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Migliori GB, Marx FM, Ambrosino N, Zampogna E, Schaaf HS, van der Zalm MM, Allwood B, Byrne AL, Mortimer K, Wallis RS, Fox GJ, Leung CC, Chakaya JM, Seaworth B, Rachow A, Marais BJ, Furin J, Akkerman OW, Al Yaquobi F, Amaral AFS, Borisov S, Caminero JA, Carvalho ACC, Chesov D, Codecasa LR, Teixeira RC, Dalcolmo MP, Datta S, Dinh-Xuan AT, Duarte R, Evans CA, García-García JM, Günther G, Hoddinott G, Huddart S, Ivanova O, Laniado-Laborín R, Manga S, Manika K, Mariandyshev A, Mello FCQ, Mpagama SG, Muñoz-Torrico M, Nahid P, Ong CWM, Palmero DJ, Piubello A, Pontali E, Silva DR, Singla R, Spanevello A, Tiberi S, Udwadia ZF, Vitacca M, Centis R, D Ambrosio L, Sotgiu G, Lange C, Visca D. Clinical standards for the assessment, management and rehabilitation of post-TB lung disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 25:797-813. [PMID: 34615577 PMCID: PMC8504493 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.21.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that post-TB lung disease (PTLD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on the assessment and management of PTLD and the implementation of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR).METHODS: A panel of global experts in the field of TB care and PR was identified; 62 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score the initial ideas for standards and after several rounds of revision the document was approved (with 100% agreement).RESULTS: Five clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, to assess patients at the end of TB treatment for PTLD (with adaptation for children and specific settings/situations); Standard 2, to identify patients with PTLD for PR; Standard 3, tailoring the PR programme to patient needs and the local setting; Standard 4, to evaluate the effectiveness of PR; and Standard 5, to conduct education and counselling. Standard 6 addresses public health aspects of PTLD and outcomes due to PR.CONCLUSION: This is the first consensus-based set of Clinical Standards for PTLD. Our aim is to improve patient care and quality of life by guiding clinicians, programme managers and public health officers in planning and implementing adequate measures to assess and manage PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Migliori
- Respiratory Diseases Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - F M Marx
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, DSI-NRF South African Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - N Ambrosino
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano (PV), Italy
| | - E Zampogna
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - H S Schaaf
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M M van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Allwood
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa
| | - A L Byrne
- Heart Lung Clinic St Vincent´s Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Partners In Health (Socios En Salud Sucursal), Lima, Peru
| | - K Mortimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - R S Wallis
- Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - G J Fox
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C C Leung
- Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association, Hong Kong
| | - J M Chakaya
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Seaworth
- Heartland National TB Center of Excellence, San Antonio, TX, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - A Rachow
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - B J Marais
- The Children´s Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney WHO Collaborating Center in Tuberculosis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Furin
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - O W Akkerman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, department of Pulmonary diseases and Tuberculosis, Groningen, the Netherlands, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, TB center Beatrixoord, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F Al Yaquobi
- TB and Acute Respiratory Diseases Section, Department of Communicable Diseases, Directorate General of Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Oman
| | - A F S Amaral
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Borisov
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control, Moscow Health Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - J A Caminero
- Mycobacterial Unit, Pneumology Department. University General Hospital of Gran Canaria "Dr. Negrin", Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, ALOSA TB Academy, Spain
| | - A C C Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos (LITEB), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D Chesov
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - L R Codecasa
- TB Reference Centre, Villa Marelli Institute, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - R C Teixeira
- National Institute of Respiratory Diseases and the Environment (INERAM), Asunción, Paraguay, Radboud University Medical Center, TB Expert Center Dekkerswald, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Nijmegen - Groesbeek, The Netherlands
| | - M P Dalcolmo
- Reference Center Hélio Fraga, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - S Datta
- Department of clinical sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, Innovation For Health And Development (IFHAD) Laboratory for Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Innovacion Por la Salud Yel Desarollo, (IPSYD) Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - A-T Dinh-Xuan
- Université de Paris, APHP Centre, Lung Function Unit, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - R Duarte
- Institute of Public Health, Porto University; Medical School, Porto University; Hospital Centre of Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Porto, Portugal
| | - C A Evans
- Innovation For Health And Development (IFHAD) Laboratory for Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Innovacion Por la Salud Yel Desarollo, (IPSYD) Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - G Günther
- Department of Pulmonology, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Hoddinott
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Huddart
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, UCSF Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - O Ivanova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - R Laniado-Laborín
- Clínica de Tuberculosis, Hospital General Tijuana, Universidad Autónoma De Baja California, Mexico
| | - S Manga
- Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), Operational Center, Paris, France
| | - K Manika
- Pulmonary Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Mariandyshev
- Northern State Medical University, Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - F C Q Mello
- Thoracic Diseases Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - S G Mpagama
- Kibong´oto Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - M Muñoz-Torrico
- Tuberculosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City
| | - P Nahid
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, UCSF Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C W M Ong
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, National University of Singapore Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), Singapore
| | - D J Palmero
- Pulmonology Division, Municipal Hospital F.J. Muñiz and Instituto Vaccarezza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - E Pontali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - D R Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R Singla
- Department of TB and Respiratory Diseases, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - A Spanevello
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Tradate, Varese-Como, Italy
| | - S Tiberi
- Department of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Z F Udwadia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hinduja Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - M Vitacca
- Respiratory Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Lumezzane (BS), Italy
| | - R Centis
- Respiratory Diseases Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - L D Ambrosio
- Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - G Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - C Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Clinical Tuberculosis Unit, Borstel, Germany, Respiratory Medicine and International Health, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - D Visca
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Tradate, Varese-Como, Italy
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Abstract
This paper comments on the Effects of Racism on Oral Health in the United States (US). It provides the background and sets the stage to raise questions about race: how was race defined originally, what exactly is race, and how have racial categories been enumerated? Following this path, the paper broadens the scope of view regarding data attributable to racial categories pointing to social and cultural factors that influence overall health outcomes, particularly those related to oral health. Oral health researchers, advocates, providers, administrators, program planners, and funders, among others rely on data, often compiled by racial categories. We should be aware of potential vagaries that can accompany race-based data, and its interpretation and application, regarding oral health. The paper suggests we should be mindful of other influences that affect documented differences among populations regarding their oral health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Evans
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - P D Smith
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, United States
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Abstract
AIMS To explore recommendations that New Zealand veterinarians make for diagnosing and managing bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in cattle herds under different clinical scenarios and their opinions towards potential barriers and opportunities for implementing BVD control programmes in New Zealand. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of registered veterinarians in New Zealand was conducted in 2019. Respondents were asked about the approaches they would use to manage BVD under different clinical scenarios as well as their opinions on national BVD control. A subset of veterinarians completed a more in-depth survey providing additional free-text responses on a range of different BVD topics. Descriptive statistics were provided for all quantitative study variables and the free-text responses were also analysed to generate further insights into veterinarians' perceptions towards BVD management. RESULTS The cross-sectional survey was completed by 101 of an estimated 870 (11.6%) cattle veterinarians. Thirty-five veterinarians completed the in-depth survey. There was wide variation in the BVD diagnostic testing and vaccination protocols that respondents recommended under different clinical scenarios. Annual bulk milk BVD testing was perceived as a valuable tool for initiating BVD discussions with dairy farmers. Respondents indicated that beef farmers were more difficult to engage in BVD control largely due to the logistical challenges of yarding cattle at the appropriate times to implement interventions, with many farmers only contacting veterinarians after experiencing a BVD outbreak Most respondents (91/101; 90%) believed it was possible to eradicate BVD from New Zealand, but cited lack of farmer awareness and poor compliance with management recommendations as significant barriers. The measure with the most support for inclusion in a compulsory national eradication programme was requiring farmers to declare the status of their animals prior to sale while the least supported measure was requiring farmers to double fence boundaries to prevent nose-to-nose contact with neighbouring stock. Although respondents highlighted the need for farmers and industry to support any national eradication programme in order for it to be successful, there was also recognition that veterinarians could be more pro-active in engaging with farmers particularly in discussions around the economics of BVD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE While the survey respondents appeared to be highly supportive of BVD control, it was perceived that financial and logistical barriers existed that could impede farmer engagement. Further extension efforts may be needed to ensure that veterinarians are presenting clear and consistent recommendations about BVD management to farmers.Abbreviations: BVD: Bovine viral diarrhoea; NAIT: National Animal Identification and Tracing System; PI: Persistently infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C A Evans
