. Kinder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.L.S.); (S.E.S.); (M.E.G.); (S.R.C.); (H.A.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kylee J. Duberstein
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.L.S.); (S.E.S.); (M.E.G.); (S.R.C.); (H.A.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Erin E. Kaiser
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.L.S.); (S.E.S.); (M.E.G.); (S.R.C.); (H.A.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Franklin D. West
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (S.L.S.); (S.E.S.); (M.E.G.); (S.R.C.); (H.A.K.); (K.J.D.)
- Biomedical and Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Animal and Dairy Science Department, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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2
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Liu S, Shi L, Huang T, Luo Y, Chen Y, Li S, Wang Z. Neural Stem Cells Transplanted into Rhesus Monkey Cortical Traumatic Brain Injury Can Survive and Differentiate into Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1642. [PMID: 38338922 PMCID: PMC10855641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cortical traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of cognitive impairment accompanied by motor and behavioral deficits, and there is no effective treatment strategy in the clinic. Cell transplantation is a promising therapeutic strategy, and it is necessary to verify the survival and differentiation of cells after transplantation in large animal models like rhesus monkeys. In this study, we transplanted neural stem cells (NSCs) and simultaneously injected basic fibroblast growth factor/epidermal growth factor (bFGF/EGF) into the cortex (visual and sensory cortices) of rhesus monkeys with superficial TBI. The results showed that the transplanted NSCs did not enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and were confined to the transplantation site for at least one year. The transplanted NSCs differentiated into mature neurons that formed synaptic connections with host neurons, but glial scar formation between the graft and the host tissue did not occur. This study is the first to explore the repairing effect of transplanting NSCs into the superficial cerebral cortex of rhesus monkeys after TBI, and the results show the ability of NSCs to survive long-term and differentiate into neurons, demonstrating the potential of NSC transplantation for cortical TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.L.); (L.S.); (T.H.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liping Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.L.); (L.S.); (T.H.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tianzhuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.L.); (L.S.); (T.H.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.L.); (L.S.); (T.H.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.L.); (L.S.); (T.H.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shangang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.L.); (L.S.); (T.H.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (S.L.); (L.S.); (T.H.); (Y.L.); (S.L.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming 650500, China
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3
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Kopp KO, Greer ME, Glotfelty EJ, Hsueh SC, Tweedie D, Kim DS, Reale M, Vargesson N, Greig NH. A New Generation of IMiDs as Treatments for Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050747. [PMID: 37238617 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory imide drug (IMiD) class, which includes the founding drug member thalidomide and later generation drugs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, has dramatically improved the clinical treatment of specific cancers, such as multiple myeloma, and it combines potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions. These actions, in large part, are mediated by IMiD binding to the human protein cereblon that forms a critical component of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. This complex ubiquitinates and thereby regulates the levels of multiple endogenous proteins. However, IMiD-cereblon binding modifies cereblon's normal targeted protein degradation towards a new set of neosubstrates that underlies the favorable pharmacological action of classical IMiDs, but also their adverse actions-in particular, their teratogenicity. The ability of classical IMiDs to reduce the synthesis of key proinflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α levels, makes them potentially valuable to reposition as drugs to mitigate inflammatory-associated conditions and, particularly, neurological disorders driven by an excessive neuroinflammatory element, as occurs in traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and ischemic stroke. The teratogenic and anticancer actions of classical IMiDs are substantial liabilities for effective drugs in these disorders and can theoretically be dialed out of the drug class. We review a select series of novel IMiDs designed to avoid binding with human cereblon and/or evade degradation of downstream neosubstrates considered to underpin the adverse actions of thalidomide-like drugs. These novel non-classical IMiDs hold potential as new medications for erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), a painful inflammatory skin condition associated with Hansen's disease for which thalidomide remains widely used, and, in particular, as a new treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disorders in which neuroinflammation is a key component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O Kopp
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Margaret E Greer
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Elliot J Glotfelty
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shih-Chang Hsueh
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Tweedie
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dong Seok Kim
- Aevisbio Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
- Aevis Bio Inc., Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcella Reale
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design & Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program National Institute on Aging, Biomedical Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd., NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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4
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Monsour M, Borlongan CV. No one left behind: Inclusion of individuals experiencing homelessness in TBI stem cell therapy. Med Hypotheses 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.111002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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5
