1
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Bement WM, Goryachev AB, Miller AL, von Dassow G. Patterning of the cell cortex by Rho GTPases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2024; 25:290-308. [PMID: 38172611 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-023-00682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The Rho GTPases - RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42 - are small GTP binding proteins that regulate basic biological processes such as cell locomotion, cell division and morphogenesis by promoting cytoskeleton-based changes in the cell cortex. This regulation results from active (GTP-bound) Rho GTPases stimulating target proteins that, in turn, promote actin assembly and myosin 2-based contraction to organize the cortex. This basic regulatory scheme, well supported by in vitro studies, led to the natural assumption that Rho GTPases function in vivo in an essentially linear matter, with a given process being initiated by GTPase activation and terminated by GTPase inactivation. However, a growing body of evidence based on live cell imaging, modelling and experimental manipulation indicates that Rho GTPase activation and inactivation are often tightly coupled in space and time via signalling circuits and networks based on positive and negative feedback. In this Review, we present and discuss this evidence, and we address one of the fundamental consequences of coupled activation and inactivation: the ability of the Rho GTPases to self-organize, that is, direct their own transition from states of low order to states of high order. We discuss how Rho GTPase self-organization results in the formation of diverse spatiotemporal cortical patterns such as static clusters, oscillatory pulses, travelling wave trains and ring-like waves. Finally, we discuss the advantages of Rho GTPase self-organization and pattern formation for cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Bement
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Andrew B Goryachev
- Center for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Ann L Miller
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Collinet C, Bailles A, Dehapiot B, Lecuit T. Mechanical regulation of substrate adhesion and de-adhesion drives a cell-contractile wave during Drosophila tissue morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2024; 59:156-172.e7. [PMID: 38103554 PMCID: PMC10783558 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
During morphogenesis, mechanical forces induce large-scale deformations; yet, how forces emerge from cellular contractility and adhesion is unclear. In Drosophila embryos, a tissue-scale wave of actomyosin contractility coupled with adhesion to the surrounding vitelline membrane drives polarized tissue invagination. We show that this process emerges subcellularly from the mechanical coupling between myosin II activation and sequential adhesion/de-adhesion to the vitelline membrane. At the wavefront, integrin clusters anchor the actin cortex to the vitelline membrane and promote activation of myosin II, which in turn enhances adhesion in a positive feedback. Following cell detachment, cortex contraction and advective flow amplify myosin II. Prolonged contact with the vitelline membrane prolongs the integrin-myosin II feedback, increases integrin adhesion, and thus slows down cell detachment and wave propagation. The angle of cell detachment depends on adhesion strength and sets the tensile forces required for detachment. Thus, we document how the interplay between subcellular mechanochemical feedback and geometry drives tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Collinet
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France.
| | - Anaïs Bailles
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Dehapiot
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems, Campus de Luminy Case 907, 13288 Marseille, France; Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, France.
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3
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Nalbant P, Wagner J, Dehmelt L. Direct investigation of cell contraction signal networks by light-based perturbation methods. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:1439-1452. [PMID: 37851146 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02864-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell contraction plays an important role in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. This includes functions in skeletal, heart, and smooth muscle cells, which lead to highly coordinated contractions of multicellular assemblies, and functions in non-muscle cells, which are often highly localized in subcellular regions and transient in time. While the regulatory processes that control cell contraction in muscle cells are well understood, much less is known about cell contraction in non-muscle cells. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that control cell contraction in space and time in non-muscle cells, and how they can be investigated by light-based methods. The review particularly focusses on signal networks and cytoskeletal components that together control subcellular contraction patterns to perform functions on the level of cells and tissues, such as directional migration and multicellular rearrangements during development. Key features of light-based methods that enable highly local and fast perturbations are highlighted, and how experimental strategies can capitalize on these features to uncover causal relationships in the complex signal networks that control cell contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Room T03 R01 D33, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Jessica Wagner
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center of Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Room T03 R01 D33, Universitätsstrasse 2, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, and Dortmund University of Technology, Room CP-02-157, Otto-Hahn-Str. 4a, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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4
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Zhu H, O’Shaughnessy B. Actomyosin pulsing rescues embryonic tissue folding from disruption by myosin fluctuations. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2948564. [PMID: 37886516 PMCID: PMC10602173 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2948564/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
During early development, myosin II mechanically reshapes and folds embryo tissue. A muchstudied example is ventral furrow formation in Drosophila, marking the onset of gastrulation. Furrowing is driven by contraction of actomyosin networks on apical cell surfaces, but how the myosin patterning encodes tissue shape is unclear, and elastic models failed to reproduce essential features of experimental cell contraction profiles. The myosin patterning exhibits substantial cell-to-cell fluctuations with pulsatile time-dependence, a striking but unexplained feature of morphogenesis in many organisms. Here, using biophysical modeling we find viscous forces offer the principal resistance to actomyosin-driven apical constriction. In consequence, tissue shape is encoded in the direction-dependent curvature of the myosin patterning which orients an anterior-posterior furrow. Tissue contraction is highly sensitive to cell-to-cell myosin fluctuations, explaining furrowing failure in genetically perturbed embryos whose fluctuations are temporally persistent. In wild-type embryos this disastrous outcome is averted by pulsatile myosin time-dependence, which rescues furrowing by eliminating high frequencies in the fluctuation power spectrum. This low pass filter mechanism may underlie the usage of actomyosin pulsing in diverse morphogenetic processes across many organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkang Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ben O’Shaughnessy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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5
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Qian W, Yamaguchi N, Lis P, Cammer M, Knaut H. Pulses of RhoA Signaling Stimulate Actin Polymerization and Flow in Protrusions to Drive Collective Cell Migration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.03.560679. [PMID: 37873192 PMCID: PMC10592895 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.03.560679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
In animals, cells often move as collectives to shape organs, close wounds, or-in the case of disease-metastasize. To accomplish this, cells need to generate force to propel themselves forward. The motility of singly migrating cells is driven largely by an interplay between Rho GTPase signaling and the actin network (Yamada and Sixt, 2019). Whether cells migrating as collectives use the same machinery for motility is unclear. Using the zebrafish posterior lateral line primordium as a model for collective cell migration, we find that active RhoA and myosin II cluster on the basal sides of the primordium cells and are required for primordium motility. Positive and negative feedbacks cause RhoA and myosin II activities to pulse. These pulses of RhoA signaling stimulate actin polymerization at the tip of the protrusions and myosin II-dependent actin flow and protrusion retraction at the base of the protrusions, and deform the basement membrane underneath the migrating primordium. This suggests that RhoA-induced actin flow on the basal sides of the cells constitutes the motor that pulls the primordium forward, a scenario that likely underlies collective migration in other-but not all (Bastock and Strutt, 2007; Lebreton and Casanova, 2013; Matthews et al., 2008)-contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Qian
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Patrycja Lis
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Michael Cammer
- Microscopy laboratory, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, United States
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6
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Huang X, Xing Y, Cui Y, Ji B, Ding B, Zhong J, Jiu Y. Actomyosin-dependent cell contractility orchestrates Zika virus infection. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs261301. [PMID: 37622381 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging pathogen infections, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), pose an increasing threat to human health, but the role of mechanobiological attributes of host cells during ZIKV infection is largely unknown. Here, we reveal that ZIKV infection leads to increased contractility of host cells. Importantly, we investigated whether host cell contractility contributes to ZIKV infection efficacy, from both the intracellular and extracellular perspective. By performing drug perturbation and gene editing experiments, we confirmed that disruption of contractile actomyosin compromises ZIKV infection efficiency, viral genome replication and viral particle production. By culturing on compliant matrix, we further demonstrate that a softer substrate, leading to less contractility of host cells, compromises ZIKV infection, which resembles the effects of disrupting intracellular actomyosin organization. Together, our work provides evidence to support a positive correlation between host cell contractility and ZIKV infection efficacy, thus unveiling an unprecedented layer of interplay between ZIKV and the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yifan Xing
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqin Cui
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Baohua Ji
- Biomechanics and Mechanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Binbin Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Unit of Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaming Jiu
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Shanghai Institute of Immunity and Infection, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road No. 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Häring M, Wolf F, Großhans J, Kong D. Morphogenesis: Unstable rods and how genetics tames them. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R873-R875. [PMID: 37607486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Rods under mechanical stress are a classic example of dynamic instability. Axis elongation in Drosophila usually leads to a U-shaped axis, but folded or twisted axes are observed in certain mutants. Analysis of these mutants now reveals the source of the instability and the mechanism for maintaining left-right symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Häring
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Wolf
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Deqing Kong
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
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8
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Sauter D, Schröter M, Frey C, Weber C, Mersdorf U, Janiesch JW, Platzman I, Spatz JP. Artificial Cytoskeleton Assembly for Synthetic Cell Motility. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200437. [PMID: 36459417 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Imitation of cellular processes in cell-like compartments is a current research focus in synthetic biology. Here, a method is introduced for assembling an artificial cytoskeleton in a synthetic cell model system based on a poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) composite material. Toward this end, a PNIPAM-based composite material inside water-in-oil droplets that are stabilized with PNIPAM-functionalized and commercial fluorosurfactants is introduced. The temperature-mediated contraction/release behavior of the PNIPAM-based cytoskeleton is investigated. The reversibility of the PNIPAM transition is further examined in bulk and in droplets and it could be shown that hydrogel induced deformation could be used to controllably manipulate droplet-based synthetic cell motility upon temperature changes. It is envisioned that a combination of the presented artificial cytoskeleton with naturally occurring components might expand the bandwidth of the bottom-up synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Sauter
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schröter
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Frey
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weber
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Mersdorf
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan-Willi Janiesch
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ilia Platzman
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstraße 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max Planck-Bristol Center for Minimal Biology, University of Bristol, 1 Tankard's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
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9
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Miyazaki S, Otani T, Sugihara K, Fujimori T, Furuse M, Miura T. Mechanism of interdigitation formation at apical boundary of MDCK cell. iScience 2023; 26:106594. [PMID: 37250331 PMCID: PMC10214399 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that the MDCK cell tight junction shows stochastic fluctuation and forms the interdigitation structure, but the mechanism of the pattern formation remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we first quantified the shape of the cell-cell boundary at the initial phase of pattern formation. We found that the Fourier transform of the boundary shape shows linearity in the log-log plot, indicating the existence of scaling. Next, we tested several working hypotheses and found that the Edwards-Wilkinson equation, which consists of stochastic movement and boundary shortening, can reproduce the scaling property. Next, we examined the molecular nature of stochastic movement and found that myosin light chain puncta may be responsible. Quantification of boundary shortening indicates that mechanical property change may also play some role. Physiological meaning and scaling properties of the cell-cell boundary are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Miyazaki
- Academic Society of Mathematical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuhisa Otani
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kei Sugihara
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Mikio Furuse
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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10
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Zhu H, Oâ Shaughnessy B. Actomyosin pulsing rescues embryonic tissue folding from disruption by myosin fluctuations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.16.533016. [PMID: 36993262 PMCID: PMC10055118 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.16.533016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
During early development, myosin II mechanically reshapes and folds embryo tissue. A much-studied example is ventral furrow formation in Drosophila , marking the onset of gastrulation. Furrowing is driven by contraction of actomyosin networks on apical cell surfaces, but how the myosin patterning encodes tissue shape is unclear, and elastic models failed to reproduce essential features of experimental cell contraction profiles. The myosin patterning exhibits substantial cell-to-cell fluctuations with pulsatile time-dependence, a striking but unexplained feature of morphogenesis in many organisms. Here, using biophysical modeling we find viscous forces offer the principle resistance to actomyosin-driven apical constriction. In consequence, tissue shape is encoded in the direction-dependent curvature of the myosin patterning which orients an anterior-posterior furrow. Tissue contraction is highly sensitive to cell-to-cell myosin fluctuations, explaining furrowing failure in genetically perturbed embryos whose fluctuations are temporally persistent. In wild-type embryos, this catastrophic outcome is averted by pulsatile myosin time-dependence, a time-averaging effect that rescues furrowing. This low pass filter mechanism may underlie the usage of actomyosin pulsing in diverse morphogenetic processes across many organisms.
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11
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Erlich A, Étienne J, Fouchard J, Wyatt T. How dynamic prestress governs the shape of living systems, from the subcellular to tissue scale. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20220038. [PMID: 36330322 PMCID: PMC9560792 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues change shape both to carry out their function and during pathology. In most cases, these deformations are driven from within the systems themselves. This is permitted by a range of molecular actors, such as active crosslinkers and ion pumps, whose activity is biologically controlled in space and time. The resulting stresses are propagated within complex and dynamical architectures like networks or cell aggregates. From a mechanical point of view, these effects can be seen as the generation of prestress or prestrain, resulting from either a contractile or growth activity. In this review, we present this concept of prestress and the theoretical tools available to conceptualize the statics and dynamics of living systems. We then describe a range of phenomena where prestress controls shape changes in biopolymer networks (especially the actomyosin cytoskeleton and fibrous tissues) and cellularized tissues. Despite the diversity of scale and organization, we demonstrate that these phenomena stem from a limited number of spatial distributions of prestress, which can be categorized as heterogeneous, anisotropic or differential. We suggest that in addition to growth and contraction, a third type of prestress-topological prestress-can result from active processes altering the microstructure of tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jocelyn Étienne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, LIPHY, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Jonathan Fouchard
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Sorbonne Université, CNRS (UMR 7622), INSERM (URL 1156), 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tom Wyatt
- Wellcome Trust–Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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12
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Abstract
Contractile force produced by myosin II that binds and pulls constrained filamentous actin is harnessed by cells for diverse processes such as cell division. However, contractile actomyosin systems are vulnerable to an intrinsic aggregation instability that destroys actomyosin architecture if unchecked. Punctate myosin distributions are widely observed, but how cells prevent more advanced aggregation remains unclear. Here, we studied cytokinetic contractile rings in fission yeast cell ghosts lacking component turnover, when myosin aggregated hierarchically. Simulations reproduced the severe organizational disruption and a dead-end state with isolated aggregates and ring tension loss. We conclude that in normal cells, myosin turnover regulates actomyosin contractile instability by continuous injection of homogeneously distributed myosin, permitting functional aggregates to develop but intercepting catastrophic runaway aggregation. Actomyosin contractile force produced by myosin II molecules that bind and pull actin filaments is harnessed for diverse functions, from cell division by the cytokinetic contractile ring to morphogenesis driven by supracellular actomyosin networks during development. However, actomyosin contractility is intrinsically unstable to self-reinforcing spatial variations that may destroy the actomyosin architecture if unopposed. How cells control this threat is not established, and while large myosin fluctuations and punctateness are widely reported, the full course of the instability in cells has not been observed. Here, we observed the instability run its full course in isolated cytokinetic contractile rings in cell ghosts where component turnover processes are absent. Unprotected by turnover, myosin II merged hierarchically into aggregates with increasing amounts of myosin and increasing separation, up to a maximum separation. Molecularly explicit simulations reproduced the hierarchical aggregation which precipitated tension loss and ring fracture and identified the maximum separation as the length of actin filaments mediating mechanical communication between aggregates. In the final simulated dead-end state, aggregates were morphologically quiescent, including asters with polarity-sorted actin, similar to the dead-end state observed in actomyosin systems in vitro. Our results suggest the myosin II turnover time controls actomyosin contractile instability in normal cells, long enough for aggregation to build robust aggregates but sufficiently short to intercept catastrophic hierarchical aggregation and fracture.
