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McGee RG, Cowell CT, Arnolda G, Ting HP, Hibbert P, Dowton SB, Braithwaite J. Assessing guideline adherence in the management of type 1 diabetes mellitus in Australian children: a population-based sample survey. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001141. [PMID: 32709758 PMCID: PMC7380831 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-001141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To estimate adherence to clinical practice guidelines in selected settings at a population level for Australian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Medical records of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus aged 0-15 years in 2012-2013 were targeted for sampling across inpatient, emergency department and community visits with specialist pediatricians in regional and metropolitan areas and tertiary pediatric hospitals in three states where approximately 60% of Australian children reside. Clinical recommendations extracted from two clinical practice guidelines were used to audit adherence. Results were aggregated across types of care (diagnosis, routine care, emergency care). RESULTS Surveyors conducted 6346 indicator assessments from an audit of 539 healthcare visits by 251 children. Average adherence across all indicators was estimated at 79.9% (95% CI 69.5 to 88.0). Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus have higher rates of behavioral and psychological disorders, but only a third of children (37.9%; 95% CI 11.7 to 70.7) with suboptimal glycemic control (eg, hemoglobin A1c >10% or 86 mmol/mol) were screened for psychological disorders using a validated tool; this was the only indicator with <50% estimated adherence. Adherence by care type was: 86.1% for diagnosis (95% CI 76.7 to 92.7); 78.8% for routine care (95% CI 65.4 to 88.9) and 83.9% for emergency care (95% CI 78.4 to 88.5). CONCLUSIONS Most indicators for care of children with type 1 diabetes mellitus were adhered to. However, there remains room to improve adherence to guidelines for optimization of practice consistency and minimization of future disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G McGee
- Central Coast Clinical School, The University of Newcastle Faculty of Health and Medicine, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris T Cowell
- The University of Sydney Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gaston Arnolda
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hsuen P Ting
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Hibbert
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute (UniSA CRI), School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - S Bruce Dowton
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Braithwaite
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
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Ke L, Mason RS, Baur LA, Cowell CT, Liu X, Garnett SP, Brock KE. Vitamin D levels in childhood and adolescence and cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of healthy Australian children. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 177:270-277. [PMID: 28716759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As the prevalence of obesity appears to be increasing in Australia's youth the overall objective of this study was to examine serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentrations in a cohort of 8-year-olds (n=249) followed up at age 15 (n=162) and explore associations between 25OHD with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in these populations. This was done in two stages: the first, two cross-sectional analyses (at ages 8 and 15); and the second, a prospective analysis from age 8 to 15. At both ages data on 25OHD, blood lipids, and anthropometry were measured. Date of blood draw was used as a surrogate of sunlight exposure. Results were then analysed by multivariate linear analyses taking into account interaction and confounding. Mean 25OHD concentrations decreased from 94±25nmol/L to 63±16nmol/L between age 8 and 15 years (p<0.001). On cross-sectional analysis of 8year olds, no CVD risk factor was found to be significantly associated with 25OHD concentrations. On cross-sectional analysis of 15year olds lower 25OHD levels were significantly associated with higher body fat (adjusted β=-0.24, p=0.003). Prospectively, lower 25OHD levels in 8-year-old boys, but not girls, were significantly associated with higher blood total cholesterol (adjusted β=-0.28, p=0.040) and triglyceride levels (adjusted β=-0.33, p=0.030) at age 15. The limitation of these data is the relatively small sample sizes, however these results suggest that low 25OHD in childhood needs to be further investigated in larger cohort studies as there may be later cardiovascular consequences in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Ke
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Louise A Baur
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Chris T Cowell
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah P Garnett
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Australia; Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Sydney, Australia
| | - Kaye E Brock
- Physiology, School of Medical Sciences Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Australia.
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Gow ML, Baur LA, Johnson NA, Cowell CT, Garnett SP. Reversal of type 2 diabetes in youth who adhere to a very-low-energy diet: a pilot study. Diabetologia 2017; 60:406-415. [PMID: 27889809 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of the study was to investigate whether a very-low-energy diet (VLED) is a feasible and acceptable treatment option for type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents, and whether adherence can lead to rapid weight loss, reversal of type 2 diabetes and reduced liver fat as seen in adult studies. METHODS Eight participants with type 2 diabetes and obesity, aged 7-16 years, non-medicated (n = 1) or treated with metformin (n = 7) and in some cases insulin (n = 3), followed a VLED (<3360 kJ/day) for 8 weeks, then transitioned to a hypocaloric diet (∼6300 kJ/day) that they followed to 34 weeks. HbA1c, fasting glucose and 2 h post-glucose load plasma glucose (2hG) were determined from fasting blood and an OGTT. Liver fat concentration was quantified using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Adherence was defined as ≥5% weight loss during the 8 week VLED. RESULTS Adherers (n = 5) and non-adherers (n = 3) had median weight loss of 7.5% and 0.5%, respectively, at 8 weeks. Overall, HbA1c (mean [SE] 8.1% [0.7%] to 6.6% [0.5%]; p = 0.004) and 2hG (15.6 [1.6] mmol/l to 11.3 [1.0] mmol/l; p = 0.009) were significantly reduced at 8 weeks compared with baseline. Liver fat was also significantly reduced from baseline (14.7% [2.2%]) to 8 weeks (5.8% [1.7%]; p = 0.001). Only three out of eight participants met non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) criteria (≥5.5%) at 8 weeks, compared with eight out of eight at baseline. The three participants on insulin therapy at baseline were able to cease therapy during the 8 week VLED. At 34 weeks, adherers (n = 5) achieved 12.3% weight loss, none met NAFLD criteria and four did not meet American Diabetes Association criteria for type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A VLED appears to be a feasible treatment option for some youth with type 2 diabetes on metformin therapy. Youth who agree to participate and adhere to a VLED achieve rapid weight loss, dramatic reductions in liver fat and reversal of type 2 diabetes. This highlights the capacity of a VLED to be used as a first-line treatment option in newly diagnosed youth. A larger trial with a control group and longer follow-up will be required to encourage a change in standard treatment. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registration Number (ACTRN) ACTRN12616000375459 ( www.ANZCTR.org.au/ACTRN12616000375459.aspx ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Gow
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Corner of Hawkesbury Road and Hainsworth Street, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Louise A Baur
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nathan A Johnson
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris T Cowell
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Corner of Hawkesbury Road and Hainsworth Street, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Kids' Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah P Garnett
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Corner of Hawkesbury Road and Hainsworth Street, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
- Kids' Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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4
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Jamil K, Zacharin M, Foster B, Donald G, Hassall T, Siafarikas A, Johnson M, Tham E, Whitewood C, Gebski V, Cowell CT, Little DG, Munns CF. Protocol for a randomised control trial of bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid) treatment in childhood femoral head avascular necrosis due to Perthes disease. BMJ Paediatr Open 2017; 1:e000084. [PMID: 29637122 PMCID: PMC5862235 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2017-000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perthes disease (PD) is an idiopathic disorder presenting with avascular necrosis to the femoral head, which frequently results in flattening. Long-term function is directly related to the subsequent femoral head sphericity. Current treatment includes mechanical modalities and surgical procedures, which are therapeutic but are not uniformly able to prevent collapse. The use of the nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZA) to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption is aimed at preserving femoral head strength, reducing collapse and thus maintaining shape. The proposed multicentre, prospective, randomised controlled trial intends to evaluate the efficacy of ZA treatment in PD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS An open-label randomised control trial recruiting 100 children (50 each treatment arm) 5 to 16 years old with unilateral PD. Subjects are randomly assigned to either (a) ZA and standard care or (b) Standard care. The primary outcome measure is deformity index (DI), a radiographic parameter of femoral head roundness assessed at 24 months, following 12 months of ZA treatment (3-monthly doses of ZA 0.025 mg/kg at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) plus 12 months observation (group A) or 24 months of observation (group B). Secondary outcome measures are femoral head subluxation, Faces Pain scale, Harris hip score and quality of life. Assessments are made at baseline, 3 monthly during the first year of follow-up and then 6 monthly, until the 24th month. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study commenced following the written approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee. Safety considerations regarding the effects of ZA are monitored which include the subject's symptomatology, mineral status, bone mass and turnover activity, and metaphyseal modelling. Data handling plan requires that all documents, clinical information, biological samples and investigation results will be held in strict confidence by study investigators to preserve its safety and confidentiality. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials ACTRN12610000407099, pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Jamil
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Margaret Zacharin
- Department of Endocrinology, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruce Foster
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Donald
- Department of Orthopaedic, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy Hassall
- Department of Oncology, Lady Cilento Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Johnson
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elaine Tham
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Women's and Children's Hospital Adelaide, North Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Colin Whitewood
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Val Gebski
- NHRMC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Chris T Cowell
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David Graham Little
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig Frank Munns
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
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5
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Movin M, Garden FL, Protudjer JLP, Ullemar V, Svensdotter F, Andersson D, Kruse A, Cowell CT, Toelle BG, Marks GB, Almqvist C. Impact of childhood asthma on growth trajectories in early adolescence: Findings from the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS). Respirology 2016; 22:460-465. [PMID: 27859946 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Understanding the associations between childhood asthma and growth in early adolescence by accounting for the heterogeneity of growth during puberty has been largely unexplored. The objective was to identify sex-specific classes of growth trajectories during early adolescence, using a method which takes the heterogeneity of growth into account and to evaluate the association between childhood asthma and different classes of growth trajectories in adolescence. METHODS Our longitudinal study included participants with a family history of asthma born during 1997-1999 in Sydney, Australia. Hence, all participants were at high risk for asthma. Asthma status was ascertained at 8 years of age using data from questionnaires and lung function tests. Growth trajectories between 11 and 14 years of age were classified using a latent basis growth mixture model. Multinomial regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between asthma and the categorized classes of growth trajectories. RESULTS In total, 316 participants (51.6% boys), representing 51.3% of the entire cohort, were included. Sex-specific classes of growth trajectories were defined. Among boys, asthma was not associated with the classes of growth trajectories. Girls with asthma were more likely than girls without asthma to belong to a class with later growth (OR: 3.79, 95% CI: 1.33, 10.84). Excluding participants using inhaled corticosteroids or adjusting for confounders did not significantly change the results for either sex. CONCLUSION We identified sex-specific heterogeneous classes of growth using growth mixture modelling. Associations between childhood asthma and different classes of growth trajectories were found for girls only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Movin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Frances L Garden
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer L P Protudjer
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vilhelmina Ullemar
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Frida Svensdotter
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Andersson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Kruse
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chris T Cowell
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brett G Toelle
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guy B Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Lung and Allergy Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Westbrook JI, Li L, Raban MZ, Baysari MT, Mumford V, Prgomet M, Georgiou A, Kim T, Lake R, McCullagh C, Dalla-Pozza L, Karnon J, O'Brien TA, Ambler G, Day R, Cowell CT, Gazarian M, Worthington R, Lehmann CU, White L, Barbaric D, Gardo A, Kelly M, Kennedy P. Stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of an electronic medication management system to reduce medication errors, adverse drug events and average length of stay at two paediatric hospitals: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e011811. [PMID: 27797997 PMCID: PMC5093386 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medication errors are the most frequent cause of preventable harm in hospitals. Medication management in paediatric patients is particularly complex and consequently potential for harms are greater than in adults. Electronic medication management (eMM) systems are heralded as a highly effective intervention to reduce adverse drug events (ADEs), yet internationally evidence of their effectiveness in paediatric populations is limited. This study will assess the effectiveness of an eMM system to reduce medication errors, ADEs and length of stay (LOS). The study will also investigate system impact on clinical work processes. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial (SWCRCT) will measure changes pre-eMM and post-eMM system implementation in prescribing and medication administration error (MAE) rates, potential and actual ADEs, and average LOS. In stage 1, 8 wards within the first paediatric hospital will be randomised to receive the eMM system 1 week apart. In stage 2, the second paediatric hospital will randomise implementation of a modified eMM and outcomes will be assessed. Prescribing errors will be identified through record reviews, and MAEs through direct observation of nurses and record reviews. Actual and potential severity will be assigned. Outcomes will be assessed at the patient-level using mixed models, taking into account correlation of admissions within wards and multiple admissions for the same patient, with adjustment for potential confounders. Interviews and direct observation of clinicians will investigate the effects of the system on workflow. Data from site 1 will be used to develop improvements in the eMM and implemented at site 2, where the SWCRCT design will be repeated (stage 2). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The research has been approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and Macquarie University. Results will be reported through academic journals and seminar and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) 370325.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Westbrook
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - L Li
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Z Raban
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M T Baysari
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - V Mumford
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - M Prgomet
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - A Georgiou
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - T Kim
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Lake
- Centre for Health Systems and Safety Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - G Ambler
- The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and The University of Sydney
| | - R Day
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales
| | | | - M Gazarian
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales
| | | | | | - L White
- Office of Kids and Families NSW Health
| | | | - A Gardo
- The Sydney Children's Hospitals Network
| | - M Kelly
- Office of Kids and Families NSW Health
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Ho M, Heath ALM, Gow M, Baur LA, Cowell CT, Samman S, Garnett SP. Zinc Intake, Zinc Bioavailability and Plasma Zinc in Obese Adolescents with Clinical Insulin Resistance Following Low Energy Diets. Ann Nutr Metab 2016; 69:135-141. [DOI: 10.1159/000450728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Zinc has a critical role in metabolism and growth. This study aims to determine the effects of low-energy diets differing in macronutrient composition on zinc intake, estimated zinc bioavailability (phytate:zinc molar ratio) and plasma zinc concentration and associations between zinc status and cardiometabolic markers in obese adolescents with clinical insulin resistance (IR). Methods: Eighty-seven obese adolescents (10-17 years, body mass index z-score 2.3 ± 0.37) with clinical IR were randomized to a low-energy diet (6.0-8.0 MJ), which was either high carbohydrate or moderate carbohydrate with increased protein. Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected at 6, 9 and 12 weeks. Plasma zinc concentration and cardiometabolic markers were assessed at baseline and 12 weeks. Results: Zinc intake did not differ between the 2 diet groups (p = 0.612). The high-carbohydrate group had a higher phytate intake (894 vs. 671 mg, p = 0.018) and phytate:zinc molar ratio (9.4 vs. 7.4, p = 0.009) than the increased-protein group. Plasma zinc concentration did not change from baseline in either of the diet groups, but correlated positively with zinc intake (r = 0.235, p = 0.042) and % energy from protein (r = 0.383, p = 0.001), and inversely with % energy from carbohydrate (r = -0.296, p = 0.010). Conclusions: Low energy diets for obese adolescents at risk of diabetes may need increased protein content to optimize zinc bioavailability.
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Gow ML, Baur LA, Ho M, Chisholm K, Noakes M, Cowell CT, Garnett SP. Can early weight loss, eating behaviors and socioeconomic factors predict successful weight loss at 12- and 24-months in adolescents with obesity and insulin resistance participating in a randomised controlled trial? Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:43. [PMID: 27036113 PMCID: PMC4818484 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0367-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle interventions in adolescents with obesity can result in weight loss following active intervention but individual responses vary widely. This study aimed to identify predictors of weight loss at 12- and 24-months in adolescents with obesity and clinical features of insulin resistance. METHODS Adolescents (n = 111, 66 girls, aged 10-17 years) were participants in a randomised controlled trial, the RESIST study, examining the effects of two diets differing in macronutrient content on insulin sensitivity. Eighty-five completed the 12-month program and 24-month follow-up data were available for 42 adolescents. Change in weight was determined by BMI expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile (BMI95). The study physician collected socioeconomic data at baseline. Physical activity and screen time, and psychological dimensions of eating behavior were self-reported using the validated CLASS and EPI-C questionnaires, respectively. Stepwise multiple regressions were conducted to identify models that best predicted change in BMI95 at 12- and 24-months. RESULTS Mean BMI95 was reduced at 12-months compared with baseline (mean difference [MD] ± SE: -6.9 ± 1.0, P < 0.001) but adolescents had significant re-gain from 12- to 24-months (MD ± SE: 3.7 ± 1.5, P = 0.017). Participants who achieved greater 12-month weight loss had: greater 3-month weight loss, a father with a higher education, lower baseline external eating and parental pressure to eat scores and two parents living at home. Participants who achieved greater 24-month weight loss had: greater 12-month weight loss and a lower baseline emotional eating score. CONCLUSIONS Early weight loss is consistently identified as a strong predictor of long-term weight loss. This could be because early weight loss identifies those more motivated and engaged individuals. Patients who have baseline factors predictive of long-term weight loss failure may benefit from additional support during the intervention. Additionally, if a patient does not achieve early weight loss, further support or transition to an alternate intervention where they may have increased success may be considered. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registration Number (ACTRN) 12608000416392 https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=83071.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Gow
- />Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- />The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Louise A. Baur
- />The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- />Kids Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Mandy Ho
- />The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Kerryn Chisholm
- />Nutrition and Dietetics and Weight Management Services, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Manny Noakes
- />CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Chris T. Cowell
- />Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- />The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- />Kids Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Sarah P. Garnett
- />Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- />The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
- />Kids Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145 Australia
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9
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Abstract
Extremes of body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis of childhood cancers have been associated with poorer prognosis. The aims of this retrospective review were to examine the growth and BMI status of children diagnosed with neuroblastoma (NB) and determine if BMI status at diagnosis affected survival. Between 1985 and 2005, 154 children were diagnosed with NB at Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead), Australia, of which 129 had both length/height and weight recorded in the medical records at diagnosis. BMI was calculated and children were classified as underweight (BMI <15th percentile), normal weight, and overweight (BMI >85th percentile). Disease stage was classified according to the International NB Staging System. At diagnosis, 24.0% of the children were classified as underweight and 11.6% were overweight. Six months after diagnosis all children except those with stage 4s disease had a decrease in BMI z-score; difference in estimated marginal mean -0.73, P < .001. After 12 months an increase in BMI z-score was observed and by 2 years BMI z-score was significantly higher than BMI z-score at baseline; difference in estimated marginal mean 0.81, P = .007. At the last follow-up (median 5.6 years [range 3-7] after diagnosis) the proportion of children who were classified as underweight decreased to 8.7% and the proportion of children who were classified as overweight increased to 27.5%. The overall survival rate was 61.2%; however, BMI status did not predict survival. In multivariable Cox regression modeling, stage at diagnosis was the only predictor of survival; children diagnosed with stage 4 were less likely to survive (hazard ratio [HR] [95%CI]: 7.02 [1.7-29.0], P = .007). Almost a quarter of children with NB were underweight at diagnosis. However, we did not demonstrate a prognostic association between BMI status and survival. The high proportion of children who were classified as overweight at follow-up indicates a need for nutritional interventions to prevent potential late effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel G Small
- From the School of Medicine (AGS, MEC), University of New South Wales; Children's Cancer Research Unit (LMT, JAB, LL), Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead); Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health (LMT, JAB, LL, CTC, SPG), Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead) Clinical School, University of Sydney; Kids Research Institute (LMT, JAB, LL, CTC, SPG); Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes (AC, MEC, CTC, SPG), Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Westmead); and School of Women's and Children's Health (MEC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Ho M, Benitez-Aguirre PZ, Donaghue KC, Mitchell P, Baur LA, Jenkins AJ, Craig ME, Cowell CT, Garnett SP. Arterial elasticity in obese adolescents with clinical features of insulin resistance. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2015; 12:62-9. [PMID: 25381349 DOI: 10.1177/1479164114554610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether arterial elasticity differs between obese adolescents with clinical insulin resistance (IR), type 1 diabetes (T1D) and healthy non-obese controls. METHODS This cross-sectional study evaluated 69 adolescents with clinical IR, 91 with T1D and 63 age-matched (10- to 18-year-old) controls. Arterial elasticity was measured using radial tonometry pulse-wave analysis. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were performed to assess the determinants of the small and large arterial elasticity indices (SAEI and LAEI). RESULTS SAEI and LAEI raw values were higher in the IR group than the controls, and these did not differ between the T1D and control groups. Weight and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significant predictors of SAEI. After adjustment for weight and DBP, SAEI decreased by 0.65 mL/mmHg × 100 for each 1-year increase in age in the IR group. SAEI was not different across the groups after controlling for weight and DBP. Height was the strongest predictor of LAEI which remained higher in the IR group after controlling for height and blood pressure. CONCLUSION Obese adolescents with clinical IR have a higher SAEI, which declines with age; this may reflect a pathway to an increased risk of premature cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Ho
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Z Benitez-Aguirre
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim C Donaghue
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise A Baur
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alicia J Jenkins
- St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria E Craig
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris T Cowell
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah P Garnett
- Discipline of Paediatrics & Child Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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11
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Garnett SP, Gow M, Ho M, Baur LA, Noakes M, Woodhead HJ, Broderick CR, Chisholm K, Briody J, De S, Steinbeck K, Srinivasan S, Ambler GR, Cowell CT. Improved insulin sensitivity and body composition, irrespective of macronutrient intake, after a 12 month intervention in adolescents with pre-diabetes; RESIST a randomised control trial. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:289. [PMID: 25422027 PMCID: PMC4252020 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-014-0289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A higher protein to carbohydrate ratio in the diet may potentiate weight loss, improve body composition and cardiometabolic risk, including glucose homeostasis in adults. The aim of this randomised control trial was to determine the efficacy of two structured lifestyle interventions, differing in dietary macronutrient content, on insulin sensitivity and body composition in adolescents. We hypothesised that a moderate-carbohydrate (40-45% of energy), increased-protein (25-30%) diet would be more effective than a high-carbohydrate diet (55-60%), moderate-protein (15%) diet in improving outcomes in obese, insulin resistant adolescents. Methods Obese 10–17 year olds with either pre-diabetes and/or clinical features of insulin resistance were recruited at two hospitals in Sydney, Australia. At baseline adolescents were prescribed metformin and randomised to one of two energy restricted diets. The intervention included regular contact with the dietician and a supervised physical activity program. Outcomes included insulin sensitivity index measured by an oral glucose tolerance test and body composition measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at 12 months. Results Of the 111 adolescents recruited, 85 (77%) completed the intervention. BMI expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile decreased by 6.8% [95% CI: −8.8 to −4.9], ISI increased by 0.2 [95% CI: 0.06 to 0.39] and percent body fat decreased by 2.4% [95% CI: −3.4 to −1.3]. There were no significant differences in outcomes between diet groups at any time. Conclusion When treated with metformin and an exercise program, a structured, reduced energy diet, which is either high-carbohydrate or moderate-carbohydrate with increased-protein, can achieve clinically significant improvements in obese adolescents at risk of type 2 diabetes. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trail Registry ACTRN12608000416392. Registered 25 August 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Garnett
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Megan Gow
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Mandy Ho
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Louise A Baur
- Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Manny Noakes
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide, BC South Australia, 5000, Australia.
| | - Helen J Woodhead
- Department of Paediatrics, Campbelltown Hospital, PO Box 149, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia. .,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - Carolyn R Broderick
- The Children's Hospital Institute of Sports Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,The School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Medicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Kerryn Chisholm
- Nutrition and Dietetics and Weight Management Services, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Julie Briody
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Sukanya De
- Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Katherine Steinbeck
- Academic Department of Adolescent Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2066, Australia.
| | - Shubha Srinivasan
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey R Ambler
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Chris T Cowell
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia. .,The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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12
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Wan CS, Ward LC, Halim J, Gow ML, Ho M, Briody JN, Leung K, Cowell CT, Garnett SP. Bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition, and change in adiposity, in overweight and obese adolescents: comparison with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. BMC Pediatr 2014; 14:249. [PMID: 25280868 PMCID: PMC4288657 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-14-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a need for a practical, inexpensive method to assess body composition in obese adolescents. This study aimed to 1) compare body composition parameters estimated by a stand-on, multi-frequency bioelectrical impendence (BIA) device, using a) the manufacturers’ equations, and b) published and derived equations with body composition measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and 2) assess percentage body fat (%BF) change after a weight loss intervention. Methods Participants were 66 obese adolescents, mean age (SD) 12.9 (2.0) years. Body composition was measured by Tanita BIA MC-180MA (Tanita BIA8) and DXA (GE-Lunar Prodigy). BIA resistance and reactance data at frequencies of 5, 50, 250 and 500 kHz, were used in published equations, and to generate a new prediction equation for fat-free mass (FFM) using a split-sample method. Approximately half (n = 34) of the adolescents had their body composition measured by DXA and BIA on two occasions, three to nine months apart. Results The correlations between FFM (kg), fat mass (kg) and %BF measured by BIA and DXA were 0.92, 0.93 and 0.78, respectively. The Tanita BIA8 manufacturers equations significantly (P < 0.001) overestimated FFM (4.3 kg [-5.3 to 13.9]) and underestimated %BF (-5.0% [-15 to 5.0]) compared to DXA. The mean differences between BIA derived equations and DXA measured body composition parameters were small (0.4 to 2.1%), not significant, but had large limits of agreements (~ ±15% for FFM). After the intervention mean %BF loss was similar by both methods (~1.5%), but with wide limits of agreement. Conclusion The Tanita BIA8 could be a valuable clinical tool to measure body composition at the group level, but is inaccurate for the individual obese adolescent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah P Garnett
- Institute of Endocrinology & Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW2145, Australia.
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13
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Ho M, Gow M, Baur LA, Benitez-Aguirre PZ, Tam CS, Donaghue KC, Craig ME, Cowell CT, Garnett SP. Effect of fat loss on arterial elasticity in obese adolescents with clinical insulin resistance: RESIST study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E1846-53. [PMID: 24955610 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Reduced arterial elasticity contributes to an obesity-related increase in cardiovascular risk in adults. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of fat loss on arterial elasticity in obese adolescents at risk of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN A secondary data analysis of the RESIST study was performed in two hospitals in Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS The study included 56 subjects (ages, 10 to 17 y; 25 males) with prediabetes and/or clinical features of insulin resistance. INTERVENTION A 12-month lifestyle plus metformin intervention. OUTCOMES Arterial elasticity and systemic vascular resistance were measured using radial tonometry pulse contour analysis, percentage body fat (%BF) was measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and insulin sensitivity index was derived from an oral glucose tolerance test and lipids. RESULTS Adolescents (n = 31) with decreased %BF (mean change [range], -4.4% [-18.3 to -0.01%]) after the intervention had significant increases in the mean large arterial elasticity index (mean change [95%CI], 5.1 [1.9 to 8.2] mL/mm Hg * 10; P = .003) and insulin sensitivity index (0.5 [0.1 to 0.9]; P = .010) and a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (-82 [-129 to -35] dyne * s * cm(-5); P = .001). There were no significant changes in these parameters in adolescents who increased their %BF. Nor was there any significant change in the mean small arterial elasticity index in either group. CONCLUSION Long-term follow-up of these adolescents is warranted to assess whether the observed changes in vascular elasticity will lead to a clinical benefit including reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Ho
- Discipline of Pediatrics and Child Health (M.H., M.G., L.A.B., K.C.D., M.E.C., C.T.C., S.P.G.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes (M.H., M.G., P.Z.B.-A., K.C.D., M.E.C., C.T.C., S.P.G.), and Kids Research Institute (L.A.B., C.T.C.), The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; The Charles Perkins Centre and School of Biological Sciences (C.S.T.), University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Endocrinology (C.S.T.), Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; and School of Women and Children's Health (M.E.C.), University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
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14
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Graves L, Garnett SP, Cowell CT, Baur LA, Ness A, Sattar N, Lawlor DA. Waist-to-height ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence: findings from a prospective birth cohort. Pediatr Obes 2014; 9:327-38. [PMID: 23894119 PMCID: PMC4238826 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) measured in childhood and adolescence and cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. METHODS Secondary data analysis of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, a population based cohort. Data from 2858 adolescents aged 15.5 (standard deviation 0.4) years and 2710 of these participants as children aged 7-9 years were used in this analysis. Outcome measures were cardiometabolic risk factors, including triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, insulin, glucose and blood pressure at 15 years of age. RESULTS Both BMI and WHtR measured at ages 7-9 years and at age 15 years were associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents. A WHtR ≥0.5 at 7-9 years increased the odds by 4.6 [95% confidence interval 2.6 to 8.1] for males and 1.6 [0.7 to 3.9] for females of having three or more cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescence. Cross-sectional analysis indicated that adolescents who had a WHtR ≥0.5, the odds ratio of having three or more cardiometabolic risk factors was 6.8 [4.4 to 10.6] for males and 3.8 [2.3 to 6.3] for females. The WHtR cut-point was highly specific in identifying cardiometabolic risk co-occurrence in male children and adolescents as well as female children (90 to 95%), but had poor sensitivity (17 to 53%). Similar associations were observed when BMI was used to define excess adiposity. CONCLUSIONS WHtR is a simple alternative to age and sex adjusted BMI for assessing cardiometabolic risk in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Graves
- Sydney Medical School, University of SydneySydney, Australia,The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of SydneySydney, Australia
| | - S P Garnett
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of SydneySydney, Australia,Kids Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital at WestmeadWestmead, Australia,Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at WestmeadWestmead, Australia,Address for correspondence: A/Professor SP Garnett, Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. E-mail:
| | - C T Cowell
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of SydneySydney, Australia,Kids Research Institute, The Children’s Hospital at WestmeadWestmead, Australia,Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at WestmeadWestmead, Australia
| | - L A Baur
- The Children’s Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of SydneySydney, Australia
| | - A Ness
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, University of BristolBristol, UK
| | - N Sattar
- Metabolic Medicine, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - D A Lawlor
- MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of BristolBristol, UK
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15
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Gow ML, Ho M, Burrows TL, Baur LA, Stewart L, Hutchesson MJ, Cowell CT, