1
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Bormann S, Hertweck D, Schneider S, Bloh JZ, Ulber R, Spiess AC, Holtmann D. Modeling and simulation-based design of electroenzymatic batch processes catalyzed by unspecific peroxygenase from A. aegerita. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:7-16. [PMID: 32844401 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Unspecific peroxygenases have attracted interest due to their ability to catalyze the oxygenation of various types of C-H bonds using only hydrogen peroxide as a cosubstrate. Due to the instability of these enzymes at even low hydrogen peroxide concentrations, careful fed-batch addition of the cosubstrate or ideally in situ production is required. While various approaches for hydrogen peroxide addition have been qualitatively assessed, only limited kinetic data concerning enzyme inactivation and peroxide accumulation has been reported so far. To obtain quantitative insights into the kinetics of such a process, a detailed data set for a peroxygenase-catalyzed benzylic hydroxylation coupled with electrochemical hydrogen peroxide production is presented. Based on this data set, we set out to model such an electroenzymatic process. For this, initial velocity data for the benzylic hydroxylation is collected and an extended Ping-Pong-Bi-Bi type rate equation is established, which sufficiently describes the enzyme kinetic. Moreover, we propose an empirical inactivation term based on the collected data set. Finally, we show that the full model does not only describe the process with sufficient accuracy, but can also be used predictively to control hydrogen peroxide feeding rates To limit the concentration of this critical cosubstrate in the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bormann
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominik Hertweck
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schneider
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jonathan Z Bloh
- Chemical Technology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Roland Ulber
- Bioprocess Engineering, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Dirk Holtmann
- Industrial Biotechnology, DECHEMA Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, Wiesenstraße, Gießen, Germany
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2
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Anders N, van Ohlen M, Jestel T, Herbst L, Jmel MA, Smaali I, Spiess AC. Uncover aldehydes in biomass hydrolyzates: disproportionation of aldehydes in alkaline solution and subsequent measurement using an automated HPAEC-PAD method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:5593-5600. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Mayr JC, Rosa LFM, Klinger N, Grosch J, Harnisch F, Spiess AC. Response-Surface-Optimized and Scaled-Up Microbial Electrosynthesis of Chiral Alcohols. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:1808-1816. [PMID: 31951080 PMCID: PMC7187473 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A variety of enzymes can be easily incorporated and overexpressed within Escherichia coli cells by plasmids, making it an ideal chassis for bioelectrosynthesis. It has recently been demonstrated that microbial electrosynthesis (MES) of chiral alcohols is possible by using genetically modified E. coli with plasmid-incorporated and overexpressed enzymes and methyl viologen as mediator for electron transfer. This model system, using NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis to convert acetophenone into (R)-1-phenylethanol, is assessed by using a design of experiment (DoE) approach. Process optimization is achieved with a 2.4-fold increased yield of 94±7 %, a 3.9-fold increased reaction rate of 324±67 μm h-1 , and a coulombic efficiency of up to 68±7 %, while maintaining an excellent enantioselectivity of >99 %. Subsequent scale-up to 1 L by using electrobioreactors under batch and fed-batch conditions increases the titer of (R)-1-phenylethanol to 12.8±2.0 mm and paves the way to further develop E. coli into a universal chassis for MES in a standard biotechnological process environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine C. Mayr
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS)Technische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Luis F. M. Rosa
- Department of Environmental MicrobiologyHelmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Natalia Klinger
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Jan‐Hendrik Grosch
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS)Technische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ)Technische Universität BraunschweigFranz-Liszt-Strasse 35a38106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Falk Harnisch
- Department of Environmental MicrobiologyHelmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ)Permoserstrasse 1504318LeipzigGermany
| | - Antje C. Spiess
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringTechnische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
- Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS)Technische Universität BraunschweigRebenring 5638106BraunschweigGermany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ)Technische Universität BraunschweigFranz-Liszt-Strasse 35a38106BraunschweigGermany
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4
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Ohs R, Fischer K, Schöpping M, Spiess AC. Derivation and identification of a mechanistic model for a branched enzyme-catalyzed carboligation. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2868. [PMID: 31207120 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic description of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is a core task in biotechnology and biochemical engineering. In particular, mechanistic kinetic models help from the discovery of the biocatalyst throughout its application. Chemo- or enantioselective enzyme reactions often undergo two alternative pathways for the release of two different products from a central intermediate. For these types of reaction, no explicit reaction equations have been derived so far. To this end, we extend the commonly used Cleland's notation for branched reaction pathways and explicitly derive the rate expressions for two-coupled ordered bi-uni reactions. This mechanism also leads to a ping-pong bi-bi mechanism for a transfer reaction between the two products via the same central intermediate of the reaction system. Using the cross-ligation of benzaldehyde and propanal catalyzed by the thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme benzaldehyde lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens yielding (R)-2-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-1-one as a case study, we performed model-based experimental analysis to show that such a reaction mechanism can be modeled mechanistically and leads to reasonable kinetic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Ohs