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13
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Yan VT, Narayanan A, Wiegand T, Jülicher F, Grill SW. A condensate dynamic instability orchestrates actomyosin cortex activation. Nature 2022; 609:597-604. [PMID: 35978196 PMCID: PMC9477739 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A key event at the onset of development is the activation of a contractile actomyosin cortex during the oocyte-to-embryo transition1-3. Here we report on the discovery that, in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes, actomyosin cortex activation is supported by the emergence of thousands of short-lived protein condensates rich in F-actin, N-WASP and the ARP2/3 complex4-8 that form an active micro-emulsion. A phase portrait analysis of the dynamics of individual cortical condensates reveals that condensates initially grow and then transition to disassembly before dissolving completely. We find that, in contrast to condensate growth through diffusion9, the growth dynamics of cortical condensates are chemically driven. Notably, the associated chemical reactions obey mass action kinetics that govern both composition and size. We suggest that the resultant condensate dynamic instability10 suppresses coarsening of the active micro-emulsion11, ensures reaction kinetics that are independent of condensate size and prevents runaway F-actin nucleation during the formation of the first cortical actin meshwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Tianjing Yan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany.,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Arjun Narayanan
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany. .,Biotechnology Center, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. .,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tina Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems (MPI-PKS), Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics (MPI-CBG), Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology Dresden (CSBD), Dresden, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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14
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Casanellas I, Lagunas A, Vida Y, Pérez-Inestrosa E, Rodríguez-Pereira C, Magalhaes J, Andrades JA, Becerra J, Samitier J. Nanoscale ligand density modulates gap junction intercellular communication of cell condensates during chondrogenesis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:775-791. [PMID: 35642556 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To unveil the influence of cell-matrix adhesions in the establishment of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) during cell condensation in chondrogenesis. Materials & methods: Previously developed nanopatterns of the cell adhesive ligand arginine-glycine-aspartic acid were used as cell culture substrates to control cell adhesion at the nanoscale. In vitro chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells was conducted on the nanopatterns. Cohesion and GJIC were evaluated in cell condensates. Results: Mechanical stability and GJIC are enhanced by a nanopattern configuration in which 90% of the surface area presents adhesion sites separated less than 70 nm, thus providing an onset for cell signaling. Conclusion: Cell-matrix adhesions regulate GJIC of mesenchymal cell condensates during in vitro chondrogenesis from a threshold configuration at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Casanellas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science &Technology (BIST). c/Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Department of Electronics & Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona (UB). c/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Anna Lagunas
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science &Technology (BIST). c/Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Yolanda Vida
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Dpto. Química Orgánica. Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa 35, C,ampanillas, Málaga, 29590, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Pérez-Inestrosa
- Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Dpto. Química Orgánica. Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga, 29071, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa 35, C,ampanillas, Málaga, 29590, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Pereira
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC). c/Xubias de Arriba, 84, A Coruña, 15006, Spain
| | - Joana Magalhaes
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC). c/Xubias de Arriba, 84, A Coruña, 15006, Spain
| | - José A Andrades
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa 35, C,ampanillas, Málaga, 29590, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Genetics & Physiology, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA). Av. Cervantes, 2, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - José Becerra
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain.,Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa 35, C,ampanillas, Málaga, 29590, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Genetics & Physiology, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA). Av. Cervantes, 2, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science &Technology (BIST). c/Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Department of Electronics & Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona (UB). c/Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering,Biomaterials & Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5. Pabellón 11. Planta 0, Madrid, 28029, Spain
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15
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Costache V, Prigent Garcia S, Plancke CN, Li J, Begnaud S, Suman SK, Reymann AC, Kim T, Robin FB. Rapid assembly of a polar network architecture drives efficient actomyosin contractility. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110868. [PMID: 35649363 PMCID: PMC9210446 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin network architecture and dynamics play a central role in cell contractility and tissue morphogenesis. RhoA-driven pulsed contractions are a generic mode of actomyosin contractility, but the mechanisms underlying how their specific architecture emerges and how this architecture supports the contractile function of the network remain unclear. Here we show that, during pulsed contractions, the actin network is assembled by two subpopulations of formins: a functionally inactive population (recruited) and formins actively participating in actin filament elongation (elongating). We then show that elongating formins assemble a polar actin network, with barbed ends pointing out of the pulse. Numerical simulations demonstrate that this geometry favors rapid network contraction. Our results show that formins convert a local RhoA activity gradient into a polar network architecture, causing efficient network contractility, underlying the key function of kinetic controls in the assembly and mechanics of cortical network architectures. RhoA-driven actomyosin contractility plays a key role in driving cell and tissue contractility during morphogenesis. Tracking individual formins, Costache et al. show that the network assembled downstream of RhoA displays a polar architecture, barbed ends pointing outward, a feature that supports efficient contractility and force transmission during pulsed contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Costache
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Serena Prigent Garcia
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Camille N Plancke
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Simon Begnaud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Shashi Kumar Suman
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Reymann
- IGBMC, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U1258, and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | - François B Robin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INSERM, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine IBPS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France.
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16
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Najafabadi FR, Leaver M, Grill SW. Orchestrating Non-muscle myosin II filament assembly at the onset of cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar74. [PMID: 35544301 PMCID: PMC9635286 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-12-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Contractile forces in the actomyosin cortex are required for cellular morphogenesis. This includes the invagination of the cell membrane during division, where filaments of nonmuscle myosin II (NMII) are responsible for generating contractile forces in the cortex. However, how NMII heterohexamers form filaments in vivo is not well understood. To quantify NMII filament assembly dynamics, we imaged the cortex of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos at high spatial resolution around the time of the first division. We show that during the assembly of the cytokinetic ring, the number of NMII filaments in the cortex increases and more NMII motors are assembled into each filament. These dynamics are influenced by two proteins in the RhoA GTPase pathway, the RhoA-dependent kinase LET-502 and the myosin phosphatase MEL-11. We find that these two proteins differentially regulate NMII activity at the anterior and at the division site. We show that the coordinated action of these regulators generates a gradient of free NMII in the cytoplasm driving a net diffusive flux of NMII motors toward the cytokinetic ring. Our work highlights how NMII filament assembly and disassembly dynamics are orchestrated over space and time to facilitate the up-regulation of cortical contractility during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Leaver
- Biotechnology Centre, Technische Universität, Tatzberg 47/49, Dresden 01307.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Biotechnology Centre, Technische Universität, Tatzberg 47/49, Dresden 01307.,Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, Dresden.,Excellence Cluster Physics of Life, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany 01307
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17
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Palmquist KH, Tiemann SF, Ezzeddine FL, Yang S, Pfeifer CR, Erzberger A, Rodrigues AR, Shyer AE. Reciprocal cell-ECM dynamics generate supracellular fluidity underlying spontaneous follicle patterning. Cell 2022; 185:1960-1973.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Staddon MF, Munro EM, Banerjee S. Pulsatile contractions and pattern formation in excitable actomyosin cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009981. [PMID: 35353813 PMCID: PMC9000090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cortex is an active adaptive material, embedded with complex regulatory networks that can sense, generate, and transmit mechanical forces. The cortex exhibits a wide range of dynamic behaviours, from generating pulsatory contractions and travelling waves to forming organised structures. Despite the progress in characterising the biochemical and mechanical components of the actin cortex, the emergent dynamics of this mechanochemical system is poorly understood. Here we develop a reaction-diffusion model for the RhoA signalling network, the upstream regulator for actomyosin assembly and contractility, coupled to an active actomyosin gel, to investigate how the interplay between chemical signalling and mechanical forces regulates stresses and patterns in the cortex. We demonstrate that mechanochemical feedback in the cortex acts to destabilise homogeneous states and robustly generate pulsatile contractions. By tuning active stress in the system, we show that the cortex can generate propagating contraction pulses, form network structures, or exhibit topological turbulence. The cellular actin cortex is a dynamic sub-membranous network of filamentous actin, myosin motors, and other accessory proteins that regulates the ability of cells to maintain or change shapes. While the key molecular components and mechanical properties of the actin cortex have been characterized, the ways in which biochemical signalling and mechanical forces interact to regulate cortex behaviours remain poorly understood. In this article, we develop a mathematical model for the actomyosin cortex that combines the reaction-diffusion dynamics of signalling proteins with active force generation by actomyosin networks. Using this model, we investigate how the feedback between mechanics and biochemical signalling regulates the propagation of actomyosin flows, mechanical stresses, and pattern formation in the cortex. Our work reveals a variety of ways in which the cortex can tune the dynamic coupling between biochemical activity, force production, and advective transport to control mechanical behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Staddon
