Magnesium deficiency and oxidative stress: an update

N-Glycosylation modulators for targeted manipulation of glycosylation for monoclonal antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies are extensively used as biotherapeutics for treatment of a variety of diseases. Glycosylation of therapeutic antibodies is considered a critical quality attribute as it influences the effector function, circulatory half-life, immunogenicity, and eventually efficacy and patient safety. During upstream process development, media components play a significant role in determining the glycosylation profile. In this study, we have evaluated 20 media additives (metal ions, vitamins, sugars, nucleosides). Six of the additives were shortlisted for their impact and then used to modulate the glycosylation profile of an in-house produced mAb (G0 2.38 ± 0.08%, G0F 75.58 ± 0.45%, G1F 10.07 ± 0.04%, G2F 0.54 ± 0.01%, G0F-N 5.84 ± 0.32%, sialylation 1.60 ± 0.33%, mannosylation 1.56 ± 0.39%) to achieve the glycan profile of a commercially available reference product (G0 2.49 ± 0.07%, G0F 37.83 ± 0.37%, G1F 34.77 ± 0.03%, G2F 4.87 ± 0.01%, G0F-N 2.34 ± 0.12%, sialylation 9.84 ± 0.30%, mannosylation 2.86 ± 0.29%). The proposed approach yielded us a glycan profile (G0 2.10 ± 0.07%, G0F 38.00 ± 0.49%, G1F 31.92 ± 0.09%, G2F 5.26 ± 0.54%, G0F-N 1.92 ± 0.02%, sialylation 10.28 ± 1.68%, mannosylation 3.12 ± 0.29%) that was near identical to that of the reference product. Equally importantly, other quality attributes including charge variants, aggregates, titer, and viability were not found to be significantly impacted by the addition of the additives under consideration. KEY POINTS: • Screened 20 media additives to evaluate their effect on glycosylation of mAbs. • Developed glycosylation indices models to evaluate the effect of various additives. • Additive concentrations were optimized to target the reference product profile.

Utilizing a Combination of Supplements Comprising Boric Acid, Magnesium, Vitamin D3, and Extra Virgin Olive Oil to Improve Metabolism in Menopausal Ovariectomized Rats

Metabolic syndrome during menopause can lead to diabetes, cardiovascular problems, and increased mortality rates. Hormone replacement therapy is recommended to manage climacteric complications, but it has serious adverse effects. This study, therefore, investigated the potential of supplementing some minerals, vitamins, and natural products like boric acid, magnesium, vitamin D3, and extra virgin olive oil on metabolic status of menopausal ovariectomized rats. Fourty-two female adult rats were randomly assigned to seven groups: a) Sham Control, b) Ovariectomized Control, c) Ovariectomized + Boric acid, d) Ovariectomized + Magnesium, e) Ovariectomized + Vitamin D3, f) Ovariectomized + Extra virgin olive oil, and g) Ovariectomized + Combined treatment groups. Serum inflammatory and oxidative stress markers, serum lipogram pattern, hepatic triglycerides, body weight, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, leptin, and adiponectin, as well as hepatic insulin signaling cascade, IRS1/pAKT/GLUT4 were measured in each group to assess metabolic function. Results revealed a significant improvement in inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic parameters by individual and concomitant treating ovariectomized rats with boric acid, magnesium, vitamin D3, and extra virgin olive oil. Interestingly, the concurrent use of these supplements displayed a better impact than individual use, suggesting their valuable therapeutic potential for managing metabolic syndrome in menopausal women. However, the necessity of all four supplements for optimal therapeutic effects remains unsubstantiated.

Residual analysis for the identification of potential MIR-derived biomarkers of heat stress in dairy cattle

Numerous prediction equations have been developed based on mid-infrared (MIR) spectra and some could be potentially used as biomarkers of heat stress. However, practical experience shows that confusion between the effect of heat stress and other effects like lactation stage or feeding variation over the year can easily occur. On this basis, the objective of this study was to identify potential milk components predicted by MIR as biomarkers of heat stress based on a 2-step approach allowing to correct for those effects. The first step consisted in the estimation of residuals from test-day random regression models on days in milk (DIM) to remove systematic lactation stage effects. These models contained also, among other, general (i.e., month of production) or specific (i.e., herd × test-day (HTD)) fixed effects related to feeding and management. During the second step, means and variances of residuals by temperature and humidity index (THI) classes were studied. The models were applied to 611,063 records from 97,042 primiparous Holstein cows from 2015 to 2022 in the south of Belgium. The MIR-predicted milk components with the highest deviations from the mean with increasing THI were protein percentage, casein concentration, magnesium (Mg) concentration and, to a lesser extent, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration. Concerning residual variances, the highest heteroscedasticity with THI was obtained for milk MIR monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), C18:1 cis-9 and citrate concentrations. Conversely, a relative homoscedasticity of variance with increasing THI was observed for several milk MIR components including protein percentage and casein concentration. Based on the criteria of the "good biomarkers" guidelines, milk protein percentage seems to be the most promising trait of this study, followed by Mg concentration. However, in the context of genetic evaluation which requires variability, milk MIR MUFA, C18:1 cis-9 or citrate concentration variations, if they are heritable, could be of great interest. Finally, an increase in milk MIR citrate concentration variance could be an early warning for the detection of heat stress in the frame of dairy herd improvement (DHI).

Magnesium (Mg) and Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Mg Levels in Biological Specimens in Humans Affected Some Neurodegenerative Disorders with an Update on Therapy and Clinical Trials Supplemented with Selected Animal Studies

Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by neuron loss, are a group of neurological disorders that adversely affect the lives of millions of people worldwide. Although several medicines have been approved for managing neurodegenerative diseases, new therapies allowing for a significant slowdown in the progression of neurodegenerative syndromes are constantly being sought. Magnesium (Mg), a crucial mineral necessary for the functioning of organisms, is important to normal central nervous system (CNS) activity. Although the effects of this bioelement on the CNS are relatively well recognized, its role in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders in humans is not yet well characterized. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to collect data about a possible association between Mg and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in humans. Hence, the levels of Mg in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine, and hair from subjects with AD, PD, and ALS are compiled to detect possible variations in the levels of this mineral in the biological specimens of people with neurodegenerative illnesses. Additionally, the findings from an animal model are summarized to offer the reader a deeper insight into studies on Mg in the context of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. Data provided in the present review indicate that Mg, due to its neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondrial-supportive properties, could be a potential therapeutic agent for AD, PD, and ALS. However, more epidemiological studies with standardized methods of dietary assessment and Mg measurement are necessary to recognize its exact role in neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, extensive well-designed clinical trials are also needed to establish definitive therapeutic protocols and optimal dosages, and to ensure long-term safety of this mineral supplementation in AD, PD, and ALS patients.

Recent updates on the influence of iron and magnesium on vascular, renal, and adipose inflammation and possible consequences for hypertension

The inflammatory status of the kidneys, vasculature, and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has a significant influence on blood pressure and hypertension. Numerous micronutrients play an influential role in hypertension-driving inflammatory processes, and recent reports have provided bases for potential targeted modulation of these micronutrients to reduce hypertension. Iron overload in adipose tissue macrophages and adipocytes engenders an inflammatory environment and may contribute to impaired anticontractile signalling, and thus a treatment such as chelation therapy may hold a key to reducing blood pressure. Similarly, magnesium intake has proven to greatly influence inflammatory signalling and concurrent hypertension in both healthy animals and in a model for chronic kidney disease, demonstrating its potential clinical utility. These findings highlight the importance of further research to determine the efficacy of micronutrient-targeted treatments for the amelioration of hypertension and their potential translation into clinical application.