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marie Schöpping
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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5
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Mayr JC, Grosch JH, Hartmann L, Rosa LFM, Spiess AC, Harnisch F. Resting Escherichia coli as Chassis for Microbial Electrosynthesis: Production of Chiral Alcohols. ChemSusChem 2019; 12:1631-1634. [PMID: 30762315 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chiral alcohols constitute important building blocks that can be produced enantioselectively by using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) [NAD(P)H]-dependent oxidoreductases. For NAD(P)H regeneration, electricity delivers the cheapest reduction equivalents. Enzymatic electrosynthesis suffers from cofactor and enzyme instability, whereas microbial electrosynthesis (MES) exploits whole cells. Here, we demonstrate MES by using resting Escherichia coli as biocatalytic chassis for a production platform towards fine chemicals through electric power. This chassis was exemplified for the synthesis of chiral alcohols by using a NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus brevis for synthesis of (R)-1-phenylethanol from acetophenone. The E. coli strain and growth conditions affected the performance. Maximum yields of (39.4±5.7) % at a coulombic efficiency of (50.5±6.0) % with enantiomeric excess >99 % was demonstrated at a rate of (83.5±13.9) μm h-1 , confirming the potential of MES for synthesis of high-value compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine C Mayr
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Grosch
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lena Hartmann
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luis F M Rosa
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35a, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Falk Harnisch
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Emenike VN, Xie X, Schenkendorf R, Spiess AC, Krewer U. Robust dynamic optimization of enzyme-catalyzed carboligation: A point estimate-based back-off approach. Comput Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Di Marino D, Jestel T, Marks C, Viell J, Blindert M, Kriescher SMA, Spiess AC, Wessling M. Carboxylic Acids Production via Electrochemical Depolymerization of Lignin. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Jestel
- AVT.EPT Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | | | - Jörn Viell
- AVT.SVT Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Germany
| | | | | | - Antje C. Spiess
- AVT.EPT Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Germany
- ibvt - Institute of Biochemical Engineering Rebenring 56 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- AVT.CVT Forckenbeckstr. 51 52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Forckenbeckstr. 50 52074 Aachen Germany
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8
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Jestel T, Roth S, Heesel D, Kress A, Fischer R, Spiess AC. Laccase-induced HBT-grafting to milled beech wood reduces unspecific protein adsorption. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2018.1518436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Jestel
- AVT – Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Roth
- AVT – Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Dirk Heesel
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anna Kress
- AVT – Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje C. Spiess
- AVT – Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- IBVT – Institute of Biochemical Engineering, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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9
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Ohs R, Leipnitz M, Schöpping M, Spiess AC. Simultaneous identification of reaction and inactivation kinetics of an enzyme‐catalyzed carboligation. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1081-1092. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Ohs
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Enzyme Process Technology52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Research52074 Aachen Germany
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemical EngineeringBraunschweig38106 Germany
| | - Martin Leipnitz
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Enzyme Process Technology52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Marie Schöpping
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Enzyme Process Technology52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Antje C. Spiess
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik—Enzyme Process Technology52074 Aachen Germany
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Research52074 Aachen Germany
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemical EngineeringBraunschweig38106 Germany
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10
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Buchholz PCF, Ohs R, Spiess AC, Pleiss J. Progress Curve Analysis Within BioCatNet: Comparing Kinetic Models for Enzyme-Catalyzed Self-Ligation. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800183. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. F. Buchholz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Rüdiger Ohs
- Institute for Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Antje C. Spiess
- Institute for Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Braunschweig; Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jürgen Pleiss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Technical Biochemistry, University of Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Ohs
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Enzyme Process Technology; Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Research; Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Jan Wendlandt
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Enzyme Process Technology; Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen Germany
| | - Antje C. Spiess
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Enzyme Process Technology; Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Research; Forckenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemical Engineering; Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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12