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Var SR, Strell P, Johnson ST, Roman A, Vasilakos Z, Low WC. Transplanting Microglia for Treating CNS Injuries and Neurological Diseases and Disorders, and Prospects for Generating Exogenic Microglia. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231171001. [PMID: 37254858 PMCID: PMC10236244 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231171001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are associated with a wide range of both neuroprotective and neuroinflammatory functions in the central nervous system (CNS) during development and throughout lifespan. Chronically activated and dysfunctional microglia are found in many diseases and disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and CNS-related injuries, and can accelerate or worsen the condition. Transplantation studies designed to replace and supplement dysfunctional microglia with healthy microglia offer a promising strategy for addressing microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and pathologies. This review will cover microglial involvement in neurological diseases and disorders and CNS-related injuries, current microglial transplantation strategies, and different approaches and considerations for generating exogenic microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Phoebe Strell
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sether T. Johnson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alex Roman
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zoey Vasilakos
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Walter C. Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical
School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, Medical School,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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6
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Dodd WS, Panther EJ, Pierre K, Hernandez JS, Patel D, Lucke-Wold B. Traumatic Brain Injury and Secondary Neurodegenerative Disease. TRAUMA CARE 2022; 2:510-522. [PMID: 36211982 PMCID: PMC9541088 DOI: 10.3390/traumacare2040042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating event with severe long-term complications. TBI and its sequelae are one of the leading causes of death and disability in those under 50 years old. The full extent of secondary brain injury is still being intensely investigated; however, it is now clear that neurotrauma can incite chronic neurodegenerative processes. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, Parkinson's disease, and many other neurodegenerative syndromes have all been associated with a history of traumatic brain injury. The complex nature of these pathologies can make clinical assessment, diagnosis, and treatment challenging. The goal of this review is to provide a concise appraisal of the literature with focus on emerging strategies to improve clinical outcomes. First, we review the pathways involved in the pathogenesis of neurotrauma-related neurodegeneration and discuss the clinical implications of this rapidly evolving field. Next, because clinical evaluation and neuroimaging are essential to the diagnosis and management of neurodegenerative diseases, we analyze the clinical investigations that are transforming these areas of research. Finally, we briefly review some of the preclinical therapies that have shown the most promise in improving outcomes after neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S. Dodd
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Eric J. Panther
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Kevin Pierre
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Jairo S. Hernandez
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Devan Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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7
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Stem Cell Therapy for Sequestration of Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810286. [PMID: 36142198 PMCID: PMC9499317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of long-term neurological disabilities in the world. TBI is a signature disease for soldiers and veterans, but also affects civilians, including adults and children. Following TBI, the brain resident and immune cells turn into a “reactive” state, characterized by the production of inflammatory mediators that contribute to the development of cognitive deficits. Other injuries to the brain, including radiation exposure, may trigger TBI-like pathology, characterized by inflammation. Currently there are no treatments to prevent or reverse the deleterious consequences of brain trauma. The recognition that TBI predisposes stem cell alterations suggests that stem cell-based therapies stand as a potential treatment for TBI. Here, we discuss the inflamed brain after TBI and radiation injury. We further review the status of stem cells in the inflamed brain and the applications of cell therapy in sequestering inflammation in TBI.
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8
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He Z, Lang L, Hui J, Ma Y, Yang C, Weng W, Huang J, Zhao X, Zhang X, Liang Q, Jiang J, Feng J. Brain Extract of Subacute Traumatic Brain Injury Promotes the Neuronal Differentiation of Human Neural Stem Cells via Autophagy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102709. [PMID: 35628836 PMCID: PMC9145659 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: After a traumatic brain injury (TBI), the cell environment is dramatically changed, which has various influences on grafted neural stem cells (NSCs). At present, these influences on NSCs have not been fully elucidated, which hinders the finding of an optimal timepoint for NSC transplantation. Methods: Brain extracts of TBI mice were used in vitro to simulate the different phase TBI influences on the differentiation of human NSCs. Protein profiles of brain extracts were analyzed. Neuronal differentiation and the activation of autophagy and the WNT/CTNNB pathway were detected after brain extract treatment. Results: Under subacute TBI brain extract conditions, the neuronal differentiation of hNSCs was significantly higher than that under acute brain extract conditions. The autophagy flux and WNT/CTNNB pathway were activated more highly within the subacute brain extract than in the acute brain extract. Autophagy activation by rapamycin could rescue the neuronal differentiation of hNSCs within acute TBI brain extract. Conclusions: The subacute phase around 7 days after TBI in mice could be a candidate timepoint to encourage more neuronal differentiation after transplantation. The autophagy flux played a critical role in regulating neuronal differentiation of hNSCs and could serve as a potential target to improve the efficacy of transplantation in the early phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghui He
- Brain Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (Z.H.); (L.L.); (J.H.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Lijian Lang
- Brain Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (Z.H.); (L.L.); (J.H.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Jiyuan Hui
- Brain Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (Z.H.); (L.L.); (J.H.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Yuxiao Ma
- Brain Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (Z.H.); (L.L.); (J.H.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Chun Yang
- Brain Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (Z.H.); (L.L.); (J.H.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.); (J.J.)