Decompression Illness After Technical Diving Session in Mediterranean Sea: Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and HBO Therapy

SCUBA diving poses risks due to pressure changes during descent (compression) and ascent (decompression). Decompression sickness (DCS) occurs due to gas bubble formation as the pressure decreases, causing joint pain, numbness, dizziness, or even paralysis and death. Immediate treatment involves 100% oxygen to help eliminate inert gases and hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), which is essential to reduce gas emboli formation and inflammation, thus improving symptoms. We evaluated oxy-inflammation biomarkers in the saliva and urine of nine subjects pre- and post-technical dive on the Haven wreck (GE, Italy). A case of DCS occurred during the dive. The injured diver was treated immediately with O2 and transported to the hyperbaric center of "ASST Ospedale Ca Granda" in Milan. He was treated following the U.S. Navy Treatment Table 5 at 2.8 ATA and the day after with Table 15 at 2.4 ATA. Venous blood and urine samples were collected before and after each HBO treatment. Our study shows that dive increased oxy-inflammation biomarkers (ROS +126%; lipid peroxidation +23%; interleukins-6 +81%, -1β +19%, and TNFα +84%) and nitric oxide metabolites levels (+36%). HBOT after a DCS episode reduced oxidative stress, lowering the very high marker of lipid peroxidation (8-iso-PGF2α), and inhibited inflammatory interleukins. Overall, HBOT improved physiological responses in the diver affected by DCS.

Association between magnesium depletion score and the risk of metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease: a cross sectional study

The relationship between magnesium deficiency and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the association between the magnesium depletion score (MDS) and the risk of MASLD, as well as explore potential underlying mechanisms. Data from 12,024 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018 were analyzed. MDS was calculated based on the use of diuretics and proton pump inhibitors, kidney function, and alcohol consumption. MASLD was defined using the fatty liver index. Logistic regression, restricted cubic spline analysis, and mediation analyses were conducted to evaluate the association between MDS and MASLD and to identify potential mediators. A higher MDS was significantly associated with an increased risk of MASLD (OR = 2.00, 95% CI [1.47, 2.74] for MDS 3 vs. 0). A dose-response relationship between MDS and MASLD risk was observed. Neutrophils, albumin, and white blood cells partially were identified as partial mediators of the association, with albumin exhibiting the highest mediating effect (14.05%). Elevated MDS is significantly associated with an increased risk of MASLD in U.S. adults. Inflammation and albumin may serve as potential mediators of this relationship. These findings underscore the importance of addressing magnesium deficiency in the prevention and management of MASLD.

The association between Lifelines Diet Score (LLDS) and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Iranian women: a case-control study

BACKGROUND

Although adherence to a healthy dietary pattern is one of the primary recommendations for the prevention of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), there is still no conclusive evidence of which specific dietary pattern is best. The Lifelines diet score (LLDS) is a new, evidence-based scoring system to determine diet quality, and its association with PCOS has not been investigated. The present study aimed to assess the association between LLDS and PCOS in Iranian women.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This frequency-matched case-control study was carried out on 108 women with PCOS and 108 women without PCOS as a control group in Yazd, Iran. Healthy controls were matched to PCOS women based on age and BMI. The validated 178-item food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the usual dietary intake. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between LLDS and PCOS.

RESULTS

The findings of the present study showed women in the highest tertile of LLDS compared with the participants in the lowest tertile had 90% lower odds of PCOS (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.10; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.04 to 0.21, p for trend: <0.001). This association remained significant after adjustment for energy intake, marital status, pregnancy history, WC, chronic disease history, physical activity, and BMI (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.11; 95% (CI):0.05 to 0.27, p for trend: <0.001).

CONCLUSION

Although the present study found a significant protective association between adherence to LLDS and PCOS, more mechanism-based studies are needed to confirm these findings in the future.

Associations between multi-metal joint exposure and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in solar greenhouse workers: A study of a unique farmer group

BACKGROUND

Solar greenhouse workers, a unique farmer group, have been reported to have a higher risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared to the general population, possible due to exposure to multiple metals.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the associations between exposure to multiple metals and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Northwest China. Urine samples were tested for concentration of 14 metals, including chromium, manganese, iron et al. Blood creatinine was measured to calculate eGFR, which was to evaluate the kidney function. Linear model and the Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models were used to evaluate the associations between metals exposure and eGFR.

RESULT

The study included 281 solar greenhouse workers, with 128 (45.6%) males and 153 (54.4%) females. The highest median concentrations of metals were zinc (418.55 μg/L), strontium (368.77 μg/L), and iron (55.73 μg/L), respectively. The linear model analysis showed that urinary levels of copper and zinc were negatively associated with eGFR [β = -0.021, 95% CI (-0.048, -0.007); β = -0.018, 95% CI (-0.068, -0.005)] considering a false discovery rate. BKMR results indicated a significant overall negative effect of 14 metals exposure on the eGFR when all metal levels were above the 50th percentile compared to the median value.

CONCLUSIONS

The decrease in eGFR among solar greenhouse workers was related to mixed metal exposure. Reducing exposure to the metals of copper, zinc, and lead could effectively protects kidney function. Further prospective studies are needed to resolve concerns about reverse causality.

Neuroprotective effects of magnesium: implications for neuroinflammation and cognitive decline

Neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by progressive neuronal loss and cognitive decline, are a significant concern for the aging population. Neuroinflammation, a shared characteristic of these diseases, is implicated in their pathogenesis. This article briefly summarizes the role of magnesium, an essential mineral involved in numerous enzymatic reactions and critical for neuronal bioactivity, in the context of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. The potential neuroprotective effects of magnesium, including the mechanisms of neuroprotection by magnesium through maintaining neuronal ion homeostasis, reducing inflammation, and preventing excitotoxicity, are also described. Additionally, we discuss the impact of inadequate magnesium on neuroinflammation and its potential as a therapeutic agent for attenuating cognitive decline to improve neurodegenerative conditions.

Identification and prediction of association patterns between nutrient intake and anemia using machine learning techniques: results from a cross-sectional study with university female students from Palestine

PURPOSE

This study utilized data mining and machine learning (ML) techniques to identify new patterns and classifications of the associations between nutrient intake and anemia among university students.

METHODS

We employed K-means clustering analysis algorithm and Decision Tree (DT) technique to identify the association between anemia and vitamin and mineral intakes. We normalized and balanced the data based on anemia weighted clusters for improving ML models' accuracy. In addition, t-tests and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were performed to identify significant differences between the clusters. We evaluated the models on a balanced dataset of 755 female participants from the Hebron district in Palestine.

RESULTS

Our study found that 34.8% of the participants were anemic. The intake of various micronutrients (i.e., folate, Vit A, B5, B6, B12, C, E, Ca, Fe, and Mg) was below RDA/AI values, which indicated an overall unbalanced malnutrition in the present cohort. Anemia was significantly associated with intakes of energy, protein, fat, Vit B1, B5, B6, C, Mg, Cu and Zn. On the other hand, intakes of protein, Vit B2, B5, B6, C, E, choline, folate, phosphorus, Mn and Zn were significantly lower in anemic than in non-anemic subjects. DT classification models for vitamins and minerals (accuracy rate: 82.1%) identified an inverse association between intakes of Vit B2, B3, B5, B6, B12, E, folate, Zn, Mg, Fe and Mn and prevalence of anemia.

CONCLUSIONS

Besides the nutrients commonly known to be linked to anemia-like folate, Vit B6, C, B12, or Fe-the cluster analyses in the present cohort of young female university students have also found choline, Vit E, B2, Zn, Mg, Mn, and phosphorus as additional nutrients that might relate to the development of anemia. Further research is needed to elucidate if the intake of these nutrients might influence the risk of anemia.

Magnesium: A Defense Line to Mitigate Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Adipose Tissue

Magnesium (Mg) is involved in essential cellular and physiological processes. Globally, inadequate consumption of Mg is widespread among populations, especially those who consume processed foods, and its homeostasis is impaired in obese individuals and type 2 diabetes patients. Since Mg deficiency triggers oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, common features of several frequent chronic non-communicable diseases, interest in this mineral is growing in clinical medicine as well as in biomedicine. To date, very little is known about the role of Mg deficiency in adipose tissue. In obesity, the increase in fat tissue leads to changes in the release of cytokines, causing low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration. Hypomagnesemia in obesity can potentiate the excessive production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, and decreased ATP production. Importantly, Mg plays a role in regulating intracellular calcium concentration and is involved in carbohydrate metabolism and insulin receptor activity. This narrative review aims to consolidate existing knowledge, identify research gaps, and raise awareness of the critical role of Mg in supporting adipose tissue metabolism and preventing oxidative stress.