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Edwin M. Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Yao B, Donoughe S, Michaux J, Munro E. Modulating RhoA effectors induces transitions to oscillatory and more wavelike RhoA dynamics in C. elegans zygotes. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar58. [PMID: 35138935 PMCID: PMC9265151 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-11-0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsatile RhoA dynamics underlie a wide range of cell and tissue behaviors. The circuits that produce these dynamics in different cells share common architectures based on fast positive and delayed negative feedback through F-actin, but they can produce very different spatiotemporal patterns of RhoA activity. However, the underlying causes of this variation remain poorly understood. Here we asked how this variation could arise through modulation of actin network dynamics downstream of active RhoA in early C. elegans embryos. We find that perturbing two RhoA effectors - formin and anillin - induce transitions from non-recurrent focal pulses to either large noisy oscillatory pulses (formin depletion) or noisy oscillatory waves (anillin depletion). In both cases these transitions could be explained by changes in local F-actin levels and depletion dynamics, leading to changes in spatial and temporal patterns of RhoA inhibition. However, the underlying mechanisms for F-actin depletion are distinct, with different dependencies on myosin II activity. Thus, modulating actomyosin network dynamics could shape the spatiotemporal dynamics of RhoA activity for different physiological or morphogenetic functions. [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Baixue Yao
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Committee on Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Seth Donoughe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Committee on Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637.,Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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20
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Jeyasimman D, Ercan B, Dharmawan D, Naito T, Sun J, Saheki Y. PDZD-8 and TEX-2 regulate endosomal PI(4,5)P 2 homeostasis via lipid transport to promote embryogenesis in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6065. [PMID: 34663803 PMCID: PMC8523718 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of cellular membranes have unique lipid compositions that are important for their functional identity. PI(4,5)P2 is enriched in the plasma membrane where it contributes to local activation of key cellular events, including actomyosin contraction and cytokinesis. However, how cells prevent PI(4,5)P2 from accumulating in intracellular membrane compartments, despite constant intermixing and exchange of lipid membranes, is poorly understood. Using the C. elegans early embryo as our model system, we show that the evolutionarily conserved lipid transfer proteins, PDZD-8 and TEX-2, act together with the PI(4,5)P2 phosphatases, OCRL-1 and UNC-26/synaptojanin, to prevent the build-up of PI(4,5)P2 on endosomal membranes. In the absence of these four proteins, large amounts of PI(4,5)P2 accumulate on endosomes, leading to embryonic lethality due to ectopic recruitment of proteins involved in actomyosin contractility. PDZD-8 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and regulates endosomal PI(4,5)P2 levels via its lipid harboring SMP domain. Accumulation of PI(4,5)P2 on endosomes is accompanied by impairment of their degradative capacity. Thus, cells use multiple redundant systems to maintain endosomal PI(4,5)P2 homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshini Jeyasimman
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Bilge Ercan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Dennis Dharmawan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Tomoki Naito
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Jingbo Sun
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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21
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Laplaud V, Levernier N, Pineau J, Roman MS, Barbier L, Sáez PJ, Lennon-Duménil AM, Vargas P, Kruse K, du Roure O, Piel M, Heuvingh J. Pinching the cortex of live cells reveals thickness instabilities caused by myosin II motors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe3640. [PMID: 34215576 PMCID: PMC11057708 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cell cortex is a contractile actin meshwork, which determines cell shape and is essential for cell mechanics, migration, and division. Because its thickness is below optical resolution, there is a tendency to consider the cortex as a thin uniform two-dimensional layer. Using two mutually attracted magnetic beads, one inside the cell and the other in the extracellular medium, we pinch the cortex of dendritic cells and provide an accurate and time-resolved measure of its thickness. Our observations draw a new picture of the cell cortex as a highly dynamic layer, harboring large fluctuations in its third dimension because of actomyosin contractility. We propose that the cortex dynamics might be responsible for the fast shape-changing capacity of highly contractile cells that use amoeboid-like migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Laplaud
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Univ Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Levernier
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Judith Pineau
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL University, Paris, France
| | | | - Lucie Barbier
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Pablo J Sáez
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Pablo Vargas
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Departments of Biochemistry and Theoretical Physics and NCCR for Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Olivia du Roure
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Univ Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Matthieu Piel
- Institut Curie and Institut Pierre Gilles de Gennes, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France.
| | - Julien Heuvingh
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogènes, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Univ Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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22
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CYK-1/Formin activation in cortical RhoA signaling centers promotes organismal left-right symmetry breaking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021814118. [PMID: 33972425 PMCID: PMC8157923 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021814118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper left-right symmetry breaking is essential for animal development, and in many cases, this process is actomyosin-dependent. In Caenorhabditis elegans embryos active torque generation in the actomyosin layer promotes left-right symmetry breaking by driving chiral counterrotating cortical flows. While both Formins and Myosins have been implicated in left-right symmetry breaking and both can rotate actin filaments in vitro, it remains unclear whether active torques in the actomyosin cortex are generated by Formins, Myosins, or both. We combined the strength of C. elegans genetics with quantitative imaging and thin film, chiral active fluid theory to show that, while Non-Muscle Myosin II activity drives cortical actomyosin flows, it is permissive for chiral counterrotation and dispensable for chiral symmetry breaking of cortical flows. Instead, we find that CYK-1/Formin activation in RhoA foci is instructive for chiral counterrotation and promotes in-plane, active torque generation in the actomyosin cortex. Notably, we observe that artificially generated large active RhoA patches undergo rotations with consistent handedness in a CYK-1/Formin-dependent manner. Altogether, we conclude that CYK-1/Formin-dependent active torque generation facilitates chiral symmetry breaking of actomyosin flows and drives organismal left-right symmetry breaking in the nematode worm.
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23
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Chapa-Y-Lazo B, Hamanaka M, Wray A, Balasubramanian MK, Mishima M. Polar relaxation by dynein-mediated removal of cortical myosin II. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151836. [PMID: 32497213 PMCID: PMC7401816 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly six decades ago, Lewis Wolpert proposed the relaxation of the polar cell cortex by the radial arrays of astral microtubules as a mechanism for cleavage furrow induction. While this mechanism has remained controversial, recent work has provided evidence for polar relaxation by astral microtubules, although its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, using C. elegans embryos, we show that polar relaxation is achieved through dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes. Mutants that position centrosomes closer to the polar cortex accelerated furrow induction, whereas suppression of dynein activity delayed furrowing. We show that dynein-mediated removal of myosin II from the polar cortexes triggers a bidirectional cortical flow toward the cell equator, which induces the assembly of the actomyosin contractile ring. These results provide a molecular mechanism for the aster-dependent polar relaxation, which works in parallel with equatorial stimulation to promote robust cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Chapa-Y-Lazo
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Motonari Hamanaka
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Alexander Wray
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK.,University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohan K Balasubramanian
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
| | - Masanori Mishima
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
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24
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Seirin-Lee S. The Role of Cytoplasmic MEX-5/6 Polarity in Asymmetric Cell Division. Bull Math Biol 2021; 83:29. [PMID: 33594535 PMCID: PMC7886744 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-021-00860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the process of asymmetric cell division, the mother cell induces polarity in both the membrane and the cytosol by distributing substrates and components asymmetrically. Such polarity formation results from the harmonization of the upstream and downstream polarities between the cell membrane and the cytosol. MEX-5/6 is a well-investigated downstream cytoplasmic protein, which is deeply involved in the membrane polarity of the upstream transmembrane protein PAR in the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo. In contrast to the extensive exploration of membrane PAR polarity, cytoplasmic polarity is poorly understood, and the precise contribution of cytoplasmic polarity to the membrane PAR polarity remains largely unknown. In this study, we explored the interplay between the cytoplasmic MEX-5/6 polarity and the membrane PAR polarity by developing a mathematical model that integrates the dynamics of PAR and MEX-5/6 and reflects the cell geometry. Our investigations show that the downstream cytoplasmic protein MEX-5/6 plays an indispensable role in causing a robust upstream PAR polarity, and the integrated understanding of their interplay, including the effect of the cell geometry, is essential for the study of polarity formation in asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungrim Seirin-Lee
- Department of Mathematics, Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Hiroshima, 700-0046, Japan.