| | - Weiji Weng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Tumor Microenvironment and Inflammation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China;
| | - Jialin Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Xiongfei Zhao
- Shanghai Angecon Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201318, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- Shanghai Angecon Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201318, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Qian Liang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Jiyao Jiang
- Brain Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (Z.H.); (L.L.); (J.H.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.); (J.J.)
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, China;
| | - Junfeng Feng
- Brain Injury Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; (Z.H.); (L.L.); (J.H.); (Y.M.); (C.Y.); (J.J.)
- Shanghai Institute of Head Trauma, Shanghai 200127, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-1186-0825
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9
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Yuan Q, Bao B, Li M, Tang Y. Bioactive Composite Nanoparticles for Effective Microenvironment Regulation, Neuroprotection, and Cell Differentiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:15623-15631. [PMID: 35322659 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brain injuries typically result in neural tissue damage and trigger a permanent neurologic deficit. Current methods exhibit limited effects due to the harsh microenvironment of injury regions rich in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, a microenvironment regulation combined with cellular differentiation strategy is designed for repairing injured nerves. We prepare PMNT/F@D-NP nanoparticles comprising a bioactive polythiophene derivative (PMNT) and fullerenol as a multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform. PMNT/F@D-NPs can significantly reduce the accumulation of ROS in the simulated ischemic brain injury trial and inhibit cell apoptosis due to the effective free radical scavenging ability of fullerenol. Interestingly, the bioactive PMNT/F@D-NPs can promote the proliferation and differentiation of neurons, confirmed by immunofluorescence and western blotting studies. This newly developed strategy exhibits a combinatorial therapeutic effect by promoting nerve cell survival and differentiation while improving the microenvironment in the damaged area, which paves the way for the rational design of multifunctional agents for brain injury therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Benkai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Meiqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Tang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, P. R. China
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10
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Monsour M, Ebedes D, Borlongan CV. A review of the pathology and treatment of TBI and PTSD. Exp Neurol 2022; 351:114009. [PMID: 35150737 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This literature review focuses on the underlying pathophysiology of TBI and PTSD symptoms, while also examining the plethora of stem cell treatment options to ameliorate these neuronal and functional changes. As more veterans return suffering from TBI and/or PTSD, it is vital that researchers discover novel therapies to mitigate the detrimental symptoms of both diagnoses. A variety of stem cell treatments have been studied and offer hopeful options for TBI and PTSD recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Monsour
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Dominique Ebedes
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Cesario V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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11
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Human Cerebral Organoid Implantation Alleviated the Neurological Deficits of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6338722. [PMID: 34853630 PMCID: PMC8629662 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6338722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes a high rate of mortality and disability, and its treatment is still limited. Loss of neurons in damaged area is hardly rescued by relative molecular therapies. Based on its disease characteristics, we transplanted human embryonic stem cell- (hESC-) derived cerebral organoids in the brain lesions of controlled cortical impact- (CCI-) modeled severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. Grafted organoids survived and differentiated in CCI-induced lesion pools in mouse cortical tissue. Implanted cerebral organoids differentiated into various types of neuronal cells, extended long projections, and showed spontaneous action, as indicated by electromyographic activity in the grafts. Induced vascularization and reduced glial scar were also found after organoid implantation, suggesting grafting could improve local situation and promote neural repair. More importantly, the CCI mice's spatial learning and memory improved after organoid grafting. These findings suggest that cerebral organoid implanted in lesion sites differentiates into cortical neurons, forms long projections, and reverses deficits in spatial learning and memory, a potential therapeutic avenue for TBI.