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Anders N, Schelden M, Roth S, Spiess AC. Automated chromatographic laccase-mediator-system activity assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4801-4809. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0423-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Begemann J, Ohs RB, Ogolong AB, Eberhard W, Ansorge‐Schumacher MB, Spiess AC. Model-based analysis of a reactor and control concept for oxidoreductions based on exhaust CO 2 -measurement. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Viell J, Inouye H, Szekely NK, Frielinghaus H, Marks C, Wang Y, Anders N, Spiess AC, Makowski L. Multi-scale processes of beech wood disintegration and pretreatment with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate/water mixtures. Biotechnol Biofuels 2016; 9:7. [PMID: 26752999 PMCID: PMC4706671 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The valorization of biomass for chemicals and fuels requires efficient pretreatment. One effective strategy involves the pretreatment with ionic liquids which enables enzymatic saccharification of wood within a few hours under mild conditions. This pretreatment strategy is, however, limited by water and the ionic liquids are rather expensive. The scarce understanding of the involved effects, however, challenges the design of alternative pretreatment concepts. This work investigates the multi length-scale effects of pretreatment of wood in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) in mixtures with water using spectroscopy, X-ray and neutron scattering. RESULTS The structure of beech wood is disintegrated in EMIMAc/water mixtures with a water content up to 8.6 wt%. Above 10.7 wt%, the pretreated wood is not disintegrated, but still much better digested enzymatically compared to native wood. In both regimes, component analysis of the solid after pretreatment shows an extraction of few percent of lignin and hemicellulose. In concentrated EMIMAc, xylan is extracted more efficiently and lignin is defunctionalized. Corresponding to the disintegration at macroscopic scale, SANS and XRD show isotropy and a loss of crystallinity in the pretreated wood, but without distinct reflections of type II cellulose. Hence, the microfibril assembly is decrystallized into rather amorphous cellulose within the cell wall. CONCLUSIONS The molecular and structural changes elucidate the processes of wood pretreatment in EMIMAc/water mixtures. In the aqueous regime with >10.7 wt% water in EMIMAc, xyloglucan and lignin moieties are extracted, which leads to coalescence of fibrillary cellulose structures. Dilute EMIMAc/water mixtures thus resemble established aqueous pretreatment concepts. In concentrated EMIMAc, the swelling due to decrystallinization of cellulose, dissolution of cross-linking xylan, and defunctionalization of lignin releases the mechanical stress to result in macroscopic disintegration of cells. The remaining cell wall constituents of lignin and hemicellulose, however, limit a recrystallization of the solvated cellulose. These pretreatment mechanisms are beyond common pretreatment concepts and pave the way for a formulation of mechanistic requirements of pretreatment with simpler pretreatment liquors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Viell
- />Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstr. 46, 52064 Aachen, Germany
- />JARA-ENERGY, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hideyo Inouye
- />Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Noemi K. Szekely
- />Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Outstation at MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Henrich Frielinghaus
- />Jülich Centre for Neutron Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Outstation at MLZ, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Caroline Marks
- />Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Process Systems Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Turmstr. 46, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yumei Wang
- />Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nico Anders
- />Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje C. Spiess
- />Aachener Verfahrenstechnik-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- />DWI-Leibniz Institute für Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 40, 52072 Aachen, Germany
- />Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Gaußstr. 17, 38102 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Lee Makowski
- />Bioengineering Department and Chemistry and Chemical Biology Department, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115 USA
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15
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Roth S, Spiess AC. Laccases for biorefinery applications: a critical review on challenges and perspectives. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:2285-313. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Begemann J, Spiess AC. Dual lifetime referencing enables pH-control for oxidoreductions in hydrogel-stabilized biphasic reaction systems. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1822-9. [PMID: 26257069 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
pH-shifts are a serious challenge in cofactor dependent biocatalytic oxidoreductions. Therefore, a pH control strategy was developed for reaction systems, where the pH value is not directly measurable. Such a reaction system is the biphasic aqueous-organic reaction system, where the oxidoreduction of hydrophobic substrates in organic solvents is catalysed by hydrogel-immobilized enzymes, and enzyme-coupled cofactor regeneration is accomplished via formate dehydrogenase, leading to a pH-shift. Dual lifetime referencing (DLR), a fluorescence spectroscopic method, was applied for online-monitoring of the pH-value within the immobilizates during the reaction, allowing for a controlled dosage of formic acid. It could be shown that by applying trisodium 8-hydroxypyrene-1, 3, 6-trisulfonate as pH indicator and Ru(II) tris(4, 7-diphenyl-1, 10-phenantroline) (Ru[dpp]) as a reference luminophore the control of the pH-value in a macroscopic gel-bead-stabilized aqueous/organic two phase system in a range of pH 6.5 to 8.0 is possible. An experimental proof of concept could maintain a stable pH of 7.5 ± 0.15 during the reaction for at least 105 h. With these results, it could be shown that DLR is a powerful tool for pH-control within reaction systems with no direct access for conventional pH-measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Begemann
- AVT-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- AVT-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials Research, Aachen, Germany.
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17
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Harwardt N, Stripling N, Roth S, Liu H, Schwaneberg U, Spiess AC. Effects of ionic liquids on the reaction kinetics of a laccase–mediator system. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra00733f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conductivity and viscosity explain part of the effect of ionic liquids on the laccase–mediator system kinetics, but not all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Harwardt
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Enzyme Process Technology
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Natascha Stripling
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Enzyme Process Technology
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Roth
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje C. Spiess
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Enzyme Process Technology
- RWTH Aachen University
- 52074 Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials
- 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Engel P, Hein L, Spiess AC. Derivatization-free gel permeation chromatography elucidates enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. Biotechnol Biofuels 2012; 5:77. [PMID: 23062284 PMCID: PMC3524663 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-5-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of cellulose molecular weight distributions by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is a powerful tool to obtain detailed information on enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis, supporting the development of economically viable biorefinery processes. Unfortunately, due to work and time consuming sample preparation, the measurement of cellulose molecular weight distributions has a limited applicability until now. RESULTS In this work we present a new method to analyze cellulose molecular weight distributions that does not require any prior cellulose swelling, activation, or derivatization. The cellulose samples were directly dissolved in dimethylformamide (DMF) containing 10-20% (v/v) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIM Ac) for 60 minutes, thereby reducing the sample preparation time from several days to a few hours. The samples were filtrated 0.2 μm to avoid column blocking, separated at 0.5 mL/min using hydrophilic separation media and were detected using differential refractive index/multi angle laser light scattering (dRI/MALLS). The applicability of this method was evaluated for the three cellulose types Avicel, α-cellulose and Sigmacell. Afterwards, this method was used to measure the changes in molecular weight distributions during the enzymatic hydrolysis of the different untreated and ionic liquid pretreated cellulose substrates. The molecular weight distributions showed a stronger shift to smaller molecular weights during enzymatic hydrolysis using a commercial cellulase preparation for cellulose with lower crystallinity. This was even more pronounced for ionic liquid-pretreated cellulose. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this strongly simplified GPC method for cellulose molecular weight distribution allowed for the first time to demonstrate the influence of cellulose properties and pretreatment on the mode of enzymatic hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Engel
- AVT-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Lea Hein
- AVT-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- AVT-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Aachen, 52056, Germany
- Interactive Materials Research, DWI an der RWTH Aachen e.V, Forckenbeckstr. 50, Aachen, 52074, Germany
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Engel P, Krull S, Seiferheld B, Spiess AC. Rational approach to optimize cellulase mixtures for hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose containing residual ionic liquid. Bioresour Technol 2012; 115:27-34. [PMID: 22100231 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
For the efficient production of glucose for platform chemicals or biofuels, cellulosic biomass is pretreated and subsequently hydrolyzed with cellulases. Although ionic liquids (IL) are known to effectively pretreat cellulosic biomass, the hydrolysis of IL pretreated biomass has not been optimized so far. Here, we present a semi-empirical model to rationally optimize the hydrolysis of pretreated α-cellulose - regenerated from IL and containing residual IL from the pretreatment. First, the influence of the IL MMIM DMP on the individual cellulases endoglucanase I, cellobiohydrolase I and β-glucosidase was investigated. Second, an enzyme loading-dependent model was developed to describe kinetics for the individual cellulases and cellulase mixtures. Third, this model was used to optimize the cellulase mixture for the efficient hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose containing residual IL. Finally, we could significantly increase the initial hydrolysis rate in 10% (v/v) MMIM DMP by 49% and the sugar yield by 10% points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Engel
- AVT-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Eberhard W, Jäger G, Pinto JPC, Spiess AC, Büchs J. DETERMINING COMPLETE SUSPENSION OF IMMOBILIZED ENZYMES BY ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL CAMERA IMAGES. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2011.592552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jäger G, Wulfhorst H, Zeithammel EU, Elinidou E, Spiess AC, Büchs J. Correction to: Screening of cellulases for biofuel production: Online monitoring of the enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose using high-throughput scattered light detection. Biotechnol J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201190059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jäger G, Girfoglio M, Dollo F, Rinaldi R, Bongard H, Commandeur U, Fischer R, Spiess AC, Büchs J. How recombinant swollenin from Kluyveromyces lactis affects cellulosic substrates and accelerates their hydrolysis. Biotechnol Biofuels 2011; 4:33. [PMID: 21943248 PMCID: PMC3203333 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to generate biofuels, insoluble cellulosic substrates are pretreated and subsequently hydrolyzed with cellulases. One way to pretreat cellulose in a safe and environmentally friendly manner