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25
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The Actomyosin Cortex of Cells: A Thin Film of Active Matter. J Indian Inst Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41745-020-00220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Gan WJ, Motegi F. Mechanochemical Control of Symmetry Breaking in the Caenorhabditis elegans Zygote. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:619869. [PMID: 33537308 PMCID: PMC7848089 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.619869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is the asymmetric organization of cellular components along defined axes. A key requirement for polarization is the ability of the cell to break symmetry and achieve a spatially biased organization. Despite different triggering cues in various systems, symmetry breaking (SB) usually relies on mechanochemical modulation of the actin cytoskeleton, which allows for advected movement and reorganization of cellular components. Here, the mechanisms underlying SB in Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, one of the most popular models to study cell polarity, are reviewed. A zygote initiates SB through the centrosome, which modulates mechanics of the cell cortex to establish advective flow of cortical proteins including the actin cytoskeleton and partitioning defective (PAR) proteins. The chemical signaling underlying centrosomal control of the Aurora A kinase–mediated cascade to convert the organization of the contractile actomyosin network from an apolar to polar state is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Jun Gan
- Temasek Life-Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fumio Motegi
- Temasek Life-Sciences Laboratory, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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27
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Kamps D, Koch J, Juma VO, Campillo-Funollet E, Graessl M, Banerjee S, Mazel T, Chen X, Wu YW, Portet S, Madzvamuse A, Nalbant P, Dehmelt L. Optogenetic Tuning Reveals Rho Amplification-Dependent Dynamics of a Cell Contraction Signal Network. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108467. [PMID: 33264629 PMCID: PMC7710677 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Local cell contraction pulses play important roles in tissue and cell morphogenesis. Here, we improve a chemo-optogenetic approach and apply it to investigate the signal network that generates these pulses. We use these measurements to derive and parameterize a system of ordinary differential equations describing temporal signal network dynamics. Bifurcation analysis and numerical simulations predict a strong dependence of oscillatory system dynamics on the concentration of GEF-H1, an Lbc-type RhoGEF, which mediates the positive feedback amplification of Rho activity. This prediction is confirmed experimentally via optogenetic tuning of the effective GEF-H1 concentration in individual living cells. Numerical simulations show that pulse amplitude is most sensitive to external inputs into the myosin component at low GEF-H1 concentrations and that the spatial pulse width is dependent on GEF-H1 diffusion. Our study offers a theoretical framework to explain the emergence of local cell contraction pulses and their modulation by biochemical and mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Kamps
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Johannes Koch
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Victor O Juma
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Pevensey III, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | | | - Melanie Graessl
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Soumya Banerjee
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tomáš Mazel
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Xi Chen
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Wen Wu
- Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max-Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stephanie Portet
- Department of Mathematics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Anotida Madzvamuse
- Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Pevensey III, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK; Department of Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, South Africa; Universita degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Perihan Nalbant
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- Department of Systemic Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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28
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Gubieda AG, Packer JR, Squires I, Martin J, Rodriguez J. Going with the flow: insights from Caenorhabditis elegans zygote polarization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190555. [PMID: 32829680 PMCID: PMC7482210 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along a defined axis. Polarity relies on complex signalling networks between conserved patterning proteins, including the PAR (partitioning defective) proteins, which become segregated in response to upstream symmetry breaking cues. Although the mechanisms that drive the asymmetric localization of these proteins are dependent upon cell type and context, in many cases the regulation of actomyosin cytoskeleton dynamics is central to the transport, recruitment and/or stabilization of these polarity effectors into defined subcellular domains. The transport or advection of PAR proteins by an actomyosin flow was first observed in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote more than a decade ago. Since then a multifaceted approach, using molecular methods, high-throughput screens, and biophysical and computational models, has revealed further aspects of this flow and how polarity regulators respond to and modulate it. Here, we review recent findings on the interplay between actomyosin flow and the PAR patterning networks in the polarization of the C. elegans zygote. We also discuss how these discoveries and developed methods are shaping our understanding of other flow-dependent polarizing systems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Josana Rodriguez
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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29
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van Haastert PJM. Symmetry Breaking during Cell Movement in the Context of Excitability, Kinetic Fine-Tuning and Memory of Pseudopod Formation. Cells 2020; 9:E1809. [PMID: 32751539 PMCID: PMC7465517 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The path of moving eukaryotic cells depends on the kinetics and direction of extending pseudopods. Amoeboid cells constantly change their shape with pseudopods extending in different directions. Detailed analysis has revealed that time, place and direction of pseudopod extension are not random, but highly ordered with strong prevalence for only one extending pseudopod, with defined life-times, and with reoccurring events in time and space indicative of memory. Important components are Ras activation and the formation of branched F-actin in the extending pseudopod and inhibition of pseudopod formation in the contractile cortex of parallel F-actin/myosin. In biology, order very often comes with symmetry. In this essay, I discuss cell movement and the dynamics of pseudopod extension from the perspective of symmetry and symmetry changes of Ras activation and the formation of branched F-actin in the extending pseudopod. Combining symmetry of Ras activation with kinetics and memory of pseudopod extension results in a refined model of amoeboid movement that appears to be largely conserved in the fast moving Dictyostelium and neutrophils, the slow moving mesenchymal stem cells and the fungus B.d. chytrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J M van Haastert
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Vogel SK, Wölfer C, Ramirez-Diaz DA, Flassig RJ, Sundmacher K, Schwille P. Symmetry Breaking and Emergence of Directional Flows in Minimal Actomyosin Cortices. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061432. [PMID: 32527013 PMCID: PMC7349012 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical actomyosin flows, among other mechanisms, scale up spontaneous symmetry breaking and thus play pivotal roles in cell differentiation, division, and motility. According to many model systems, myosin motor-induced local contractions of initially isotropic actomyosin cortices are nucleation points for generating cortical flows. However, the positive feedback mechanisms by which spontaneous contractions can be amplified towards large-scale directed flows remain mostly speculative. To investigate such a process on spherical surfaces, we reconstituted and confined initially isotropic minimal actomyosin cortices to the interfaces of emulsion droplets. The presence of ATP leads to myosin-induced local contractions that self-organize and amplify into directed large-scale actomyosin flows. By combining our experiments with theory, we found that the feedback mechanism leading to a coordinated directional motion of actomyosin clusters can be described as asymmetric cluster vibrations, caused by intrinsic non-isotropic ATP consumption with spatial confinement. We identified fingerprints of vibrational states as the basis of directed motions by tracking individual actomyosin clusters. These vibrations may represent a generic key driver of directed actomyosin flows under spatial confinement in vitro and in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven K. Vogel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (S.K.V.); (D.A.R.-D.)
| | - Christian Wölfer
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (C.W.); (R.J.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Diego A. Ramirez-Diaz
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (S.K.V.); (D.A.R.-D.)
- Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert J. Flassig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (C.W.); (R.J.F.); (K.S.)
- Department of Engineering, Brandenburg University of Applied Sciences, Magdeburger Str. 50, D-14770 Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (C.W.); (R.J.F.); (K.S.)
- Institute for Process Engineering, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, D-39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany; (S.K.V.); (D.A.R.-D.)
