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Girgis SA, Halim M, Habil IS, Hussein WM, Mossad IM, Abdel-Aziz A, Saleh AM, Omar A, El-Meteini M. Investigation of a COVID-19 outbreak in a University Cardio-Thoracic Hospital in Cairo: exploration of the risk to healthcare workers and patients. J Prev Med Hyg 2021; 62:E802-E807. [PMID: 35603255 PMCID: PMC9104682 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2021.62.4.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Corona virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a challenge to health sectors all over the world. The pandemic arrived in Egypt a few weeks after Europe and Asia, with rapidly rising numbers. Health care workers (HCWs) are front liners sustaining a major risk of acquiring the infection. Aim In this work, we analyse an outbreak of COVID-19 in a University hospital in Cairo involving HCWs of different categories, patients and patients' accompanying relatives. Methods Following the reporting of the first COVID-19 confirmed case; a 55-year-old nurse at the hospital, a total of 645 healthcare workers, patients and patients' accompanying relatives were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay. Results Twenty-four out of 589 HCWs, 3 out of 42 patient and 4 out of 14 patients' accompanying relatives tested positive for COVID-19. No physicians, pharmacists or technicians were infected. Nursing staff and housekeeping staff were the most at risk of contracting the infection with a risk ratio of 4.99 (95% CI: 1.4-17.6) and 5.08 (95% CI: 1.4-18.4) respectively. Clustering of infected HCWs was observed in paediatrics' ICU and in the 6th floor of the hospital. Conclusions Nursing and housekeeping staff sustain a significantly higher risk of COVID-19 infection compared to other staff categories. The nature of their duties and the frequent unprotected contact between members of these categories may play a role in increasing their risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia A Girgis
- Professor of Clinical Pathology, Head of Infection Control Unit and Vice Director of Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moshira Halim
- Infection Control Unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ihab S Habil
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M Hussein
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Isis M Mossad
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdel-Aziz
- Director of Cardio-thoracic Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Vice President of Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Omar
- Dean of Faculty of Medicine and chairman of board of Ain Shams University Hospitals, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Girgis SA, Hafez HM, Elarab HE, Sherif B, Sabry MH, Afifi I, Hassan FE, Reda A, Elsayed S, Mahmoud A, Habeb P, Habil IS, Hussein RS, Mossad IM, Mansour O, Omar A, Saleh AM, El-Meteini M. SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rate and seroprevalence of related antibodies among a sample of patients in Cairo: Pre-wave 2 results of a screening program in a university hospital. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254581. [PMID: 34265021 PMCID: PMC8282003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has revealed that asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic infections are important contributors to the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in populations. In Egypt, the true prevalence of infections is veiled due to the low number of screening tests. The aim of this study was to determine the SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rate as well the seroprevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 antibodies before the ultimate development of a second wave of the epidemic in Cairo, Egypt. METHODS Our study was carried out between May 5 and the end of October 2020. It included all patients requiring admission to Ain Shams University hospitals. An interview questionnaire was used to collect demographic and clinical data. Laboratory tests for all participants included RT-PCR and total antibody assay for SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS A total of 4,313 subjects were enrolled in our study, with females representing 56% of the sample. Adults and middle-aged individuals represented around 60% of the study sample. The positivity rate of SARS-CoV-2 PCR was 3.84% (95% CI 3.29-4.48), and the SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence was 29.82% (95% CI: 28.16-31.51). Males showed a higher risk for getting the COVID-19 infection, while middle-age group had significantly higher antibody seroprevalence rates. CONCLUSION SARS-CoV-2 infection imposes a high burden on the community as detected by high seroprevalence rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia A. Girgis
- Professor of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Director of Infection Control Unit and Vice Director of Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala M. Hafez
- Professor of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Head of Clinical Microbiology Unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hoda Ezz Elarab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Basma Sherif
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Moshira H. Sabry
- Infection Control Unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Afifi
- Infection Control Unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Amira Reda
- Infection Control Unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Elsayed
- Infection Control Unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Mahmoud
- Infection Control Unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Petra Habeb
- Infection Control Unit, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ihab S. Habil
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha S. Hussein
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Isis M. Mossad
- Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ossama Mansour
- Vice Dean of Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Omar
- Dean of Faculty of Medicine and chairman of board of Ain Shams University Hospitals, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Al-Qudah MA, Tashtoush HI, Khlaifat EF, Ibrahim SO, Saleh AM, Al-Jaber HI, Abu Zarga MH, Abu Orabi ST. Chemical constituents of the aerial parts of Salvia judaica Boiss. from Jordan. Nat Prod Res 2020; 34:2981-2985. [PMID: 31161797 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1597349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the chemical constituents of Salvia judaica growing wild in Jordan led to the isolation and identification of 15 known compounds. These included: luteolin-3'-methyl ether (1), indole-3-carboxyaldehyde (2), p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), tricin (4), apigenin (5), methyl isoferuloyl-7-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) lactate (6), methyl rosmarinate (7), rosmarinic acid (8), salvigenin (9), β-sitosterol (10), 3β, 28-dihydroxyurs-12-ene (11), cirsilineol (12), 2,3-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (13), β-sitosteryl glucoside (14), and tormentic acid (15). Compounds 6 and 7 exhibited strong radical scavenging and chelating activities as compared to α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, compound 7 showed a 2-fold greater antioxidant activity as compared to compound 6. Furthermore, low doses of compounds 6 and 7 were able to inhibit the growth of leukemic (HL-60, Jurkat, K562 and CCRF-SB) and solid tumor cells (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and Caco-2). Compound 7 showed a ca. 3-4-fold stronger cytotoxicity against the tested cells as compared to compound 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Al-Qudah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hasan I Tashtoush
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ethar F Khlaifat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sahar O Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala I Al-Jaber
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Musa H Abu Zarga
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sultan T Abu Orabi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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Abstract
In this review, human methotrexate dosing regimens, as well as their relationship to data from in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal and human studies, are discussed. Low-dose, intermediate-dose, and high-dose therapies are covered. Since in vitro and in vivo screenings of potential cancer drugs are commonplace in the development of cancer chemotherapy, comparisons of the three criteria for effectiveness are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A A Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hampton University School of Pharmacy, Hampton, Virginia, USA,
| | - Yasser Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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Nasr A, Saleh AM, Eltoum M, Abushouk A, Hamza A, Aljada A, El-Toum ME, Abu-Zeid YA, Allam G, ElGhazali G. Antibody responses to P. falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1(AMA-1) in relation to haemoglobin S (HbS), HbC, G6PD and ABO blood groups among Fulani and Masaleit living in Western Sudan. Acta Trop 2018; 182:115-123. [PMID: 29486174 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fulani and Masaleit are two sympatric ethnic groups in western Sudan who are characterised by marked differences in susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. It has been demonstrated that Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency and Sickle cell trait HbAS carriers are protected from the most severe forms of malaria. This study aimed to investigate a set of specific IgG subclasses against P. falciparum Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA-1 3D7), haemoglobin variants and (G6PD) in association with malaria susceptibility among Fulani ethnic group compared to sympatric ethnic group living in Western Sudan. A total of 124 children aged 5-9 years from each tribe living in an area of hyper-endemic P. falciparum unstable malaria transmission were recruited and genotyped for the haemoglobin (Hb) genes, (G6PD) and (ABO) blood groups. Furthermore, the level of plasma IgG antibody subclasses against P. falciparum antigen (AMA-1) were measured using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Higher levels of anti-malarial IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 but not IgG4 antibody were found in Fulani when compared to Masaleit. Individuals carrying the HbCC phenotype were significantly associated with higher levels of IgG1 and IgG2. Furthermore, individuals having the HbAS phenotype were associated with higher levels of specific IgG2 and IgG4 antibodies. In addition, patients with G6PD A/A genotype were associated with higher levels of specific IgG2 antibody compared with those carrying the A/G and G/G genotypes. The results indicate that the Fulani ethnic group show lower frequency of HbAS, HbSS and HbAC compared to the Masaleit ethnic group. The inter-ethnic analysis shows no statistically significant difference in G6PD genotypes (P value = 0.791). However, the intra-ethnic analysis indicates that both ethnic groups have less A/A genotypes and (A) allele frequency of G6PD compared to G/G genotypes, while the HbSA genotype was associated with higher levels of IgG2 (AMA-1) and IgG4 antibodies. In addition, patients carrying the G6PD A/A genotype were associated with higher levels of specific IgG2 antibody compared with those carrying the A/G and G/G genotypes. The present results revealed that the Fulani ethnic group has statistically significantly lower frequency of abnormal haemoglobin resistant to malaria infection compared to the Masaleit ethnic group.