Nano-enzyme functionalized hydrogels promote diabetic wound healing through immune microenvironment modulation

Non-healing diabetic wounds often culminate in amputation and mortality. The main pathophysiological features in diabetic wounds involve the accumulation of M1-type macrophages and excessive oxidative stress. In this study, we engineered a nano-enzyme functionalized hydrogel by incorporating a magnesium ion-doped molybdenum-based polymetallic oxide (Mg-POM), a novel bioactive nano-enzyme, into a GelMA hydrogel, to obtain the GelMA@Mg-POM system to enhance diabetic wound healing. GelMA@Mg-POM was crosslinked using UV light, yielding a hydrogel with a uniformly porous three-dimensional mesh structure. In vitro experiments showed that GelMA@Mg-POM extraction significantly enhanced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration, scavenged ROS, improved the inflammatory microenvironment, induced macrophage reprogramming towards M2, and promoted HUVEC regeneration of CD31 and fibroblast regeneration of type I collagen. In in vivo experiments, diabetic rat wounds treated with GelMA@Mg-POM displayed enhanced granulation tissue genesis and collagen production, as evidenced by HE and Masson staining. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the ability of GelMA@Mg-POM to mitigate macrophage-associated inflammatory responses and promote angiogenesis. Overall, these findings suggest that GelMA@Mg-POM holds significant promise as a biomaterial for treating diabetic wounds.

The relationship between oxidative balance score and erectile dysfunction in the U.S. male adult population

Oxidative stress strongly influences the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED). In this study, we used the oxidative balance score (OBS), a composite index, to measure the effects of oxidative stress triggered by diet and lifestyle factors. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the statistical relationship between OBS and ED among adult males in the U.S. The data from 3318 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2004 were analyzed. Weighted logistic regression was used to correct for confounding factors and acquire nationwide representative estimates. Generalized additive modeling was used to explore the nonlinear relationship. We also supplemented subgroup and sensitivity analysis to examine the robustness of the main results. Multivariate logistic regression indicated a consistent negative linear association between OBS and ED across all participants [OR (95% CI) = 0.96 (0.94, 0.98)]. After categorizing OBS into tertiles, participants in the highest tertile had 43% lower odds of having ED than those in the lowest tertile [OR (95% CI) = 0.57 (0.37, 0.87)]. The generalized additive model also visualized the linear trend of this association. Furthermore, this linear relationship remained relatively consistent, regardless of whether subgroup or sensitivity analyses were performed. Our findings suggest that adopting a lifestyle and diet pattern that promotes favorable OBS may effectively protect against the development of ED, regardless of the underlying causes.

Magnesium alginate as a low-viscosity (intramolecularly cross-linked) system for the sustained and neuroprotective release of magnesium

The administration of Mg ions is advantageous in pathological scenarios such as pre-enclampsia and forms of neuroinflammation (e.g. stroke or injury); yet, few systems exist for their sustained delivery. Here, we present the (static light scattering and diffusing-wave spectroscopy) characterization of magnesium alginate (MgAlg) as a potentially injectable vehicle ifor the delivery of Mg. Differently from other divalent cations, Mg does not readily induce gelation: it acts within MgAlg coils, making them more rigid and less prone to entangle. As a result, below a threshold concentration (notionally below 0.5 % wt.) MgAlg are inherently less viscous than those of sodium alginate (NaAlg), which is a major advantage for injectables; at higher concentrations, however, (stable, Mg-based) aggregation starts occurring. Importantly, Mg can then be released e.g. in artificial cerebrospinal fluid, via a slow (hours) process of ion exchange. Finally, we here show that MgAlg protects rat neural stem cells from the consequence of an oxidative insult (100 μM H2O2), an effect that we can only ascribe to the sustained liberation of Mg ions, since it was not shown by NaAlg, MgSO4 or the NaAlg/MgSO4 combination. Our results therefore indicate that MgAlg is a promising vehicle for Mg delivery under pathological (inflammatory) conditions.

Minerals and the Menstrual Cycle: Impacts on Ovulation and Endometrial Health

The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of the reproductive system: hormonal regulation, ovarian function and ovulation, endometrial health, and oxidative stress. Despite the attention given to specific micronutrients in relation to reproductive disorders, there is a noticeable absence of a comprehensive review focusing on the impact of minerals throughout the menstrual cycle on female fertility. This narrative review aims to address this gap by examining the influence of minerals on reproductive health. Each mineral's contribution is explored in detail to provide a clearer picture of its importance in supporting female fertility. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances our knowledge of reproductive health but also offers clinicians valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies and the recommended intake of minerals to promote female reproductive well-being, considering the menstrual cycle. This review stands as the first to offer such a detailed examination of minerals in the context of the menstrual cycle, aiming to elevate the understanding of their critical role in female fertility and reproductive health.

Evaluation of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on salivary flow and composition in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy

OBJECTIVE

Assess the impact of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) on xerostomia, salivary flow rate (SFR) and composition in patients undergoing radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer (HNC).

STUDY DESIGN

Thirty patients undergoing RT (65 Gy) for HNC were enrolled. Saliva and xerostomia evaluations collected pre- and post-PBMT-RT. PBMT involved irradiation of extra and intraoral points, 15-20 sessions, 2-3 times/week. SFR, trace elements, total protein, alkaline phosphatase, xerostomia, and pH were analyzed.

RESULTS

The average age was 60.7 years. After treatment, there was not a significant reduction in SFR and there was no difference on xerostomia. Significant reductions in Al, Cd, Fe, Ni, P, and Sb concentrations were observed, along with a significant increase in Mg concentration. Sample data were organized into 3 groups based on a self-organizing map. Low concentrations of Al, As, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, S, Sr, and Zn were the primary discriminatory factors for group A, while group B consisted of post-PBMT-RT samples with high concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Na, and S.

CONCLUSIONS

PBMT prevented a significant reduction in SFR and xerostomia induced by radiation therapy. These findings suggest that PBMT prevents salivary gland damage minimizing the decline in salivary flow.

Oxidative balance score was negatively associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome severity, and all-cause mortality of patients with metabolic syndrome

Background

The oxidative balance score (OBS), an encompassing scoring mechanism for assessing oxidative stress, is formulated based on nutritional and lifestyle components. The emergence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is intricately linked to oxidative stress. Nonetheless, the correlation between OBS and MetS displays variability within distinct cohorts.

Objective

We worked on the relationships between OBS and the risk of MetS, MetS severity, and all-cause mortality of MetS patients.

Methods

A total of 11,171 adult participants were collected from the U.S. National Health Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018. Employing survey-weighted logistic models, we evaluated the relationship between OBS and MetS risk. Furthermore, survey-weighted linear models were utilized to investigate the connection between OBS and MetS severity. Among the participants, 3,621 individuals had their survival status recorded, allowing us to employ Cox proportional hazards regression models in order to ascertain the association between OBS and the all-cause mortality within the subset of individuals with MetS. The OBS (where a higher OBS signified an increased prevalence of anti- or pro-oxidant exposures) weighed the 20 factors, while the MetS severity score weighed the five factors.

Results

After multivariable adjustment, individuals with elevated OBS were found to exhibit a decreased susceptibility to MetS [odds ratio (OR) 0.95; 95% CI 0.94-0.96]. The adjusted OR was 0.42 (95% CI 0.33-0.53) for MetS risk in the fourth OBS quartile compared with those in the first OBS quartile (P for trend < 0.001). A one-unit increase in OBS was linked to a 3% reduction in MetS severity score by 3% (mean difference, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.04 to -0.03). Moreover, increased OBS correlated with decreased hazard of all-cause mortality risk among MetS subjects (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93-0.98). These associations retained their strength even subsequent to the introduction of sensitivity analyses. There existed a statistically significant negative correlation between diet/lifestyle OBS and both MetS risk as well as MetS severity.

Conclusions

An inverse correlation was observed between OBS and the susceptibility to MetS, MetS severity, and all-cause mortality of MetS patients. Health outcomes for MetS patients were positively related to antioxidant diets and lifestyles.