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Hounslow E, Evans CA, Pandhal J, Sydney T, Couto N, Pham TK, Gilmour DJ, Wright PC. Quantitative proteomic comparison of salt stress in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis reveals mechanisms for salt-triggered fatty acid accumulation via reallocation of carbon resources. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:121. [PMID: 34022944 PMCID: PMC8141184 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a model green alga strain for molecular studies; its fully sequenced genome has enabled omic-based analyses that have been applied to better understand its metabolic responses to stress. Here, we characterised physiological and proteomic changes between a low-starch C. reinhardtii strain and the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis, to reveal insights into their contrasting responses to salinity stress. RESULTS Each strain was grown in conditions tailored to their growth requirements to encourage maximal fatty acid (as a proxy measure of lipid) production, with internal controls to allow comparison points. In 0.2 M NaCl, C. nivalis accumulates carbohydrates up to 10.4% DCW at 80 h, and fatty acids up to 52.0% dry cell weight (DCW) over 12 days, however, C. reinhardtii does not show fatty acid accumulation over time, and shows limited carbohydrate accumulation up to 5.5% DCW. Analysis of the C. nivalis fatty acid profiles showed that salt stress improved the biofuel qualities over time. Photosynthesis and respiration rates are reduced in C. reinhardtii relative to C. nivalis in response to 0.2 M NaCl. De novo sequencing and homology matching was used in conjunction with iTRAQ-based quantitative analysis to identify and relatively quantify proteomic alterations in cells exposed to salt stress. There were abundance differences in proteins associated with stress, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism proteins. In terms of lipid synthesis, salt stress induced an increase in dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase in C. nivalis (1.1-fold change), whilst levels in C. reinhardtii remained unaffected; this enzyme is involved in acetyl CoA production and has been linked to TAG accumulation in microalgae. In salt-stressed C. nivalis there were decreases in the abundance of UDP-sulfoquinovose (- 1.77-fold change), which is involved in sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol metabolism, and in citrate synthase (- 2.7-fold change), also involved in the TCA cycle. Decreases in these enzymes have been shown to lead to increased TAG production as fatty acid biosynthesis is favoured. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD018148. CONCLUSIONS These differences in protein abundance have given greater understanding of the mechanism by which salt stress promotes fatty acid accumulation in the un-sequenced microalga C. nivalis as it switches to a non-growth state, whereas C. reinhardtii does not have this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hounslow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - C A Evans
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - J Pandhal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - T Sydney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK
| | - N Couto
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - T K Pham
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - D James Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - P C Wright
- University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Gates MC, Evans CA, Heuer C, Voges H, Weston JF. Temporal trends in bulk tank milk antibody ELISA and PCR test results for bovine viral diarrhoea in New Zealand pastoral dairy herds. N Z Vet J 2020; 69:73-82. [PMID: 32814505 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2020.1806756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To describe temporal trends in bulk milk antibody ELISA and PCR testing for bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in New Zealand pastoral dairy herds and to assess the use of historical accession data to predict herd-level BVD incursions. Methods: Data on all diagnostic testing of bulk milk for BVD performed by the Livestock Improvement Corporation (Hamilton, NZ) over eight lactation seasons from 1 June 2010 to 31 May 2018 were analysed. This included anonymised herd identification, geographic location, herd size, sample collection date, sample to positive (S/P) ratio for antibody ELISA results, and cycle threshold values for PCR detecting viral RNA. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the relationship between historical accession data and the risk of herds having at least one positive bulk milk PCR test result in the 2017 season. Results: There were 156,034 bulk milk BVD diagnostic testing accessions for 10,495 uniquely identified dairy herds over the 8-season period. The prevalence of tested herds with at least one positive bulk milk PCR test result decreased from 14.6% (407/2,786) in the 2010 season to 5.6% (355/6,309) in the 2017 season with similarly marked declines in S/P ratios. In the 2017 season, 2,961/6,309 (46.9%) herds had S/P ratios greater than the 0.75 cut-off value indicating recent or active BVD virus transmission within the herd while 1,422/6,309 (22.5%) herds were classified as having negative or low S/P ratios. Herds that cleared BVD from the milking herd experienced a mean decline in S/P ratio of 0.11 units per year (min 0.05; max 0.18). In the multivariable analysis, the overall incidence risk of herds experiencing a BVD incursion in the 2017 season was 3.8% (146/3,848) and there were three significant predictors in the final model: herd size, PCR status in the 2014 season, and change in S/P ratio between the 2014 and 2015 seasons. The area under the receiver operating curve for the final model was 0.695 indicating poor discrimination. Conclusions and clinical relevance: The prevalence of dairy herds in New Zealand with positive bulk milk PCR test results and high S/P ratios has decreased over time, suggesting fewer herds are actively infected with BVD and that herd immunity may also be declining. Although monitoring trends in bulk milk test results provides useful information on changes in individual herd status, it is difficult to accurately predict when new incursions will occur and farmers should continue to maintain good biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C A Evans
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - H Voges
- Livestock Improvement Corporation, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Allwood BW, van der Zalm MM, Amaral AFS, Byrne A, Datta S, Egere U, Evans CA, Evans D, Gray DM, Hoddinott G, Ivanova O, Jones R, Makanda G, Marx FM, Meghji J, Mpagama S, Pasipanodya JG, Rachow A, Schoeman I, Shaw J, Stek C, van Kampen S, von Delft D, Walker NF, Wallis RS, Mortimer K. Post-tuberculosis lung health: perspectives from the First International Symposium. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2020; 24:820-828. [PMID: 32912387 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.20.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
ALTHOUGH CURABLE, TB frequently leaves the individual with chronic physical and psycho-social impairment, but these consequences have been largely neglected. The 1st International Post-Tuberculosis Symposium (Stellenbosch, South Africa) was held to discuss priorities and gaps in addressing this issue. A barrier to progress has been the varied terminology and nomenclature, so the Delphi process was used to achieve consensus on definitions. Lack of sufficient evidence hampered definitive recommendations in most domains, including prevention and treatment of post-TB lung disease (PTLD), but the discussions clarified the research needed. A consensus was reached on a toolkit for future PTLD measurement and on PTLD patterns to be considered. The importance of extra-pulmonary consequences and progressive impairment throughout the life-course was identified, including TB recurrence and increased mortality. Patient advocates emphasised the need to address the psychological and social impacts post TB and called for clinical guidance. More generally, there is an urgent need for increased awareness and research into post-TB complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Allwood
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg
| | - M M van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - A F S Amaral
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Byrne
- Heart Lung Clinic, St Vincent´s Hospital Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Datta
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK, Innovation For Health And Development, Laboratory for Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Innovacion por la Salud y el Desarollo, Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | - U Egere
- IMPALA Consortium and Community Health Systems Group, Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - C A Evans
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK, Innovation For Health And Development, Laboratory for Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Innovacion por la Salud y el Desarollo, Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | - D Evans
- Health Economics and Epidemiology Research Office, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
| | - D M Gray
- Division of Paediatric Pulmonology, Department of Paediatrics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Hoddinott
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - O Ivanova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - R Jones
- Faculty of Health, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - F M Marx
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Meghji
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - S Mpagama
- Kibong´oto Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kibong´oto, Tanzania
| | - J G Pasipanodya
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research & Experimental Therapeutics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - A Rachow
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany, German Centre for Infection Research (DFIZ), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - J Shaw
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg
| | - C Stek
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - S van Kampen
- Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - N F Walker
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - R S Wallis
- Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - K Mortimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
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Evans CA, Han JH, Weston JF, Heuer C, Gates MC. Serological evidence for exposure to bovine viral diarrhoea virus in sheep co-grazed with beef cattle in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2020; 68:238-241. [PMID: 31852409 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1705932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To determine whether sheep that co-grazed with cattle that were suspected to be positive for bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus had serological evidence of exposure to the virus.Methods: Eighteen commercial farms that routinely co-grazed cattle and sheep in the same paddocks were recruited through purposive sampling. The recruiting veterinarians identified nine farms with cattle herds that were known or highly suspected to be positive for BVD and nine farms that were considered to be free of BVD. Blood samples were taken from 15 ewes aged 1 year on each farm and samples were submitted to a commercial diagnostic laboratory to test for antibodies against pestiviruses using an ELISA. All samples that were positive were then tested using a virus neutralisation test (VNT)for antibodies against BVD virus.Results: Of the 270 blood samples, 17 were positive for pestivirus antibodies by ELISA and these originated from two farms that were known or suspected to have BVD virus-positive cattle. None of the samples from the nine flocks co-grazed with cattle herds that were known or suspected to be BVD virus-negative were positive for pestivirus antibodies. Within the two positive farms, 2/15 samples from the first farm and 15/15 samples from the second farm were antibody-positive. When the 17 positive blood samples were submitted for VNT, all 15 samples from the second farm tested positive for BVD virus antibodies with the highest titre being 1:512.Conclusions and clinical relevance: In this small sample of New Zealand sheep and beef farms with suspected BVD infection in cattle, there was evidence of pestivirus exposure in co-grazed sheep. Although we were unable to confirm the origin of the exposure in these sheep, these findings highlight that farmers who are trying to eradicate BVD from their cattle should be mindful that the infection may also be circulating in sheep, and both populations should be considered a possible risk to each other for generating transient and persistent infections. Further work is needed to estimate the true prevalence of New Zealand sheep flocks that are affected by BVD and the associated economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Evans
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J-H Han