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Bullock J, Rizvi SA, Saleh AM, Ahmed SS, Do DP, Ansari RA, Ahmed J. Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Brief Overview of the Treatment. Med Princ Pract 2018; 27:501-507. [PMID: 30173215 PMCID: PMC6422329 DOI: 10.1159/000493390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, systemic autoimmune disease, affecting the joints with varying severity among patients. The risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and environmental exposure (cigarette smoking, air pollutants, and occupational). Many complications can follow, such as permanent joint damage requiring arthroplasty, rheumatoid vasculitis, and Felty syndrome requiring splenectomy if it remains unaddressed. As there is no cure for RA, the treatment goals are to reduce the pain and stop/slow further damage. Here, we present a brief summary of various past and present treatment modalities to address the complications associated with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed A.A. Rizvi
- School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia, USA
- *Dr. Syed A.A. Rizvi, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668 (USA), E-Mail , Dr. Sultan S. Ahmed, College of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328 (USA), E-Mail , Dr. Ayman M. Saleh, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, 21423 (Saudi Arabia), E-Mail ,
| | - Ayman M. Saleh
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Duc P. Do
- University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Rais A. Ansari
- Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
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Abstract
The development of nanoparticle-based drug formulations has yielded the opportunities to address and treat challenging diseases. Nanoparticles vary in size but are generally ranging from 100 to 500 nm. Through the manipulation of size, surface characteristics and material used, the nanoparticles can be developed into smart systems, encasing therapeutic and imaging agents as well as bearing stealth property. Further, these systems can deliver drug to specific tissues and provide controlled release therapy. This targeted and sustained drug delivery decreases the drug related toxicity and increase patient's compliance with less frequent dosing. Nanotechnology has proven beneficial in the treatment of cancer, AIDS and many other disease, also providing advancement in diagnostic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A.A. Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Health Professions Division, Nova Southeastern University, 3200 South University Drive, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA
| | - Ayman M. Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Mail Code 6610, P. O. Box 9515, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Jaber BM, Petroianu GA, Rizvi SA, Borai A, Saleh NA, Hala SM, Saleh AM. Protective effect of metoclopramide against organophosphate-induced apoptosis in the murine skin fibroblast L929. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:329-340. [PMID: 29027213 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to evaluate the protective efficacy of metoclopramide (MCP) against the organophosphates paraoxon (POX)- and malathion (MLT)-induced apoptosis in the murine L929 skin fibroblasts. L929 cells were exposed to either POX (10 nm) or 1.0 μm MLT in the absence and presence of increased concentrations of MCP. The protective effect of MCP on these organophosphate-stimulated apoptotic events was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis after staining with annexin-V/propidium iodide, processing and activation of the executioner caspase-3, cleavage of the poly-ADP ribose polymerase, fragmentation of the nucleosomal DNA and disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ). Our results showed that increased doses of MCP alone (≥10 μm) did not induce apoptosis or activation of caspase-3. Pretreatment of the cells with MCP attenuated all the apoptotic events triggered by the organophosphate compounds in a dose-dependent manner reaching ~70-80% protection when they were preincubated at 1 and 5 μm of the drug before the addition of POX and MLT, respectively. Interestingly, MCP did not offer a significant protective effect against the cytotoxicity of tumor necrosis factor-α, cisplatinum, etoposide or paclitaxel, which stimulate apoptosis by various mechanisms, suggesting that the anti-apoptotic effect of the drug is specific to organophosphates. The strong and specific anti-apoptotic activity of subclinical doses of MCP against the cytotoxicity of organophosphate compounds suggests its potential clinical application in treating their poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basem M Jaber
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Georg A Petroianu
- Department of Cellular Biology & Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Syed A Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Anwar Borai
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada A Saleh
- Faculty of Medicine, the University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sharif M Hala
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Aziz MA, Yousef Z, Saleh AM, Mohammad S, Al Knawy B. Towards personalized medicine of colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 118:70-78. [PMID: 28917272 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Efforts in colorectal cancer (CRC) research aim to improve early detection and treatment for metastatic stages which could translate into better prognosis of this disease. One of the major challenges that hinder these efforts is the heterogeneous nature of CRC and involvement of diverse molecular pathways. New large-scale 'omics' technologies are making it possible to generate, analyze and interpret biological data from molecular determinants of CRC. The developments of sophisticated computational analyses would allow information from different omics platforms to be integrated, thus providing new insights into the biology of CRC. Together, these technological advances and an improved mechanistic understanding might allow CRC to be clinically managed at the level of the individual patient. This review provides an account of the current challenges in CRC management and an insight into how new technologies could allow the development of personalized medicine for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azhar Aziz
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center [KAIMRC], King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Colorectal Cancer Research Program, National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zeyad Yousef
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center [KAIMRC], King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, Mail Code 6610, P. O. Box 9515 Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center [KAIMRC], King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, P. O. Box 9515, Jeddah 21423, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sameer Mohammad
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center [KAIMRC], King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Department of Experimental Medicine, National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bandar Al Knawy
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center [KAIMRC], King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Office of the Chief Executive Officer, National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
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Saleh AM, Al-Qudah MA, Nasr A, Rizvi SA, Borai A, Daghistani M. Comprehensive Analysis of the Chemical Composition and In Vitro Cytotoxic Mechanisms of Pallines Spinosa Flower and Leaf Essential Oils Against Breast Cancer Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 42:2043-2065. [PMID: 28803233 DOI: 10.1159/000479900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS In our quest for new natural anticancer agents, we studied the cytotoxicity of the essential oils extracted from flowers and leaves of Pallines spinosa. METHODS The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and solid phase microextraction (SPME) from flowers and leaves of the plant and their composition was determined by GC/GC-MS. The cytotoxicity of the oils was evaluated against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinomas, and the non-cancerous MCF-10-2A cells, using a flow cytometry-based assay Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry, nuclear staining, caspases activation, and Western blotting techniques, and cell cycle by measuring DNA contents. RESULTS The hydrodistilled flower oil contained mainly sesquiterpenes (96.39%), while the leaf sample was dominated by oxygenated-sesquiterpenes (51.60%) and sesquiterpene-hydrocarbons (34.06%). In contrast, the SPME oil contained mainly monoterpene-hydrocarbons (44.09%) and sesquiterpene-hydrocarbons (34.15%) in the flower and leaf samples, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the flower oil against MCF-7 (IC50 0.25 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and MDA-MB-231 (IC50 0.21 ± 0.03 µg/mL) was much stronger than the leaf oil (IC50 2.4 ± 0.5 µg/mL and 1.5 ± 0.1 µg/mL, respectively). The toxicity of the flower oil was ∼5 to 8-times less in normal MCF-10-2A (IC50 1.3 ± 0.2 µg/mL) and blood mononuclear cells (2.80 ± 0.45 µg/mL) as compared to breast and hematological cancer cells, respectively. Both oils induced a caspase-dependent and -independent apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, and altered the levels of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins. In addition, the oils arrested cell cycle in both cancer cell lines at G0/G1 phase by modulating the expression of cyclin D1, CDK4 and p21 proteins. CONCLUSION The cytotoxicity of P. spinosa oils were mediated by apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, suggesting the potential use of their bioactive compounds as natural anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Al-Qudah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Amre Nasr