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12
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Zhang C, Li C, Yang L, Leng L, Jovic D, Wang J, Fang F, Li G, Zhao D, Li X, Lin L, Luo Y, Bolund L, Huang J, Lin G, Xu F. The Dynamic Changes of Transcription Factors During the Development Processes of Human Biparental and Uniparental Embryos. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709498. [PMID: 34604214 PMCID: PMC8484909 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that transcription factors (TFs) play important roles in biparental (BI) early human embryogenesis. However, the contribution of TFs during early uniparental embryo development is still largely unknown. Here we systematically studied the expression profiles of transcription factors in early embryonic development and revealed the dynamic changes of TFs in human biparental and uniparental embryogenesis by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). In general, the TF expression model of uniparental embryos showed a high degree of conformity with biparental embryos. The detailed network analysis of three different types of embryos identified that 10 out of 17 hub TFs were shared or specifically owned, such as ZNF480, ZNF581, PHB, and POU5F1, were four shared TFs, ZFN534, GTF3A, ZNF771, TEAD4, and LIN28A, were androgenic (AG) specific TFs, and ZFP42 was the only one parthenogenetic (PG) specific TF. All the four shared TFs were validated using human embryonic stem cell (hESC) differentiation experiments; most of their target genes are responsible for stem cell maintenance and differentiation. We also found that Zf-C2H2, HMG, and MYB were three dominant transcription factor families that appeared in early embryogenesis. Altogether, our work provides a comprehensive regulatory framework and better understanding of TF function in human biparental and uniparental embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Conghui Li
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lizhi Leng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cells Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Dragomirka Jovic
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guibo Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Affiliated Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Bolund
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jinrong Huang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Stem Cells Engineering, Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Fengping Xu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Lars Bolund Institute of Regenerative Medicine, BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,Qingdao-Europe Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao, China.,China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,BGI Cell, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Smith DH, Kochanek PM, Rosi S, Meyer R, Ferland-Beckham C, Prager EM, Ahlers ST, Crawford F. Roadmap for Advancing Pre-Clinical Science in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:3204-3221. [PMID: 34210174 PMCID: PMC8820284 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical models of disease have long played important roles in the advancement of new treatments. However, in traumatic brain injury (TBI), despite the availability of numerous model systems, translation from bench to bedside remains elusive. Integrating clinical relevance into pre-clinical model development is a critical step toward advancing therapies for TBI patients across the spectrum of injury severity. Pre-clinical models include in vivo and ex vivo animal work-both small and large-and in vitro modeling. The wide range of pre-clinical models reflect substantial attempts to replicate multiple aspects of TBI sequelae in humans. Although these models reveal multiple putative mechanisms underlying TBI pathophysiology, failures to translate these findings into successful clinical trials call into question the clinical relevance and applicability of the models. Here, we address the promises and pitfalls of pre-clinical models with the goal of evolving frameworks that will advance translational TBI research across models, injury types, and the heterogenous etiology of pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H Smith
- Center for Brain Injury and Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine; Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susanna Rosi
- Departments of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, Neurological Surgery, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Retsina Meyer
- Cohen Veterans Bioscience, New York, New York, USA.,Delix Therapeutics, Inc, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen T Ahlers
- Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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14
