Experimental Modeling of Leprosy in BALB/c, BALB/c Nude, CBA, and C57BL/6ТNF-/- Mice

Leprosy was modeled in an experiment on BALB/c, BALB/cNude, CBA, and C57BL/6ТNF^-/- mice using three Mycobacterium leprae strains obtained from patients with a diagnosis of A30 according to ICD-10 from different regions of the Russian Federation. Proliferation of M. leprae of the used strains showed a temporal-quantitative dependence on the used mouse line. CBA and BALB/cNude mice were optimal for strain R and BALB/c and BALB/cNude lines were optimal for strain I. BALB/cNude mice infected with strain I had low lifespan. M. leprae strain M showed low proliferation activity in BALB/cNude and C57BL/6ТNF^-/- mice.

Effect of Zn Supplementation on Trace Element Status in Rats with Diet-Induced Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

The present study aimed to assess the effect of Zn supplementation on trace element levels in the liver, serum, and hair of rats with dietary-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A total of 26 3-month-old female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: control, NAFLD, Zn-supplemented (227 mg/L zinc as Zn sulfate Zn(SO)₄ dissolved in a drinking water), and NAFLD-Zn-supplemented. NAFLD was verified by histological assessment of liver samples. The serum was examined for routine biochemical parameters. Trace elements content was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Zn treatment resulted in an improvement in liver weight and morphology. Dietary supplementation with Zn prevented NAFLD-induced decrease liver Co. The tendency to increase liver Fe in the Zn-treated group was observed. Zn treatment decreased hepatic Al and serum V levels. However, Zn administration did not affect NAFLD-induced I, Mn, and Se depletion in the liver. Hair Zn levels raised in Zn-supplemented groups. Conclusively, the results of the study indicate that Zn supplementation could have a beneficial effect in modulation of the altered trace element status and liver morphology. HIGHLIGHTS: •Zn treatment improved liver weight and morphology in rats with NAFLD. •Zn supplementation decreased liver Al in NAFLD. •Treatment by Zn prevented depletion of liver Co. •Zn decreased serum V and increased hair Zn levels. •No effect of Zn on NAFLD-induced hepatic I, Mn and Se depletion was observed.

[Biochemical atypia in the modern russian strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.]

A total 267 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae obtained in 2016 from 16 regions of the Russian Federation in six federal districts: Southern, Central, Northwestern, Volga, Ural and Siberian were investigated. All microorganisms were identified by biochemical profile on the Vitek 2 Compact analyzer. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-ToF MS) was used as an alternative method of identification. Biochemical typing revealed an atypical indistinctive enzymatic profile of N. gonorrhoeae(loss of D-glucose fermentation abilityand reducing of specific enzymes: ProA, TyrA, APPA in 49.1% of studies (131 strains), resulting in 39 strains (14.6%) were assigned to other types of microorganisms. Additional biochemical typing reduced the percentage of error by almost five times (from 14,6 to 3), but 100% confirmation of N. gonorrhoeae was not received.However, verification by mass spectrometer study showed 100% affiliation of the microorganism to N. gonorrhoeae. Biochemical atypia of N. gonorrhoeae represented by the loss of a number of taxonomically significant characters determines the need for an integrated approach to its identification which includes proteomic (massspectrometry) and/or genomic (PCR) studiesalong with biochemical typing.

Plasma Zinc Levels in Males with Androgenetic Alopecia as Possible Predictors of the Subsequent Conservative Therapy's Effectiveness

Androgenic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of progressive hair loss in man. The search for reliable predictors of the conservative treatment’s effectiveness is an urgent problem today. Forty-eight patients with AGA, stages I–IV by the Norwood–Hamilton scale, were treated for 4 months with 5% topical minoxidil joints with corrections for trace element and vitamin imbalances. In most cases, the positive therapy’s effect was shown in the parietal but not in the occipital area, whereas that effect was observed in others. The attempts to associate the therapy’s effectiveness with initially defined genetic, hormonal, and metabolic parameters showed the absence of differences between groups with positive and negative outcomes. Among the studied nutrient parameters (Zn, Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Se, as well as vitamins B12, E, D, and folic acid), differences between these groups was shown in zinc content only. The starting point from a zinc plasma level above 10 µmol/L likely provides the success of the subsequent conservative therapy and correlates with an increase in the hair density and diameter in the parietal area. The integral predictive value of the Zn plasma level was assessed as 72.3% (positive predictive value: −88%; and negative predictive value: −55%).

Whole blood and hair trace elements and minerals in children living in metal-polluted area near copper smelter in Karabash, Chelyabinsk region, Russia

The primary aim of the study is assessment of hair and whole blood trace element and mineral levels in children living in a polluted area near a copper smelter (Karabash) and two control locations (Varna, Tomino) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The obtained data indicates that both blood and hair As, Pb, and Fe levels in children living in Karabash significantly exceeded the control values. Whole blood levels of copper in children living in Varna exceeded that in Tomino (p = 0.155) and Karabash (p < 0.001) by 16 %. Oppositely, hair concentration of Cu was maximal in children from Karabash. Blood Ca and Mg content in children from Varna exceeded the respective values from Tomino and Karabash by 32 % (p = 0.021) and 42 % (p < 0.001), and 19 % (p < 0.001) and 9 % (p < 0.001), respectively. Similar differences were observed in hair mineral content. Oppositely, children living in Tomino and Karabash were characterized by 10 (p = 0.002) and 23 % (p < 0.001) higher levels of blood phosphorus. At the same time, hair P content was maximal in a polluted area. Therefore, children living in a polluted area near a copper smelter had significantly higher values of heavy metals and decreased Mg and Ca content in biosamples. It is supposed that adverse health effects in persons living near a copper smelter may be associated not only with toxic metal overexposure but also with altered mineral homeostasis.