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M C Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Gates MC, Evans CA, Han JH, Heuer C, Weston JF. Practices and opinions of New Zealand beef cattle farmers towards bovine viral diarrhoea control in relation to real and perceived herd serological status. N Z Vet J 2019; 68:92-100. [PMID: 31722187 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1692735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To investigate the seroprevalence of infection with bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) virus among 75 beef herds and seroconversion in cattle during early pregnancy, and to determine the practices and opinions of farmers towards BVD control and their association with real and perceived herd serological status.Methods: Blood samples were collected before mating in 75 beef herds across New Zealand from 15 unvaccinated heifers that had delivered their first calf that season. Serum samples were tested for BVD antibodies using ELISA individually, and after pooling samples for each farm. Animals that were antibody-negative were retested at either pregnancy diagnosis or weaning. Farmers were asked to complete a detailed survey about herd demographics, BVD testing and vaccination practices, and opinions towards national BVD control.Results: Based on the pooled serum antibody ELISA results, there were 28/75 (37%) negative herds, 15/75 (20%) suspect herds, and 32/75 (43%) positive herds. Of 1,117 animals sampled 729 (65.3%) tested negative for BVD virus antibodies; when retested, 47/589 (8.0%) animals from 13/55 (24%) herds had seroconverted. Among 71 famers providing survey responses 11 (15%) believed their herd was infected with BVD, 24 (34%) were unsure and 36 (51%) did not think their herd was infected. Only 19/71 (18%) farmers had performed any BVD testing within the past 5 years and 50/70 (71%) had not vaccinated any cattle for BVD. Support for national BVD eradication programme was strong in 51/71 (56%) respondents, but the biggest challenge to BVD control was considered to be famer compliance. Compared to farmers who did not think their herd was infected, more farmers who thought BVD was present in their herds had previously tested for BVD, would consider testing all replacement calves, and would support establishing a national BVD database; fewer would consider purchasing BVD tested or vaccinated cattle only.Conclusions and clinical relevance: Only 15% of the beef farmers in this study believed their herds were infected with BVD virus and few of them had undertaken BVD screening. Nevertheless many were supportive of implementing a national BVD control programme. It is likely that the lack of farmer awareness around BVD and the failure of farmers to recognise the potential impacts in their herds are hindering progress in controlling the disease in New Zealand. There are opportunities for New Zealand veterinarians to be more proactive in helping beef farmers explore BVD management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gates
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C A Evans
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J-H Han
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Gates MC, Evans CA, Weir AM, Heuer C, Weston JF. Recommendations for the testing and control of bovine viral diarrhoea in New Zealand pastoral cattle production systems. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:219-227. [PMID: 31104579 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1618745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Eradicating bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) from cattle populations requires a clear approach for determining the epidemiological status of individual herds and implementing the appropriate control measures to ensure the transmission cycle is cost-effectively broken. This is particularly important in countries such as New Zealand where there is currently no coordinated national programme and the herd-level decisions to control BVD are left to the discretion of individual farmers and veterinarians. To ensure greater consistency in the information being delivered by different stakeholders, we review the epidemiology of BVD in the context of New Zealand pastoral production systems and provides a series of simplified recommendations for the future control of BVD in beef and dairy herds. Based on analysis of BVD test accession data from commercial diagnostic laboratories, it has been estimated that 40.6% of dairy herds and 45.6% of beef herds tested had positive results for antibodies to BVD virus. While BVD continues to remain widespread and under voluntary control in New Zealand, it is recommended that herds test all individual mixed-age cows and replacement heifers for BVD virus or antigen and remove persistently infected animals from the breeding population. All new breeding animals that have entered the herd either through purchase or birth should also be tested for BVD virus. Biosecurity risks should be managed by reducing contacts with other herds and implementing targeted vaccination programmes. All individual purchased cattle should be tested and confirmed negative for BVD virus before being moved onto the buyer's property, even if the herd of origin had a negative antibody-based screening test. Herds should continue annual antigen or virus testing of all calves as soon as possible after birth to identify any persistently infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gates
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - C A Evans
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - A M Weir
- b Eltham District Veterinary Services , Eltham , New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Gates MC, Han JH, Evans CA, Weston JF, Heuer C. Assessing the use of diagnostic laboratory accession data to support national bovine viral diarrhoea control in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2019; 67:194-202. [PMID: 31023158 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2019.1608329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To assess the suitability of using existing national diagnostic laboratory testing data to support national bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) research, surveillance, and control in New Zealand. Methods: Data on laboratory accessions for BVD diagnostic testing in New Zealand from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2017 were provided by four commercial veterinary diagnostic companies. The data were integrated into a single dataset containing the unique accession number, sample submission date, farm location (territorial authority level), test type (bulk milk antibody-ELISA, bulk milk PCR, serum antibody-ELISA, blood/serum/tissue antigen-ELISA, or blood/serum/tissue PCR), and test results. Estimates for the number of registered cattle farms in each territorial authority were generated from the National Animal Identification and Tracing database. Results were summarised for July 2015 to June 2016 and July 2016 to June 2017. Results: There was a total of 59,007 unique BVD diagnostic test accessions including 39,920 (67.6%) for bulk milk antibody-ELISA, 27,832 (47.2%) for bulk milk PCR, 3,229 (5.5%) for serum antibody-ELISA, 9,132 (15.5%) for blood/serum/tissue antigen-ELISA, and 7,122 (12.1%) for blood/serum/tissue PCR. Of the 17,946 accessions for blood/serum/tissue samples, 4,316 (24.0%) were missing the herd production type and 6,678 (37.2%) were missing the animals age. Approximately 7,000/10,958 (65%) dairy herds and 1,600/43,611 (4%) beef herds were conducting annual BVD screening tests. In 2016/2017, the prevalence of accessions with ≥1 BVD-positive result was 40.6% for bulk milk antibody, 6.4% for bulk milk PCR, 45.6% for serum antibody, and 9.8% for blood/serum/tissue antigen-ELISA or PCR tests. There was substantial regional variation in both the percentage of herds testing for BVD and the prevalence of positive accessions. Following pooled serum antibody-ELISA, only 175/604 (29.0%) beef herds and 177/566 (31.3%) dairy herds had recorded follow-up testing. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Laboratory diagnostic accession data has the potential to provide valuable insights about BVD epidemiology in New Zealand, but there are significant limitations in the data collected and discrepancies in the different systems that each laboratory uses to measure, interpret, and record diagnostic data. There is a strong need to develop a more consistent national system for recording and sharing BVD test results to support BVD management at farm and industry levels. Abbreviations: BVD: Bovine viral diarrhoea; Ct: Cycle threshold; NAIT: National Animal Identification and Tracing; NZVP: New Zealand Veterinary Pathology; PI: Persistently infected; S/P: Sample to positive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Gates
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - J-H Han
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - C A Evans
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - J F Weston
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- a School of Veterinary Science , Massey University , Palmerston North , New Zealand
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Ranadheera CS, Evans CA, Baines SK, Balthazar CF, Cruz AG, Esmerino EA, Freitas MQ, Pimentel TC, Wittwer AE, Naumovski N, Graça JS, Sant'Ana AS, Ajlouni S, Vasiljevic T. Probiotics in Goat Milk Products: Delivery Capacity and Ability to Improve Sensory Attributes. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2019; 18:867-882. [PMID: 33337004 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dairy foods, particularly those of bovine origin, are the predominant vehicles for delivery of probiotic bacteria. Caprine (goat) milk also possesses potential for successful delivery of probiotics, and despite its less appealing flavor in some products, the use of goat milk as a probiotic carrier has rapidly increased over the last decade. This review reports on the diversity, applicability, and potential of using probiotics to enhance the sensory properties of goat milk and goat milk-based products. A brief conceptual introduction to probiotic microorganisms is followed by an account of the unique physicochemical, nutritive, and beneficial aspects of goat milk, emphasizing its advantages as a probiotic carrier. The sensory properties of probiotic-enriched goat milk products are also discussed. The maintenance of probiotic viability and desirable physicochemical characteristics in goat milk products over shelf life is possible. However, the unpleasant sensory features of some goat milk products remain a major disadvantage that hinder its wider utilization. Nevertheless, certain measures such as fortification with selected probiotic strains, inclusion of fruit pulps and popular flavor compounds, and production of commonly consumed tailor-made goat milk-based products have potential to overcome this limitation. In particular, certain probiotic bacteria release volatile compounds as a result of their metabolism, which are known to play a major role in the aroma profile and sensory aspects of the final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Ranadheera
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The Univ. of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - C A Evans
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Univ. of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - S K Baines
- School of Health Sciences, Univ. of Newcastle, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Celso F Balthazar
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, School of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense Univ., 24230-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Adriano G Cruz
- Dept. of Food, Federal Inst. of Rio de Janeiro, 20270-021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Erick A Esmerino
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, School of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense Univ., 24230-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mônica Q Freitas
- Dept. of Food Science and Technology, School of Veterinary, Federal Fluminense Univ., 24230-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - A E Wittwer
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The Univ. of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - N Naumovski
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health, Univ. of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.,Collaborative Research in Bioactives and Biomarkers (CRIBB) Group, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Juliana S Graça
- Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Dept. of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, Univ. of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Ajlouni
- School of Agriculture & Food, Faculty of Veterinary & Agricultural Sciences, The Univ. of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - T Vasiljevic
- Advanced Food Systems Research Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria Univ., Werribee, Victoria, 3030, Australia
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Evans CA, Lanyon SR, O’Handley RM, Reichel MP, Cockcroft PD. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Pestivirus
infections in South Australian sheep flocks. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:312-314. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CA Evans
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - SR Lanyon
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - RM O’Handley
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - MP Reichel
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences; City University of Hong Kong; Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - PD Cockcroft
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Surrey; UK
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13
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Evans CA, Erregger E, Hemmatzadeh F, Cockcroft PD. BVDV in Australian alpacas: natural infection and clinical profiles following co-mingling with a persistently infected heifer. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:262-268. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CA Evans
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - E Erregger
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - F Hemmatzadeh
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - PD Cockcroft
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences; Roseworthy Campus, University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
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14
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Gqiba AL, Gopalan PD, Evans CA. Perceptions of final-year UKZN medical students about anaesthesia as a specialty choice. Southern African Journal of Anaesthesia and Analgesia 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/22201181.2017.1321862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AL Gqiba
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Kloof, Durban, South Africa
| | - PD Gopalan
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Kloof, Durban, South Africa