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Park YJ, Farooq J, Cho J, Sadanandan N, Cozene B, Gonzales-Portillo B, Saft M, Borlongan MC, Borlongan MC, Shytle RD, Willing AE, Garbuzova-Davis S, Sanberg PR, Borlongan CV. Fighting the War Against COVID-19 via Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine: Lessons Learned from 1918 Spanish Flu and Other Previous Pandemics. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:9-32. [PMID: 32789802 PMCID: PMC7423503 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The human population is in the midst of battling a rapidly-spreading virus- Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, responsible for Coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19. Despite the resurgences in positive cases after reopening businesses in May, the country is seeing a shift in mindset surrounding the pandemic as people have been eagerly trickling out from federally-mandated quarantine into restaurants, bars, and gyms across America. History can teach us about the past, and today's pandemic is no exception. Without a vaccine available, three lessons from the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic may arm us in our fight against COVID-19. First, those who survived the first wave developed immunity to the second wave, highlighting the potential of passive immunity-based treatments like convalescent plasma and cell-based therapy. Second, the long-term consequences of COVID-19 are unknown. Slow-progressive cases of the Spanish flu have been linked to bacterial pneumonia and neurological disorders later in life, emphasizing the need to reduce COVID-19 transmission. Third, the Spanish flu killed approximately 17 to 50 million people, and the lack of human response, overcrowding, and poor hygiene were key in promoting the spread and high mortality. Human behavior is the most important strategy for preventing the virus spread and we must adhere to proper precautions. This review will cover our current understanding of the pathology and treatment for COVID-19 and highlight similarities between past pandemics. By revisiting history, we hope to emphasize the importance of human behavior and innovative therapies as we wait for the development of a vaccine. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jeong Park
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jeffrey Farooq
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Justin Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | | | - Blaise Cozene
- Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave, 70118, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Madeline Saft
- University of Michigan, 500 S State St, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - R Douglas Shytle
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Alison E Willing
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Svitlana Garbuzova-Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Paul R Sanberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Cesar V Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Abstract
Traumatic injuries are a leading cause of death and disability in both military and civilian populations. Given the complexity and diversity of traumatic injuries, novel and individualized treatment strategies are required to optimize outcomes. Cellular therapies have potential benefit for the treatment of acute or chronic injuries, and various cell-based pharmaceuticals are currently being tested in preclinical studies or in clinical trials. Cellular therapeutics may have the ability to complement existing therapies, especially in restoring organ function lost due to tissue disruption, prolonged hypoxia or inflammatory damage. In this article we highlight the current status and discuss future directions of cellular therapies for the treatment of traumatic injury. Both published research and ongoing clinical trials are discussed here.
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16
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Jiang J, Dai C, Liu X, Dai L, Li R, Ma K, Xu H, Zhao F, Zhang Z, He T, Niu X, Chen X, Zhang S. Implantation of regenerative complexes in traumatic brain injury canine models enhances the reconstruction of neural networks and motor function recovery. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:768-788. [PMID: 33391504 PMCID: PMC7738861 DOI: 10.7150/thno.50540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The combination of medical and tissue engineering in neural regeneration studies is a promising field. Collagen, silk fibroin and seed cells are suitable options and have been widely used in the repair of spinal cord injury. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the implantation of a complex fabricated with collagen/silk fibroin (SF) and the human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) can promote cerebral cortex repair and motor functional recovery in a canine model of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: A porous scaffold was fabricated with cross-linked collagen and SF. Its physical properties and degeneration rate were measured. The scaffolds were co-cultured with hUCMSCs after which an implantable complex was formed. After complex implantation to a canine model of TBI, the motor evoked potential (MEP) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to evaluate the integrity of the cerebral cortex. The neurologic score, motion capture, surface electromyography (sEMG), and vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) were measured in the analysis of motor functions. In vitro analysis of inflammation levels was performed by Elisa while immunohistochemistry was used in track the fate of hUCMSCs. In situ hybridization, transmission electron microscope, and immunofluorescence were used to assess neural and vascular regeneration. Results: Favorable physical properties, suitable degradation rate, and biocompatibility were observed in the collagen/SF scaffolds. The group with complex implantation exhibited the best cerebral cortex integrity and motor functions. The implantation also led to the regeneration of more blood vessels and nerve fibers, less glial fibers, and inflammatory factors. Conclusion: Implantation of this complex enhanced therapy in traumatic brain injury (TBI) through structural repair and functional recovery. These effects exhibit the translational prospects for the clinical application of this complex.