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed A Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Anwar Borai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Daghistani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Al-Qudah MA, Saleh AM, Alhawsawi NL, Al-Jaber HI, Rizvi SA, Afifi FU. Composition, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of the Essential Oils from Fresh and Air-Dried Aerial Parts of Pallenis spinosa. Chem Biodivers 2017; 14. [PMID: 28544513 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of fresh (F-PSEO) and air-dried (D-PSEO) Pallenis spinosa. The composition of the oils was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry, the antioxidant activity by free radical scavenging and metal chelating assays, and their cytotoxicity by a flow cytometry analysis. The primary components in both oils were sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygentated sesquiterpenes. F-PSEO contained 36 different compounds; α-cadinol (16.48%), germacra-1(10),5-diene-3,4-diol (14.45%), γ-cadinene (12.03%), and α-muurolol (9.89%) were the principal components. D-PSEO contained 53 molecules; α-cadinol (19.26%), δ-cadinene (13.93%), α-muurolol (12.88%), and germacra-1(10),5-diene-3,4-diol (8.41%) constituted the highest percentages. Although both oils exhibited a weak radical scavenging and chelating activity, compared to α-tocopherol and ascorbic acid, D-PSEO showed a 2-fold greater antioxidant activity than F-PSEO. Furthermore, low doses of F-PSEO were able to inhibit the growth of leukemic (HL-60, K562, and Jurkat) and solid tumor cells (MCF-7, HepG2, HT-1080, and Caco-2) with an IC50 range of 0.25 - 0.66 μg/ml and 0.50 - 2.35 μg/ml, respectively. F-PSEO showed a ca. 2 - 3-fold stronger cytotoxicity against the tested cells than D-PSEO. The potent growth inhibitory effect of the plant essential oil encourages further studies to characterize the molecular mechanisms of its cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Al-Qudah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Yarmouk University, P.O. Box 560, Irbid, 22163, Jordan
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Mail Code 6610, P.O. Box 9515, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif L Alhawsawi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Mail Code 6610, P.O. Box 9515, Jeddah, 21423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hala I Al-Jaber
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Amman, 11134, Jordan
| | - Syed A Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33328, USA
| | - Fatma U Afifi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, P.O. Box 926592, Amman, Jordan
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Al-Qudah MA, Otoom NK, Al-Jaber HI, Saleh AM, Abu Zarga MH, Afifi FU, Abu Orabi ST. New flavonol glycoside from Scabiosa prolifera L. aerial parts with in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2865-2874. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1305377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. Al-Qudah
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Noor K. Otoom
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hala I. Al-Jaber
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Department of Physics and Basic Sciences, Al- Balqa’ Applied University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayman M. Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Musa H. Abu Zarga
- School of Science, Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fatma U. Afifi
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Sultan T. Abu Orabi
- School of Science, Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Fattah MA, Omer AFA, Asaif S, Manlulu R, Karar T, Ahmed A, Aljada A, Saleh AM, Qureshi S, Nasr A. Utility of cytokine, adhesion molecule and acute phase proteins in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2017; 8:32-39. [PMID: 28250672 PMCID: PMC5320820 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.198362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Neonatal infection, including bacterial sepsis, is a major health care issue with an annual global mortality in excess of one million lives. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential diagnostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP), E-selectin, procalcitonin (PCT), interleukins-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) both independently and in combination for the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis in its earliest stages. Materials and Methods: A total of 320 subjects were included in this study. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, KSA during January 2013 to August 2015, the study based on three study groups categorized according to clinical symptoms and blood culture result. Study groups include healthy control neonates (n = 80), clinical sepsis (CS) group (n = 80) with clinical signs of sepsis but their blood culture was negative, and sepsis group with clinical signs of sepsis and their blood culture was positive. Results: The study observed significant difference in plasma levels of CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, E-selectin, and PCT in patients group when compared with control group (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the levels are significantly different between patient groups including CS and neonatal sepsis group. Moreover, result observed significant difference in CRP and IL-6 in early onset sepsis (EOS) when compared with late onset sepsis (LOS) neonates (P < 0.001 and 0.01), respectively, while there were no significant difference in TNF-α, E-selectin, and PCT between EOS and LOS (P = 0.44, 0.27 and 0.24), respectively. Regarding biomarkers accuracy, the result showed that CRP has the best diagnostic accuracy with cutoff value of 3.6 ng/ml (sensitivity 78% and specificity of 70%). The best combination is shown with CRP and IL-6 in which sensitivity increased to 89% and specificity to 79%. Conclusion: It was concluded that infected new-born babies have a higher E-selectin, PCT, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP compared with the neonates with CS and control. IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP should be measured in combination for mare diagnostic accuracy in neonatal sepsis. Likewise, PCT should be investigated as a part of sepsis screening for all suspected neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Fattah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; College of Graduate Studies, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Al Fadhil A Omer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudana
| | - S Asaif
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - R Manlulu
- Department of Pediatrics, King Fahad National Guard Hospital, National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - T Karar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Ahmed
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Aljada
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, KSAU-HS, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shoeb Qureshi
- Department of Research, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A Nasr
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Talaat IM, Nasr A, Alsulaimani AA, Alghamdi H, Alswat KA, Almalki DM, Abushouk A, Saleh AM, Allam G. Association between type 1, type 2 cytokines, diabetic autoantibodies and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in children with type 1 diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:1425-1434. [PMID: 27541155 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D may play a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The aim of the current study was to determine the possible association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and circulating levels of type 1 and type 2 cytokines, as well as the pathophysiology of T1D in children. METHODS A total of 250 T1D patients and 250 sex- and age-matched T1D-free controls were screened for 25(OH)D, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), type 1 and type 2 cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP) and bone mineral metabolism, as well as antibodies against insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD 65) and islet cells. RESULTS Our data showed that the plasma level of 25(OH)D was significantly lower in T1D patients and that there was a significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D levels and HbA1c values. There was a significant association between deficient levels of 25(OH)D and higher levels of cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-4 and IL-10) and CRP. Total blood hemoglobin, the hematocrit percentage, body mass index SDS values, phosphate and magnesium levels were significantly lower in T1D patients than in T1D-free subjects. The levels of parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase were significantly higher in T1D patients. Higher levels of cytokines were significantly associated with deficient levels of 25(OH)D. Moreover, in T1D patients, higher levels of islet antibodies, anti-GAD antibodies and anti-insulin antibodies were significantly associated with deficient levels of 25(OH)D. CONCLUSIONS In type 1 diabetic children, deficient levels of 25(OH)D are associated with high levels of HbA1c, circulatory cytokines and antibody markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Talaat
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A Nasr
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, KSAU-HS-Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - A A Alsulaimani
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Alghamdi
- Diabetic Center, Prince Mansour Military Community Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - K A Alswat
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - D M Almalki
- Diabetic Center, Prince Mansour Military Community Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Abushouk
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, KSAU-HS-Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A M Saleh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, KSAU-HS-Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - G Allam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box: 888, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
- Immunology Section, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
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Aljada A, Saleh AM, Al-Aqeel SM, Shamsa HB, Al-Bawab A, Al Dubayee M, Ahmed AA. Quantification of insulin receptor mRNA splice variants as a diagnostic tumor marker in breast cancer. Cancer Biomark 2016; 15:653-61. [PMID: 26406954 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-150505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mature human insulin receptor (INSR) has two isoforms: The A isoform and the B isoform. INSR upregulation has been suggested to play a role in cancer. OBJECTIVE To establish quantitative PCR method for INSR transcript variants and examine their differential expression as a diagnostic tumor marker in breast cancer. METHODS The differential expression of IR-A and IR-B were evaluated by TaqMan qRT-PCR assay in the commercially available Breast Cancer Disease cDNA and Cancer Survey cDNA arrays. RESULTS The mRNA expression levels of IR-A was statistically significantly higher in breast cancer when compared to normal breast tissue while IR-B mRNA expression was down regulated significantly in breast cancer. Stratification of patients into groups according to metastatic stages indicated statistically significantly higher levels of IR-A mRNA in clinical stage (CS)-IV, and lower IR-B levels in CS-IIA, CS-IIIB and CS-IIIC. However, IR-A:IR-B ratio showed a statistically significant increase in all stages. Cancer Survey cDNA array demonstrated lower levels of IR-B mRNA in breast adenocarcinoma, liver carcinoma and lung carcinoma only while IR-A expression was significantly altered in kidney carcinoma without any significant differences in IR-A:IR-B ratios. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate an increased IR-A:IR-B ratio in all clinical stages of breast cancer. Thus, IR-A:IR-B ratio may have a diagnostic biomarker utility in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliaman M Al-Aqeel