Association between Oxidative Balance Score and Severe Headache or Migraine among American Adults A Cross-Section Study

BACKGROUND

Migraine is implicated in oxidative stress. The oxidative balance score (OBS) assesses the combined impact of diet and lifestyle on oxidative and antioxidant balance in diseases. However, the association between OBS and migraine remains underexplored.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to examine the relationship between OBS and severe headaches or migraines among American adults.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004, defining severe headaches or migraine via self-reports and calculating OBS from 16 diaries and 4 lifestyle factors. Multivariable weighted logistic regression models were used to explore the OBS-migraine relationship, with stratified analysis for result validation.

RESULTS

The study included 6,653 participants (average age 45.6, 52.1% male), and 19.1% reported severe headaches or migraines. There was a significant inverse association between OBS and severe headache or migraine, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.97 (95% [confidence interval] CI: 0.96, 0.98, p < 0.001). The highest OBS tertile had an adjusted OR of 0.58 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.73) compared to the lowest. This pattern was consistent across sexes, with an adjusted OR of 0.98 (0.95, 1.00) in males and 0.97 (0.95, 1.00) in females. The adjusted OR for migraine was 0.61 (0.44, 0.87) and 0.54 (0.37, 0.79) in the highest tertile for males and females, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights a significant association between OBS and severe headaches or migraines, suggesting the potential role of oxidative stress in these conditions. The findings emphasize the importance of a balanced, antioxidant-rich diet and lifestyle in managing severe headaches or migraine.

Metal profiling in coronary ischemia-reperfusion injury: Implications for KEAP1/NRF2 regulated redox signaling

Coronary ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury results from a blockage of blood supply to the heart followed by restoration of perfusion, leading to oxidative stress induced pathological processes. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), a master antioxidant transcription factor, plays a key role in regulating redox signaling. Over the past decades, the field of metallomics has provided novel insights into the mechanism of pro-oxidant and antioxidant pathological processes. Both redox-active (e.g. Fe and Cu) and redox-inert (e.g. Zn and Mg) metals play unique roles in establishing redox balance under IR injury. Notably, Zn protects against oxidative stress in coronary IR injury by serving as a cofactor of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] (SOD1) and proteins such as metallothionein (MT) and KEAP1/NRF2 mediated antioxidant defenses. An increase in labile Zn2+ inhibits proteasomal degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2 by modifying KEAP1 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) conformations. Fe and Cu catalyse the formation of reactive oxygen species via the Fenton reaction and also serve as cofactors of antioxidant enzymes and can activate NRF2 antioxidant signaling. We review the evidence that Zn and redox-active metals Fe and Cu affect redox signaling in coronary cells during IR and the mechanisms by which oxidative stress influences cellular metal content. In view of the unique double-edged characteristics of metals, we aim to bridge the role of metals and NRF2 regulated redox signaling to antioxidant defenses in IR injury, with a long-term aim of informing the design and application of novel therapeutics.

Magnesium (Mg2+): Essential Mineral for Neuronal Health: From Cellular Biochemistry to Cognitive Health and Behavior Regulation

Magnesium (Mg2+) is a crucial mineral involved in numerous cellular processes critical for neuronal health and function. This review explores the multifaceted roles of Mg2+, from its biochemical interactions at the cellular level to its impact on cognitive health and behavioral regulation. Mg2+ acts as a cofactor for over 300 enzymatic reactions, including those involved in ATP synthesis, nucleic acid stability, and neurotransmitter release. It regulates ion channels, modulates synaptic plasticity, and maintains the structural integrity of cell membranes, which are essential for proper neuronal signaling and synaptic transmission. Recent studies have highlighted the significance of Mg2+ in neuroprotection, showing its ability to attenuate oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and mitigate excitotoxicity, thereby safeguarding neuronal health. Furthermore, Mg2+ deficiency has been linked to a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Supplementation with Mg2+, particularly in the form of bioavailable compounds such as Magnesium-L-Threonate (MgLT), Magnesium-Acetyl-Taurate (MgAT), and other Magnesium salts, has shown some promising results in enhancing synaptic density, improving memory function, and alleviating symptoms of mental health disorders. This review highlights significant current findings on the cellular mechanisms by which Mg2+ exerts its neuroprotective effects and evaluates clinical and preclinical evidence supporting its therapeutic potential. By elucidating the comprehensive role of Mg2+ in neuronal health, this review aims to underscore the importance of maintaining optimal Mg2+ levels for cognitive function and behavioral regulation, advocating for further research into Mg2+ supplementation as a viable intervention for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.

The Integral Role of Magnesium in Muscle Integrity and Aging: A Comprehensive Review

Aging is characterized by significant physiological changes, with the degree of decline varying significantly among individuals. The preservation of intrinsic capacity over the course of an individual's lifespan is fundamental for healthy aging. Locomotion, which entails the capacity for independent movement, is intricately connected with various dimensions of human life, including cognition, vitality, sensory perception, and psychological well-being. Notably, skeletal muscle functions as a pivotal nexus within this intricate framework. Any perturbation in its functionality can manifest as compromised physical performance and an elevated susceptibility to frailty. Magnesium is an essential mineral that plays a central role in approximately 800 biochemical reactions within the human body. Its distinctive physical and chemical attributes render it an indispensable stabilizing factor in the orchestration of diverse cellular reactions and organelle functions, thereby rendering it irreplaceable in processes directly impacting muscle health. This narrative review offers a comprehensive exploration of the pivotal role played by magnesium in maintaining skeletal muscle integrity, emphasizing the critical importance of maintaining optimal magnesium levels for promoting healthy aging.

Cardiolipin deficiency leads to the destabilization of mitochondrial magnesium channel MRS2 in Barth syndrome

Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a debilitating X-linked cardio-skeletal myopathy caused by loss-of-function mutations in TAFAZZIN, a cardiolipin (CL)-remodeling enzyme required for the maintenance of normal levels of CL species in mitochondrial membranes. At present, how perturbations in CL abundance and composition lead to many debilitating clinical presentations in BTHS patients have not been fully elucidated. Inspired by our recent findings that CL is essential for optimal mitochondrial calcium uptake, we measured the levels of other biologically important metal ions in BTHS mitochondria and found that in addition to calcium, magnesium levels are significantly reduced. Consistent with this observation, we report a decreased abundance of the mitochondrial magnesium influx channel MRS2 in multiple models of BTHS including yeast, murine myoblast, and BTHS patient cells and cardiac tissue. Mechanistically, we attribute reduced steady-state levels of MRS2 to its increased turnover in CL-deficient BTHS models. By expressing Mrs2 in well-characterized yeast mutants of the phospholipid biosynthetic pathways, we demonstrate a specific requirement of CL for Mrs2 abundance and assembly. Finally, we provide in vitro evidence for the direct binding of CL with human MRS2. Together, our study has identified a critical requirement of CL for MRS2 stability and suggests perturbation of mitochondrial magnesium homeostasis as a novel contributing factor to BTHS pathology.

Transplantation of active nucleus pulposus cells with a keep-charging hydrogel microsphere system to rescue intervertebral disc degeneration

BACKGROUND

Cell transplantation has been demonstrated as a promising approach in tissue regeneration. However, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and inflammation condition establish a harsh microenvironment in degenerated tissue, which makes the transplanted cells difficult to survive.

METHODS

In this study, we constructed a keep-charging hydrogel microsphere system to enable cells actively proliferate and function in the degenerated intervertebral disc. Specifically, we combined Mg2+ to histidine-functionalized hyaluronic acid (HA-His-Mg2+) through coordination reaction, which was further intercrossed with GelMA to construct a double-network hydrogel microsphere (GelMA/HA-His-Mg2+, GHHM) with microfluidic methods. In vitro, the GHHM loaded with nucleus pulposus cells (GHHM@NPCs) was further tested for its ability to promote NPCs proliferation and anti-inflammatory properties. In vivo, the ability of GHHM@NPCs to promote regeneration of NP tissue and rescue intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) was evaluated by the rat intervertebral disc acupuncture model.

RESULTS

The GHHM significantly enhanced NPCs adhesion and proliferation, providing an ideal platform for the NPCs to grow on. The loaded NPCs were kept active in the degenerative intervertebral disc microenvironment as charged by the Mg2+ in GHHM microspheres to effectively support the loaded NPCs to reply against the ROS-induced inflammation and senescence. Moreover, we observed that GHHM@NPCs effectively alleviated nucleus pulposus degeneration and promoted its regeneration in the rat IVDD model.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we constructed a keep charging system with a double-network hydrogel microsphere as a framework and Mg2+ as a cell activity enhancer, which effectively maintains NPCs active to fight against the harsh microenvironment in the degenerative intervertebral disc. The GHHM@NPCs system provides a promising approach for IVDD management.

NEIL3 promoter G-quadruplex with oxidatively modified bases shows magnesium-dependent folding that stalls polymerase bypass

Oxidative stress unleashes reactive species capable of oxidizing 2'-deoxyguanosine (G) nucleotides in G-rich sequences of the genome, such as the potential G-quadruplex forming sequencing (PQS) in the NEIL3 gene promoter. Oxidative modification of G yields 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (OG) that can be further oxidized to hydantoin products. Herein, OG was synthesized into the NEIL3 PQS that was allowed to fold to a G-quadruplex (G4) in K+ ion solutions with varying amounts of Mg2+ in the physiological range. The Mg2+ dependency in the oxidatively modified NEIL3 G4 to stall a replicative DNA polymerase was evaluated. The polymerase was found to stall at the G4 or OG, as well as continue to full-length extension with dependency on the location of the modification and the concentration of Mg2+. To provide some clarity on these findings, OG or the hydantoins were synthesized in model NEIL3 G4 folding sequences at the positions of the polymerase study. The model G4 sequences were allowed to fold in K+ ion solutions with varying levels of Mg2+ to identify how the presence of the divalent metal impacted G4 folding depending on the location of the modification. The presence of Mg2+ either caused the transition of the NEIL3 G4 folds from an antiparallel to parallel orientation of the strands or had no impact. Structural models are proposed to understand the findings using the literature as a guide. The biological significance of the results is discussed.

Neuroprotective effects of magnesium against stress induced by hydrogen peroxide in Wistar rat

INTRODUCTION

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diverse disease states. The present study was designed to examine the effects of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced behaviour impairment and oxidative damage in rats.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Eighteen rats were equally divided into three groups. The first group was kept as a control. In the second group, H2O2 was given in drinking water at 3% during 5 days. In the third group, rats were subjected to daily administration of H2O2 and MgSO4 (100 mg/kg; b.w) for 5 days. Animals were subjected to behavioural tests (elevated plus maze and open field). At the end of experiment, brains were extracted for oxidative stress biomarkers assessment including levels of malondialdéhyde and hydrogen peroxide and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase.

RESULTS

Our findings showed that H2O2 treated rat exhibited anxiogenic behaviour and the genesis of free radicals in the brain. Magnesium showed amelioration against oxidative stress and significant decrease in anxiety levels.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

Stress is a powerful process that disrupts brain homeostasis by inducing oxidative stress and its appear that magnesium may have potential therapeutic benefits by reducing oxidative stress and inducing anxiolytic effect.

TRPM7 kinase mediates hypomagnesemia-induced seizure-related death

Hypomagnesemia (HypoMg) can cause seizures and death, but the mechanism is unknown. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M 7 (TRPM7) is a Mg transporter with both channel and kinase function. In this study, we focused on the kinase role of TRPM7 in HypoMg-induced seizures and death. Wild type C57BL/6J mice and transgenic mice with a global homozygous mutation in the TRPM7 kinase domain (TRPM7^K1646R, with no kinase function) were fed with control diet or a HypoMg diet. After 6 weeks of HypoMg diet, mice had significantly decreased serum Mg, elevated brain TRPM7, and a significant rate of death, with females being most susceptible. Deaths were immediately preceded by seizure events. TRPM7^K1646R mice showed resistance to seizure-induced death. HypoMg-induced brain inflammation and oxidative stress were suppressed by TRPM7^K1646R. Compared to their male counterparts, HypoMg female mice had higher levels of inflammation and oxidative stress in the hippocampus. We concluded that TRPM7 kinase function contributes seizure-induced deaths in HypoMg mice and that inhibiting the kinase reduced inflammation and oxidative stress.

The Role of Txnip in Mediating Low-Magnesium-Driven Endothelial Dysfunction

Magnesium deficiency is associated with a greater risk of developing cardiovascular diseases since this cation is fundamental in regulating vascular function. This clinical evidence is sustained by in vitro studies showing that culturing endothelial cells in low concentrations of magnesium promotes the acquisition of a pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory phenotype. Here, we show that the increase in reactive oxygen species in endothelial cells in low-magnesium-containing medium is due to the upregulation of the pro-oxidant protein thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP), with a consequent accumulation of lipid droplets and increase in endothelial permeability through the downregulation and relocalization of junctional proteins. Silencing TXNIP restores the endothelial barrier and lipid content. Because (i) mitochondria serve multiple roles in shaping cell function, health and survival and (ii) mitochondria are the main intracellular stores of magnesium, it is of note that no significant alterations were detected in their morphology and dynamics in our experimental model. We conclude that TXNIP upregulation contributes to low-magnesium-induced endothelial dysfunction in vitro.

The Link between Magnesium Supplements and Statin Medication in Dyslipidemic Patients

Many investigations have discovered a connection between statins and magnesium supplements. On one hand, increasing research suggests that chronic hypomagnesemia may be an important factor in the etiology of some metabolic illnesses, including obesity and overweight, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, alterations in lipid metabolism, and low-grade inflammation. Chronic metabolic problems seem to be prevented by a high Mg intake combined with diet and/or supplements. On the other hand, it is known that statins lower the frequency of cardiac events, stroke, and mortality, not by lowering LDL-C, but by the capacity to reduce mevalonate formation. That will enhance endothelial function, inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and encourage macrophages to promote plaque stability and regression while reducing inflammation. Taking these factors into consideration, we did an extensive analysis of the relevant literature, comparing the effects of Mg² and statin medications on lipoproteins and, implicitly, on the key enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism.

Antioxidant potential of the diet in Italian children with food allergies

A reduced fruit and vegetable consumption, which implies a decreased intake of antioxidant compounds, seems to play a role in allergic diseases onset. Data on the antioxidant capacity of diet in children with food allergies, who are on an avoidance diet, are still lacking. This pilot study aims to assess the antioxidant potential of diet in Italian children with food allergies, compared to healthy children, using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) method. 95 children (54 with confirmed food allergies and 41 controls), with a median age of 7.8 years, were enrolled and underwent a nutritional assessment. Mean nutrient intakes were compared using the Mann–Whitney test. ORAC resulted significantly lower in allergic children (median 2,908, IQR: 1450;4,716) compared to control children (median 4,392, IQR: 2523;5,836; p = 0.049). Among micronutrients with antioxidant properties, vitamin A intakes were significantly higher in controls than in allergic children. Using Spearman’s correlation, a moderate-to-strong correlation between ORAC and vitamin C, potassium and magnesium was observed (ρ = 0.648, p &lt; 0.001; ρ = 0.645, p &lt; 0.001; ρ = 0.500, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Iron, phosphorus, vitamin E and vitamin A intakes were also moderately-to-low correlated with ORAC values (ρ = 0.351, p &lt; 0.001; ρ = 0.367, p &lt; 0.001; ρ = 0.346, p &lt; 0.001; and ρ = 0.295, p = 0.004, respectively). We hypothesize that the reduced antioxidant potential of the diet might be related to a reduced variety of the diet in children with food allergies. Our study suggests that the diet of children with food allergies has a lower antioxidant potential (expressed as ORAC value) compared to the diet of healthy children, regardless of the allergenic food excluded from the diet. This issue should be further investigated in prospective, powered studies.

Nanoparticulate MgH2 ameliorates anxiety/depression-like behaviors in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by regulating microglial polarization and oxidative stress

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Anxiety and depression are the most common psychiatric comorbidities of MS, which seriously affect patients' quality of life, treatment compliance, and prognosis. However, current treatments for anxiety and depression in MS show low therapeutic efficacy and significant side effects. In the present study, we explored the therapeutic effects of a novel low-toxic anti-inflammatory drug, nanoparticulate magnesium hydride (MgH₂), on mood disorders of MS. We observed that anxiety/depression-like behaviors in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice were alleviated by MgH₂ treatment. In addition, disease severity and inflammatory demyelination were also diminished. Furthermore, we confirmed the suppressive effect of MgH₂ on depression in the acute restraint stress model. Mechanistically, MgH₂ may play a therapeutic role by promoting microglial M2 polarization, inhibiting microglial M1 polarization, and reducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Therefore, nanoparticulate MgH₂ may be a promising therapeutic drug for psychiatric comorbidities of MS.

Dietary Mg Supplementation Decreases Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Vascular Dysfunction in an Experimental Model of Metabolic Syndrome with Renal Failure

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are commonly associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and in these patients Mg concentration is usually decreased. This study evaluated whether a dietary Mg supplementation might attenuate vascular dysfunction through the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation in concurrent MetS and CKD.

METHODS

A rat model of MetS (Zucker strain) with CKD (5/6 nephrectomy, Nx) was used. Nephrectomized animals were fed a normal 0.1%Mg (MetS+Nx+Mg0.1%) or a supplemented 0.6%Mg (MetS+Nx+Mg0.6%) diet; Sham-operated rats with MetS receiving 0.1%Mg were used as controls.

RESULTS

As compared to controls, the MetS+Nx-Mg0.1% group showed a significant increase in oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers (lipid peroxidation and aortic interleukin-1b and -6 expression) and Endothelin-1 levels, a decrease in nitric oxide and a worsening in uremia and MetS associated pathology as hypertension, and abnormal glucose and lipid profile. Moreover, proteomic evaluation revealed changes mainly related to lipid metabolism and CVD markers. By contrast, in the MetS+Nx+Mg0.6% group, these parameters remained largely similar to controls.

CONCLUSION

In concurrent MetS and CKD, dietary Mg supplementation reduced inflammation and oxidative stress and improved vascular function.

Evaluation of some trace elements and antioxidants in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study

INTRODUCTION

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease that destroys joints. The concentrations of elements (Zn, Cu, Mg, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr, K, Na, Ca, Pb, and Cd), as well as antioxidant glutathione GSH and lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde MDA, will be determined in this study.

METHOD

The study involves 120 female RA patients and 60 healthy females in the control group, all of whom are between the ages of 20 and 60. Patients having diabetes, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, or psoriasis, in addition to RA, were excluded.

RESULTS

When RA patients were compared to healthy individuals, the levels of Cu, Ni, Na, Pb, and Cd were significantly higher (p < 0.01), whereas the levels of Zn, Mg, Mn, Cr, Ca, K, and Fe were significantly lower (p < 0.01). The Cu/Zn (2.21 and 1.16) and Na/k (38.67 and 34.87) ratios were also found to be significantly higher in RA patients compared to controls. Furthermore, the data indicated that GSH concentrations in RA patients were significantly lower (p < 0.01) than those in controls (655.90 and 1345.17 mol/l, respectively). MDA levels in RA patients were significantly higher (p < 0.01) than those in controls (2.739 and 1.673 mol/l, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

The data indicate that Cu/Zn and Na/k ratios can be of great value in the diagnosis and evaluation of RA patients. On this basis, we conclude that these elements can be relied upon to provide indications of RA risk and the measurement of oxidative stress can serve as a biomarker to monitor disease activity and severity in RA patients. Key Points • Trace elements may be of value and may have an expected significance in the early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis. • The distortion in the levels of trace elements may reflect their possible role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. • Oxidative stress can act as a biomarker to monitor disease activity and severity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. • The trace elements can contribute to the manifestation of inflammatory diseases due to their role in the synthesis of some antioxidants or due to their effect on the immune system.

Assessment of the Roles of Magnesium and Zinc in Clinical Disorders

The ability and facility of magnesium (Mg2+) and zinc (Zn2+) to interact with phosphate ions confer them the characteristics of essential trace elements. Trace elements are extremely necessary for the basic nucleic acid chemistry of cells of all known living organisms. More than 300 enzymes require zinc and magnesium ions for their catalytic actions, including all the enzymes involved in the synthesis of ATP. In addition, enzymes such as isomerases, oxidoreductases, lyases, transferases, ligases and hydrolases that use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA require magnesium and zinc. These nucleotides may trigger oxidative damage or important changes against free radicals. In the same way, nucleotides may play an important role in the pathophysiology of degenerative diseases, including in some clinical disorders, where vascular risk factors, oxidative stress and inflammation work to destabilize the patients` homeostatic equilibrium. Indeed, reduced levels of zinc and magnesium may lead to inadequate amount of antioxidant enzymes, and thus, acts as an important contributing factor for the induction of oxidative stress leading to cellular or tissue dysfunction. Hence, the development of zinc or magnesium enzyme inhibitors could be a novel opportunity for the treatment of some human disorders. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to assess the clinical benefits of zinc and magnesium in human health and their effects in some clinical disorders.

Serum Magnesium is Inversely Associated with Body Composition and Metabolic Syndrome

PURPOSE

Magnesium is vital to maintain normal physiological functions. We aimed to identify the association between serum magnesium and different measures of body adiposity among Qatari adults. We hypothesized that the association was mediated by depression and sleep duration.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 1000 adults aged 20 years and above who attended the Qatar Biobank Study (QBB) between 2012 and 2019. Body adiposity was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Serum magnesium concentration was measured. Sub-optimal magnesium was defined as magnesium concentration less than 0.85 mmol/L. The association was examined using linear regression.

RESULTS

The mean age of the participants (n=1000) was 35.8 (SD 10.3) years. More than half of the participants had sub-optimal magnesium concentrations (60.2% in men and 52.3% in women). Serum magnesium was inversely associated with different types of fat mass. In the fully adjusted model, per 1 SD increment of serum magnesium had standardized regression coefficients of -0.09 (p 0.005) for total fat mass, -0.08 (p 0.008) for trunk fat, -0.09 (p 0.003) for gynoid fat and -0.08 (p 0.008) for android fat. There was no gender difference in the association. The inverse association between serum magnesium and fat mass was significant in those with sleep duration ≥7 hours but not in those <7 hours. Depressive symptom and sleep did not mediate the association between serum magnesium and fat mass. Serum magnesium was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome (per 1 SD increment had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.70 (95% CI 0.57-0.85)).

CONCLUSION

There was an inverse association between serum magnesium and fat mass, especially among those with an adequate sleep duration and without chronic conditions including diabetes, hypertension and depression.

A Mini Review on the Various Facets Effecting Brain Delivery of Magnesium and Its Role in Neurological Disorders

Magnesium is an essential cation present in the body that participates in the regulation of various vital body functions. Maintaining normal level of magnesium is essential for proper brain functions by regulating the activities of numerous neurotransmitters and their receptors. Various studies have been reported that magnesium level is found to be declined in both neurological and psychiatric diseases. Declined magnesium level in the brain initiates various cumbersome effects like excitotoxicity, altered blood-brain permeability, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which may further worsen the disease condition. Shreds of evidence from the experimental and clinical studies proved that exogenous administration of magnesium is useful for correcting disease-induced alterations in the brain. But one of the major limiting factors in the use of magnesium for treatment purposes is its poor blood-brain barrier permeability. Various approaches like the administration of its organic salts as pidolate and threonate forms, and the combination with polyethylene glycol or mannitol have been tried to improve its permeability to make magnesium as a suitable drug for different neurological disorders. These results have shown their experimental efficacy in diseased animal models, but studies regarding the safety and efficacy in human subjects are currently underway. We present a comprehensive review on the role of magnesium in the maintenance of normal functioning of the brain and various approaches for improving its BBB permeability.

Immune response differences in degradable and non-degradable alloy implants

Alloy based implants have made a great impact in the clinic and in preclinical research. Immune responses are one of the major causes of failure of these implants in the clinic. Although the immune responses toward non-degradable alloy implants are well documented, there is a poor understanding of the immune responses against degradable alloy implants. Recently, there have been several reports suggesting that degradable implants may develop substantial immune responses. This phenomenon needs to be further studied in detail to make the case for the degradable implants to be utilized in clinics. Herein, we review these new recent reports suggesting the role of innate and potentially adaptive immune cells in inducing immune responses against degradable implants. First, we discussed immune responses to allergen components of non-degradable implants to give a better overview on differences in the immune response between non-degradable and degradable implants. Furthermore, we also provide potential areas of research that can be undertaken that may shed light on the local and global immune responses that are generated in response to degradable implants.

Low serum magnesium is associated with poor functional outcome in acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients

AIM

The association between magnesium and outcomes after stroke is uncertain. We aimed to investigate the association of serum magnesium with all-cause mortality and poor functional outcome.

METHODS

We included patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA) from the China National Stroke Registry III. We used Cox proportional hazards model for all-cause mortality and logistic regression model for poor functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] 2-6/3-6) to examine the relationships.

RESULTS

Among the 6483 patients, the median (interquartile range) magnesium was 0.87 (0.80-0.93) mmol/L. Patients in the first quartile had a higher risk of mRS score 3-6/2-6 at 3 months (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02, 1.64; adjusted OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.04-1.59) compared with those in the fourth quartile. Similar results were found for mRS score 26 at 1 year. The age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI in first quartile magnesium was 1.40 (1.02-1.93) for all-cause mortality within 1 year, but became insignificant (HR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.71-1.50) after adjusting for potential variables.

CONCLUSIONS

Low serum magnesium was associated with a high risk of poor functional outcome in patients with AIS or TIA.

Are There Associations between Seminal Plasma Advanced Oxidation Protein Products and Selected Redox-Associated Biochemical Parameters in Infertile Male Patients? A Preliminary Report

Oxidative stress (OS) is one of the reasons for male infertility. Seminal plasma contains a multitude of enzymes and ions which influence OS and thus may affect male fertility. The aim of the study was to check for associations between seminal plasma advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) concentrations and levels of selected biochemical parameters (total protein, iron, uric acid, magnesium, calcium) in infertile men, and establish whether they are associated with sperm disorders. Seminal plasma AOPP, as well as total protein, iron, uric acid, calcium, and magnesium concentrations, were determined for the following patient groups: normozoospermic (N; n = 33), teratozoospermic (T; n = 30), asthenoteratozoospermic (AT; n = 18), and oligoasthenoteratozoospermic (OAT; n = 28). AOPP concentrations were significantly higher in N and T groups in comparison to AT and OAT groups. Total protein concentrations were significantly lower in the T group in comparison to the AT and OAT groups, whereas iron concentrations significantly decreased in the OAT group in comparison to the T and N patients. AOPP differentiates AT patients from men with other sperm disorders. Our results suggest that asthenozoospermia may be connected with total protein levels. Insufficient iron levels may reflect a decrease in sperm count.

The Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Supplemented with Intracellular Magnesium Ions by Means of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) in the Process of Bread Production

Bread was supplemented with magnesium through an addition of yeasts subjected to the effect of PEF at optimised parameters to obtain the maximum bioaccumulation of magnesium in cells. Bread produced with the use of yeasts supplemented with magnesium by means of PEF was characterised by its highest content, at 39.3 mg/100 g, which was higher by 50% and 24%, respectively, compared to the control bread sample with an admixture of yeasts cultured without any addition of magnesium and with no PEF treatment and to the control bread sample with an admixture of yeasts cultured with an addition of magnesium but no PEF treatment. The addition of yeasts supplemented with magnesium using PEF in bread production did not cause any statistically significant changes in the chemical composition of any of the analysed samples. However, statistically significant changes were noted in the technological properties of breads produced with an admixture of yeasts supplemented with magnesium by means of PEF treatment. An increase of moisture to 54.03 ± 0.29% led to a reduction of the total baking loss. No statistically significant differences were noted in the bread volume in samples K1, K2, and P, varying from 239 to 269 cm3/100 g.

Assessment of Serum Elements Concentration and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Change in the levels of trace elements has been linked with PCOS pathogenesis by various studies, whereas some had reported no such association. Therefore, in order to evaluate association of eleven trace element (Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Se, Mn, Fe, Mg, Co, Ni and Pb) serum concentration with PCOS pathogenesis, current systematic review and meta-analysis has been carried out. Literature search was conducted using PubMed, Central Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and Science Direct databases with appropriate keywords. Studies published upto 3rd of September were evaluated for eligibility with suitable inclusion and exclusion criteria. Only case-control studies examining the association of serum trace element concentrations between PCOS cases and controls were selected. Present meta-analysis identified 32 articles with 2317 PCOS and 1898 controls. The serum Cu (MD = 15.40; 95% CI = 4.32 to 26.48; p = 0.006), Co (MD = 0.01; 95% CI = 0.01 to 0.02; p = 0.000), Cr (MD = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.07; p = 0.03) and Fe (MD = 12.98; 95% CI = 5.87-20.09; p = 0.0003) concentration is significantly higher, while lower concentration has been observed for Se (MD =  - 0.99; 95% CI =  - 1.31 to - 0.67; p = 0.000) and Mg (MD =  - 223.41; 95% CI =  - 391.60 to - 55.23; p = 0.009) among women with PCOS in comparison with the healthy group. Concentration of other elements which were analysed is not significantly related to PCOS. In short, PCOS women has higher serum concentrations of Cu, Co, Cr and Fe and lower concentrations of Se and Mg. Studies with sub-population of obese, non-obese and with and without insulin resistance are important to understand the pathomechanism of these elements in the syndrome.

Comparative effect of transforaminal injection of Magnesium sulphate versus Ozone on oxidative stress biomarkers in lumbar disc related radicular pain

BACKGROUND

We aimed to investigate the effect of transforaminal injection of Magnesium sulphate versus Ozone on pain intensity, functional disability and the oxidative stress biomarkers; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione (GSH) in patients with lumbar disc prolapse.

METHODS

This randomized controlled trial was conducted on 135 patients having symptomatic lumbar disc prolapse, received either transforaminal injection of Magnesium sulphate with steroids, Ozone with steroids, or steroids alone. Assessment of pain severity and functional disability were done before intervention, 2 weeks, 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention. Serum SOD and GSH were measured for all included patients before and 2 weeks after intervention.

RESULTS

There was a statistically significant improvement in pain intensity and functional disability 2 weeks after intervention in the three groups, but at 1-month and 3-months after intervention, the significant improvement was in Mg sulphate and Ozone groups only. At 6-months follow up, Mg sulphate group only showed a significant improvement. There was a statistically significant increase in SOD and GSH serum levels, 2-weeks after intervention in both Magnesium sulphate (P-value = 0.002, 0.005 respectively) and ozone groups (P-value < 0.001, < 0.001), but there was no statistically significant change in SOD and GSH serum levels in control group.

CONCLUSION

Transforaminal injection of Mg sulphate in patients with lumbar disc prolapse causes significant long-term improvement (up to 6 months) in pain intensity and functional disability. The serum levels of SOD and GSH were significantly increased at 2 weeks following both transforaminal injection of Mg sulphate and ozone.

The Examination of the Influence of Caffeinated Coffee Consumption on the Concentrations of Serum Prolactin and Selected Parameters of the Oxidative-Antioxidant Balance in Young Adults: A Preliminary Report

We verified whether caffeinated coffee consumption influenced the concentrations of prolactin (PRL) and oxidative stress parameters: total antioxidant status (TAS), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), uric acid (UA), total bilirubin (T-Bil), albumin (ALB), iron (Fe), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP)-in blood sera obtained at 15, 60, and 120 minutes after caffeinated coffee intake, in relation to the fasting point. The study participants were 33 young, healthy, nonsmoking volunteers (15 men, 18 women) aged 19-29 years. PRL concentrations significantly decreased (p < 0.05) after consumption, except at time point 15' in men (p > 0.05). In women, FRAP levels significantly increased over time, and significant changes were also observed for UA at 120' and ALB at 15'. In men, significant changes were found for levels of AOPP at 15', T-Bil and ALB at 15', iron at 60' and 120', and calcium at 120'. There were no significant differences in the levels of other examined parameters between the defined time points. In conclusion, the substances contained in caffeinated coffee decrease the level of prolactin and may also have an impact on selected parameters of oxidative stress, which could be the basis of future research focused on the identification of new therapeutic targets.