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17
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Zhang J, Wang RJ, Chen M, Liu XY, Ma K, Xu HY, Deng WS, Ye YC, Li WX, Chen XY, Sun HT. Collagen/heparan sulfate porous scaffolds loaded with neural stem cells improve neurological function in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1068-1077. [PMID: 33269752 PMCID: PMC8224125 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.300458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One reason for the poor therapeutic effects of stem cell transplantation in traumatic brain injury is that exogenous neural stem cells cannot effectively migrate to the local injury site, resulting in poor adhesion and proliferation of neural stem cells at the injured area. To enhance the targeted delivery of exogenous stem cells to the injury site, cell therapy combined with neural tissue engineering technology is expected to become a new strategy for treating traumatic brain injury. Collagen/heparan sulfate porous scaffolds, prepared using a freeze-drying method, have stable physical and chemical properties. These scaffolds also have good cell biocompatibility because of their high porosity, which is suitable for the proliferation and migration of neural stem cells. In the present study, collagen/heparan sulfate porous scaffolds loaded with neural stem cells were used to treat a rat model of traumatic brain injury, which was established using the controlled cortical impact method. At 2 months after the implantation of collagen/heparan sulfate porous scaffolds loaded with neural stem cells, there was significantly improved regeneration of neurons, nerve fibers, synapses, and myelin sheaths in the injured brain tissue. Furthermore, brain edema and cell apoptosis were significantly reduced, and rat motor and cognitive functions were markedly recovered. These findings suggest that the novel collagen/heparan sulfate porous scaffold loaded with neural stem cells can improve neurological function in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, China (approval No. 2017-0007.2) on February 10, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force; Graduate School, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Ren-Jie Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Miao Chen
- Graduate School, Affiliated Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Yin Liu
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force; Graduate School, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui-You Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force; Graduate School, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Wu-Sheng Deng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi-Chao Ye
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force; Graduate School, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei-Xin Li
- Graduate School, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu-Yi Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong-Tao Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair, Institute of Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuroscience, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
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18
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Sun S, Wang J, Li Q, Yan R, Gao Y, Liu H, Liu S, Hao W, Dai H, Liu C, Sun Y, Long W, Mu X, Zhang XD. Catalytic patch with redox Cr/CeO 2 nanozyme of noninvasive intervention for brain trauma. Theranostics 2021; 11:2806-2821. [PMID: 33456574 PMCID: PMC7806487 DOI: 10.7150/thno.51912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a sudden injury to the brain, accompanied by the production of large amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and acute neuroinflammation responses. Although traditional pharmacotherapy can effectively decrease the immune response of neuron cells via scavenging free radicals, it always involves in short reaction time as well as rigorous clinical trial. Therefore, a noninvasive topical treatment method that effectively eliminates free radicals still needs further investigation. Methods: In this study, a type of catalytic patch based on nanozymes with the excellent multienzyme-like activity is designed for noninvasive treatment of TBI. The enzyme-like activity, free radical scavenging ability and therapeutic efficacy of the designed catalytic patch were assessed in vitro and in vivo. The structural composition was characterized by the X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy technology. Results: Herein, the prepared Cr-doped CeO2 (Cr/CeO2) nanozyme increases the reduced Ce3+ states, resulting in its enzyme-like activity 3-5 times higher than undoped CeO2. Furthermore, Cr/CeO2 nanozyme can improve the survival rate of LPS induced neuron cells via decreasing excessive RONS. The in vivo experiments show the Cr/CeO2 nanozyme can promote wound healing and reduce neuroinflammation of mice following brain trauma. The catalytic patch based on nanozyme provides a noninvasive topical treatment route for TBI as well as other traumas diseases. Conclusions: The catalytic patch based on nanozyme provides a noninvasive topical treatment route for TBI as well as other traumas diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Si Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Junying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ruijuan Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yalong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery and Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Haile Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shuangjie Liu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenting Hao
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Haitao Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Changlong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Wei Long
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xiaoyu Mu
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, Institute of Advanced Materials Physics, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Medical College, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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19