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Bani Shamsa
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Al-Bawab
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Dubayee
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Saleh AM, Taha MO, Aziz MA, Al-Qudah MA, AbuTayeh RF, Rizvi SA. Novel anticancer compound [trifluoromethyl-substituted pyrazole N-nucleoside] inhibits FLT3 activity to induce differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Lett 2016; 375:199-208. [PMID: 26916980 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aljada A, Doria J, Saleh AM, Al-Matar SH, AlGabbani S, Shamsa HB, Al-Bawab A, Ahmed AA. Altered Lamin A/C splice variant expression as a possible diagnostic marker in breast cancer. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2016; 39:161-74. [PMID: 26732077 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0265-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lamin A/C alternative splice variants (Lamin A, Lamin C, Lamin AΔ10 and Lamin AΔ50) have been implicated in cell cycle regulation, DNA replication, transcription regulation, cellular differentiation, apoptosis and aging. In addition, loss of Lamin A/C expression has been observed in several cancers, including breast cancer, and it has been found that Lamin A/C suppression may lead to cancer-like aberrations in nuclear morphology and aneuploidy. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that Lamin A/C transcript variant quantification might be employed for the diagnosis of breast cancer. METHODS Newly designed TaqMan qRT-PCR assays for the analysis of Lamin A/C splice variants were validated and their use as biomarkers for the diagnosis of breast cancer was assessed using 16 normal breast tissues and 128 breast adenocarcinomas. In addition, the expression levels of the Lamin A/C transcript variants were measured in samples derived from seven other types of cancer. RESULTS We found that the expression level of Lamin C was significantly increased in the breast tumors tested, whereas the expression levels of Lamin A and Lamin AΔ50 were significantly decreased. No significant change in Lamin AΔ10 expression was observed. Our data also indicated that the Lamin C : Lamin A mRNA ratio was increased in all clinical stages of breast cancer. Additionally, we observed increased Lamin C : Lamin A mRNA ratios in liver, lung and thyroid carcinomas and in colon, ovary and prostate adenocarcinomas. CONCLUSIONS From our data we conclude that the Lamin C : Lamin A mRNA ratio is increased in breast cancer and that this mRNA ratio may be of diagnostic use in all clinical stages of breast cancer and, possibly, also in liver, lung, thyroid, colon, ovary and prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Joseph Doria
- Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad H Al-Matar
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah AlGabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Bani Shamsa
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Al-Bawab
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Altayeb Abdalla Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Aljada A, Saleh AM, Alkathiri M, Shamsa HB, Al-Bawab A, Nasr A. Altered Sirtuin 7 Expression is Associated with Early Stage Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2015; 9:3-8. [PMID: 25922576 PMCID: PMC4396534 DOI: 10.4137/bcbcr.s23156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate sirtuin-7 (SirT7) mRNA expression status in breast cancer patients with different metastatic stages and survey SirT7 mRNA expression status in eight different types of cancer. METHODS The expression of SirT7 in the commercially available TissueScan qPCR Breast Cancer Disease cDNA arrays containing 16 normal, 23 Stage I, 36 IIA, 22 IIB, 8 IIIA, 23 IIIA, 6 IIIB, 13 IIIC, and 5 IV were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. Similar analysis was performed in TissueScan qPCR Cancer Survey cDNA array, which includes breast, colon, kidney, liver, lung, ovarian, prostate, and thyroid specimens. RESULTS The mRNA expression levels of SirT7 were significantly higher in breast cancer samples compared to normal breast specimens (P < 0.001). Stratification of patients into groups according to metastatic stages indicated statistically significantly higher levels of SirT7 mRNA in CS-I, CS-II, and CS-III when compared to normal breast tissue (P < 0.05). Notably, SirT7 mRNA levels were higher in CS-I, CS-IIA, CS-IIB, and CS-IIIA (P < 0.05). Additionally, there were significantly lower SirT7 mRNA levels in thyroid carcinoma when compared to their corresponding normal tissue (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate an increase in the mRNA expression level of SirT7 in breast cancer, particularly in CS-I, CS-IIA, CS-IIB, and CS-IIIA. The relationship of altered SirT7 with breast cancer progression and patient survival should be prospectively explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Moath Alkathiri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Bani Shamsa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Al-Bawab
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Amre Nasr
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. ; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Sudan
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Saleh AM, Aljada A, El-Abadelah MM, Sabri SS, Zahra JA, Nasr A, Aziz MA. The Pyridone-Annelated Isoindigo (5‘-Cl) Induces Apoptosis, Dysregulation of Mitochondria and Formation of ROS in Leukemic HL-60 Cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 35:1958-74. [DOI: 10.1159/000374004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: In our quest to develop an isoindigo with improved efficacy and bioavailability, we recently synthesized a series of novel substituted pyridone-annelated isoindigo and evaluated their antiproliferative effects. We identified the compound [(E)-1-(5'-Chloro-2'-oxoindolin-3'-ylidene)-6-ethyl-2,3,6,9-tetrahydro-2,9-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-f] quinoline-8-carboxylic acid], abbreviated as 5'-Cl, which shows selective antiproliferative activities against various cancer cell lines mediated through apoptosis. Here we have investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the apoptotic activity of 5'-Cl in the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. Methods: We employed different methods to determine the apoptotic pathways triggered by 5'-Cl in HL-60 cells, using flow cytometry, nuclear staining, caspases activation, mitochondria functioning, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Western blotting techniques. Results: Low concentrations (1-8 µM) of 5'-Cl inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Cytotoxicity of this compound is found to be mediated by a caspase-dependent apoptosis. Also, there were indications of caspase independent apoptosis as z-VAD-FMK failed to fully rescue the cells from 5‘-Cl-induced apoptosis. In addition, the compound triggered generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), caused depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane, decreased the level of cellular ATP, modulated the expression and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 leading to loss of its association with Bax and increased the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol of treated cells. The effects of 5‘-Cl on mitochondria and apoptosis were substantially blocked in the presence of a combination between z-VAD-FMK and either of the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC). Conclusion: We demonstrated that the growth inhibitory effects of 5'-Cl in HL-60 cells involve multiple pathways of apoptosis and dysregulation of mitochondrial functions.
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Saleh AM, Aljada A, El-Abadelah MM, Taha MO, Sabri SS, Zahra JA, Aziz MA. The anticancer activity of the substituted pyridone-annelated isoindigo (5'-Cl) involves G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and inactivation of CDKs in the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. Cell Physiol Biochem 2015; 35:1943-57. [PMID: 25870953 DOI: 10.1159/000374003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The antileukemic potential of isoindigos make them desired candidates for understanding their mechanism of action. We have recently synthesized a novel group of pyridone-annelated isoindigos and identified the derivative 5'-Cl that is cytotoxic to various cancer cell lines. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of this compound on cell cycle of the promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL-60. METHODS HL-60 cells were treated with 5'-Cl and its effect on cell cycle stages were determined by flow cytometry. Expression of cyclins, cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclin kinase inhibitors (CKIs) were determined by Western blotting, and activation of CDKs was studied using kinase assays. RESULTS 5'-Cl remarkably arrested cell cycle in HL-60 cells at the G0/G1 phase in a dose and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, 5'-Cl treatment significantly inhibited expression of D-cyclins, CDK2 and CDK4 and suppressed phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein Rb, whereas it increased the level of CKI p21. Molecular modelling experiments show that 5'-Cl may compete with ATP for binding to the catalytic subunit of CDK2 and CDK4 that could lead to inhibition of these enzymes. Indeed, 5'-Cl inhibited the kinase activity of CDK2 and CDK4 both in cell free systems and in treated cells. 5'-Cl also inhibited cell cycle progression in several other tumor cell lines. CONCLUSION We demonstrate the potent inhibitory effects of 5'-Cl on HL-60 cells could be mediated by arresting cells in the G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Saleh AM, El-Abadelah MM, Aziz MA, Taha MO, Nasr A, Rizvi SAA. Antiproliferative activity of the isoindigo 5'-Br in HL-60 cells is mediated by apoptosis, dysregulation of mitochondrial functions and arresting cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Cancer Lett 2015; 361:251-61. [PMID: 25790909 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Our new compound, 5'-Br [(E)-1-(5'-bromo-2'-oxoindolin-3'-ylidene)-6-ethyl-2,3,6,9-tetrahydro-2,9-dioxo-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline-8-carboxylic acid], had shown strong, selective antiproliferative activity against different cancer cell lines. Here, we aim to comprehensively characterize the mechanisms associated with its cytotoxicity in the human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. We focused at studying the involvement of apoptotic pathway and cell cycle effects. 5'-Br significantly inhibited proliferation by inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis. Involvement of caspase independent mechanism is also possible due to observed inability of z-VAD-FMK to rescue apoptotic cells. 5'-Br was found to trigger intrinsic apoptotic pathway as indicated by depolarization of the mitochondrial inner membrane, decreased level of cellular ATP, modulated expression and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 leading to loss of its association with Bax, and increased release of cytochrome c. 5'-Br treated cells were found arrested at G0/G1 phase with modulation in protein levels of cyclins, dependent kinases and their inhibitors. Expression and enzymatic activity of CDK2 and CDK4 was found inhibited. Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) phosphorylation was also inhibited whereas p21 protein levels were increased. These results suggest that the antiproliferative mechanisms of action of 5'-Br could involve apoptotic pathways, dysregulation of mitochondrial functions and disruption of cell cycle checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box: 3660, Mail Code: 3127, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mustafa M El-Abadelah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Azhar Aziz