is to apply, under mild conditions, non-hydrolyzing proteins such as swollenin - naturally produced in low yields by the fungus Trichoderma reesei. To yield sufficient swollenin for industrial applications, the first aim of this study is to present a new way of producing recombinant swollenin. The main objective is to show how swollenin quantitatively affects relevant physical properties of cellulosic substrates and how it affects subsequent hydrolysis. RESULTS After expression in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis, the resulting swollenin was purified. The adsorption parameters of the recombinant swollenin onto cellulose were quantified for the first time and were comparable to those of individual cellulases from T. reesei. Four different insoluble cellulosic substrates were then pretreated with swollenin. At first, it could be qualitatively shown by macroscopic evaluation and microscopy that swollenin caused deagglomeration of bigger cellulose agglomerates as well as dispersion of cellulose microfibrils (amorphogenesis). Afterwards, the effects of swollenin on cellulose particle size, maximum cellulase adsorption and cellulose crystallinity were quantified. The pretreatment with swollenin resulted in a significant decrease in particle size of the cellulosic substrates as well as in their crystallinity, thereby substantially increasing maximum cellulase adsorption onto these substrates. Subsequently, the pretreated cellulosic substrates were hydrolyzed with cellulases. Here, pretreatment of cellulosic substrates with swollenin, even in non-saturating concentrations, significantly accelerated the hydrolysis. By correlating particle size and crystallinity of the cellulosic substrates with initial hydrolysis rates, it could be shown that the swollenin-induced reduction in particle size and crystallinity resulted in high cellulose hydrolysis rates. CONCLUSIONS Recombinant swollenin can be easily produced with the robust yeast K. lactis. Moreover, swollenin induces deagglomeration of cellulose agglomerates as well as amorphogenesis (decrystallization). For the first time, this study quantifies and elucidates in detail how swollenin affects different cellulosic substrates and their hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Jäger
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michele Girfoglio
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1,
D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Dollo
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470
Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hans Bongard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470
Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1,
D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1,
D-52074 Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME),
Forckenbeckstrasse 6, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University,
Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University,
Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Jäger G, Wulfhorst H, Zeithammel EU, Elinidou E, Spiess AC, Büchs J. Screening of cellulases for biofuel production: Online monitoring of the enzymatic hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose using high-throughput scattered light detection. Biotechnol J 2010; 6:74-85. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kulishova L, Dimoula K, Jordan M, Wirtz A, Hofmann D, Santiago-Schübel B, Fitter J, Pohl M, Spiess AC. Factors influencing the operational stability of NADPH-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase and an NADH-dependent variant thereof in gas/solid reactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Nagayama K, Spiess AC, Büchs J. Gas phase enantioselective reduction catalyzed by immobilized ketoreductase: Effects of water activity and reaction temperature. Biochem Eng J 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rinaldi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany.
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Jäger G, Wu Z, Garschhammer K, Engel P, Klement T, Rinaldi R, Spiess AC, Büchs J. Practical screening of purified cellobiohydrolases and endoglucanases with α-cellulose and specification of hydrodynamics. Biotechnol Biofuels 2010; 3:18. [PMID: 20718965 PMCID: PMC2936879 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-3-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is important to generate biofuels and society must be weaned from its dependency on fossil fuels. In order to produce biofuels, lignocellulose is pretreated and the resulting cellulose is hydrolyzed by cellulases such as cellobiohydrolases (CBH) and endoglucanases (EG). Until now, the biofuel industry has usually applied impractical celluloses to screen for cellulases capable of degrading naturally occurring, insoluble cellulose. This study investigates how these cellulases adsorb and hydrolyze insoluble α-cellulose - considered to be a more practical substrate which mimics the alkaline-pretreated biomass used in biorefineries. Moreover, this study investigates how hydrodynamics affects cellulase adsorption and activity onto α-cellulose. RESULTS First, the cellulases CBH I, CBH II, EG I and EG II were purified from Trichoderma reesei and CBH I and EG I were utilized in order to study and model the adsorption isotherms (Langmuir) and kinetics (pseudo-first-order). Second, the adsorption kinetics and cellulase activities were studied under different hydrodynamic conditions, including liquid mixing and particle suspension. Third, in order to compare α-cellulose with three typically used celluloses, the exact cellulase activities towards all four substrates were measured.It was found that, using α-cellulose, the adsorption models fitted to the experimental data and yielded parameters comparable to those for filter paper. Moreover, it was determined that higher shaking frequencies clearly improved the adsorption of cellulases onto α-cellulose and thus bolstered their activity. Complete suspension of α-cellulose particles was the optimal operating condition in order to ensure efficient cellulase adsorption and activity. Finally, all four purified cellulases displayed comparable activities only on insoluble α-cellulose. CONCLUSIONS α-Cellulose is an excellent substrate to screen for CBHs and EGs. This current investigation shows in detail, for the first time, the adsorption of purified cellulases onto α-cellulose, the effect of hydrodynamics on cellulase adsorption and the correlation between the adsorption and the activity of cellulases at different hydrodynamic conditions. Complete suspension of the substrate has to be ensured in order to optimize the cellulase attack. In the future, screenings should be conducted with α-cellulose so that proper cellulases are selected to best hydrolyze the real alkaline-pretreated biomass used in biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Jäger