Comparative Analysis on the Effect of Plantago Species Aqueous Extracts on Tissue Trace Element Content in Rats

The primary objective of this study is to assess the influence of water extracts of Plantago major L., Plantago lanceolata L., and Plantago maxima Juss. ex Jacq. leaves on tissue trace element content in healthy adult Wistar rats. Twenty-eight female Wistar rats consumed pure drinking water or one of the three aqueous extracts of Plantago for 1 month. The extracts and liver, serum, hair, and adipose tissue of the rats were examined for trace element contents using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The aqueous extracts of Plantago species contained significant levels of trace elements, which were highest in P. lanceolata and P. major. The administration of every extract led to an increase in V and Si levels in the rats. At the same time, the consumption of P. lanceolata aqueous extract resulted in the accumulation of toxic elements (As, Pb) in the rats' tissues. Despite the rather high concentration of heavy metals in the P. major leaf extract, its administration did not result in the accumulation of these elements. In turn, P. maxima extract induced a significant decrease in the tissue levels of Al, Cr, I, Li, and Mn in the rats. The beneficial effect of the P. major and P. maxima preparations may be at least partially associated with the increased supply of essential trace elements, whereas the use of P. lanceolata may be harmful due to the possibility of heavy metal overexposure.

Assessment of serum trace elements and electrolytes in children with childhood and atypical autism

The existing data demonstrate a significant interrelation between ASD and essential and toxic trace elements status of the organism. However, data on trace element homeostasis in particular ASD forms are insufficient. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the level of trace elements and electrolytes in serum of children with childhood and atypical autism. A total of 48 children with ASD (24 with childhood and 24 with atypical autism) and age- and sex-adjusted controls were examined. Serum trace elements and electrolytes were assessed using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The obtained data demonstrate that children with ASD unspecified are characterized by significantly lower Ni, Cr, and Se levels as compared to the age- and sex-matched controls. At the same time, significantly decreased serum Ni and Se concentrations were detected in patients with childhood autism. In turn, children with atypical autism were characterized by more variable serum trace element spectrum. In particular, atypical autism is associated with lower serum Al, As, Ni, Cr, Mn, and Se levels in comparison to the control values. Moreover, Al and Mn concentration in this group was also lower than that in childhood autism patients. Generally, the obtained data demonstrate lower levels of both essential and toxic trace elements in atypical autism group, being indicative of profound alteration of trace elements metabolism. However, further detailed metabolic studies are required to reveal critical differences in metabolic pathways being responsible for difference in trace element status and clinical course of the disease.

Interactions of iron with manganese, zinc, chromium, and selenium as related to prophylaxis and treatment of iron deficiency

Iron (Fe) deficiency is considered as the most common nutritional deficiency. Iron deficiency is usually associated with low Fe intake, blood loss, diseases, poor absorption, gastrointestinal parasites, or increased physiological demands as in pregnancy. Nutritional Fe deficiency is usually treated with Fe tablets, sometimes with Fe-containing multimineral tablets. Trace element interactions may have a significant impact on Fe status. Existing data demonstrate a tight interaction between manganese (Mn) and Fe, especially in Fe-deficient state. The influence of Mn on Fe homeostasis may be mediated through its influence on Fe absorption, circulating transporters like transferrin, and regulatory proteins. The existing data demonstrate that the influence of zinc (Zn) on Fe status may be related to their competition for metal transporters. Moreover, Zn may be involved in regulation of hepcidin production. At the same time, human data on the interplay between Fe and Zn especially in terms of Fe-deficiency and supplementation are contradictory, demonstrating both positive and negative influence of Zn on Fe status. Numerous data also demonstrate the possibility of competition between Fe and chromium (Cr) for transferrin binding. At the same time, human data on the interaction between these metals are contradictory. Therefore, while managing hypoferremia and Fe-deficiency anemia, it is recommended to assess the level of other trace elements in parallel with indices of Fe homeostasis. It is supposed that simultaneous correction of trace element status in Fe deficiency may help to decrease possible antagonistic or increase synergistic interactions.

Early High-Fat Feeding Induces Alteration of Trace Element Content in Tissues of Juvenile Male Wistar Rats

The primary objective of the current study was to assess the influence of early high-fat feeding on tissue trace element content in young male Wistar rats. Twenty weanling male Wistar rats were divided into two groups fed standard (STD) or high-fat diet (HFD) containing 10 and 31.6 % of total calories from fat, respectively, for 1 month. Serum lipid spectrum, apolipoproteins, glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels were assessed. The level of trace elements was estimated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. High-fat feeding significantly increased epidydimal (EDAT) and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT), as well as total adipose tissue mass by 34, 103, and 59 %, respectively. Serum leptin levels in HFD animals were twofold higher than those in the control rats. No significant difference in serum lipid spectrum, apolipoproteins, glucose, adiponectin, and insulin was detected between the groups. HFD significantly altered tissue trace element content. In particular, HFD-fed animals were characterized by significantly lower levels of Cu, I, Mn, Se, and Zn in the liver; Cr, V, Co, Cu, Fe, and I content of EDAT; Co, Cu, I, Cr, V, Fe, and Zn concentration in RPAT samples. At the same time, only serum Cu was significantly depressed in HFD-fed animals as compared to the control ones. Hair Co, Mn, Si, and V levels were significantly increased in comparison to the control values, whereas Se and I content was decreased. HFD feeding induced excessive adiposity and altered tissue trace element content in rats without insulin resistance, adiponectin deficiency, and proatherogenic state. Hypothetically, trace element disbalance may precede obesity-associated metabolic disturbances.