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutasem O Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Amre Nasr
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box: 3660, Mail Code: 3127, Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Syed A A Rizvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University (NSU), Fort Lauderdale, Florida 33328, USA
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Saleh AM, Al-As'ad RM, El-Abadelah MM, Sabri SS, Zahra JA, Alaskar AS, Aljada A. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new pyridone-annelated isoindigos as anti-proliferative agents. Molecules 2014; 19:13076-92. [PMID: 25157470 PMCID: PMC6271423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A selected set of substituted pyridone-annelated isoindigos 3a-f has been synthesized via interaction of 5- and 6-substituted oxindoles 2a-f with 6-ethyl-1,2,9-trioxopyrrolo[3,2-f]quinoline-8-carboxylic acid (1) in acetic acid at reflux. Among these isoindigos, the 5'-chloro and 5'-bromo derivatives 3b and 3d show strong and selective antiproliferative activities against a panel of human hematological and solid tumor cell-lines, but not against noncancerous cells, suggesting their potential use as anticancer agents. In all the tested cell lines, compound 3b was a 25%-50% more potent inhibitor of cell growth than 3d, suggesting the critical role of the substitution at 5'-position of the benzo-ring E. The IC50 values after 48 hours incubation with the 5'-chloro compound 3b were 6.60 µM in K562, 8.21 µM in THP-1, 8.97 µM in HepG2, 11.94 µM in MCF-7 and 14.59 µM in Caco-2 cancer cells, while the IC50 values in noncancerous HEK-293 and L-929 were 30.65 µM and 40.40 µM, respectively. In addition, compound 3b induced higher levels apoptosis in K562 cells than 3d, as determined by annexin V/7-AAD flowcytometry analysis. Therefore, further characterization of the antitproliferative mechanisms of compounds 3b and 3d may provide a novel chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman M Saleh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Randa M Al-As'ad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Mustafa M El-Abadelah
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Salim S Sabri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Jalal A Zahra
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Ahmed S Alaskar
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), National Guard Health Affairs, P.O. Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), P.O. Box 3660, Riyadh 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Saleh AM, Aljada A, Rizvi SAA, Nasr A, Alaskar AS, Williams JD. In vitro cytotoxicity of Artemisia vulgaris L. essential oil is mediated by a mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in HL-60 leukemic cell line. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:226. [PMID: 25002129 PMCID: PMC4227289 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The essential oil (EO) of Artemisia vulgaris L. has been traditionally used worldwide for treating a large number of diseases. Although major components in A. vulgaris EO have been shown to inhibit growth of different cancer cells, as pure compounds or part of other plants extracted oil, no information is known about its anti-proliferative activities. Therefore, the current investigation has evaluated the toxicity of the plant extracted oil from buds (AVO-b) and leaves (AVO-l) and characterized their growth inhibitory effects on cancer cells. Methods AVO-b and AVO-l from A. vulgaris L. were extracted by hydrodistillation, and their effect on the viability of human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia and various other cancer cell lines was tested using MTT assay. Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation assay, caspases enzymatic activities and Western blotting were used to determine the apoptotic pathway triggered by their action on HL-60 cells. Results Low concentrations of AVO-b and AVO-l inhibited the growth of HL-60 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Employing flow cytometric, DNA fragmentation and caspase activation analyses, demonstrated that the cytotoxic effect of the oils is mediated by a caspase-dependent apoptosis. Kinetic studies in the presence and absence specific caspase inhibitors showed that activation of caspase-8 was dependent and subsequent to the activation of caspases-9 and -3. In addition, the essential oil caused a disruption of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), increased the release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, and altered the expression of certain members of Bcl-2 family (Bcl-2, Bax and Bid), Apaf-1 and XIAP. Interestingly, low doses of AVO-b and AVO-1 also induced apoptosis in various cancer cell lines, but not in noncancerous cells. Conclusions The results demonstrate that the EO-induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells is mediated by caspase-dependent pathways, involving caspases-3, -9, and -8, which are initiated by Bcl-2/Bax/Bid-dependent loss of ΔΨm leading to release of cytochrome c to the cytoplasm to activate the caspase cascade. The finding that AVO-b and AVO-l are more efficient to induce apoptosis in different cancer cell lines than noncancerous cells, suggests that A. vulgaris might be a promising source for new anticancer agents.
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Aljada A, Saleh AM, Al Suwaidan S. Modulation of insulin/IGFs pathways by sirtuin-7 inhibition in drug-induced chemoreistance. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:94. [PMID: 24885964 PMCID: PMC4229859 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-9-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are key regulators of metabolism and growth. Recent evidences suggest a key role of these pathways in non-classical tissues and the metabolic pathways by which these hormones exert their effects in neoplasia is unclear. Aims To study insulin/IGFs pathways in drug sensitive and resistant cancer cells representing breast cancer (MCF-7), osteosarcoma (SaOS-2), and ovarian cancer (A2780) and to examine the effect of Sirtuin-7 (Sirt7) inhibition on insulin/IGFs pathways in MCF-7 cell line. Methods Drug resistant cells were generated by continuous incubation of parental cell lines with stepwise increases in Doxorubicin or Cisplatin over a period of 3 to 6 months. MCF-7 cells were transfected with cloned hairpin siRNA template for Sirt7 using the Amaxa GmbH transfection system. mRNA expression of Sirt7, INSR, IRS-1, IRS-2, IRS-4, IGF-1, IGF-2, MDR-1, MRP-1, BCRP was measured by qPCR and Sirt7 by standard Western blotting. FITC-insulin uptake was imaged with Leica Confocal Microscope. Results Insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) were inhibited in drug-induced resistance, whereas IRS-2 was significantly induced in all the chemoresistant cells tested when compared to their parental counterparts. IGF-1 and IGF-2 were also upregulated in all the drug resistant cells tested. Sirt7 was significantly reduced in all chemoresistant cells tested. Knockdown of Sirt7 expression in human breast MCF-7 cell line by siRNA induced premature senescence-like phenotype and multi-drug resistance, suggesting that this gene may play an active role in regulating cancer cell response to stress. Suppression of Sirt7 selectively inhibited INSR and IRS-1, whereas it had minimal effect on that of IRS-2. Sirt7 suppression in MCF-7 also inhibited insulin uptake. Additionally, Sirt7 inhibition upregulated IGF-1, IGF-2 and IGFR expression. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that stress-induced Sirt7 inhibition significantly increases stress resistance and modulates insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathways. More importantly, this study links Sir2 family proteins to insulin/IGF signaling in drug-induced stress resistance in neoplasia. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1135426681234493
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Aljada
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, P, O, Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
Essential Oil from wild growing Artemisia vulgaris L. originating in Erie, Pennsylvania was obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of the plant. Gas chromatographic-mass spectral analysis was used to identify the major volatiles present. Up to 22 components were detected in the essential oils. Germacrene D (25%), Caryophyllene (20%), α-Zingiberene (15%) and Borneol (11%) represent the major components of leaf oil, while the buds were rich in 1,8-Cineole (32%), Camphor (16%), Borneol (9%), and Caryophyllene (5%). trans-2-Hexenal was also detected in the aerial parts of the plant. α-Zingiberene and trans-2-Hexenal have not been previously reported for Artemisia vulgaris L. The major analytes are compared to those from Artemisia vulgaris L, originating outside of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mercyhurst University, Erie, PA 16546, USA
| | - Ayman M. Saleh
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Dom N. Acharya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mercyhurst University, Erie, PA 16546, USA
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Williams JD, Saleh AM, Acharya DN. Composition of the essential oil of wild growing Artemisia vulgaris from Erie, Pennsylvania. Nat Prod Commun 2012; 7:637-640. [PMID: 22799096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oil from wild growing Artemisia vulgaris L. originating in Erie, Pennsylvania was obtained by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts of the plant. Gas chromatographic-mass spectral analysis was used to identify the major volatiles present. Up to 22 components were detected in the essential oils. Germacrene D (25%), Caryophyllene (20%), alpha-Zingiberene (15%) and Borneol (11%) represent the major components of leaf oil, while the buds were rich in 1,8-Cineole (32%), Camphor (16%), Borneol (9%), and Caryophyllene (5%). trans-2-Hexenal was also detected in the aerial parts of the plant. alpha-Zingiberene and trans-2-Hexenal have not been previously reported for Artemisia vulgaris L. The major analytes are compared to those from Artemisia vulgaris L, originating outside of the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mercyhurst University, Erie, PA 16546, USA.