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Zhuojun Wu
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Garschhammer
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philip Engel
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Klement
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Antje C Spiess
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT-Aachener Verfahrenstechnik, Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
The immobilization conditions of commercial ketoreductase for continuous enantioselective reduction in the gas-phase reaction were investigated with respect to the immobilization efficiency (residual activity and protein loading) and the gas-phase reaction efficiency (initial reaction rate, half-life, and enantioselectivity). For the analyses, ketoreductase was first immobilized by physical deposition on glass supports and the reduction of 2-butanone to (S)-2-butanol with the concomitant regeneration of NADH by 2-propanol was used as a model reaction. The optimal conditions of enzyme immobilization were obtained using an absolute pressure of 100 hPa for drying, a pH between 6.5 and 7.0, and a buffer concentration of 50 mM. The buffer concentration in particular had a strong effect on both the enzyme activity and enantioselectivity. Under optimal immobilization conditions, the thermostability of ketoreductase in the gas-phase system was enhanced compared to the aqueous-phase system, while the enantioselectivity was successfully maintained at a level identical to that of the native enzyme. These results indicate that the gas-phase reaction has a great potential for industrial production of chiral compounds, but requires careful optimization of immobilization conditions for the reaction to progress effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Nagayama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kochi National College of Technology, Kochi, Japan.
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Schwendt T, Michalik C, Zavrel M, Dennig A, Spiess AC, Poprawe R, Janzen C. Determination of temporal and spatial concentration gradients in hydrogel beads using multiphoton microscopy techniques. Appl Spectrosc 2010; 64:720-726. [PMID: 20615284 DOI: 10.1366/000370210791666372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy is a promising technique to detect spatially and temporally resolved concentration gradients of chemical compounds, e.g., reactants in hydrogel-encapsulated biocatalysts. In contrast to current techniques, the improved spatial and temporal resolution of this method in data acquisition and its ability to measure hydrogel beads facilitates the identification of various kinetic phenomena. To our knowledge, multiphoton microscopy is used here for the first time to examine diffusion, mass transfer, and reaction in immobilized hydrogel systems. In a first step, the phenomena of diffusion and diffusion-coupled mass transfer through the phase interface are investigated in the bead center. Finally, the complete system--consisting of diffusion, mass transfer, and enzymatic reaction--is observed by measuring concentration gradients along the bead radius with temporal and spatial resolution. This metrology enables a subsequent mechanistic model identification, which in turn leads to an enhanced knowledge of reaction kinetics and supports the design of biotechnological processes. This task was only possible due to excellent spatial (25 microm) and temporal (5 s) resolution and the accuracy (+/-1%) achieved by using a multiphoton microscopy setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman Schwendt
- Chair for Laser Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Steinbachstrasse 15, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Zavrel M, Kochanowski K, Spiess AC. Comparison of different approaches and computer programs for progress curve analysis of enzyme kinetics. Eng Life Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.200900083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Zavrel M, Michalik C, Schwendt T, Schmidt T, Ansorge-Schumacher M, Janzen C, Marquardt W, Büchs J, Spiess AC. Systematic determination of intrinsic reaction parameters in enzyme immobilizates. Chem Eng Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Singer CF, Zabkova P, Pfeiler G, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Fink-Retter A, Staudigl C, Walter I, Hudelist G, Spiess AC, Kubista E. Anwesenheit von intratumoralen Stammzellen in Brustkrebspatientinnen mit und ohne BRCA-Keimbahnmutationen. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2010. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1252092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Nagayama K, Spiess AC, Büchs J. Enzyme immobilization conditions on enantioselective conversion in a gas/solid bioreactor. J Biosci Bioeng 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2009.08.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kokova M, Zavrel M, Tittmann K, Spiess AC, Pohl M. Investigation of the carboligase activity of thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes using kinetic modeling and NMR spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Singer CF, Zabkova P, Pfeiler G, Gschwantler-Kaulich D, Fink-Retter A, Staudigl C, Walter I, Hudelist G, Spiess AC, Kubista E. Nachweis von intratumoralen Stammzellen bei Brustkrebspatientinnen mit BRCA Keimbahnmutationen. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1239021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Zavrel M, Bross D, Funke M, Büchs J, Spiess AC. High-throughput screening for ionic liquids dissolving (ligno-)cellulose. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:2580-7. [PMID: 19157872 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass poses a major challenge for its sustainable and cost-effective utilization. Therefore, an efficient pretreatment is decisive for processes based on lignocellulose. A green and energy-efficient pretreatment could be the dissolution of lignocellulose in ionic liquids. Several ionic liquids were identified earlier which are capable to dissolve (ligno-)cellulose. However, due to their multitude and high costs, a high-throughput screening on small scale is essential for the determination of the most efficient ionic liquid. In this contribution two high-throughput systems are presented based on extinction or scattered light measurements. Quasi-continuous dissolution profiles allow a direct comparison of up to 96 ionic liquids per experiment in terms of their dissolution kinetics. The screening results indicate that among the ionic liquids tested EMIM Ac is the most efficient for dissolving cellulose. Moreover, it was observed that AMIM Cl is the most effective ionic liquid for dissolving wood chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zavrel
- Aachener Verfahrenstechnik - Chair of Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
Benzaldehyde lyase (BAL, EC 4.1.2.38) from Pseudomonas fluorescens and benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD, EC 4.1.1.7) from Pseudomonas putida are thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes. These enzymes share a common tetrameric structure and catalyze various C--C-bond forming and breaking reactions. Here we describe a detailed study of the asymmetric synthesis of propioin from propanal catalyzed by BAL or BFD in aqueous solution in a batch reactor. Both enzymes are deactivated in the presence of high concentration of propanal. Compared to BAL, BFD is more stable under reaction conditions as well as during storage. The kinetic studies showed a typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic for BAL with a maximal specific reaction rate of 26.2 U/mg and an unusually high K(M) of 415 mM, whereas the v/[S]-plot for BFD is almost linear in the concentration range (100-1500 mM) investigated. Both enzymes produce propioin with opposite enantiomeric excess: BAL produced the (S)-propioin (ee of 35%), whereas BFD yielded the (R)-enantiomer (ee of 67%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud J Mikolajek
- Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen 52056, Germany.
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41
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Zavrel M, Schmidt T, Michalik C, Ansorge-Schumacher M, Marquardt W, Büchs J, Spiess AC. Mechanistic kinetic model for symmetric carboligations using benzaldehyde lyase. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:27-38. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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42
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Peters M, Eckstein MF, Hartjen G, Spiess AC, Leitner W, Greiner L. Exploring Conversion of Biphasic Catalytic Reactions: Analytical Solution and Parameter Study. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie070402g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Peters
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Chair for Mathematics B, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany; and Institute for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marrit F. Eckstein
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Chair for Mathematics B, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany; and Institute for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gert Hartjen
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Chair for Mathematics B, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany; and Institute for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje C. Spiess
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Chair for Mathematics B, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany; and Institute for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Chair for Mathematics B, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany; and Institute for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lasse Greiner
- Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Chair for Mathematics B, RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 64, 52062 Aachen, Germany; and Institute for Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Mikolajek R, Spiess AC, Pohl M, Lamare S, Büchs J. An Activity, Stability and Selectivity Comparison of Propioin Synthesis by Thiamine Diphosphate-Dependent Enzymes in a Solid/Gas Bioreactor. Chembiochem 2007; 8:1063-70. [PMID: 17497614 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic carboligation in a solid/gas bioreactor represents a new challenge in biotechnology. In this paper, the continuous gas-phase production of propioin from two propanal molecules by using thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes was studied. Two enzymes were used, namely benzaldehyde lyase (BAL) from Pseudomonas fluorescens and benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) from Pseudomonas putida. The enzymes are homologous and catalyze carboligase and carbolyase reactions in which no external cofactor regeneration is needed. The influence of water and substrate activity on the initial reaction rate and biocatalyst stability was investigated. An increase in water activity raised the initial reaction rates to the maximal values of 250 and 80 U g(-1) for BAL and BFD, respectively. The half-life showed the same trend with maximal values of 50 and 78 min for BAL and BFD, respectively. The increase in the half-life by increasing water activity was unexpected. It was also observed that BFD is more stable than BAL in the presence of the substrate propanal. Both enzymes showed substrate inhibition in the kinetic studies, and BAL was also deactivated during the reaction. Unexpectedly, the stereoselectivity of both enzymes (ee of 19 % for BAL and racemic mixture for BFD) was significantly impaired in the gas phase compared to the liquid phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Mikolajek
- Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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Mikolajek R, Spiess AC, Büchs J. Feasibility of gas/solid carboligation: Conversion of benzaldehyde to benzoin using thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzymes. J Biotechnol 2007; 129:723-5. [PMID: 17399835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A carboligation was investigated for the first time as an enzymatic gas phase reaction, where benzaldehyde was converted to benzoin using thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent enzymes, namely benzaldehyde lyase (BAL) and benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD). The biocatalyst was immobilized per deposition on non-porous support. Some limitations of the gas/solid biocatalysis are discussed based on this carboligation and it is also demonstrated that the solid/gas system is an interesting tool for more volatile products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mikolajek
- Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringer Weg 1, Aachen, Germany
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Trivedi AH, Spiess AC, Daussmann T, Büchs J. Effect of additives on gas-phase catalysis with immobilised Thermoanaerobacter species alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH T). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:407-14. [PMID: 16228205 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a strategy for preparing an efficient immobilised alcohol dehydrogenase preparation for a gas-phase reaction. The effects of additives such as buffers and sucrose on the immobilisation efficiency (residual activity and protein loading) and on the gas-phase reaction efficiency (initial reaction rate and half-life) of Thermoanaerobacter sp. alcohol dehydrogenase were studied. The reduction of acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol under in situ cofactor regeneration using isopropanol as co-substrate was used as a model reaction at fixed reaction conditions (temperature and thermodynamic activities). A strongly enhanced thermostability of the enzyme in the gas-phase reaction was achieved when the enzyme was immobilised with 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) containing sucrose five times the protein amount (on weight/weight basis). This resulted in a remarkable productivity of 200 g L(-1) day(-1) even at non-optimised reaction conditions. The interaction of additives with the enzyme and water affects the immobilisation and gas-phase efficiencies of the enzyme. However, it was not possible to predict the effect of additives on the gas-phase reaction efficiency even after knowing their effect on the immobilisation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Trivedi
- Biochemical Engineering, Sammelbau Biologie, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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Abstract
The initial reaction rate and the thermostability of the mesophilic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) from Lactobacillus brevis (LBADH), and the thermophilic ADH from Thermoanaerobacter sp. (ADH T) in gas-phase reaction were compared. The effects of water activity, cofactor-to-protein molar ratio, and reaction temperature on the reduction of acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol were studied. An optimal water activity of 0.55 in terms of productivity was found for both ADHs. The cofactor-to-protein molar ratio was chosen slightly higher than equimolar to increase both activity and thermostability. An excellent optimal productivity of 1,000 g x L(-1) x d(-1) for LBADH and 600 g x L(-1) x d(-1)for ADH T was found at 60 degrees C, while the highest total turnover numbers with respect to the enzyme were achieved at 30 degrees C and amounted to 4.2 million for LBADH and 1.7 million for ADH T, respectively. Interestingly, the ADH from the mesophilic L. brevisshowed the higher thermostability in the nonconventional medium gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana H Trivedi
- Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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Trivedi A, Heinemann M, Spiess AC, Daussmann T, Büchs J. Optimization of adsorptive immobilization of alcohol dehydrogenases. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 99:340-7. [PMID: 16233799 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.99.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Accepted: 12/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a systematic examination of various parameters of adsorptive immobilization of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs) on solid support is performed and the impact of these parameters on immobilization efficiency is studied. Depending on the source of the enzymes, these parameters differently influence the immobilization efficiency, expressed in terms of residual activity and protein loading. Residual activity of 79% was achieved with ADH from bakers' yeast (YADH) after optimizing the immobilization parameters. A step-wise drying process has been found to be more effective than one-step drying. A hypothesis of deactivation through bubble nucleation during drying of the enzyme/glass bead suspension at low drying pressure (<45 kPa) is experimentally verified. In the case of ADH from Lactobacillus brevis (LBADH), >300% residual activity was found after drying. Hyperactivation of the enzyme is probably caused by structural changes in the enzyme molecule during the drying process. ADH from Thermoanaerobacter species (ADH T) is found to be stable under drying conditions (>15 kPa) in contrast to LBADH and YADH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Trivedi
- Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, Sammelbau Biologie, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Spiess AC, Kasche V. Direct measurement of pH profiles in immobilized enzyme carriers during kinetically controlled synthesis using CLSM. Biotechnol Prog 2001; 17:294-303. [PMID: 11312707 DOI: 10.1021/bp000149e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Confocal laser scanning microscopy was applied to measure the pH value in the carrier of immobilized enzymes during the enzyme-catalyzed synthesis. pH profiles with a high resolution are shown, with the pH increasing in the core of the particles. Significant differences occur for different carrier material, particle size, porosity and surface modification. The increased pH value is identified as one of the reasons leading to reduced enzyme selectivity in the penicillin amidase catalyzed synthesis of cephalosporins and penicillins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Spiess
- Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Biotechnologie II (2-10), Denickestr. 15, 21071 Hamburg, Germany.
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