- Correspondence:
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31
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Bell KR, Werner ME, Doshi A, Cortes DB, Sattler A, Vuong-Brender T, Labouesse M, Maddox AS. Novel cytokinetic ring components drive negative feedback in cortical contractility. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1623-1636. [PMID: 32491957 PMCID: PMC7521795 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-05-0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin cortical contractility drives many cell shape changes including cytokinetic furrowing. While positive regulation of contractility is well characterized, counterbalancing negative regulation and mechanical brakes are less well understood. The small GTPase RhoA is a central regulator, activating cortical actomyosin contractility during cytokinesis and other events. Here we report how two novel cytokinetic ring components, GCK-1 (germinal center kinase-1) and CCM-3 (cerebral cavernous malformations-3), participate in a negative feedback loop among RhoA and its cytoskeletal effectors to inhibit contractility. GCK-1 and CCM-3 are recruited by active RhoA and anillin to the cytokinetic ring, where they in turn limit RhoA activity and contractility. This is evidenced by increased RhoA activity, anillin and nonmuscle myosin II in the cytokinetic ring, and faster cytokinetic furrowing, following depletion of GCK-1 or CCM-3. GCK-1 or CCM-3 depletion also reduced RGA-3 levels in pulses and increased baseline RhoA activity and pulsed contractility during zygote polarization. Together, our results suggest that GCK-1 and CCM-3 regulate cortical actomyosin contractility via negative feedback. These findings have implications for the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cerebral cavernous malformation pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Rehain Bell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Michael E Werner
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Anusha Doshi
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Daniel B Cortes
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Adam Sattler
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Thanh Vuong-Brender
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Michel Labouesse
- Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Amy Shaub Maddox
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.,Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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32
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Dehapiot B, Clément R, Alégot H, Gazsó-Gerhát G, Philippe JM, Lecuit T. Assembly of a persistent apical actin network by the formin Frl/Fmnl tunes epithelial cell deformability. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:791-802. [PMID: 32483386 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0524-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue remodelling during Drosophila embryogenesis is notably driven by epithelial cell contractility. This behaviour arises from the Rho1-Rok-induced pulsatile accumulation of non-muscle myosin II pulling on actin filaments of the medioapical cortex. While recent studies have highlighted the mechanisms governing the emergence of Rho1-Rok-myosin II pulsatility, little is known about how F-actin organization influences this process. Here, we show that the medioapical cortex consists of two entangled F-actin subpopulations. One exhibits pulsatile dynamics of actin polymerization in a Rho1-dependent manner. The other forms a persistent and homogeneous network independent of Rho1. We identify the formin Frl (also known as Fmnl) as a critical nucleator of the persistent network, since modulating its level in mutants or by overexpression decreases or increases the network density. Absence of this network yields sparse connectivity affecting the homogeneous force transmission to the cell boundaries. This reduces the propagation range of contractile forces and results in tissue-scale morphogenetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Dehapiot
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Raphaël Clément
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Alégot
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Gabriella Gazsó-Gerhát
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, HAS, Szeged, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jean-Marc Philippe
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IBDM-UMR7288, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France. .,Collège de France, Paris, France.
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33
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Samandar Eweis D, Plastino J. Roles of Actin in the Morphogenesis of the Early Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103652. [PMID: 32455793 PMCID: PMC7279410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell shape changes that ensure asymmetric cell divisions are crucial for correct development, as asymmetric divisions allow for the formation of different cell types and therefore different tissues. The first division of the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo has emerged as a powerful model for understanding asymmetric cell division. The dynamics of microtubules, polarity proteins, and the actin cytoskeleton are all key for this process. In this review, we highlight studies from the last five years revealing new insights about the role of actin dynamics in the first asymmetric cell division of the early C. elegans embryo. Recent results concerning the roles of actin and actin binding proteins in symmetry breaking, cortical flows, cortical integrity, and cleavage furrow formation are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dureen Samandar Eweis
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julie Plastino
- Laboratoire Physico-Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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34
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Mackay F, Toner J, Morozov A, Marenduzzo D. Darcy's Law without Friction in Active Nematic Rheology. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:187801. [PMID: 32441954 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.187801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of a contractile active nematic fluid subjected to a Poiseuille flow. In a quasi-1D geometry, we find that the linear rheology of this material is reminiscent of Darcy's law in complex fluids, with a pluglike flow decaying to zero over a well-defined "permeation" length. As a result, the viscosity increases with size, but never diverges, thereby evading the yield stress predicted by previous theories. We find strong shear thinning controlled by an active Ericksen number quantifying the ratio between external pressure difference and internal active stresses. In 2D, the increase of linear regime viscosity with size only persists up to a critical length beyond which we observe active turbulent patterns, with very low apparent viscosity. The ratio between the critical and permeation length determining the stability of the Darcy regime can be made indefinitely large by varying the flow aligning parameter or magnitude of nematic order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Mackay
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - John Toner
- Institute for Fundamental Science and Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Alexander Morozov
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Marenduzzo
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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35
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Epstein JM, Mandadapu KK. Time-reversal symmetry breaking in two-dimensional nonequilibrium viscous fluids. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:052614. [PMID: 32575182 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.052614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the rheological signatures of departure from equilibrium in two-dimensional viscous fluids with and without internal spin. Under the assumption of isotropy, we provide the most general linear constitutive relations for stress and couple stress in terms of the velocity and spin fields. Invoking Onsager's regression hypothesis for fluctuations about steady states, we derive the Green-Kubo formulas relating the transport coefficients to time-correlation functions of the fluctuating stress. In doing so, we show that one of the nonequilibrium transport coefficients, the odd viscosity, requires time-reversal symmetry breaking in the case of systems without internal spin. However, the Green-Kubo relations for systems with internal spin also show that there is a possibility for nonvanishing odd viscosity even when time-reversal symmetry is preserved. Furthermore, we find that breakdown of equipartition in nonequilibrium steady states results in the decoupling of the two rotational viscosities relating the vorticity and the internal spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Epstein
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kranthi K Mandadapu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
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36
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Seirin-Lee S. Asymmetric cell division from a cell to cells: Shape, length, and location of polarity domain. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:188-195. [PMID: 32120453 PMCID: PMC7754510 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is one of the most elegant biological systems by which cells create daughter cells with different functions and increase cell diversity. In particular, PAR polarity in the cell membrane plays a critical role in regulating the whole process of asymmetric cell division. Numerous studies have been conducted to determine the underlying mechanism of PAR polarity formation using both experimental and theoretical approaches in the last 10 years. However, they have mostly focused on answering the fundamental question of how this exclusive polarity is established but the precise dynamics of polarity domain have been little notified. In this review, I focused on studies on the shape, length, and location of PAR polarity from a theoretical perspective that may be important for an integrated understanding of the entire process of asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungrim Seirin-Lee
- Department of Mathematics, School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,Department of Mathematical and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.,JST PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
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37
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Banerjee S, Gardel ML, Schwarz US. The Actin Cytoskeleton as an Active Adaptive Material. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS 2020; 11:421-439. [PMID: 33343823 PMCID: PMC7748259 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031218-013231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Actin is the main protein used by biological cells to adapt their structure and mechanics to their needs. Cellular adaptation is made possible by molecular processes that strongly depend on mechanics. The actin cytoskeleton is also an active material that continuously consumes energy. This allows for dynamical processes that are possible only out of equilibrium and opens up the possibility for multiple layers of control that have evolved around this single protein.Here we discuss the actin cytoskeleton from the viewpoint of physics as an active adaptive material that can build structures superior to man-made soft matter systems. Not only can actin be used to build different network architectures on demand and in an adaptive manner, but it also exhibits the dynamical properties of feedback systems, like excitability, bistability, or oscillations. Therefore, it is a prime example of how biology couples physical structure and information flow and a role model for biology-inspired metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiladitya Banerjee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Margaret L Gardel
- Department of Physics, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Ulrich S Schwarz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and BioQuant, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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38
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Recho P, Putelat T, Truskinovsky L. Active gel segment behaving as an active particle. Phys Rev E 2020; 100:062403. [PMID: 31962422 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.062403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We reduce a one-dimensional model of an active segment (AS), which is used, for instance, in the description of contraction-driven cell motility, to a zero-dimensional model of an active particle (AP) characterized by two internal degrees of freedom: position and polarity. Both models give rise to hysteretic force-velocity relations showing that an active agent can support two opposite polarities under the same external force and that it can maintain the same polarity while being dragged by external forces with opposite orientations. This double bistability results in a rich dynamic repertoire which we illustrate by studying static, stalled, motile, and periodically repolarizing regimes displayed by an active agent confined in a viscoelastic environment. We show that the AS and AP models can be calibrated to generate quantitatively similar dynamic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Recho
- LIPhy, CNRS-UMR 5588, Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - T Putelat
- SAS, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom.,DEM, Queen's School of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, United Kingdom
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39
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Bailles A, Collinet C, Philippe JM, Lenne PF, Munro E, Lecuit T. Genetic induction and mechanochemical propagation of a morphogenetic wave. Nature 2019; 572:467-473. [PMID: 31413363 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1492-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis arises from coordinated changes in cell shape driven by actomyosin contractions. Patterns of gene expression regionalize cell behaviours by controlling actomyosin contractility. Here we report two modes of control over Rho1 and myosin II (MyoII) activation in the Drosophila endoderm. First, Rho1-MyoII are induced in a spatially restricted primordium via localized transcription of the G-protein-coupled receptor ligand Fog. Second, a tissue-scale wave of Rho1-MyoII activation and cell invagination progresses anteriorly away from the primordium. The wave does not require sustained gene transcription, and is not governed by regulated Fog delivery. Instead, MyoII inhibition blocks Rho1 activation and propagation, revealing a mechanical feedback driven by MyoII. We find that MyoII activation and invagination in each row of cells drives adhesion to the vitelline membrane mediated by integrins, apical spreading, MyoII activation and invagination in the next row. Endoderm morphogenesis thus emerges from local transcriptional initiation and a mechanically driven cycle of cell deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Bailles
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France.,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claudio Collinet
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France. .,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Philippe
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France.,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre-François Lenne
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France.,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- IBDM-UMR7288, Aix Marseille Université and CNRS, Marseille, France. .,Turing Centre for Living Systems, Marseille, France. .,Collège de France, Paris, France.