| | - CA Evans
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Kloof, Durban, South Africa
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15
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Luo J, Ranadheera CS, King S, Evans CA, Baines SK. Potential influence of dairy propionibacteria on the growth and acid metabolism of Streptococcus bovis and Megasphaera elsdenii. Benef Microbes 2016; 8:111-119. [PMID: 27824275 DOI: 10.3920/bm2016.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ruminal acidosis is a prevalent disorder among dairy cows and feedlot cattle, which can significantly impair their health and productivity. This study, involving seven different strains of dairy propionibacteria, represents an in vitro investigation of the feasibility of using these organisms as direct-fed microbials to control lactic acid acumulation in the rumen. Interactions between the propionibacteria, Streptococcus bovis and Megasphaera elsdenii were evaluated in terms of effects on lactic, acetic and propionic acid metabolism, following co-incubation. Spot resistance tests showed slight but varying degrees of growth inhibition by S. bovis among the propionibacteria, while no inhibition was observed between M. elsdenii and the different strains of dairy propionibacteria. In the co-culture experiments comprising S. bovis in nutrient broth, significant differences in pH and the levels of production of lactic, acetic and propionic acid, were observed between treatments following inoculation with various propionibacteria and/or M. elsdenii. In general, lactic acid concentrations at the end of the incubation were significantly lower in the cultures containing propionibacteria compared with cultures comprising either S. bovis only or S. bovis + M. elsdenii, although efficacy of lactate metabolism varied between species and strains. Moreover,the accumulation of acetic and propionic acid in the combined cultures, but not in the solo S. bovis culture, indicated that these compounds were produced as a result of the metabolism of lactic acid by the propionibacteria and M. elsdenii.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luo
- 1 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - C S Ranadheera
- 1 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.,2 Advanced Food Systems Research Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia
| | - S King
- 1 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - C A Evans
- 1 School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - S K Baines
- 3 School of Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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16
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Evans CA, Cockcroft PD, Reichel MP. Antibodies to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
and cattle from the Northern Territory of Australia. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:423-426. [DOI: 10.1111/avj.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- CA Evans
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - PD Cockcroft
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
| | - MP Reichel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus; University of Adelaide; Roseworthy South Australia 5371 Australia
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18
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Holen I, Walker M, Nutter F, Fowles A, Evans CA, Eaton CL, Ottewell PD. Oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer metastasis to bone: inhibition by targeting the bone microenvironment in vivo. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 33:211-24. [PMID: 26585891 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials have shown that adjuvant Zoledronic acid (ZOL) reduces the development of bone metastases irrespective of ER status. However, post-menopausal patients show anti-tumour benefit with ZOL whereas pre-menopausal patients do not. Here we have developed in vivo models of spontaneous ER+ve breast cancer metastasis to bone and investigated the effects of ZOL and oestrogen on tumour cell dissemination and growth. ER+ve (MCF7, T47D) or ER-ve (MDA-MB-231) cells were administered by inter-mammary or inter-cardiac injection into female nude mice ± estradiol. Mice were administered saline or 100 μg/kg ZOL weekly. Tumour growth, dissemination of tumour cells in blood, bone and bone turnover were monitored by luciferase imaging, histology, flow cytometry, two-photon microscopy, micro-CT and TRAP/P1NP ELISA. Estradiol induced metastasis of ER+ve cells to bone in 80-100 % of animals whereas bone metastases from ER-ve cells were unaffected. Administration of ZOL had no effect on tumour growth in the fat pad but significantly inhibited dissemination of ER+ve tumour cells to bone and frequency of bone metastasis. Estradiol and ZOL increased bone volume via different mechanisms: Estradiol increased activity of bone forming osteoblasts whereas administration of ZOL to estradiol supplemented mice decreased osteoclast activity and returned osteoblast activity to levels comparable to that of saline treated mice. ER-ve cells require increased osteoclast activity to grow in bone whereas ER+ve cells do not. Zol does not affect ER+ve tumour growth in soft tissue, however, inhibition of bone turnover by ZOL reduced dissemination and growth of ER+ve breast cancer cells in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - M Walker
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - F Nutter
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - A Fowles
- Bone Biology, Department of Human Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - C A Evans
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - C L Eaton
- Bone Biology, Department of Human Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - P D Ottewell
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
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Holen I, Nutter F, Wilkinson JM, Evans CA, Avgoustou P, Ottewell PD. Human breast cancer bone metastasis in vitro and in vivo: a novel 3D model system for studies of tumour cell-bone cell interactions. Clin Exp Metastasis 2015; 32:689-702. [PMID: 26231669 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-015-9737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone is established as the preferred site of breast cancer metastasis. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for this preference remain unidentified. In order to improve outcome for patients with advanced breast cancer and skeletal involvement, we need to better understand how this process is initiated and regulated. As bone metastasis cannot be easily studied in patients, researchers have to date mainly relied on in vivo xenograft models. A major limitation of these is that they do not contain a human bone microenvironment, increasingly considered to be an important component of metastases. In order to address this shortcoming, we have developed a novel humanised bone model, where 1 × 10(5) luciferase-expressing MDA-MB-231 or T47D human breast tumour cells are seeded on viable human subchaodral bone discs in vitro. These discs contain functional osteoclasts 2-weeks after in vitro culture and positive staining for calcine 1-week after culture demonstrating active bone resorption/formation. In vitro inoculation of MDA-MB-231 or T47D cells colonised human bone cores and remained viable for <4 weeks, however, use of matrigel to enhance adhesion or a moving platform to increase diffusion of nutrients provided no additional advantage. Following colonisation by the tumour cells, bone discs pre-seeded with MDA-MB-231 cells were implanted subcutaneously into NOD SCID mice, and tumour growth monitored using in vivo imaging for up to 6 weeks. Tumour growth progressed in human bone discs in 80 % of the animals mimicking the later stages of human bone metastasis. Immunohistochemical and PCR analysis revealed that growing MDA-MB-231 cells in human bone resulted in these cells acquiring a molecular phenotype previously associated with breast cancer bone metastases. MDA-MB-231 cells grown in human bone discs showed increased expression of IL-1B, HRAS and MMP9 and decreased expression of S100A4, whereas, DKK2 and FN1 were unaltered compared with the same cells grown in mammary fat pads of mice not implanted with human bone discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - F Nutter
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - J M Wilkinson
- Department of Human Metabolism, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - C A Evans
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - P Avgoustou
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Penelope D Ottewell
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
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Atsawasuwan P, Lu X, Ito Y, Chen Y, Gopinathan G, Evans CA, Kulkarni AB, Gibson CW, Luan X, Diekwisch TGH. Expression and function of enamel-related gene products in calvarial development. J Dent Res 2013; 92:622-8. [PMID: 23625374 DOI: 10.1177/0022034513487906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel-related gene products (ERPs) are detected in non-enamel tissues such as bone. We hypothesized that, if functional, ERP expression corresponds with distinct events during osteoblast differentiation and affects bone development and mineralization. In mouse calvariae and MC3T3 cells, expression profiles of enamel-related gene products (ERPs) correlated with key events in post-natal calvarial development and MC3T3 cell mineralization. Developing skulls from both Amel- and Ambn-deficient animals were approximately 15% shorter when compared with those of wild-type controls, and their sutures remained patent for a longer period of time. Analysis of Amel- and Ambn-deficient calvariae and calvarial osteoblast cultures revealed a dramatic reduction in mineralized nodules, a significant reduction in Runx2, Sp7, Ibsp, and Msx2 expression, and a reduction in Alx4 in Amel-deficient calvariae vs. an increase in Alx4 in Ambn-deficient calvariae. Analysis of these data indicates that ERP expression follows defined developmental profiles and affects osteoblast differentiation, mineralization, and calvarial bone development. We propose that, in parallel to their role in the developing enamel matrix, ERPs have retained an evolutionary conserved function related to the biomineralization of bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Atsawasuwan
- Brodie Laboratory for Craniofacial Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Toit K, Mitchell S, Balabanova Y, Evans CA, Kummik T, Nikolayevskyy V, Drobniewski F. The Colour Test for drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2012; 16:1113-8. [PMID: 22762424 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.11.0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Tartu, Estonia. OBJECTIVE To assess the performance and feasibility of the introduction of the thin-layer agar MDR/XDR-TB Colour Test (Colour Test) as a non-commercial method of drug susceptibility testing (DST). DESIGN The Colour Test combines the thin-layer agar technique with a simple colour-coded quadrant format, selective medium to reduce contamination and colorimetric indication of bacterial growth to simplify interpretation. DST patterns for isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP) and ciprofloxacin (CFX) were determined using the Colour Test for 201 archived Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Susceptibilities were compared to blinded DST results obtained routinely using the BACTEC™ Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube™ (MGIT) 960 to assess performance characteristics. RESULTS In all, 98% of the isolates produced interpretable results. The average time to positivity was 13 days, and all results were interpretable. The Colour Test detected drug resistance with 98% sensitivity for INH, RMP and CFX and 99% for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Specificities were respectively 100% (95%CI 82-100), 88% (95%CI 69-97) and 91% (95%CI 83-96) and 90% (95%CI 74-98). Agreement between the Colour Test and BACTEC MGIT 960 were respectively 98%, 96%, 94% and 97%. CONCLUSION The Colour Test could be an economical, accurate and simple technique for testing tuberculosis strains for drug resistance. As it requires little specialist equipment, it may be particularly useful in resource-constrained settings with growing drug resistance rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Toit
- Department of Mycobacteriology, United Laboratory, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
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Brown HK, Ottewell PD, Evans CA, Coleman RE, Holen I. A single administration of combination therapy inhibits breast tumour progression in bone and modifies both osteoblasts and osteoclasts. J Bone Oncol 2012; 1:47-56. [PMID: 26909255 PMCID: PMC4723328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that repeated sequential administration of doxorubicin, followed 24 h later by zoledronic acid, inhibits tumour growth in models of established breast cancer bone metastasis. As breast cancer patients only receive zoledronic acid every 3–4 weeks, the aim of the current study was to establish the anti-tumour and bone effects of a single administration of doxorubicin/zoledronic acid combination therapy in a bone metastasis model. MDA-MB-231-GFP cells were injected i.c. in 6-week-old nude mice. On day 2, animals received PBS, doxorubicin (2 mg/kg i.v.), zoledronic acid (100 μg/kg s.c.) or doxorubicin followed 24 h later by zoledronic acid. Anti-tumour effects were assessed on days 15/23 by quantification of apoptotic and proliferating cells and changes in expression of genes implicated in apoptosis, proliferation and bone turnover. Bone effects were assessed by μCT analysis, bone histomorphometry and measurement of serum markers. A tumour-free control group was included. Combination treatment reduced bone tumour burden compared to single agent or PBS control and increased levels of tumour cell apoptosis on day 15, but this was no longer detectable on day 23. Animals receiving zoledronic acid had increased bone density, without evidence of tumour-induced lesions. Bone histomorphometry showed that zoledronic acid caused a decrease in osteoblast and osteoclast numbers and an increase in osteoclast size, in both tumour-free and tumour-bearing animals. Our data show that although zoledronic acid modifies the bone microenvironment through effects on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts, this does not result in a significant anti-tumour effect in the absence of doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Brown
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - P D Ottewell
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - C A Evans
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - R E Coleman
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - I Holen
- Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, CR-UK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, University of Sheffield, UK
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Rocha C, Montoya R, Zevallos K, Curatola A, Ynga W, Franco J, Fernandez F, Becerra N, Sabaduche M, Tovar MA, Ramos E, Tapley A, Allen NR, Onifade DA, Acosta CD, Maritz M, Concha DF, Schumacher SG, Evans CA. The Innovative Socio-economic Interventions Against Tuberculosis (ISIAT) project: an operational assessment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15 Suppl 2:50-57. [PMID: 21740659 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING Tuberculosis (TB) affected households in impoverished shantytowns, Lima, Peru. OBJECTIVE To evaluate socio-economic interventions for strengthening TB control by improving uptake of TB care and prevention services. DESIGN Barriers to TB control were characterised by interviews with TB-affected families. To reduce these barriers, a multidisciplinary team offered integrated community and household socio-economic interventions aiming to: 1) enhance uptake of TB care by education, community mobilisation and psychosocial support; and 2) reduce poverty through food and cash transfers, microcredit, microenterprise and vocational training. An interim analysis was performed after the socio-economic interventions had been provided for 2078 people in 311 households of newly diagnosed TB patients for up to 34 months. RESULTS Poverty (46% earned <US$1 per day), depression (40%), stigmatisation (77%), and perceived isolation (39%) were common among TB patients (all P < 0.05 vs. non-patients). The project had 100% recruitment, and involved 97% of TB-affected households in regular visits, 71% in community groups, 78% in psychosocial support and 77% in poverty-reduction interventions. The socio-economic interventions were associated with increases in household contact TB screening (from 82% to 96%); successful TB treatment completion (from 91% to 97%); patient human immunodeficiency virus testing (from 31% to 97%); and completion of preventive therapy (from 27% to 87%; all P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Socio-economic interventions can strengthen TB control activities. KEYWORDS tuberculosis; control; microcredit; poverty;social determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rocha
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - R Montoya
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | - K Zevallos
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - A Curatola
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - W Ynga
- Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru; Microfinanzas Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | - J Franco
- Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - F Fernandez
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | - N Becerra
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | | | - M A Tovar
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - E Ramos
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - A Tapley
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | - N R Allen
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | - D A Onifade
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | - C D Acosta
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | - M Maritz
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru
| | | | - S G Schumacher
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Asociación Benéfica Prisma, Lima, Peru; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - C A Evans
- IFHAD: Innovation For Health And Development, London, UK; Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Wellcome Centre for Clinical Tropical Medicine and Department of Infection & Immunity, Imperial College, London, UK; and Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Boccia D, Hargreaves J, Lönnroth K, Jaramillo E, Weiss J, Uplekar M, Porter JDH, Evans CA. Cash transfer and microfinance interventions for tuberculosis control: review of the impact evidence and policy implications. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2011; 15 Suppl 2:37-49. [PMID: 21740658 PMCID: PMC3160484 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.10.0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the impact of cash transfer and microfinance interventions on a selected list of tuberculosis (TB) risk factors and assess their potential role in supporting TB control. DATA SOURCE Published and unpublished references identified from clinical and social electronic databases, grey literature and web sites. METHODS Eligible interventions had to be conducted in middle- or low-income countries and document an impact evaluation on any of the following outcomes: 1) TB or other respiratory infections; 2) household socio-economic position; and 3) factors mediating the association between low household socio-economic position and TB, including inadequate health-seeking behaviours, food insecurity and biological TB risk factors such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and adult malnutrition. Interventions targeting special populations were excluded. RESULTS Fifteen cash transfer schemes (four unconditional and 11 conditional) and seven microfinance programmes met the eligibility criteria. No intervention addressed TB or any other respiratory infection. Of 11 cash transfer and four microfinance interventions, respectively seven and four reported a positive impact on indicators of economic well-being. A positive impact on household food security was documented in respectively eight of nine and three of five cash transfer and microfinance interventions. Improved health care access was documented respectively in 10 of 12 cash transfer and four of five microfinance interventions. The only intervention evaluating impact on HIV incidence was a microfinance project that found no effect. No cash transfer or microfinance interventions had an impact on adult malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS Cash transfer and microfinance interventions can positively impact TB risk factors. Evaluation studies are urgently needed to assess the impact of these social protection interventions on actual TB indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boccia
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - J Hargreaves
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - K Lönnroth
- Stop TB Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Jaramillo
- Stop TB Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J Weiss
- Stop TB Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - M Uplekar
- Stop TB Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - J D H Porter
- Faculty of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - C A Evans
- Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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Abstract
A common and highly destructive dietary disease of silver foxes in captivity is pathologically the counter-part of Wernicke's hemorrhagic polioencephalitis of man. The disease in foxes is caused by feeding fish as 10 per cent., or more, of the diet. It is probable that the fish induce a B(1) avitaminosis which causes the characteristic pathology and the resultant symptoms.
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Ito Y, Evans CA. INDUCTION OF TUMORS IN DOMESTIC RABBITS WITH NUCLEIC ACID PREPARATIONS FROM PARTIALLY PURIFIED SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS AND FROM EXTRACTS OF THE PAPILLOMAS OF DOMESTIC AND COTTONTAIL RABBITS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 114:485-500. [PMID: 19867197 PMCID: PMC2180365 DOI: 10.1084/jem.114.4.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A deoxyribonucleic acid preparation which showed infectivity and tumorigenic activity in domestic rabbits was isolated from the papillomatous tissue of wild cottontail rabbits by phenolic deproteinization procedure. The activity of the preparation could be completely abolished by its exposure to a minute amount (0.02 microg/ml) of DNAase. Antisera against Shope papilloma virus did not block the tumorigenic activity of the preparation, and trypsin and chymotrypsin had no effect on it. The extraction with phenol of a partially purified virus preparation also yielded extracts with tumorigenic potency. Extracts obtained from the domestic rabbit papilloma and submitted to phenolic deproteinization also proved infective and tumorigenic in rabbits of this sort, although the level of "tumorigenicity" was much lower than that of the cottontail preparations. Tests for intact virus, carried out with half of the extracts yielded wholly negative findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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Evans CA, Slavin HB, Berry GP. STUDIES ON HERPETIC INFECTION IN MICE : IV. THE EFFECT OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODIES ON THE PROGRESSION OF THE VIRUS WITHIN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF YOUNG MICE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 84:429-47. [PMID: 19871580 PMCID: PMC2135659 DOI: 10.1084/jem.84.5.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two-week-old mice inoculated with herpes virus on the pad of a hind foot regularly developed paralysis of the infected limb followed by paraplegia and encephalitis terminating fatally 5 or 6 days after inoculation. Hyperimmune rabbit serum given intraperitoneally at the time virus was inoculated on the foot pad prevented the formation of an herpetic lesion of the foot pad. When the antiserum was given 12 hours after inoculation of the virus, a typical infection of the epithelium of the foot pad developed, but the virus was prevented from causing obvious signs of infection of the nervous system in many of the animals. Amputation of the foot 2 hours after the inoculation of the virus prevented the paralysis of the hind leg. Some of the mice died of a delayed encephalitis. Amputation of the foot at 24 hours neither prevented nor delayed the sequence of paralysis of the hind leg, encephalitis, and death. In order to study immune serum therapy of an infection of the nervous system uncomplicated by a peripheral focus of infection or by traumatic disturbance of the central nervous system, 2-week-old mice were inoculated on the foot pad, the infected feet were amputated 24 hours later, and the immune serum was administered at varying intervals thereafter. Using litter mate controls and statistically significant numbers of mice, it was shown that hyperimmune rabbit serum, administered during the first one-third of the incubation period, retards and, in some cases, arrests the progress of herpetic infection within the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Evans
- Departments of Bacteriology and Medicine, The University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES - To test the hypothesis that during root resorption, organic matrix proteins and cytokines from the surrounding bone and dentin are released into the gingival crevice. MATERIAL AND METHODS - Subjects with mild (<2 mm loss) and severe root resorption (>2 mm) were identified. Control group subjects with no loss of root structure or undergoing orthodontic treatment were also identified. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected non-invasively from the mesial and distal sides of each of the four upper incisors by using filter paper strips. The eluted GCF was used for analysis using western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. Antibodies used were against osteopontin (OPN), (osteoprotegerin) OPG, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL). RESULTS - Western blot analysis showed differential expression of OPN, OPG, and RANKL in the control and root resorbed subjects. However, processed forms of these proteins were only observed in the root resorbed subjects. Results from ELISA with OPG antibodies revealed a difference in OPG concentration between the control and root resorption groups. ELISA results with RANKL antibodies did show a statistically significant difference between the control group and the two study groups. The ratio RANKL/OPG was statistically higher in subjects with severe root resorption than in the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS - Preliminary results confirm the presence of matrix proteins and cytokines in the GCF of root resorbed subjects. Further, OPG was locally present in excess amounts over RANKL and an increased RANKL/OPG in the study groups could be correlated with an increased bone resorption activity during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A George
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211, USA.
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Lever L, Hinchcliffe NM, Khanna SP, Dean P, Ikonic Z, Evans CA, Davies AG, Harrison P, Linfield EH, Kelsall RW. Terahertz ambipolar dual-wavelength quantum cascade laser. Opt Express 2009; 17:19926-19932. [PMID: 19997216 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.019926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz frequency quantum cascade lasers (THz QCLs) are compact solid-state sources of terahertz radiation that were first demonstrated in 2002. They have a broad range of potential applications ranging from gas sensing and non-destructive testing, through to security and medical imaging, with many polycrystalline compounds having distinct fingerprint spectra in the terahertz frequency range. In this article, we demonstrate an electrically-switchable dual-wavelength THz QCL which will enable spectroscopic information to be obtained within a THz QCL-based imaging system. The device uses the same active region for both emission wavelengths: in forward bias, the laser emits at 2.3 THz; in reverse bias, it emits at 4 THz. The corresponding threshold current densities are 490 A/cm(2) and 330 A/cm(2), respectively, with maximum operating temperatures of 98K and 120 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lever
- Institute of Microwaves and Photonics, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
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Ward KW, Azzarano LM, Evans CA, Smith BR. Apparent absolute oral bioavailability in excess of 100% for a vitronectin receptor antagonist (SB-265123) in rat. I. Investigation of potential experimental and mechanistic explanations. Xenobiotica 2008; 34:353-66. [PMID: 15268980 DOI: 10.1080/0049825042000205540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
1. SB-265123 is a novel alphavbeta3 (the vitronectin receptor) antagonist. Previous rat studies with it revealed an apparent absolute oral bioavailability (Fapp) of greater than 100%. The present studies were conducted to investigate the potential causes for this observation. 2. Of 49 SB-265123 analogues evaluated in rat using an identical experimental design, Fapp > 100% was observed for 22 of them, suggesting that the observed Fapp >100% with SB-265123 was not anomalous. All 22 compounds had clearances < 15 ml min(-1) kg(-1). However, Fapp>100% were not recorded for all low-clearance analogues. 3. Using SB-265123 as a model to investigate potential artefacts, it was demonstrated that using a chiral assay did not decrease Fapp. Additionally, qualitative sample analysis demonstrated that no metabolites were present in the plasma that could interfere with the liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection assay. The high Fapp was also dose-order-, delivery system- and vehicle-independent, and was not affected by the feeding status of the animals. Furthermore, a linearity experiment and an absorption study indicated that oral administration of SB-265123 does not result in hepatic portal vein concentrations that exceed the pharmacokinetic linearity of SB-265123. 4. These observations suggest that the observed Fapp > 100% for SB-265123 is not due to an experimental artefact or an obvious pharmacokinetic non-linearity. The mechanism(s) for this phenomenon is explored further in the second part of the present paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Ward
- Preclinical Drug Discovery, Cardiovascular & Urogenital Center of Excellence in Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA.
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Choi MD, Carrithers JA, Gavin TP, Kraus RM, Evans CA, Ruster RS, Knapp DJ, McCartney JS, Garry JP, Hickner RC. Response of prostaglandins and nutritive blood flow to 7 days of exercise training in young and aged human skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.753.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - RC Hickner
- Human Performance Lab
- PhysiologyEast Carolina UniversityGreenvilleNC
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Evans CA, Coombes PJ, Dunstan RH, Harrison T. Identifying the major influences on the microbial composition of roof harvested rainwater and the implications for water quality. Water Sci Technol 2007; 55:245-53. [PMID: 17425092 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2007.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Perceptions of the quality of roof harvested rainwater remain an impediment to widespread implementation of rainwater tanks on urban allotments. Previous literature reports on roof water quality have given little consideration to the relative significance of airborne environmental micro-organisms to roof catchment contamination and the issue of tank water quality. This paper outlines the findings of a recent study into the influence of weather on roof water contamination conducted at an urban housing development in Newcastle, on the east coast of Australia. Samples of direct roof run-off were collected during a number of separate rainfall events, and microbial counts were matched to climatic data corresponding to each of the monitored events. Roof run-off contamination was found to be under the strong influence of both wind speed and direction. The preliminary findings of an investigation currently under way into the microbial diversity of rainwater harvesting systems have also been presented. The results indicate that the composition of organisms present varied considerably from source to source and throughout the collection system. In all cases, evidence of faecal contamination was found to be negligible. The implications of these findings to the issues of tank water quality, health risk analysis and monitoring protocols have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Evans
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, University drive, Callaghan NSW.
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Fuselli S, Gilman RH, Chanock SJ, Bonatto SL, De Stefano G, Evans CA, Labuda D, Luiselli D, Salzano FM, Soto G, Vallejo G, Sajantila A, Pettener D, Tarazona-Santos E. Analysis of nucleotide diversity of NAT2 coding region reveals homogeneity across Native American populations and high intra-population diversity. Pharmacogenomics J 2006; 7:144-52. [PMID: 16847467 PMCID: PMC3099416 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2), an important enzyme in clinical pharmacology, metabolizes antibiotics such as isoniazid and sulfamethoxazole, and catalyzes the transformation of aromatic and heterocyclic amines from the environment and diet into carcinogenic intermediates. Polymorphisms in NAT2 account for variability in the acetylator phenotype and the pharmacokinetics of metabolized drugs. Native Americans, settled in rural areas and large cities of Latin America, are under-represented in pharmacogenetics studies; therefore, we sequenced the coding region of NAT2 in 456 chromosomes from 13 populations from the Americas, and two from Siberia, detecting nine substitutions and 11 haplotypes. Variants *4 (37%), *5B (23%) and *7B (24%) showed high frequencies. Average frequencies of fast, intermediate and slow acetylators across Native Americans were 18, 56 and 25%, respectively. NAT2 intra-population genetic diversity for Native Americans is higher than East Asians and similar to the rest of the world, and NAT2 variants are homogeneously distributed across native populations of the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fuselli
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Evans
- The Physiological Laboratory of the University of Birmingham
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Evans CA, Suvarna SK. Intraoperative diagnosis using the frozen section technique. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:334. [PMID: 16505290 PMCID: PMC1860336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
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Cross SS, Harrison RF, Balasubramanian SP, Lippitt JM, Evans CA, Reed MWR, Holen I. Expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappabeta ligand (RANKL) and tumour necrosis factor related, apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in breast cancer, and their relations with osteoprotegerin, oestrogen receptor, and clinicopathological variables. J Clin Pathol 2006; 59:716-20. [PMID: 16489180 PMCID: PMC1860414 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2005.030031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappabeta ligand (RANKL) has an important role in bone remodelling, and tumour necrosis factor related, apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Their functions are linked by their interactions with osteoprotegerin (OPG). OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of RANKL and TRAIL in a large series of unselected breast cancers and to analyse the relations between these expressions and the expression of OPG, oestrogen receptor, and clinicopathological variables. METHODS 395 breast cancers were sampled into tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry undertaken for RANKL and TRAIL. RESULTS There was strong expression of RANKL in 14% of the cancers and strong expression of TRAIL in 30%. Expression of RANKL had a negative association with expression of oestrogen receptor (p = 0.036). Expression of TRAIL had a negative association with the Nottingham Prognostic Index (p = 0.021). There was a significant negative relation between expression of RANKL and TRAIL (p<0.005). Unsupervised cluster analysis produced a dendrogram that showed a clear division into two groups, and the expression of oestrogen receptor was significantly higher in one of those groups (p = 0.012). CONCLUSIONS There is apparent loss of expression of RANKL in 86% of breast cancers; those tumours that retain expression tend to be oestrogen receptor negative and of a high histological grade. There is strong expression of TRAIL in 30% of breast cancers and these tend to be of better prognostic type. These results may be important in the processes of metastasis to bone and the apoptotic cell death pathway in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Cross
- Academic Unit of Pathology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK.
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Evans CA, Coombes PJ, Dunstan RH. Wind, rain and bacteria: The effect of weather on the microbial composition of roof-harvested rainwater. Water Res 2006; 40:37-44. [PMID: 16343588 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2005.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/29/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological and chemical quality of tank-stored rainwater is impacted directly by roof catchment and subsequent run-off contamination, via direct depositions by birds and small mammals, decay of accumulated organic debris, and atmospheric deposition of airborne micro-organisms and chemical pollutants. Previous literature reports on roof water quality have given little consideration to the relative significance of airborne micro-organisms. This study involved analyses of direct roof run-off at an urban housing development in Newcastle, on the east coast of Australia. A total of 77 samples were collected during 11 separate rainfall events, and microbial counts and mean concentrations of several ionic contaminants were matched to climatic data corresponding to each of the monitored events. Conditions both antecedent to, and those prevailing during each event, were examined to investigate the influence of certain meteorological parameters on the bacterial composition of the roof water and indirectly assess the relative contribution of airborne micro-organisms to the total bacterial load. Results indicated that airborne micro-organisms represented a significant contribution to the bacterial load of roof water at this site, and that the overall contaminant load was influenced by wind velocities, while the profile (composition) of the load varied with wind direction. The implications of these findings to the issues of tank water quality and health risk analysis, appropriate usage and system design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
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Neville-Webbe HL, Evans CA, Coleman RE, Holen I. Mechanisms of the Synergistic Interaction between the Bisphosphonate Zoledronic Acid and the Chemotherapy Agent Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer Cells in vitro. Tumour Biol 2006; 27:92-103. [PMID: 16582586 DOI: 10.1159/000092489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 05/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer patients often receive both paclitaxel and zoledronic acid as part of their treatment, and these drugs are reported to have synergistic effects on the induction of apoptosis of breast cancer cells in vitro. We have found that the synergistic interaction is drug sequence dependent, with maximal levels of apoptosis achieved when cells are treated with paclitaxel followed by zoledronic acid, as opposed to the reverse sequence or simultaneous treatment. The synergistic interaction persists at clinically relevant concentrations and incubation periods. We report that the sequential treatment is associated with cell cycle changes and depends on breast cancer cell characteristics, with hormone independence, mutated p53 status and presence of BRCA1 gene being associated with higher levels of apoptosis. Finally, we have found that the synergistic induction of apoptosis is via zoledronic acid-mediated inhibition of the mevalonate pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Neville-Webbe
- Cancer Research Centre, Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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Evans CA, Suvarna SK. Cystic atrioventricular node tumour: not a mesothelioma. J Clin Pathol 2005; 58:1232. [PMID: 16254122 PMCID: PMC1770778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Evans
- Department of Histopathology, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK;
| | - S K Suvarna
- Department of Histopathology, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Herries Road, Sheffield S5 7AU, UK;
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Pelly TF, Santillan CF, Gilman RH, Cabrera LZ, Garcia E, Vidal C, Zimic MJ, Moore DAJ, Evans CA. Tuberculosis skin testing, anergy and protein malnutrition in Peru. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005; 9:977-84. [PMID: 16161252 PMCID: PMC2912519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Malnutrition and intestinal parasites cause immunosuppression. This may cause false-negative tuberculin skin tests (TST) and failure to identify tuberculosis (TB) infection. OBJECTIVE To assess factors associated with TST positivity and anergy in disadvantaged communities in Peru. DESIGN A study of 212 randomly selected adults: 102 in a rural Amazonian village and 110 shanty town residents in urban Lima. RESULTS Respectively 52% and 53% of urban and rural jungle populations were TST-positive. Using simultaneous tetanus and candida skin tests, 99% had at least one positive skin test. Generalised anergy was therefore rare, despite frequent intestinal parasitic infection, including 34% helminth infection prevalence in the jungle. TST positivity was associated with age (P = 0.001), known TB contact (P = 0.02) and poor household ventilation (P = 0.007). TST positivity was not significantly associated with crowding, reported past TB, single/multiple BCG vaccination, income, intestinal parasites, dietary factors, body mass index or body fat. Individuals with lower anthropometric body protein, as measured by corrected arm muscle area, were less likely to be TST-positive (P = 0.02), implying that protein malnutrition caused tuberculin-specific anergy. CONCLUSION These results identify the importance of household ventilation for community TB transmission and add to the evidence that protein malnutrition suppresses TB immunity, causing false-negative TST results.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Pelly
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and refine a technique for measuring the tolerance for deviations in facial appearance. DESIGN A psychophysical method was administered using photocopies of altered facial photographs to measure tolerances for deviations in eye position and mouth angulation and judges' reaction time. METHODS Stimulus photos were displayed as Kodachrome slides to 76 individuals grouped by their familiarity with craniofacial anomalies, i.e. dental professionals, orthodontic and craniofacial patients, also a group of normal patients. RESULTS (1) Tolerance for deviation of facial appearance varies inversely with the magnitude of the physical deviations from normal; (2) tolerance varies directly as a function of assumed familiarity with deviation; (3) response and reaction time varied inversely with the tolerance for facial deviation. CONCLUSION Significant differences in tolerance and reaction time were found among the groups and depended on whether an isolated feature was judged or if the feature was judged in the context of the whole face.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Evans
- Department of Orthodontics (M/C 841), University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7211, USA.
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Baldwin MR, Yori PP, Ford C, Moore DAJ, Gilman RH, Vidal C, Ticona E, Evans CA. Tuberculosis and nutrition: disease perceptions and health seeking behavior of household contacts in the Peruvian Amazon. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8:1484-91. [PMID: 15636496 PMCID: PMC2912521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Households of TB patients in the Peruvian Amazon. OBJECTIVE To investigate how knowledge and beliefs of household contacts about TB affected health seeking behavior. DESIGN Interviews with 73 patients finishing treatment and 79 of their adult household contacts. RESULTS Contacts were knowledgeable about free screening and treatment, but contacts who noted weight loss, not cough, were more likely to be screened for TB (P = 0.03). Forty-two per cent reported that TB was prevented by nutrition, 28% by separating eating utensils, and only 19% by avoiding a coughing patient. Only one household contact reported being stigmatized. Stigma centered upon nutrition, and only 12% knew of the association between TB and HIV. Only 14% had a BMI < 20, yet 30% reported regularly going to sleep hungry. Free food packages were reported to be the most important reason for treatment adherence by 33% of patients. CONCLUSION Contacts misperceived TB as a nutritional disease and did not fear airborne transmission, which should be corrected by public health education. Weight loss, and not cough, led to screening. Stigma appeared to be minimized because risk was perceived as personal, through malnutrition, rather than exposure-based. Nutritional incentives that utilize these beliefs may reduce diagnostic delay and enhance treatment adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Baldwin
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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46
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Neville-Webbe HL, Cross NA, Eaton CL, Nyambo R, Evans CA, Coleman RE, Holen I. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) Produced by Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Protects Breast Cancer Cells from TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 86:269-79. [PMID: 15567943 DOI: 10.1023/b:brea.0000036900.48763.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced breast cancer is often associated with metastatic bone disease, causing a number of serious complications for the patients such as hypercalceamia, pain, nerve compression and fractures. The formation of bone metastases depends on complex interactions between tumour cells and the cells of the bone microenvironment, but the precise molecular mechanisms involved in the development of tumour-induced bone disease have not been identified. We have investigated the ability of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) isolated from breast cancer patients to generate osteoprotegerin (OPG), a molecule involved both in bone turnover and cell survival. The potential survival effects of OPG are mediated through binding to a member of the TNF super family, TNF-related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand (TRAIL), preventing association between TRAIL and its death-inducing receptors present on a number of tumour cell types. In the present report we show that bone marrow stromal cells isolated from breast cancer patients produce OPG when grown in culture. The levels of OPG present in BMSC conditioned medium is sufficient to protect breast cancer cells from undergoing TRAIL induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that bone-derived OPG may increase survival of breast cancer cells that reach the bone microenvironment as part of the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Neville-Webbe