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Macheda T, Roberts KN, Morganti JM, Braun DJ, Bachstetter AD. Optimization and validation of a modified radial-arm water maze protocol using a murine model of mild closed head traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232862. [PMID: 32810143 PMCID: PMC7433858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive impairments can be a significant problem after a traumatic brain injury (TBI), which affects millions worldwide each year. There is a need for establish reproducible cognitive assays in rodents to better understand disease mechanisms and to develop therapeutic interventions towards treating TBI-induced impairments. Our goal was to validate and standardize the radial arm water maze (RAWM) test as an assay to screen for cognitive impairments caused by TBI. RAWM is a visuo-spatial learning test, originally designed for use with rats, and later adapted for mice. The present study investigates whether test procedures, such us the presence of extra-maze cues influences learning and memory performance. C57BL/6 mice were tested in an 8-arm RAWM using a four-day protocol. We demonstrated that two days of training, exposing the mice to extra-maze cues and a visible platform, influenced learning and memory performance. Mice that did not receive training performed poorer compared to mice trained. To further validate our RAWM protocol, we used scopolamine. We, also, demonstrated that a single mild closed head injury (CHI) caused deficits in this task at two weeks post-CHI. Our data supported the use of 7 trials per day and a spaced training protocol as key factor to unmask memory impairment following CHI. Here, we provide a detailed standard operating procedure for RAWM test, which can be applied to a variety of mouse models including neurodegenerative diseases and pathology, as well as when pharmacological approaches are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Macheda
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Kelly N. Roberts
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Josh M. Morganti
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - David J. Braun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Klimenkov IV, Sudakov NP, Pastukhov MV, Kositsyn NS. The Phenomenon of Compensatory Cell Proliferation in Olfactory Epithelium in Fish Caused by Prolonged Exposure to Natural Odorants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8908. [PMID: 32483178 PMCID: PMC7264137 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65854-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously shown that activation of the processes of neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium (OE) can be caused after intranasal administration of toxic or neurotrophic factors, after axon transection, or as a result of bulbectomy. Our study showed for the first time that a significant increase in olfactory cell renewal can also occur in animals due to periodic chemostimulation with natural odorants (amino acids and peptides) for 15 days. Using electron and laser confocal microscopy in fish (Paracottus knerii (Cottidae), Dybowski, 1874) from Lake Baikal, we showed that periodic stimulation of aquatic organisms with a water-soluble mixture of amino acids and peptides causes stress in OE, which leads to programmed death cells and compensatory intensification of their renewal. We estimated the level of reactive oxygen species, number of functionally active mitochondria, intensity of apoptosis processes, and mitosis activity of cells in the OE of fish in the control group and after periodic natural odorants exposure. This study showed that new stem cells are activated during enhanced odor stimulation and subsequent degenerative changes in the cells of the sensory apparatus. Those new activated stem cells are located in previously proliferatively inactive regions of OE that become involved in compensatory processes for the formation of new cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Klimenkov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia. .,Irkutsk State University, 1 Karl Marx St., Irkutsk, 664003, Russia.
| | - Nikolay P Sudakov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Pastukhov
- Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 1a Favorsky St., Irkutsk, 664033, Russia
| | - Nikolay S Kositsyn
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 5a Butlerova St., Moscow, 117485, Russia
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21
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Brown J, Kingsbury C, Lee J, Vandenbark AA, Meza‐Romero R, Offner H, Borlongan CV. Spleen participation in partial MHC class II construct neuroprotection in stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:663-669. [PMID: 32237074 PMCID: PMC7298973 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological progression of stroke in the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS and CNS) is characterized by multiple converging signalling pathways that exacerbate neuroinflammation-mediated secondary cell death. This creates a need for a novel type of immunotherapy capable of simultaneously lowering the synergistic inflammatory responses in the PNS and CNS, specifically the spleen and brain. Previously, we demonstrated that partial major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II constructs can be administered subcutaneously to promote histological and behavioural effects that alleviate common symptoms found in a murine model of transient stroke. This MHC class II manipulates T cell cytokine expression in both PNS and CNS, resulting in dampened inflammation. In our long-standing efforts towards translational research, we recently demonstrated that a potent next generation mouse-based partial MHC class II construct named DRmQ (DRa1L50Q -mMOG-35-55) similarly induces neuroprotection in stroke rats, replicating the therapeutic effects of the human homolog as DRhQ (DRa1L50Q -human (h)MOG-35-55) in stroke mice. Our preclinical studies showed that DRmQ reduces motor deficits, infarct volume and peri-infarct cell loss by targeting inflammation in this second species. Moreover, we provided mechanistic support in both animal studies that partial MHC class II constructs effectively modulate the spleen, an organ which plays a critical role in modulating secondary cell death. Together, these preclinical studies satisfy testing the constructs in two stroke models, which is a major criterion of the Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) criteria and a key step in effectively translating this drug to the clinic. Additional translational studies, including dose-response and larger animal models may be warranted to bring MHC class II constructs closer to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain RepairCenter of Excellence for Aging and Brain RepairUniversity of South Florida College of MedicineTampaFLUSA
| | - Chase Kingsbury
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain RepairCenter of Excellence for Aging and Brain RepairUniversity of South Florida College of MedicineTampaFLUSA