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40
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Active poroelastic two-phase model for the motion of physarum microplasmodia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217447. [PMID: 31398215 PMCID: PMC6688797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of self-organized motion is studied in a poroelastic two-phase model with free boundaries for Physarum microplasmodia (MP). In the model, an active gel phase is assumed to be interpenetrated by a passive fluid phase on small length scales. A feedback loop between calcium kinetics, mechanical deformations, and induced fluid flow gives rise to pattern formation and the establishment of an axis of polarity. Altogether, we find that the calcium kinetics that breaks the conservation of the total calcium concentration in the model and a nonlinear friction between MP and substrate are both necessary ingredients to obtain an oscillatory movement with net motion of the MP. By numerical simulations in one spatial dimension, we find two different types of oscillations with net motion as well as modes with time-periodic or irregular switching of the axis of polarity. The more frequent type of net motion is characterized by mechano-chemical waves traveling from the front towards the rear. The second type is characterized by mechano-chemical waves that appear alternating from the front and the back. While both types exhibit oscillatory forward and backward movement with net motion in each cycle, the trajectory and gel flow pattern of the second type are also similar to recent experimental measurements of peristaltic MP motion. We found moving MPs in extended regions of experimentally accessible parameters, such as length, period and substrate friction strength. Simulations of the model show that the net speed increases with the length, provided that MPs are longer than a critical length of ≈ 120 μm. Both predictions are in line with recent experimental observations.
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41
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Verma V, Mogilner A, Maresca TJ. Classical and Emerging Regulatory Mechanisms of Cytokinesis in Animal Cells. BIOLOGY 2019; 8:biology8030055. [PMID: 31357447 PMCID: PMC6784142 DOI: 10.3390/biology8030055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary goal of cytokinesis is to produce two daughter cells, each having a full set of chromosomes. To achieve this, cells assemble a dynamic structure between segregated sister chromatids called the contractile ring, which is made up of filamentous actin, myosin-II, and other regulatory proteins. Constriction of the actomyosin ring generates a cleavage furrow that divides the cytoplasm to produce two daughter cells. Decades of research have identified key regulators and underlying molecular mechanisms; however, many fundamental questions remain unanswered and are still being actively investigated. This review summarizes the key findings, computational modeling, and recent advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control the formation of the cleavage furrow and cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Verma
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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42
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Hirani N, Illukkumbura R, Bland T, Mathonnet G, Suhner D, Reymann AC, Goehring NW. Anterior-enriched filopodia create the appearance of asymmetric membrane microdomains in polarizing C. elegans zygotes. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.230714. [PMID: 31221727 PMCID: PMC6679585 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.230714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The association of molecules within membrane microdomains is critical for the intracellular organization of cells. During polarization of the C. elegans zygote, both polarity proteins and actomyosin regulators associate within dynamic membrane-associated foci. Recently, a novel class of asymmetric membrane-associated structures was described that appeared to be enriched in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), suggesting that PIP2 domains could constitute signaling hubs to promote cell polarization and actin nucleation. Here, we probe the nature of these domains using a variety of membrane- and actin cortex-associated probes. These data demonstrate that these domains are filopodia, which are stimulated transiently during polarity establishment and accumulate in the zygote anterior. The resulting membrane protrusions create local membrane topology that quantitatively accounts for observed local increases in the fluorescence signal of membrane-associated molecules, suggesting molecules are not selectively enriched in these domains relative to bulk membrane and that the PIP2 pool as revealed by PHPLCδ1 simply reflects plasma membrane localization. Given the ubiquity of 3D membrane structures in cells, including filopodia, microvilli and membrane folds, similar caveats are likely to apply to analysis of membrane-associated molecules in a broad range of systems. Summary: Apparent accumulation of PIP2 and cortex/polarity-related proteins within plasma membrane microdomains in polarizing C. elegans zygotes reflects local membrane topology induced by filopodia, not selective enrichment within signaling domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Hirani
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | - Tom Bland
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Grégoire Mathonnet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, and Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Delphine Suhner
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, and Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Anne-Cecile Reymann
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1258, and Université de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK .,Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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43
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Gross P, Kumar KV, Goehring NW, Bois JS, Hoege C, Jülicher F, Grill SW. Guiding self-organized pattern formation in cell polarity establishment. NATURE PHYSICS 2019; 15:293-300. [PMID: 31327978 PMCID: PMC6640039 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-018-0358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous pattern formation in Turing systems relies on feedback. Patterns in cells and tissues however often do not form spontaneously, but are under control of upstream pathways that provide molecular guiding cues. The relationship between guiding cues and feedback in controlled biological pattern formation remains unclear. We explored this relationship during cell polarity establishment in the one-cell-stage C. elegans embryo. We quantified the strength of two feedback systems that operate during polarity establishment, feedback between polarity proteins and the actomyosin cortex, and mutual antagonism amongst polarity proteins. We characterized how these feedback systems are modulated by guiding cues from the centrosome. By coupling a mass-conserved Turing-like reaction-diffusion system for polarity proteins to an active gel description of the actomyosin cortex, we reveal a transition point beyond which feedback ensures self-organized polarization even when cues are removed. Notably, the baton is passed from a guide-dominated to a feedback-dominated regime significantly beyond this transition point, which ensures robustness. Together, this reveals a general criterion for controlling biological pattern forming systems: feedback remains subcritical to avoid unstable behaviour, and molecular guiding cues drive the system beyond a transition point for pattern formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gross
- BIOTEC, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,
Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems,
Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - K. Vijay Kumar
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems,
Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
- International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of
Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India
| | - Nathan W. Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT,
UK
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology,
Gower Street, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Justin S. Bois
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd,
Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Carsten Hoege
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,
Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems,
Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan W. Grill
- BIOTEC, TU Dresden, Tatzberg 47/49, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics,
Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems,
Nöthnitzer Strasse 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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44
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Saha S, Nagy TL, Weiner OD. Joining forces: crosstalk between biochemical signalling and physical forces orchestrates cellular polarity and dynamics. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0145. [PMID: 29632270 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic processes like cell migration and morphogenesis emerge from the self-organized interaction between signalling and cytoskeletal rearrangements. How are these molecular to sub-cellular scale processes integrated to enable cell-wide responses? A growing body of recent studies suggest that forces generated by cytoskeletal dynamics and motor activity at the cellular or tissue scale can organize processes ranging from cell movement, polarity and division to the coordination of responses across fields of cells. To do so, forces not only act mechanically but also engage with biochemical signalling. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of this dynamic crosstalk between biochemical signalling, self-organized cortical actomyosin dynamics and physical forces with a special focus on the role of membrane tension in integrating cellular motility.This article is part of the theme issue 'Self-organization in cell biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvrajit Saha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tamas L Nagy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Biological and Medical Informatics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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45
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Klinkert K, Levernier N, Gross P, Gentili C, von Tobel L, Pierron M, Busso C, Herrman S, Grill SW, Kruse K, Gönczy P. Aurora A depletion reveals centrosome-independent polarization mechanism in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2019; 8:e44552. [PMID: 30801250 PMCID: PMC6417861 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
How living systems break symmetry in an organized manner is a fundamental question in biology. In wild-type Caenorhabditis elegans zygotes, symmetry breaking during anterior-posterior axis specification is guided by centrosomes, resulting in anterior-directed cortical flows and a single posterior PAR-2 domain. We uncover that C. elegans zygotes depleted of the Aurora A kinase AIR-1 or lacking centrosomes entirely usually establish two posterior PAR-2 domains, one at each pole. We demonstrate that AIR-1 prevents symmetry breaking early in the cell cycle, whereas centrosomal AIR-1 instructs polarity initiation thereafter. Using triangular microfabricated chambers, we establish that bipolarity of air-1(RNAi) embryos occurs effectively in a cell-shape and curvature-dependent manner. Furthermore, we develop an integrated physical description of symmetry breaking, wherein local PAR-2-dependent weakening of the actin cortex, together with mutual inhibition of anterior and posterior PAR proteins, provides a mechanism for spontaneous symmetry breaking without centrosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Klinkert