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Saleh AM, Florence AT, Whateley TL, El-Khordagui LK. Study of the Effect of Hydrotropes on the Heat Coagulation of BSA by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1986.tb14253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A T Florence
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - T L Whateley
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - L K El-Khordagui
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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Badwan AA, Ei-Khordagui LK, Saleh AM, Khalil SA. The Solubility of Benzodiazepines in Sodium Salicylate Solution and A Proposed Mechanism for Hydrotropic Solubilization. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1980.tb10877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A A Badwan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Al-Faateh, Tripoli, Libya
| | - L K Ei-Khordagui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Al-Faateh, Tripoli, Libya
| | - A M Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Al-Faateh, Tripoli, Libya
| | - S A Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Al-Faateh, Tripoli, Libya
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El-Khordagui LK, Saleh AM. Influence of the Cation on the Hydrotropic Activity of Benzoate Salts. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1985.tb14088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L K El-Khordagui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - A M Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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Donia AES, Ibrahim SM, Kader MSEMA, Saleh AM, El-Hakim MS, El-Shorbagy MS, Mansour MM, Gibriel MA. Predictive Value of Assessment of Different Modalities in the Diagnosis of Infantile Cholestasis. J Int Med Res 2010; 38:2100-16. [DOI: 10.1177/147323001003800626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the relative accuracy and roles of abdominal ultrasonography, hepatobiliary scintigraphy and liver biopsy in the diagnosis of infantile cholestasis. A total of 50 infants (27 females) aged 1 − 12 months were classified into those with intrahepatic causes of cholestasis ( n = 22) and those with extrahepatic causes ( n = 28). Cholestasis is caused by a wide range of conditions and diagnosis requires meticulous history taking, thorough clinical examination and many laboratory tests. The most common cause of intrahepatic cholestasis was found to be idiopathic neonatal hepatitis (54.5%), followed by infectious hepatitis (9.1%), metabolic liver diseases (9.1%), intrahepatic biliary atresia (9.1%) and Alagille syndrome (4.5%). The most common cause of extrahepatic cholestasis was extrahepatic biliary atresia (96.4%). The incidence of choledochal cyst was low (3.6%). The cornerstone of the diagnosis of infantile cholestasis was found to be liver biopsy, which was associated with a high degree of accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- AES Donia
- Department of Paediatrics, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - SM Ibrahim
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - MSEMA Kader
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Egypt
| | - AM Saleh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - MS El-Hakim
- Department of Pathology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - MS El-Shorbagy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - MM Mansour
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - MA Gibriel
- Department of Paediatrics, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
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Al-Nasrawi KK, Al Diwan JK, Al-Hadithi TS, Saleh AM. Viral hepatitis E outbreak in Al-Sadr city, Baghdad, Iraq. East Mediterr Health J 2010; 16:1128-1132. [PMID: 21218735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute hepatitis in many developing countries. This study describes an outbreak of HEV infection in Al-Sadr city, Baghdad. Blood samples obtained from patients with jaundice attending 19 primary health care centres in AI-Sadr city during a 6-month period in 2005 were tested for HEV. HEV (IgM) antibodies were detected in 38.1% of 268 patients. The association of HEV infection with unacceptable residual chlorine concentrations and/or bacteriologically unsafe water samples was significant. High rates of HEV infection, low chlorine concentrations and unsafe water were reported in June. Gross isruption of sanitation and water supplies was the most likely contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Al-Nasrawi
- Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Abdou IM, Saleh AM, Zohdi HF. Synthesis and antitumor activity of 5-trifluoromethyl-2,4- dihydropyrazol-3-one nucleosides. Molecules 2004; 9:109-16. [PMID: 18007415 PMCID: PMC6147422 DOI: 10.3390/90300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
2,4-Dihydropyrazole glucosides 3a-3c were prepared and tested for their antitumor activity. The structures of these compounds were established by (1)H and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. Glucoside 3b shows an in vitro IC(50) value of 16.4 muM against proliferation of the human promyelotic leukemia (HL60) cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Abdou
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, UAE University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 17551, UAE.
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Petroianu GA, Hasan MY, Kosanovic M, Vijayasarathy C, Saleh AM. Metoclopramide protection of cholinesterase from paraoxon inhibition. Vet Hum Toxicol 2003; 45:251-3. [PMID: 14513894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the protective effect of the benzamide compound metoclopramide (MCP) against inhibition by paraoxon (POX) as assessed by red blood cell acetylcholinesterase (RBC-AChE) activity. Three groups of 6 rats each were used. All substances were applied ip daily for 5 d, followed by a 2-d rest. The 7-d cycle was repeated 6 times. Group 1 received 100 nM POX, Group 2 received 50 microM MCP. Group 3 received 100 nM POX + 50 microM MCP. Red blood cell acetylcholinesterase measurements were performed at base line and then after each 7-d cycle. Enzyme activities were compared using the Mann-Whitney rank order test. Metoclopramide conferred significant in vivo protection from inhibition of RBC-AChE by POX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg A Petroianu
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, UAE University, PO Box 17666 Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Saleh AM, Vijayasarathy C, Masoud L, Kumar L, Shahin A, Kambal A. Paraoxon induces apoptosis in EL4 cells via activation of mitochondrial pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2003; 190:47-57. [PMID: 12831782 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-008x(03)00126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of organophosphorus compounds, such as paraoxon (POX), is due to their anticholinesterase action. Recently, we have shown that, at noncholinergic doses (1 to 10 nM), POX (the bioactive metabolite of parathion) causes apoptotic cell death in murine EL4 T-lymphocytic leukemia cell line through activation of caspase-3. In this study, by employing caspase-specific inhibitors, we extend our observations to elucidate the sequence of events involved in POX-stimulated apoptosis. Pretreatment of EL4 cells with the caspase-9-specific inhibitor zLEHD-fmk attenuated POX-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the caspase-8 inhibitor zIETD-fmk had no effect. Furthermore, the activation of caspase-9, -8, and -3 in response to POX treatment was completely inhibited in the presence of zLEHD-fmk, implicating the involvement of caspase 9-dependent mitochondrial pathways in POX-stimulated apoptosis. Indeed, under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, POX triggered a dose- and time-dependent translocation of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol, as assessed by Western blot analysis. Investigation of the mechanism of cytochrome c release revealed that POX disrupted mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Neither this effect nor cytchrome c release was dependent on caspase activation, since the general inhibitor of the caspase family zVAD-fmk did not influence both processes. Finally, POX treatment also resulted in a time-dependent up-regulation and translocation of the proapoptotic molecule Bax to mitochondria. Inhibition of this event by zVAD-fmk suggests that the activation and translocation of Bax to mitochondria is subsequent to activation of the caspase cascades. The results indicate that POX induces apoptosis in EL4 cells through a direct effect on mitochondria by disrupting its transmembrane potential, causing the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and subsequent activation of caspase-9. Inhibition of this specific pathway might provide a useful strategy to minimize organophosphate-induced poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17 666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Adeghate E, al-Ramadi B, Saleh AM, Vijayarasathy C, Ponery AS, Arafat K, Howarth FC, El-Sharkawy T. Increase in neuronal nitric oxide synthase content of the gastroduodenal tract of diabetic rats. Cell Mol Life Sci 2003; 60:1172-9. [PMID: 12861383 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-003-2298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the changes occurring in the pattern of distribution and expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive nerves in the gastroduodenal tract of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus of the gastric antrum of normal rats contain nNOS. We also observed nNOS-positive neurons and fibres in the myenteric plexus of the duodenum of normal rats. After the onset of diabetes, the number and intensity of staining of nNOS-positive nerve profiles in the gastric antrum and duodenum did not change significantly. However, Western blotting showed a significant increase in the expression of nNOS after the onset of diabetes. In conclusion, diabetes of 4 and 32 weeks duration induced an increase in the tissue content of nNOS in the gastroduodenum of rat. The increase in the level of nNOS in the gastroduodenum of diabetic rats may explain why impaired gastric emptying is common in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adeghate