- Clinical Oncology, Division of Genomic Medicine, School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Sheffield, UK Sheffield Bone Oncology Group, UK
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Saito M, Bautista CT, Gilman RH, Bowering A, Levy MZ, Evans CA. The value of counting BCG scars for interpretation of tuberculin skin tests in a tuberculosis hyperendemic shantytown, Peru. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8:842-7. [PMID: 15260275 PMCID: PMC2912512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING The tuberculin skin test (TST) is widely used as a diagnostic or screening test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and disease. A peri-urban shantytown in the desert hills of south Lima, Peru, highly endemic for tuberculosis, and where bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine had been given in multiple doses until 1995. OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of multiple BCG vaccines on TST in a community-based setting. DESIGN Point-prevalence survey of TST reactions of 572 people aged 6-26 years from 255 households. TST reactions were compared to the observed number of BCG scars and other potential risk factors (age, living with a TST-positive person, and contact with active tuberculosis). RESULT People with two or more scars had significantly larger reactions, even after adjusting for potential risk factors. The adjusted population attributable fraction of being TST-positive and having two or more BCG scars was 26%. CONCLUSION There is no demonstrated benefit of repeat BCG vaccination. We therefore recommend that physicians take into consideration the number of BCG scars when interpreting the TST and that programs give no more than one BCG vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Saito
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Gibbs RA, Weinstock GM, Metzker ML, Muzny DM, Sodergren EJ, Scherer S, Scott G, Steffen D, Worley KC, Burch PE, Okwuonu G, Hines S, Lewis L, DeRamo C, Delgado O, Dugan-Rocha S, Miner G, Morgan M, Hawes A, Gill R, Celera, Holt RA, Adams MD, Amanatides PG, Baden-Tillson H, Barnstead M, Chin S, Evans CA, Ferriera S, Fosler C, Glodek A, Gu Z, Jennings D, Kraft CL, Nguyen T, Pfannkoch CM, Sitter C, Sutton GG, Venter JC, Woodage T, Smith D, Lee HM, Gustafson E, Cahill P, Kana A, Doucette-Stamm L, Weinstock K, Fechtel K, Weiss RB, Dunn DM, Green ED, Blakesley RW, Bouffard GG, De Jong PJ, Osoegawa K, Zhu B, Marra M, Schein J, Bosdet I, Fjell C, Jones S, Krzywinski M, Mathewson C, Siddiqui A, Wye N, McPherson J, Zhao S, Fraser CM, Shetty J, Shatsman S, Geer K, Chen Y, Abramzon S, Nierman WC, Havlak PH, Chen R, Durbin KJ, Simons R, Ren Y, Song XZ, Li B, Liu Y, Qin X, Cawley S, Worley KC, Cooney AJ, D'Souza LM, Martin K, Wu JQ, Gonzalez-Garay ML, Jackson AR, Kalafus KJ, McLeod MP, Milosavljevic A, Virk D, Volkov A, Wheeler DA, Zhang Z, Bailey JA, Eichler EE, Tuzun E, Birney E, Mongin E, Ureta-Vidal A, Woodwark C, Zdobnov E, Bork P, Suyama M, Torrents D, Alexandersson M, Trask BJ, Young JM, Huang H, Wang H, Xing H, Daniels S, Gietzen D, Schmidt J, Stevens K, Vitt U, Wingrove J, Camara F, Mar Albà M, Abril JF, Guigo R, Smit A, Dubchak I, Rubin EM, Couronne O, Poliakov A, Hübner N, Ganten D, Goesele C, Hummel O, Kreitler T, Lee YA, Monti J, Schulz H, Zimdahl H, Himmelbauer H, Lehrach H, Jacob HJ, Bromberg S, Gullings-Handley J, Jensen-Seaman MI, Kwitek AE, Lazar J, Pasko D, Tonellato PJ, Twigger S, Ponting CP, Duarte JM, Rice S, Goodstadt L, Beatson SA, Emes RD, Winter EE, Webber C, Brandt P, Nyakatura G, Adetobi M, Chiaromonte F, Elnitski L, Eswara P, Hardison RC, Hou M, Kolbe D, Makova K, Miller W, Nekrutenko A, Riemer C, Schwartz S, Taylor J, Yang S, Zhang Y, Lindpaintner K, Andrews TD, Caccamo M, Clamp M, Clarke L, Curwen V, Durbin R, Eyras E, Searle SM, Cooper GM, Batzoglou S, Brudno M, Sidow A, Stone EA, Venter JC, Payseur BA, Bourque G, López-Otín C, Puente XS, Chakrabarti K, Chatterji S, Dewey C, Pachter L, Bray N, Yap VB, Caspi A, Tesler G, Pevzner PA, Haussler D, Roskin KM, Baertsch R, Clawson H, Furey TS, Hinrichs AS, Karolchik D, Kent WJ, Rosenbloom KR, Trumbower H, Weirauch M, Cooper DN, Stenson PD, Ma B, Brent M, Arumugam M, Shteynberg D, Copley RR, Taylor MS, Riethman H, Mudunuri U, Peterson J, Guyer M, Felsenfeld A, Old S, Mockrin S, Collins F. Genome sequence of the Brown Norway rat yields insights into mammalian evolution. Nature 2004; 428:493-521. [PMID: 15057822 DOI: 10.1038/nature02426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1512] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2003] [Accepted: 02/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) is an indispensable tool in experimental medicine and drug development, having made inestimable contributions to human health. We report here the genome sequence of the Brown Norway (BN) rat strain. The sequence represents a high-quality 'draft' covering over 90% of the genome. The BN rat sequence is the third complete mammalian genome to be deciphered, and three-way comparisons with the human and mouse genomes resolve details of mammalian evolution. This first comprehensive analysis includes genes and proteins and their relation to human disease, repeated sequences, comparative genome-wide studies of mammalian orthologous chromosomal regions and rearrangement breakpoints, reconstruction of ancestral karyotypes and the events leading to existing species, rates of variation, and lineage-specific and lineage-independent evolutionary events such as expansion of gene families, orthology relations and protein evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, MS BCM226, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. http://www.hgsc.bcm.tmc.edu
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Abstract
Assembling structures to divide space controllably and spontaneously into subunits at the nanometer scale is a significant challenge, although one that biology has solved in two distinct ways: prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes have a single compartment delimited by one or more lipid-protein membranes. Eukaryotes have nested-membrane structures that provide internal compartments--such as the cell nucleus and cell organelles in which specialized functions are carried out. We have developed a simple method of creating nested bilayer compartments in vitro via the "interdigitated" bilayer phase formed by adding ethanol to a variety of saturated phospholipids. At temperatures below the gel-liquid crystalline transition, T(m), the interdigitated lipid-ethanol sheets are rigid and flat; when the temperature is raised above T(m), the sheets become flexible and close on themselves and the surrounding solution to form closed compartments. During this closure, the sheets can entrap other vesicles, biological macromolecules, or colloidal particles. The result is efficient and spontaneous encapsulation without disruption of even fragile materials to form biomimetic nano-environments for possible use in drug delivery, colloidal stabilization, or as microreactors. The vesosome structure can take full advantage of the 40 years of progress in liposome development including steric stabilization, pH loading of drugs, and intrinsic biocompatibility. However, the multiple compartments of the vesosome give better protection to the interior contents in serum, leading to extended release of model compounds in comparison to unilamellar liposomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Kisak
- Advanced Encapsulation, 5835 Hollister Ave Ste 209, Santa Barbara, California, 93111, USA
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Holt RA, Subramanian GM, Halpern A, Sutton GG, Charlab R, Nusskern DR, Wincker P, Clark AG, Ribeiro JMC, Wides R, Salzberg SL, Loftus B, Yandell M, Majoros WH, Rusch DB, Lai Z, Kraft CL, Abril JF, Anthouard V, Arensburger P, Atkinson PW, Baden H, de Berardinis V, Baldwin D, Benes V, Biedler J, Blass C, Bolanos R, Boscus D, Barnstead M, Cai S, Center A, Chaturverdi K, Christophides GK, Chrystal MA, Clamp M, Cravchik A, Curwen V, Dana A, Delcher A, Dew I, Evans CA, Flanigan M, Grundschober-Freimoser A, Friedli L, Gu Z, Guan P, Guigo R, Hillenmeyer ME, Hladun SL, Hogan JR, Hong YS, Hoover J, Jaillon O, Ke Z, Kodira C, Kokoza E, Koutsos A, Letunic I, Levitsky A, Liang Y, Lin JJ, Lobo NF, Lopez JR, Malek JA, McIntosh TC, Meister S, Miller J, Mobarry C, Mongin E, Murphy SD, O'Brochta DA, Pfannkoch C, Qi R, Regier MA, Remington K, Shao H, Sharakhova MV, Sitter CD, Shetty J, Smith TJ, Strong R, Sun J, Thomasova D, Ton LQ, Topalis P, Tu Z, Unger MF, Walenz B, Wang A, Wang J, Wang M, Wang X, Woodford KJ, Wortman JR, Wu M, Yao A, Zdobnov EM, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zhao S, Zhu SC, Zhimulev I, Coluzzi M, della Torre A, Roth CW, Louis C, Kalush F, Mural RJ, Myers EW, Adams MD, Smith HO, Broder S, Gardner MJ, Fraser CM, Birney E, Bork P, Brey PT, Venter JC, Weissenbach J, Kafatos FC, Collins FH, Hoffman SL. The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae. Science 2002; 298:129-49. [PMID: 12364791 DOI: 10.1126/science.1076181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1399] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae is the principal vector of malaria, a disease that afflicts more than 500 million people and causes more than 1 million deaths each year. Tenfold shotgun sequence coverage was obtained from the PEST strain of A. gambiae and assembled into scaffolds that span 278 million base pairs. A total of 91% of the genome was organized in 303 scaffolds; the largest scaffold was 23.1 million base pairs. There was substantial genetic variation within this strain, and the apparent existence of two haplotypes of approximately equal frequency ("dual haplotypes") in a substantial fraction of the genome likely reflects the outbred nature of the PEST strain. The sequence produced a conservative inference of more than 400,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that showed a markedly bimodal density distribution. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed strong evidence for about 14,000 protein-encoding transcripts. Prominent expansions in specific families of proteins likely involved in cell adhesion and immunity were noted. An expressed sequence tag analysis of genes regulated by blood feeding provided insights into the physiological adaptations of a hematophagous insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Holt
- Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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