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Nicolas Levernier
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Department of Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | | | - Christian Gentili
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Lukas von Tobel
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Marie Pierron
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Coralie Busso
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Sarah Herrman
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Stephan W Grill
- BIOTECTU DresdenDresdenGermany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresdenGermany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of LifeTU DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Karsten Kruse
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Department of Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- National Center of Competence in Research Chemical Biology, University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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46
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Sonal, Ganzinger KA, Vogel SK, Mücksch J, Blumhardt P, Schwille P. Myosin-II activity generates a dynamic steady state with continuous actin turnover in a minimal actin cortex. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs.219899. [PMID: 30538127 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic reorganization of the actomyosin cytoskeleton allows fast modulation of the cell surface, which is vital for many cellular functions. Myosin-II motors generate the forces required for this remodeling by imparting contractility to actin networks. However, myosin-II activity might also have a more indirect contribution to cytoskeletal dynamics; it has been proposed that myosin activity increases actin turnover in various cellular contexts, presumably by enhancing disassembly. In vitro reconstitution of actomyosin networks has confirmed the role of myosin in actin network disassembly, but the reassembly of actin in these assays was limited by factors such as diffusional constraints and the use of stabilized actin filaments. Here, we present the reconstitution of a minimal dynamic actin cortex, where actin polymerization is catalyzed on the membrane in the presence of myosin-II activity. We demonstrate that myosin activity leads to disassembly and redistribution in this simplified cortex. Consequently, a new dynamic steady state emerges in which the actin network undergoes constant turnover. Our findings suggest a multifaceted role of myosin-II in the dynamics of the eukaryotic actin cortex. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Sven K Vogel
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jonas Mücksch
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Petra Schwille
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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47
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Yu Q, Li J, Murrell MP, Kim T. Balance between Force Generation and Relaxation Leads to Pulsed Contraction of Actomyosin Networks. Biophys J 2018; 115:2003-2013. [PMID: 30389091 PMCID: PMC6303541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin contractility regulates various biological processes, including cell migration and cytokinesis. The cell cortex underlying the membrane of eukaryote cells exhibits dynamic contractile behaviors facilitated by actomyosin contractility. Interestingly, the cell cortex shows reversible aggregation of actin and myosin called "pulsed contraction" in diverse cellular phenomena, such as embryogenesis and tissue morphogenesis. Although contractile behaviors of actomyosin machinery have been studied extensively in several in vitro experiments and computational studies, none of them successfully reproduced the pulsed contraction observed in vivo. Recent experiments have suggested the pulsed contraction is dependent upon the spatiotemporal expression of a small GTPase protein called RhoA. This only indicates the significance of biochemical signaling pathways during the pulsed contraction. In this study, we reproduced the pulsed contraction with only the mechanical and dynamic behaviors of cytoskeletal elements. First, we observed that small pulsed clusters or clusters with fluctuating sizes may appear when there is subtle balance between force generation from motors and force relaxation induced by actin turnover. However, the size and duration of these clusters differ from those of clusters observed during the cellular phenomena. We found that clusters with physiologically relevant size and duration can appear only with both actin turnover and angle-dependent F-actin severing resulting from buckling induced by motor activities. We showed how parameters governing F-actin severing events regulate the size and duration of pulsed clusters. Our study sheds light on the underestimated significance of F-actin severing for the pulsed contraction observed in physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Yu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jing Li
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Michael P Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Taeyoon Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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48
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Kreten FH, Hoffmann C, Riveline D, Kruse K. Active bundles of polar and bipolar filaments. Phys Rev E 2018; 98:012413. [PMID: 30110807 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.98.012413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Bundles of actin filaments and molecular motors of the myosin family are a common subcellular organizational motif. Typically, such bundles are under contractile stress resulting from interactions between the filaments and the motors. This holds in particular for contractile rings that appear in the late stages of cell division in animal cells and that cleave the mother into two daughter cells. It was recently shown that myosin organizes into regularly spaced clusters along rings in mammalian cells, whereas myosin clusters in fission yeast travel along the perimeter of actomyosin rings [Wollrab et al., Nat. Commun. 7, 11860 (2016)2041-172310.1038/ncomms11860]. A mechanism based on the association of the structurally polar actin filaments into bipolar structures was shown to provide a common explanation for both observations. Here, we analyze the dynamics of this mechanism in detail. We find a rich phase diagram depending on the actomyosin interaction strength and the stability of the bipolar structures. The system can notably organize into traveling waves. Furthermore, we identify the nature of the bifurcations connecting the various patterns as parameters are changed. Finally, we report experimental patterns observed in cytokinetic rings in fission yeast and link them to solutions of our dynamic equations. Our analysis highlights the possible role played by local polarity sorting of actin filaments for the dynamics and functionality of actomyosin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Kreten
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Ch Hoffmann
- Theoretische Physik, Universität des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - D Riveline
- Laboratory of Cell Physics ISIS/IGBMC, CNRS and University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France; and Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - K Kruse
- NCCR Chemical Biology, Departments of Biochemistry and Theoretical Physics, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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49
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Naganathan SR, Fürthauer S, Rodriguez J, Fievet BT, Jülicher F, Ahringer J, Cannistraci CV, Grill SW. Morphogenetic degeneracies in the actomyosin cortex. eLife 2018; 7:37677. [PMID: 30346273 PMCID: PMC6226289 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the great challenges in biology is to understand the mechanisms by which morphogenetic processes arise from molecular activities. We investigated this problem in the context of actomyosin-based cortical flow in C. elegans zygotes, where large-scale flows emerge from the collective action of actomyosin filaments and actin binding proteins (ABPs). Large-scale flow dynamics can be captured by active gel theory by considering force balances and conservation laws in the actomyosin cortex. However, which molecular activities contribute to flow dynamics and large-scale physical properties such as viscosity and active torque is largely unknown. By performing a candidate RNAi screen of ABPs and actomyosin regulators we demonstrate that perturbing distinct molecular processes can lead to similar flow phenotypes. This is indicative for a ‘morphogenetic degeneracy’ where multiple molecular processes contribute to the same large-scale physical property. We speculate that morphogenetic degeneracies contribute to the robustness of bulk biological matter in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Fürthauer
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, United States
| | - Josana Rodriguez
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Thomas Fievet
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julie Ahringer
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Brain Bio-Inspired Computing (BBC) Lab, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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50
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Michaux JB, Robin FB, McFadden WM, Munro EM. Excitable RhoA dynamics drive pulsed contractions in the early C. elegans embryo. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4230-4252. [PMID: 30275107 PMCID: PMC6279378 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201806161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed actomyosin contractility underlies many morphogenetic processes. Here, Michaux et al. show that, in early C. elegans embryos, pulsed contractions are generated by intrinsically excitable RhoA dynamics, involving fast autoactivation of RhoA and delayed negative feedback through local actin-dependent recruitment of the RhoGAPs RGA-3/4. Pulsed actomyosin contractility underlies diverse modes of tissue morphogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we combined quantitative imaging with genetic perturbations to identify a core mechanism for pulsed contractility in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We show that pulsed accumulation of actomyosin is governed by local control of assembly and disassembly downstream of RhoA. Pulsed activation and inactivation of RhoA precede, respectively, the accumulation and disappearance of actomyosin and persist in the absence of Myosin II. We find that fast (likely indirect) autoactivation of RhoA drives pulse initiation, while delayed, F-actin–dependent accumulation of the RhoA GTPase-activating proteins RGA-3/4 provides negative feedback to terminate each pulse. A mathematical model, constrained by our data, suggests that this combination of feedbacks is tuned to generate locally excitable RhoA dynamics. We propose that excitable RhoA dynamics are a common driver for pulsed contractility that can be tuned or coupled differently to actomyosin dynamics to produce a diversity of morphogenetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Michaux
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - François B Robin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Edwin M Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL .,Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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