Hair toxic and essential trace elements in children with autism spectrum disorder

The objective of the study was to investigate hair trace elements content in children suffering from autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A total of 74 ASD children and 74 sex- and age-matched controls divided into two age groups (2-4 and 5-9 years) were investigated. Hair trace elements content was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A general cohort of ASD children was characterized by 29 %, 41 %, and 24 % lower hair levels of chromium (Cr), iodine (I), and vanadium (V), respectively, whereas the level of selenium (Se) exceeded the respective control values by 31 %. In ASD children aged 2-4 years hair Cr, I and V content was 68 %, 36 % and 41 % lower than in the controls. Older ASD children were characterized by 45 % increase in hair Se levels. In a general cohort of ASD children hair beryllium (Be) and tin (Sn) levels were 50 % and 34 % lower than the control values. In the first age group (2-4 years) of ASD children 34 %, 42 %, and 73 % lower levels of arsenic (As), boron (B), and Be were detected. In the second age group of ASD children only a nearly significant 25 % decrease in hair lead (Pb) was detected. Surprisingly, no significant group difference in hair mercury (Hg), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) content was detected. Generally, the results of the present study demonstrate that children with ASD are characterized by lower values in hair of not only essential but also toxic trace elements.

Decreased adipose tissue zinc content is associated with metabolic parameters in high fat fed Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Limited data on adipose tissue zinc content in obesity exist. At the same time, the association between adipose tissue zinc content and metabolic parameters in dietary-induced obesity is poorly studied. Therefore, the primary objective of this study is to assess adipose tissue zinc content and its association  with morphometric parameters, adipokine spectrum, proinflammatory cytokines, and apolipoprotein profile in high fat fed Wistar rats.

METHODS

A total of 48 adult female Wistar rats were used in the present study. Rats were fed either control (10% of fat) or high fat diet (31.6% of fat). Adipose tissue zinc content was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Rats' serum was examined for adiponectin, leptin, insulin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Serum glucose and apolipoprotein spectrum were also evaluated.

RESULTS

High fat feeding resulted in a significant 34% decrease in adipose tissue zinc content in comparison to the control values. Fat pad zinc levels were significantly inversely associated with morphometric parameters, circulating leptin, insulin, tumor necrosis factor-α levels and HOMA-IR values. At the same time,      a significant correlation with apolipoprotein A1 concentration was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Generally, the obtained data indicate that (1) high fat feeding results in decreased adipose tissue zinc content; (2) adipose tissue zinc content is tightly associated with excessive adiposity, inflammation, insulin resistance and potentially atherogenic changes.

Effect of short-term zinc supplementation on zinc and selenium tissue distribution and serum antioxidant enzymes

BACKGROUND

A significant association between Zn and Se homeostasis exists. At the same time, data on the influence of zinc supplementation on selenium distribution in organs and tissues seem to be absent. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study is to investigate the influence of zinc asparaginate supplementation on zinc and selenium distribution and serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in Wistar rats.

METHODS

36 rats were used in the experiment. The duration of the experiment was 7 and 14 days in the first and second series, respectively. The rats in Group I were used as the control ones. Animals in Groups II and III daily obtained zinc asparaginate (ZnA) in the doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg weight, respectively. Zinc and selenium content in liver, kidneys, heart, muscle, serum and hair was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Serum SOD and GPx activity was analysed spectrophotometrically using Randox kits.

RESULTS

Intragastric administration of zinc asparaginate significantly increased liver, kidney, and serum zinc content without affecting skeletal and cardiac muscle levels. Zinc supplementation also stimulated selenium retention in the rats' organs. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between zinc and selenium content was observed. Finally, zinc asparaginate treatment has been shown to modulate serum GPx but not SOD activity.

CONCLUSIONS

The obtained data indicate that zinc-induced increase in GPx activity may be mediated through modulation of selenium status. However, future studies are required to estimate the exact mechanisms of zinc and selenium interplay.

Evaluation of tissue metal and trace element content in a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease using ICP-DRC-MS

The primary objective of the study was to assess the level of metals and trace elements in liver, serum, and hair of rats with diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) using inductively coupled plasma dynamic reaction cell mass spectrometer (ICP-DRC-MS). 56 female 3-months-old Wistar rats divided into two equal groups were fed either standard (10% calories from fat) or high-fat high-carbohydrate diet (60% calories from fat in chow and 10% sucrose solution) for 6 weeks. Serum was examined for insulin resistance markers, lipid profile, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity. Liver histology was assessed after hematoxylin and eosin staining. Metal and trace element concentrations were assessed by means of ICP-DRC-MS. Overfed animals were characterized by higher values of morphometric parameters. Liver examination revealed large and small droplet steatosis, hepatocyte ballooning and necrosis, being characteristic for NAFLD. Animals with NAFLD were characterized by insulin resistance, atherogenic changes of lipid profile and increased ALT activity. Significantly decreased hepatic Co, Cu, I, Li, Mn, Se, Zn levels were observed in rats with NAFLD. At the same time, only hepatic Mn and Se levels remained decreased after adjustment for total protein. Overfed animals were characterized by significantly lower I, Li, and Mn levels in blood serum, whereas concentration of Co, Se, V, and Sr exceeded the control values. In general, the results of the study demonstrate that NAFLD significantly affects metal and trace element status in experimental animals.

The impact of adipogenic diet on rats' tissue trace elements content

THE PURPOSE

The influence of high-fat diet (HFD) on trace elements status, adipokine level, and markers of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in weanling Wistar rats was investigated.