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Masoud L, Vijayasarathy C, Fernandez-Cabezudo M, Petroianu G, Saleh AM. Effect of malathion on apoptosis of murine L929 fibroblasts: a possible mechanism for toxicity in low dose exposure. Toxicology 2003; 185:89-102. [PMID: 12505448 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(02)00596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While acute organophosphorous compound poisoning due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase is a well-established clinical entity, the existence of chronic poisoning due to exposure to low levels of organophosphorous compounds (below the threshold required for cholinergic clinical symptoms) is a hotly debated issue. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of noncholinergic doses of malathion (0.01-20 microM) on apoptosis of murine L929 fibroblasts. Employing flow cytometric and caspase activation analyses we demonstrate that malathion induces apoptosis in L929 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The initiator caspases (caspase-8 and caspase-9) as well as the effector caspase (caspase-3) were activated by the treatment of L929 cells with malathion. Exposure of L929 cells to malathion in the presence of a general inhibitor of caspase, z-VAD-FMK abolished the apoptotic effect of the compound. In addition, malathion induced an increase in the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein p53. However, the induction of p53 expression was subsequent to activation of the caspase cascades. The present findings suggest, that the cytotoxicity of malathion at noncholinergic doses is mediated through caspase-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Masoud
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Saleh AM, Vijayasarathy C, Fernandez-Cabezudo M, Taleb M, Petroianu G. Influence of paraoxon (POX) and parathion (PAT) on apoptosis: a possible mechanism for toxicity in low-dose exposure. J Appl Toxicol 2003; 23:23-9. [PMID: 12518333 DOI: 10.1002/jat.880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The acute effects of poisoning with organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are well known and have been described extensively. Most of the clinical symptoms are due to inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Although acute OPC poisoning is a well-established clinical entity, the existence of chronic poisoning due to exposure to low levels of OPC (below the threshold required for cholinergic clinical symptoms) is a hotly debated issue. Recent studies have suggested the involvement of OPCs in apoptotic processes. However, the mechanisms by which they modulate this process are poorly investigated. In the present study we evaluated the toxic effect of different concentrations of paraoxon (POX) and parathion (PAT) in murine EL4 T lymphocytes. We examined cellular responses, including induction of apoptosis, involvement of a caspase cascade, the activity of effector caspase (caspase-3) and the biochemical and morphological changes that are the hallmarks of classical apoptosis. The results of our study indicate that at doses below IC(50) POX is a potent inducer of apoptosis, as opposed to PAT that shows little apoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- United Arab Emirates University, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Saleh AM, Mahjoub MM, El-Kurdy AM. Laparoscopy versus laparotomy management of tubal pregnancy. Saudi Med J 2001; 22:771-5. [PMID: 11590450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare laparoscopy versus laparotomy management of tubal pregnancy and the reproductive outcome. METHODS A retrospective chart review of 81 patients admitted for management of tubal pregnancy was carried out at Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital from January 1998 until January 2000. The patients were divided according to surgical procedure performed into: Group I (33 patients) laparoscopy and group II (48 patients) laparotomy. We evaluated pre and postoperative serum b-human chorionic gonadotrophin levels, total operating time, total blood loss or blood transfusion or both, duration of hospital stay, recurrence rates of ectopic pregnancy and future fertility outcome for all patients. RESULTS No differences were found between both groups in patient age, parity, size of adnexal mass, condition at the time of presentation, site of tubal pregnancy, previous history of ectopic, pre and postoperative serum b-human chorionic gonadotrophin and the total operating time. There were significant reductions of total blood loss, number of blood transfusion units, and duration of hospital stay, in the laparoscopic group compared to the laparotomy group. A total of 54 patients desired pregnancy, 23 patients in the laparoscopy and 31 patients in the laparotomy group. No significant differences were found in the fertility outcome between both groups. The rates of subsequent intrauterine pregnancy were 74% (17/23) in the laparoscopy group and 61%, (19/31) in the laparotomy group and the rates of subsequent ectopic pregnancy were 4% (1/23) in the laparoscopy group and 10% (3/31) in the laparotomy group. CONCLUSION Laparoscopic treatment of ectopic pregnancy in hemodynamically stable patients offers major economic benefits superior to laparotomy in terms of less need for blood transfusion, shorter duration of hospital stay and convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Riyadh Armed Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic agent widely used in low dose to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Its side effects can partly be explained by folate antagonism. Folinic acid (Leucovorin) is generally administered with MTX to decrease MTX-induced toxicity. However information regarding the inhibitory effect of folinic acid against cytogenetic damage caused by MTX is limited. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of folinic acid against MTX-genotoxicity. METHODS This study was done on Wistar albino rats and in patients with RA. Forty rats of both sexes were randomized into four equal groups and dosed in the following way: Group-I, distilled water vehicle; Group-II, 0.5 mg/kg folinic acid; Group-III, 0.5 mg/kg MTX; Group-IV, 0.5 mg/kg folinic acid plus 0.5 mg/kg MTX. Doses were given i.p., once daily for 8 consecutive days. A bone marrow chromosomal study and a micronucleus test were performed for each rat. Twenty patients with RA (5 males and 15 females) on a 10 mg weekly dose of MTX, i.m., for one month, were administered the same dose of MTX in addition to 10 mg of folinic acid as a single dose 4 hours after MTX administration, i.m., every week for another 4 weeks. Chromosomal studies as well as a micronucleus test were evaluated for each patient. RESULTS MTX produced a significant genetic injury as proved by the increased incidence of chromosomal aberration and micronuclei formation in Group-III animals. Inversely, folinic acid (group IV) produced a significant protection against genetic damages induced by MTX. In RA patients, folinic acid provides satisfactory improvement of MTX-induced genetic damage. CONCLUSION Folinic acid has a protective affect against MTX genotoxicity in human as well as in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Shahin
- Department of Rheumatology & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University.
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Lim PK, Looareesuwan S, Chindanond D, Saleh AM, Tan SK. The occurence of point mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR) gene in Thai isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998; 29:525-8. [PMID: 10437950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P K Lim
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
It has been proposed that a major fraction of Cl- absorption in the mammalian proximal tubule occurs by Cl-/formate exchange across the apical membrane with recycling of formate by nonionic diffusion. The purpose of this study was to characterize the mechanism of formate recycling in rabbit renal microvillus membrane vesicles. Formate uptake was stimulated by an inside-alkaline pH gradient. When external pH (pH alpha) was varied at constant internal pH (pHi), the initial rate of formate uptake was less than predicted for nonionic diffusion of formic acid at constant formic acid permeability. When pHi was varied at constant pHi, the initial rate of formate uptake exhibited cooperative and saturable kinetics with respect to pHi, in contrast to the pHi independence predicted for nonionic diffusion. pH gradient-stimulated [14C]formate uptake was stimulated by internal formate, indicating formate/formate exchange. pH gradient-stimulated formate influx was sensitive to inhibition by 1 mM 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid but not by furosemide or hydroxycinnamate. We conclude that pH gradient-stimulated formate uptake takes place by a carrier-mediated process of H(+)-formate cotransport, OH-/formate exchange, or facilitated formic acid diffusion, rather than solely by passive nonionic diffusion through the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Abstract
Rabbit tears were found to contain two lysozymes which differed in their electrophoretic mobility and were designated tear lysozymes 1 and 2. Rabbit tear lysozyme 1 was purified to homogeneity by conventional purification methods. It was found to be distinct from other known mammalian c-type lysozymes, rabbit tear lysozyme 2 and the major rabbit gastrointestinal lysozyme. The activity profile is centered around the neutral region with an optimum of 7 which is slightly lower than that for chicken lysozyme. The thermal stability as well as inhibition profiles by the substrate analogues, N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and chitotetraose (NAG)4 are comparable to those of chicken lysozyme. Based on its molecular weight and catalytic properties this isozyme is classified as a c-type lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jordan, Amman