Correlation of Ionized Magnesium with the Parameters of Oxidative Stress as Potential Biomarkers in Patients with Anxiety and Depression: A Pilot Study

Background

Magnesium (Mg) is the second most abundant intracellular cation. Ionized Mg is the only active form of Mg. The concentration of ionized Mg could be a potentially novel biomarker for anxiety and depression.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the serum concentration of ionized Mg and its correlation with biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with anxiety and depression.

Methods

In this study included 93 respondents were divided into 3 groups: C (control group—18 respondents); A (patients with anxiety disorder, dissociative/conversion disorders and somatoform disorders—36 patients); D (patients with depression—39 patients). Clinical diagnosis was based on ICD-10 criteria. Blood samples were used for standard laboratory analysis, ionized Mg analysis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory parameters.

Results

Statistical significance was recorded between healthy volunteers and patients (anxiety/depression) in ionized Mg values. In anxious patients, malondialdehyde (MDA) had a positive correlation between the parameters of oxidative stress with ionized Mg. In depressive patients, MDA had a positive correlation, and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) a negative correlation with the concentration of ionized Mg.

Conclusion

Ionized Mg and its correlation with parameters of oxidative stress could be potential biomarkers in anxious and depressive patients.

Magnesium and Its Role in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma; A Novel Therapeutic?

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, with Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) being the commonest subtype. POAG is characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP), leading to optic nerve damage and subsequent visual field defects. Despite the clinical burden this disease poses, current therapies aim to reduce IOP rather than targeting the underling pathogenesis. Although the pathogenesis of POAG is complex, the culprit for this increase in IOP resides in the aqueous humour (AH) outflow pathway; the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal. Dysfunction in these tissues is due to inherent mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium influx sensitivity, increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, TGFβ-2 induction, leading to a sustained inflammatory response. Magnesium is the second most common intracellular cation, and is a major co-factor in over 300 reactions, being highly conserved within energy-dependent organelles such as the mitochondria. Magnesium deficiency has been observed in POAG and is linked to inflammatory and fibrotic responses, as well as increased oxidative stress (OS). Magnesium supplementation been shown to reduce cellular ROS, alleviate mitochondrial dysregulation and has further antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties within ocular tissues, and other soft tissues prone to fibrosis, suggesting that magnesium can improve visual fields in patients with POAG. The link between magnesium deficiency and glaucoma pathogenesis as well as the potential role of magnesium supplementation in the management of patients with POAG will be explored within this review.

Upregulating Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Expression May Prevent Severe COVID-19 Inflammatory Responses and Reduce Microthrombosis

COVID-19 is characterized by hyperactivation by inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, and other immune cells, all hallmarks of a strong inflammatory response that can lead to severe complications and multi-organ damage. Mortality in COVID-19 patients is associated with a high prevalence of neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and microthrombosis that are exacerbated by hyperglycemia, diabetes, and old age. SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and non-human primates have revealed long-term neurological consequences of COVID-19, possibly concomitant with the formation of Lewy bodies in the brain and invasion of the nervous system via the olfactory bulb. In this paper, we review the relevance of the human cathelicidin LL-37 in SARS-CoV-2 infections. LL-37 is an immunomodulatory, host defense peptide with direct anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, and pleiotropic effects on the inflammatory response, neovascularization, Lewy body formation, and pancreatic islet cell function. The bioactive form of vitamin D and a number of other compounds induce LL-37 expression and one might predict its upregulation, could reduce the prevalence of severe COVID-19. We hypothesize upregulation of LL-37 will act therapeutically, facilitating efficient NET clearance by macrophages, speeding endothelial repair after inflammatory tissue damage, preventing α-synuclein aggregation, and supporting blood-glucose level stabilization by facilitating insulin release and islet β-cell neogenesis. In addition, it has been postulated that LL-37 can directly bind the S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2, mask angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors, and limit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Purposeful upregulation of LL-37 could also serve as a preventative and therapeutic strategy for SARS-CoV-2 infections.

The Presence of Blood-Brain Barrier Modulates the Response to Magnesium Salts in Human Brain Organoids

Magnesium (Mg) is fundamental in the brain, where it regulates metabolism and neurotransmission and protects against neuroinflammation. To obtain insights into the molecular basis of Mg action in the brain, we investigated the effects of Mg in human brain organoids, a revolutionary 3D model to study neurobiology and neuropathology. In particular, brain organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells were cultured in the presence or in the absence of an in vitro-generated blood–brain barrier (BBB), and then exposed to 1 or 5 mM concentrations of inorganic and organic Mg salts (Mg sulphate (MgSO₄); Mg pidolate (MgPid)). We evaluated the modulation of NMDA and GABAergic receptors, and BDNF. Our data suggest that the presence of the BBB is essential for Mg to exert its effects on brain organoids, and that 5 mM of MgPid is more effective than MgSO₄ in increasing the levels of GABA receptors and BDNF, and decreasing those of NMDA receptor. These results might illuminate novel pathways explaining the neuroprotective role of Mg.

Increased ACE2, sRAGE, and Immune Activation, but Lowered Calcium and Magnesium in COVID-19

BACKGROUND

The characterization of new biomarkers that could help externally validate the diagnosis of COVID-19 and optimize treatments is extremely important. Many studies have established changes in immune-inflammatory and antibody levels, but few studies measured the soluble receptor for the advanced glycation end product (sRAGE), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), calcium, and magnesium in COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate serum advanced glycation end-product receptor (sRAGE) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)2 and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) and chest CT scan abnormalities (CCTA) in COVID-19.

METHODS

sRAGE, ACE2, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), calcium, magnesium, and albumin were measured in 60 COVID-19 patients and 30 healthy controls.

RESULTS

COVID-19 is characterized by significantly increased IL-6, CRP, IL-10, sRAGE, ACE2, and lowered SpO2, albumin, magnesium, and calcium. COVID-19 with CCTAs showed lower SpO₂ and albumin. SpO2 was significantly inversely correlated with IL-6, IL-10, CRP, sRAGE, and ACE2, and positively with albumin, magnesium, and calcium. Neural networks showed that a combination of calcium, IL-6, CRP, and sRAGE yielded an accuracy of 100% in detecting COVID-19 patients, with calcium being the most important predictor followed by IL-6 and CRP. Patients with positive IgG results showed a significant elevation in the serum level of IL-6, sRAGE, and ACE2 compared to the negatively IgG patient subgroup.

CONCLUSION

The results show that immune-inflammatory and RAGE pathways biomarkers may be used as an external validating criterion for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Those pathways coupled with lowered SpO2, calcium, and magnesium are drug targets that may help reduce the consequences of COVID-19.

The Role of Magnesium in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Disorders

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential nutrient for maintaining vital physiological functions. It is involved in many fundamental processes, and Mg deficiency is often correlated with negative health outcomes. On the one hand, most western civilizations consume less than the recommended daily allowance of Mg. On the other hand, a growing body of evidence has indicated that chronic hypomagnesemia may be implicated in the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders such as overweight and obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), changes in lipid metabolism, and low-grade inflammation. High Mg intake with diet and/or supplementation seems to prevent chronic metabolic complications. The protective action of Mg may include limiting the adipose tissue accumulation, improving glucose and insulin metabolism, enhancing endothelium-dependent vasodilation, normalizing lipid profile, and attenuating inflammatory processes. Thus, it currently seems that Mg plays an important role in developing metabolic disorders associated with obesity, although more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating Mg supplementation strategies are needed. This work represents a review and synthesis of recent data on the role of Mg in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.