METHODS

A total of 20 male 1-months-old Wistar rats divided into two equal groups were used in the present study. The first group of animals obtained a standard diet (STD), whereas animals from the second group (NAFLD) were maintained on high-fat diet containing 10 and 31.6% of total calories from fat, respectively, during 1 month. Fat diet (HFD). Trace element status (using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry), serum levels of insulin, adiponectin, and leptin (using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), glucose (spectrophotometrically), apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) and B (ApoB) (using immunoturbidimetric method) were assessed.

RESULTS

It was shown that 1-month HFD feeding resulted in significant increase of EDAT, RPAT, total adipose tissue mass, and adipocyte area. HFD-fed animals were also characterized by a significant increase in circulating leptin levels and leptin-to-adiponectin ratio as compared to the control ones. No significant HFD-related difference in serum lipid spectrum, adiponectin, apolipoproteins, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR were revealed. Liver Cu, I, Mn, Se, Zn; EDAT Cr, V, Co, Cu, Fe,I, and RPAT Co, Cu, I, Cr, V, Fe, and Zn were significantly decreased in HFD-fed rats in comparison with the control group levels. Hair Co, Mn, Si, and V levels significantly exceeded the respective control values, whereas Se and I content were decreased in studied animals. At the same time, only serum Cu was significantly decreased in HFD-fed rats.

CONCLUSION

The interplay between the impaired trace elements metabolism of HFD-fed weanling Wistar rats and disorder of adipokine balance was demonstrated. It is supposed that the altered trace elements status is primary and precedes other metabolic obesity-related disturbances.

Comparative Analysis of the Trace Element Content of the Leaves and Roots of Three Plantago Species

The primary objective of this study is to perform a comparative analysis of the trace element content of the leaves and roots of three Plantago species (P. maxima Juss. ex Jacq., P. major L., and P. lanceolata L.). Trace element levels were assessed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The data indicate that the leaves of P. lanceolata are characterized by the highest Co, Cr, and Se content, whereas P. maxima leaves contained the greatest levels of Si and Zn. In contrast, the highest concentrations of Co, Cr, Fe, I, Mn, Si, and V were detected in the roots of P. major. Zn content was also higher in P. maxima roots than in the other species analyzed. The toxic trace elements were differentially distributed across the studied species. In particular, P. lanceolata leaves contained significantly higher Al, As, Li, Ni, Pb, and Sr levels, whereas the B and Cd content was elevated in P. major as compared to the other species. Surprisingly, the leaf Hg level was the lowest in P. major, whose levels of Al, As, B, Cd, Ni, Li, and Sr were significantly higher than the other two species. The data indicate that the concentration of most of the essential trace elements was higher in the leaves and roots of P. major and P. lanceolata than in P. maxima, while P. maxima had less toxic metals. The obtained data on trace elements content in Plantago tissues may be taken into account while using plant preparations in practical medicine.

Zinc asparaginate supplementation induces redistribution of toxic trace elements in rat tissues and organs

The primary objective of the current study was the investigation of the influence of zinc asparaginate supplementation for 7 and 14 days on toxic metal and metalloid content in rat organs and tissues. Rats obtained zinc asparaginate in doses of 5 and 15 mg/kg/day for 7 and 14 days. At the end of the experiment rat tissues and organs (liver, kidney, heart, m. gastrocnemius, serum, and hair) were collected for subsequent analysis. Estimation of Zn, Al, As, Li, Ni, Sn, Sr content in the harvested organs was performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at NexION 300D. The obtained data showed that intragastric administration of zinc significantly increased liver, kidney and serum zinc concentrations. Seven-day zinc treatment significantly affected the toxic trace element content in the animals’ organs. Zinc supplementation significantly decreased particularly liver aluminium, nickel, and tin content, whereas lead tended to increase. Zinc-induced changes in kidney metal content were characterized by elevated lithium and decreased nickel concentration. Zinc-induced alteration of myocardical toxic element content was multidirectional. Muscle aluminium and lead concentration were reduced in response to zinc supplementation. At the same time, serum and hair toxic element concentrations remained relatively stable after 7-day zinc treatment. Zinc asparaginate treatment of 14 days significantly depressed liver and elevated kidney lithium content, whereas a significant zinc-associated decrease was detected in kidney strontium content. Zinc supplementation for 14 days resulted also in multidirectional changes in the content of heart toxic elements. At the same time, significant zinc-associated decrease in muscle lithium and nickel levels was observed. Fourteen-day zinc treatment resulted in significantly increased serum arsenic and tin concentrations, whereas hair trace element content remained relatively stable. Generally, the obtained data indicate a significant redistribution of toxic metals in the animal organism under zinc supplementation.

Serum Trace Element Profiles, Prolactin, and Cortisol in Transient Ischemic Attack Patients

The primary aim of the present study was to assess the association between trace element status, brain damage biomarkers, cortisol, and prolactin levels in transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients. Ten male and 10 female TIA patients were involved in this study. Age, gender, and BMI-matched volunteers served as the respective control group. Serum samples were examined for complement components C4 and C3a, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), S100B, NR2 antibodies (NR2Ab), total antioxidant status (TAS), cortisol, and prolactin. Trace element concentration in serum samples was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at NexION 300D. The obtained data indicate that both male and female TIA patients were characterized by the increased C4 and prolactin concentrations. At the same time, serum VEGF levels were elevated in only men, whereas TAS values were decreased in women with TIA. Serum cortisol concentrations were significantly increased only in female TIA patients. Men and women with TIA were characterized by a 32 and 44 % decrease in serum Fe content. A two- and threefold increase in serum V content was observed in TIA females and males, respectively. Women with TIA had 60 % higher values of serum B, whereas male patients were characterized by a sevonfold increase in boron content in comparison to the control values. TIA also resulted in decreased serum Cu content in women and elevation of I, Li, Mn, Se, Zn, As, Pb, Ni, and Sr levels in men. Correlation analysis revealed a significant association between trace elements concentration and the studied parameters.

Hair concentration of essential trace elements in adult non-exposed Russian population

Appropriate reference values of hair trace element content are required for correct interpretation of biomonitoring data. The primary objective of the current study was to estimate the reference values of selected essential trace elements in hair of adult Russian population. Involved in current investigation were 7256 occupationally non-exposed adults aged from 20 to 60 years and living in the European part of Russia. Occipital hair essential metal and metalloid (Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, V, Zn) content was estimated using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The reference ranges were calculated in accordance with the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) recommendations. Women were characterized by 55, 18, 58, and 7% higher values of hair Co, Cu, Mn, and Zn content as compared to the values observed in men. At the same time, hair Cr, Fe, Se, and V concentration in men significantly exceeded the respective female values by 65, 13, 20, and 56%. Consequently, the reference ranges of essential hair trace elements content should be separately calculated for both men and women. The obtained reference ranges for hair Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, V, and Zn in men were 0.11-0.67, 0.007-0.045, 10.4-22.6, 11.1-40.5, 0.24-1.05, 0.089-0.480, 0.014-0.083, and 125.7-262.8 μg/g, respectively. The respective values estimated for women were 0.06-0.40, 0.011-0.085, 12.1-44.5, 8.9-25.6, 0.32-2.05, 0.094-0.504, 0.010-0.056, and 140.0-315.1 μg/g. The reference ranges for hair Co (0.07-0.50), Cr (0.009-0.073), Cu (11.8-29.2), Fe (9.6-31.5), Mn (0.29-1.76), Se (0.093-0.482), V (0.011-0.069), and Zn (134.7-301.9) content (μg/g) in the general cohort were also calculated.

[Zinc homeostasis and indicators of muscle activity in experimental graduated exercise on the background of zinc asparaginate]

The influence of a regular (for 7 and 14 days) 10-minute dosed exercise in isolation and on the background of intragastric administration of 5 and 15 mg/kg of zinc (II) asparaginate on the distribution of this metal in the organs and tissues of experimental animals and the indicators of muscle activity such as the level of lactate, creatinine and creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2.) serum were studied. It has been shown that exercise stress for 14 days causes a more pronounced change in homeostasis Zn, compared with 7 day, it is reflected in increased levels in the kidney, serum, liver, skeletal muscle and fur animals. It has been shown that graduated exercise for 14 days causes a more pronounced change in Zn homeostasis, compared with 7 day that expressed in increased its levels in the kidney, serum, liver, skeletal muscle and fur animals. Introduction zinc (II) asparaginate accompanied by an increase of its content in the liver, kidneys, hair and serum, but not skeletal and cardiac muscle. The combination of physical activity and the introduction of zinc positive effect on homeostasis of Zn, and the terms of muscle activity. The protective effect of zinc asparaginate with graduated exercise in the experiment was concluded.

Age-related differences in hair trace elements: a cross-sectional study in Orenburg, Russia

BACKGROUND

Age-related differences in the trace element content of hair have been reported. However, some discrepancies in the data exist.

AIM

The primary objective of this study was to estimate the change in hair trace elements content in relation to age.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Six hundred and eighteen women and 438 men aged from 10-59 years took part in the current cross-sectional study.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Hair Cr, Mn, Ni, Si, Al, As, Be, Cd and Pb tended to decrease with age in the female sample, whereas hair Cu, Fe, I, Se, Li and Sn were characterised by an age-associated increase. Hair levels of Cr, Cu, I, Mn, Ni, Si and Al in men decreased with age, whereas hair Co, Fe, Se, Cd, Li and Pb content tended to increase. Hair mercury increased in association with age in men and in women, whereas hair vanadium was characterised by a significant decrease in both sexes. The difference in hair trace element content between men and women decreased with age. These data suggest that age-related differences in trace element status may have a direct implication in the ageing process.

Reference values of hair toxic trace elements content in occupationally non-exposed Russian population

A total of 5908 occupationally non-exposed adults (4384 women and 1524 men) living in Moscow and Moscow region were involved in the current investigation. Hair Al, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Hg, Li, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Sr content was estimated by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry using NexION 300D. Men are characterized by significantly higher hair Al, As, Cd, Hg, Li, and Pb content. At the same time, hair levels of Bi, Ni, Sn, and Sr were significantly higher in women. Consequently, the reference ranges were estimated for male, female, and general cohort as coverage intervals in accordance with IUPAC recommendations.

Alteration of local adipose tissue trace element homeostasis as a possible mechanism of obesity-related insulin resistance

The mechanisms of association between obesity and the related metabolic disturbances in general and insulin resistance in particular are extensively studied. Taking into account a key role of adipose tissue insulin resistance in the development of systemic obesity-related insulin resistance, the estimation of mechanisms linking increased adiposity and impaired insulin signaling in adipocytes will allow to develop novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to treatment of these states. A number of trace elements like chromium, zinc, and vanadium have been shown to take part in insulin signaling via various mechanisms. Taking into account a key role of adipocyte in systemic carbohydrate homeostasis it can be asked if trace element homeostasis in adipose tissue may influence regulatory mechanisms of glucose metabolism. We hypothesize that caloric excess through currently unknown mechanisms results in decreased chromium, vanadium, and zinc content in adipocytes. Decreased content of trace elements in the adipose tissue causes impairment of intra-adipocyte insulin signaling subsequently leading to adipose tissue insulin resistance. The latter significantly contributes to systemic insulin resistance and further metabolic disruption in obesity. It is also possible that decreased adipose tissue trace element content is associated with dysregulation of insulin-sensitizing and proinflammatory adipokines also leading to insulin resistance. We hypothesize that insulin resistance and adipokine dysbalance increase the severity of obesity subsequently aggravating alteration of adipose tissue trace element balance. Single indications of high relative adipose tissue trace element content, decreased Cr, V, and Zn content in obese adipose tissue, and tight association between fat tissue chromium, vanadium, and zinc levels and metabolic parameters in obesity may be useful for hypothesis validation. If our hypothesis will be confirmed by later studies, adipose tissue chromium, vanadium, and zinc content may be used as a prognostic biomarker of metabolic disturbances in obesity. Hypothetically, development and approbation of drugs increasing adipose tissue chromium, vanadium, and zinc content may help to achieve better metabolic control in obesity and obesity-related insulin resistance. However, stronger basis is required to prove our hypothesis. In particular, future studies should investigate the influence of obesity severity of adipose tissue trace element content, estimate the association between adipose tissue metals and metabolic parameters, and highlight the mechanisms involved in these changes. Both in vivo and in vitro studies are required to support the hypothesis.

Influence of Plantaginaceae species on E. coli K12 growth in vitro: Possible relation to phytochemical properties

CONTEXT

The data concerning the influence of Plantaginaceae water extracts on bacterial growth are contradictory.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the influence of Plantago maxima Juss. ex Jacq., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L., Veronica teucrium L., Veronica spicata L., and Veronica incana L. aqueous extracts on growth of Escherichia coli K12 culture and the relation to antioxidant, reducing, and iron-binding activities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Aqueous extracts were prepared from the dried leaves with the final concentration of 1/10, 1/15, 1/20, 1/25, 1/30, 1/35, and 1/40 (w/w). Comparative analysis of total flavonoids, iridoids, and tannins in Plantaginaceae species was performed. Iron-binding, antioxidant, and reducing activities of plant extracts were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The influence of plant extracts on E. coli K12 growth was studied in vitro by estimating the bacterial growth in the extract-containing medium.

RESULTS

Total tannin content in plant leaves positively correlated with iron-binding activity (r = 0.641), whereas total flavonoids correlated with antioxidant activity (r = 0.687). In an in vitro model, it is estimated that water extracts of studied Plantaginaceae species stimulated bacterial growth. Prebiotic activity significantly of 1/20 and 1/40 plant extracts positively correlated with antioxidant (r = 0.589; r = 0.576, respectively) and reducing activity (r = 0.721; r = 0.620, respectively) of plant aqueous extracts at 6-24 h. Negative correlation was observed between iron-binding activity and bacterial growth (r = -0.503 and r = -0.534 for 1/20 and 1/40 extracts, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Aqueous Plantaginaceae extracts possess prebiotic activity depending on the phytochemical content of plant leaves.

Mutual interaction between iron homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis

Obesity is identified as an important medical problem. One of the pathologic conditions observed in obesity is systemic iron deficiency and hypoferremia. Along with a large number of studies indicating disturbed iron homeostasis in obesity, recent data indicate a cause-effect relationship between iron status and obesity-related pathologies. The primary objective of the article is to consider two aspects of the iron-obesity interplay: (1) the mechanisms leading to impaired iron balance, and (2) the pathways of iron participation in obesity-related pathogenesis. While considering disturbance of iron homeostasis in obesity, a number of potential mechanisms of hypoferremia are proposed. At the same time, the inflammation of obesity and obesity-related hepcidin and lipocalin 2 hyperproduction seem to be the most probable reasons of obesity-related hypoferremia. Oversecretion of these proteins leads to iron sequestration in reticuloendothelial system cells. The latter also leads to increased adipose tissue iron content, thus producing preconditions for adverse effects of local iron overload. Being a redox-active metal, iron is capable of inducing oxidative stress as well as endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and adipose tissue endocrine dysfunction. Iron-mediated mechanisms of toxicity may influence aspects of obesity pathogenesis possibly even leading to obesity aggravation. Thus, a mutual interaction between disturbance in iron homeostasis and obesity pathogenesis is proposed. All sides of this interaction should be considered to design new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of disturbed iron homeostasis in obesity.

Adipose tissue chromium and vanadium disbalance in high-fat fed Wistar rats

The primary objective of the current study is to investigate the relationship between adipose tissue chromium and vanadium content and adipose tissue dysfunction in a model of diet-induced obesity. A total of 26 female Wistar rats were fed either standard or high-fat diet (31.6% of fat from total caloric content) for 3 months. High-fat-feeding resulted in 21 and 33% decrease in adipose tissue chromium and vanadium content, respectively. No change was seen in hair chromium or vanadium levels. Statistical analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation of adipose tissue Cr and V with animal morphometric parameters and adipocyte size. Significant inverse dependence was observed between adipose tissue Cr and V and serum leptin and proinflammatory cytokines' levels. At the same time, adipose tissue Cr and V levels were characterized by positive correlation between serum adiponectin and adiponectin/leptin ratio. Adipose tissue Cr and V were inversely correlated (p<0.05) with insulin and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) levels. Cr and V concentrations were not correlated with serum glucose in either high-fat fed or control rats; however, both serum glucose and HOMA-IR levels were significantly higher in high-fat fed, compared to control, rats. The results allow to hypothesize that impairment of adipose tissue Cr and V content plays a certain role in the development of adipose tissue endocrine dysfunction in obesity.

Hair mercury association with selenium, serum lipid spectrum, and gamma-glutamyl transferase activity in adults

The primary objective of the research is to estimate the dependence between hair mercury content, hair selenium, mercury-to-selenium ratio, serum lipid spectrum, and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity in 63 adults (40 men and 23 women). Serum triglyceride (TG) concentration in the high-mercury group significantly exceeded the values obtained for low- and medium-mercury groups by 72 and 42 %, respectively. Serum GGT activity in the examinees from high-Hg group significantly exceeded the values of the first and the second groups by 75 and 28 %, respectively. Statistical analysis of the male sample revealed similar dependences. Surprisingly, no significant changes in the parameters analyzed were detected in the female sample. In all analyzed samples, hair mercury was not associated with hair selenium concentrations. Significant correlation between hair mercury content and serum TG concentration (r = 0.531) and GGT activity (r = 0.524) in the general sample of the examinees was detected. The respective correlations were observed in the male sample. Hair mercury-to-selenium ratios significantly correlated with body weight (r = 0.310), body mass index (r = 0.250), serum TG (r = 0.389), atherogenic index (r = 0.257), and GGT activity (r = 0.393). The same correlations were observed in the male sample. Hg/Se ratio in women did not correlate with the analyzed parameters. Generally, the results of the current study show the following: (1) hair mercury is associated with serum TG concentration and GGT activity in men, (2) hair selenium content is not related to hair mercury concentration, and (3) mercury-to-selenium ratio correlates with lipid spectrum parameters and GGT activity.

Hair toxic element content in adult men and women in relation to body mass index

The primary objective of the current study was to estimate the hair toxic metal content in adults in relation to body mass index. A total of 1,229 persons including 719 women and 510 men were examined. All subjects were divided into two age groups: 1 and 2 periods of adulthood. All men and women were also subdivided into groups in relation to their values of body mass index (BMI): underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. Hair aluminium (Al), beryllium (Be), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and tin (Sn) content was evaluated using mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. It has been shown that increase in body weight is accompanied by elevated hair cadmium content in women. At the same time, no significant alteration of hair cadmium concentration was observed in males. Higher values of scalp hair mercury and lead content were observed in men and women with increased body mass index independently of their age. BMI-related elevation of hair tin content was registered only in men of the first period of adulthood. A significant correlation between hair metal content and the values of BMI was observed for mercury independently of the gender of the subjects, whereas BMI values correlated significantly with hair cadmium levels in women and lead and tin levels in men. It has been also estimated that hair cadmium, mercury and lead levels in men exceed the respective values in women.

Chronic administration of iron and copper potentiates adipogenic effect of high fat diet in Wistar rats

The primary objective of this research project is explore a possible adipogenic effect of iron and/or copper in albino Wistar rats kept on standard (STD) and high-fat (HFD) diets. The female Wistar rats in the study were divided into eight experimental groups (n = 6). Rats maintained on STD and HFD received 3 mg/l FeSO₄∙7H₂O, 4.88 mg/l CuSO₄ and a combination of 1.5 mg/l FeSO₄∙7H₂O and 2.44 mg/l CuSO₄ with drinking water. Control groups were kept on STD and HFD and received pure water without metal salts. Consumption of iron and copper in the groups of rats maintained on an STD did not produce a significant increase in weight, adipose tissue content or body mass index. However, the adipocyte size and infiltration were increased in the adipose tissue of STD-fed rats receiving a mixture of iron and copper with drinking water. The rats fed iron and copper and, especially, their combination on a HFD background had a significantly higher weight gain, adipose tissue content, morphometric parameters values and adipocyte size compared to STD- and HFD-fed controls. Iron and copper consumption produced their accumulation in the rats' adipose tissue. Moreover, the studied metals reduced adipose tissue concentration of chromium and vanadium. The lipoprotein profile and serum oxidative stress biomarkers were affected in the rats receiving the metals and STD. Hyperglycemia was observed in the rats receiving the studied metals on HFD-background. Based on the analysis of the test subjects, the study suggests that iron and copper administration, especially combined, may potentiate adipogenic effect of HFD.

Influence of iron and copper consumption on weight gain and oxidative stress in adipose tissue of Wistar rats

The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of iron and copper consumption on weight gain and development of oxidative stress in adipose tissue of rats. Control rats obtained pure drinking water. Iron-treated groups of animals obtained FeSO4•12H2O with drinking water in concentrations of 3 and 6 mg/l, while copper-treated rats obtained CuSO4 in concentrations of 4.88 and 9.76 mg/l. The animals of the 6th group received a mixture of FeSO4•12H2O and CuSO4 in the respective concentrations of 3 and 4.88 mg/l in drinking water. All animals received a standard chow. The final weight of rats from all the experimental groups, especially in those obtaining the combination of iron and cooper, exceeded the control values. Maximal weight of fat pads was observed in animals receiving drinking water with 3 mg/l FeSO4•12H2O, 4.88 and 9.76 mg/l CuSO4, and the mixture of FeSO4•12H2O and CuSO4. The maximal intensity of free radical processes, as estimated by the concentration of fluorescent modified amino acids and the intensity of chemiluminescence in adipose tissue homogenates, was observed in rats obtaining iron in the concentration of 3 mg/l in the drinking water.

[Pharmacological correction of testicular effects of polychlorinated biphenyls in an experiment]

Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls causes a considerable reduction in body weight, accessory genital organs, the serum concentrations of testosterone, the ejaculate concentrations of spermatozoa and their mobility. The revealed shifts may make a considerable contribution to the pathogenesis of male infertility under the action of persistent organic pollutants. The use of oxymethyluracil during the experimental intoxication with Sovolom lowers the reprotoxic effects of biphenyls.

[Effect of persistent pollutants on the rat liver antioxidant status]

The hepatic antioxidant status was studied in the rats poisoned by a Sovol mixture of polychlorobiphenyls in different doses. Exposure to the toxic agent in a dose of 600 mg/kg leads to the accumulation of peroxidation products, the drop of reduced gluthatione, NADPH and the suppressed activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase. The findings suggest that severe oxidant stress develops in liver tissue, which may be one of the leading mechanisms responsible for the toxicity of biphenyls.

[Use of perftoran in complex treatment of acute pancreatitis]

Efficiency of using perftoran in acute pancreatitis was determined by studying the dynamics of the level of lactic acid, ascorbic acid, one of the terminal metabolites of lipid peroxidation--TBA-active products in blood serum. Using perftoran was shown to considerably reduce manifestations of hypoxia and the degree of free radical processes that is evidence of antiischemic effect of perftoran in treatment of acute pancreatitis.

[Lipidspectrum dynamics in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing hypoxic therapy in a pressure chamber]

The aim of the study was to evaluate effect of adaptation to periodic hypoxia in pressure chamber (PHPC) on the serum lipid profile in 45 patients with myocardial infarction (MI) in the period of scarring compared with physical exercises (15 patients). Adaptive therapy was shown to cause significant decrease of total cholesterol, LDLP, triglicerides, and atherogenic index. A course of PHPC resulted in a significant 6.6% fall of serum apoA1 (major component of HDLP). Examination of the serum lipid profile in control patients with MI demonstrated a 4% decrease of the ApoA1/ApoB ratio compared with its value in the PHPC group despite positive dynamics of the parameters of cholesterol metabolism being measured. Taken together, these data suggest the lack of positive changes at the level of major pathways of cholesterol metabolism.

[The hepatic xenobiotic biotransformation system in chronic ethanol intoxication]

Animal experiments have indicated that chronic ethanol intoxication suppresses the activity of microsomal oxidation of enzymes and limits their induction with phenobarbital.

[The body's responses to extreme exercise: biochemical aspects]

Experiments on animals and clinical studies in athletes have shown a negative impact of extreme exercises on the physicochemical characteristics of biomembranes. The resultant decrease in the activity of different isoforms of the multienzymatic system of hepatic cytochrome P450 may underlie, firstly, the formation of a vicious circle of increases in the microviscosity of biomembranes and membrane-dependent processes and, secondly, the lowered resistance of athletes to chemical environmental factors, which should be borne in mind during the professional activity of high-class athletes.

[Effects of hydrogen sulfide containing gas condensate on the hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system]

Chronic action of different xenobiotics which form a part of condensed hydrogen sulphide-containing gas causes substantial changes in the activity of xenobiotic metabolic enzymes, which is suggestive of the damaged hepatic microsomal monooxygenase system. As the rate of biotransformation becomes higher, there are increases in the activity of microsomal monooxygenases and in the generation of active oxygen forms and hydrogen peroxide, by impairing antiradical and antiperoxide mechanisms. The experimentally used concentration of substances as constituents of condensed gas corresponds to the maximum acceptable air concentration of in the working area of gas-refining plants, but the functional features of the body's detoxifying system--the hepatic monooxygenase system should be taken into account while developing preventive measures of occupational diseases.

[The role of the liver macrophage system in decreasing the immune complex level of the blood during adaptation to periodic hypoxia]

It has been established that adaptation to intermittent hypoxia in altitude chamber considerably increases the capacity of hepatic macrophagal systems (MFS) to uptake Indian ink particles from the blood as well as immunoglobulin labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. There is simultaneous catabolism of labelled albumin in hepatic MFS. It has been suggested that the increased C3b-component of complement system in blood observed in adaptation to hypoxia plays a substantial role in the activation of hepatic MFS. The role of hepatic MFS activation in reducing the number of circulating immune complexes is emphasized as well as its role in therapeutic effect of adaptation in allergic diseases.

[Comparative evaluation of the protective effect of sodium valproate, phenazepam and ionol in stress-induced liver damage in rats]

Ionol, a synthetic antioxidant, limits the stressor liver injury to a greater extent than sodium, valproate and phenazepam, activators of a GABA-ergic link of the stress-limiting organism systems. This injury is exhibited in the organospecific elevated levels of blood enzymes fructosediphosphate aldolase depression of N-demethylase activity of microsomal monooxygenases and a decrease in the amount of cytochromes P-450 and B5.

[Prevention of atherogenic dislipoproteinemias and metabolic disorders in the liver in emotional-pain stress]

Atherogenous dislipoproteinemia, involving a decrease in HDL cholesterol and 3-4-fold increase in the atherogeneity index was found to develop in rats after emotional-pain-dependent stress. Lipid peroxidation was activated in liver tissue of the animals, which was expressed as an increase in the MDA content, a decrease in SOD activity and as marked activation of fructose I-phosphate aldolase, an enzyme specific for liver tissue, in blood serum. The impairment of liver tissue caused an inhibition of 7 alpha-cholesterol hydroxylase--key enzyme of cholesterol hydroxylation into bile acids; the phenomenon may be of importance in development of dislipoproteinemias. Preadaptation of the animals to moderate hypoxia as well as administration of an antioxidant ionol prevented the activation of lipid peroxidation in liver tissue, liberation of fructose I-phosphate aldolase into blood, depression of 7 alpha-cholesterol hydroxylase and protected against the stress-dependent atherogenous dislipoproteinemia. Possible chemical and adaptational protection of liver, which is a very stress-sensitive tissue, is discussed.