| | - Jea‐Young Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain RepairCenter of Excellence for Aging and Brain RepairUniversity of South Florida College of MedicineTampaFLUSA
| | - Arthur A. Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research R&D‐31VA Portland Health Care SystemPortlandORUSA,Department of Neurology and Molecular Microbiology & ImmunologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Roberto Meza‐Romero
- Neuroimmunology Research R&D‐31VA Portland Health Care SystemPortlandORUSA,Department of Neurology and Molecular Microbiology & ImmunologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research R&D‐31VA Portland Health Care SystemPortlandORUSA,Department of Neurology and Molecular Microbiology & ImmunologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandORUSA
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain RepairCenter of Excellence for Aging and Brain RepairUniversity of South Florida College of MedicineTampaFLUSA
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22
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Ren YZ, Zhang BZ, Zhao XJ, Zhang ZY. Resolvin D1 ameliorates cognitive impairment following traumatic brain injury via protecting astrocytic mitochondria. J Neurochem 2020; 154:530-546. [PMID: 31951012 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is one of the most common and devastating neuropsychiatric sequelae after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and hippocampal neuronal survival plays a causal role in this pathological process. Resolvin D1 (RvD1), an important endogenous specialized pro-resolving mediator, has recently been reported to exert a potent protective effect on mitochondria. This suggests that RvD1 may suppress neuroinflammation and protect astrocytic mitochondria at the same time to play further neuroprotective roles. C57BL/6 mice subjected to TBI using a controlled cortical impact device were used for in vivo experiments. Cultured primary mouse astrocytes and an N2a mouse neuroblastoma cell line were used for in vitro experiments. In TBI mice, RvD1 significantly ameliorated cognitive impairment, suppressed gliosis and alleviated neuronal loss in the hippocampus. To explore the mechanism underlying this activity, we verified that RvD1 can induce a higher level of mitophagy to remove damaged mitochondria and eliminate extra mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (mitoROS) by activating ALX4/FPR2 receptors in astrocytes. In an in vitro model, we further confirmed that RvD1 can protect mitochondrial morphology and membrane potential in astrocytes and thereby enhance the survival of neurons. Meanwhile, RvD1 was also shown to increase the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glutamate aspartate transporter in the hippocampus following TBI, which indicates a possible way by which RvD1 increases the supportive function of astrocytes. These findings suggest that RvD1 may be a potent therapeutic option for ameliorating cognitive impairment following TBI by controlling neuroinflammation and protecting astrocytic mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhi Ren
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ben-Zheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique of the Ministry of Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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23
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Dehghanian F, Soltani Z, Khaksari M. Can Mesenchymal Stem Cells Act Multipotential in Traumatic Brain Injury? J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:677-688. [PMID: 31897971 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01475-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world, will probably become the third cause of death in the world by the year 2020. Lack of effective treatments approved for TBI is a major health problem. TBI is a heterogeneous disease due to the different mechanisms of injury. Therefore, it requires combination therapies or multipotential therapy that can affect multiple targets. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation has considered one of the most promising therapeutic strategies to repair of brain injuries including TBI. In these studies, it has been shown that MSCs can migrate to the site of injury and differentiate into the cells secreting growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The reduction in brain edema, neuroinflammation, microglia accumulation, apoptosis, ischemia, the improvement of motor and cognitive function, and the enhancement in neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and neural stem cells survival, proliferation, and differentiation have been indicated in these studies. However, translation of MSCs research in TBI into a clinical setting will require additional preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dehghanian
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Zahra Soltani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Khaksari
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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24
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Kuan CY, Lin YY, Chen CY, Yang CC, Chi CY, Li CH, Dong GC, Lin FH. The preparation of oxidized methylcellulose crosslinked by adipic acid dihydrazide loaded with vitamin C for traumatic brain injury. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00816k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxi-MC-ADH-VC can open up a new avenue for clinical TBI treatment and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yung Kuan
- PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine
- National Health Research Institutes
| | - Yu-Ying Lin
- PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine
- National Health Research Institutes
| | - Ching-Yun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine
- National Health Research Institutes
- Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chen Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering
- College of Medicine and College of Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Chi
- PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine
- National Health Research Institutes
| | - Chi-Han Li
- PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine
- National Health Research Institutes
| | - Guo-Chung Dong
- PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine
- National Health Research Institutes
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- PhD Program in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine
- National Health Research Institutes
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