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Ward BE, Saleh AM, Williams JV, Zitz JC, Crum CP. Papillary immature metaplasia of the cervix: a distinct subset of exophytic cervical condyloma associated with HPV-6/11 nucleic acids. Mod Pathol 1992; 5:391-5. [PMID: 1323109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A subset of exophytic cervical precursor lesions are composed of immature metaplastic cells that differ from conventional condylomata by the virtual absence of koilocytotic atypia and the presence of slender filiform papillae. We evaluated a series of exophytic cervical lesions containing this morphology for HPV nucleic acids and compared the associated HPV types with conventional exophytic condylomata of the cervix. Six of six exophytic condylomata and five of six papillary immature metaplasias (PIM), respectively, contained HPV type 6/11 by in situ hybridization. Subtyping of three PIM by polymerase chain reaction combined with direct sequencing revealed nucleic acid sequences consistent with HPV 6/11. PIM were distinguished from high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions by the rarity of mitoses and by the uniformity of nuclear size and staining intensity with multiple chromocenters. However, these lesions tended to involve the more cephalad region of the cervical transformation zone, and three cases extended deeply into the endocervix with two requiring conization for a definitive diagnosis. Although their bland morphology and association with HPV 6/11 nucleic acids suggest a benign process, their location within the endocervical canal implies that these variants of condyloma may differ biologically from conventional exophytic condylomas of the cervix. The differential diagnosis of PIM and potential explanations for their distinctive morphology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center
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Saleh AM, Batlle DC. Basic mechanisms of intracellular pH homeostasis in lymphocytes. Semin Nephrol 1991; 11:3-15. [PMID: 1847749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611
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Crum CP, Barber S, Symbula M, Snyder K, Saleh AM, Roche JK. Coexpression of the human papillomavirus type 16 E4 and L1 open reading frames in early cervical neoplasia. Virology 1990; 178:238-46. [PMID: 2167552 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(90)90399-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the E4 open reading frame (ORF) of human papillomaviruses (HPV) encodes an abundant protein in cutaneous warts, the location and extent of HPV E4 expression in genital precancers, specifically those associated with HPV-16, has not been described. Expression plasmids (pATH) containing segments of the HPV-16 E4 (3401-3620) and L1 (6151-6792) open reading frames (ORFs) were induced and expressed in bacteria and the resulting fusion proteins were used to elicit antisera in rabbits. Antisera reacting to the E4 and L1 components of the fusion proteins were used to screen biopsies from 150 cervical precancers (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) and condylomata. Six biopsies exhibiting specific immunostaining with the anti-E4 sera. Staining was cytoplasmic, and occurred virtually always in foci containing immunostaining for L1 proteins. Moreover, analysis of these 6 cases and 22 others for HPV-16 RNA by RNA-RNA in situ hybridization demonstrated a similar correlation between E4 immunostaining and the presence of abundant transcripts specific to HPV-16. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that expression of the HPV-16 E4 ORF is dependent upon viral replication and epithelial differentiation, similar to L1 expression, and that the E4 epitopes identified by the rabbit antisera may be unique to HPV-16 relative to other common cervical papillomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Crum
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville 22908
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Saleh AM, Batlle DC. Kinetic properties of the Na+/H+ antiporter of lymphocytes from the spontaneously hypertensive rat: role of intracellular pH. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:1734-9. [PMID: 2161427 PMCID: PMC296634 DOI: 10.1172/jci114629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter is increasingly reported as a feature of cells from hypertensive subjects but the intracellular pH (ipH) dependency of its activity has not been examined. This study was designed to characterize the kinetic properties of the Na+/H+ antiporter in lymphocytes from adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in those from age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Steady-state ipH, estimated from the measurement of BCECF fluorescence, was significantly lower in lymphocytes from the SHR than in those from WKY rats (7.09 +/- 0.02, n = 17 and 7.17 +/- 0.03, n = 19, respectively, P less than 0.025). The velocity of the antiporter determined from the product of the change in intracellular hydrogen ion concentration (i[H+]) by the buffering power measured concurrently at each starting ipH exhibited similar kinetic parameters in SHR and WKY cells: Vmax, 72 +/- 18 vs. 79 +/- 24 mM H+/30 s; pKH, 10.04 +/- 0.87 vs. 8.49 +/- 0.80; and Hill coefficient, 1.67 +/- 0.12 vs. 1.44 +/- 0.10, respectively. Likewise, no significant differences were observed between SHR and WKY cells in either the Km (29 +/- 5 and 32 +/- 8 mM, respectively) or the Vmax (6.0 +/- 1.0 and 5.53 +/- 1.0 mM H+/30 s, respectively) of the sodium activation curve. We conclude that while the ipH of SHR lymphocytes is reduced, the kinetic properties of the Na+/H+ antiporter are virtually identical in SHR and WKY lymphocytes. Consequently, a primary abnormality in the activity of this antiporter is not an inherent feature of lymphocytes from the SHR model of genetic hypertension. We propose that the activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter in SHR cells is apt to be increased as a result of reduction in ipH which dictates a higher set point in its steady-state activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611
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Abstract
Etoposide, a commonly used anticancer agent, has an aqueous solubility of 0.2 mg/mL. It is formulated for intravenous use as a more concentrated solution (Vepesid; 20 mg/mL) with polysorbate 80 and with cosolvents. In this work, hydrotropic agents such as sodium benzoate, sodium o-hydroxybenzoate (sodium salicylate), sodium 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (sodium gentisate), and the sodium salts of 2,4-dihydroxy- and 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid and of 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid have been used as alternative solubilizers of etoposide. The weakest and strongest interactants with etoposide were, respectively, sodium benzoate and sodium 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate. The effect of mono- and dihydroxybenzoates on etoposide solubility was intermediate. Although sodium 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoate is the most efficient solubilizer, its use is limited by its own low aqueous solubility. The effect of sodium salicylate and other formulation ingredients on the in vitro protein binding and precipitation of etoposide upon dilution with normal saline and human plasma has been studied. Etoposide binds to the extent of 94% to human serum albumin (HSA) and human plasma, but only 24% to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in vitro. Sodium salicylate significantly decreased the binding of the drug to both HSA and human plasma, whereas the components of Vepesid did not. Dilution of Vepesid (1:2 and 1:3) with plasma in vitro resulted in immediate precipitation, while the corresponding dilutions of etoposide aqueous solution (20 mg/mL in 2 M sodium salicylate) produced no precipitate for the first hour.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Darwish
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
The effect of two hydrotrophic solubilizers on the heat coagulation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated. Photon correlation spectroscopy indicated possible unfolding of BSA molecules in solutions of sodium benzoate and sodium salicylate at 25 degrees C. The effect of these hydrotropes on the heat coagulation of BSA was concentration-dependent. Relatively low concentrations stabilized the protein structure as indicated by the increase in the transition temperature(Tm) and induced gelation at temperatures and BSA concentrations lower than those required in the absence of hydrotropes. Higher concentrations of the hydrotropes considerably reduced Tm and inhibited gelation of BSA, the effect of sodium salicylate being more pronounced, as was the lower aggregation rate of BSA. The behaviour of these hydrotropes as protein denaturants differs from that of neutral electrolytes but is similar to that of concentrated solutions of urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Alexandria, Egypt
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Abstract
The effect of some electrolytes, nonelectrolytes, surfactants, and hydrotropic salts on the solubility of water in 1-butanol and 1-hexanol was investigated. While sodium chloride and sodium acetate decrease the solubility of water in 1-butanol, urea has no significant effect. The ionic surfactants, sodium lauryl sulfate and cetrimide, cause an initial decrease in the solubility of water in 1-butanol followed by an increase at high surfactant concentrations. The nonionic surfactant, polysorbate 20, does not show the initial decrease in water solubility. On the other hand, the hydrotropic salts, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, and sodium gentisate, are shown to be the best water solubilizers in 1-butanol. Sodium salicylate showed the maximum solubilizing power. The effect of sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, and sodium lauryl sulfate on the solubility of water in 1-hexanol was also investigated. Similar results were obtained.
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Saleh AM, Hussein LA, Abdalla FE, el-Fouly MM, Shaheen AB. The nutritional quality of drum-dried algae produced in open door mass culture. Z Ernahrungswiss 1985; 24:845-63. [PMID: 4096034 DOI: 10.1007/bf02023671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The yield of three large scale cultures of Scenedesmus acutus, Chlorella vulgaris, and Coelastrum proboscideum was drum dried. The amino acid composition of the three species proved to compare well with the FAO (11) amino acid pattern except for methionine and isoleucine. Bio-assay evaluation of the three algal proteins gave the following values: protein efficiency ratio, 1.9-2.1; net protein ratio, 2,4-2.8; biological value, 75-78; digestibility coefficient 88-89; and calculated net protein utilization 67-69. Total nucleic acid content was about 4%. Uric acid content in the plasma of rats fed Scenedesmus, Chlorella, and Coelastrum diets was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than in plasma of rats fed on a casein diet.
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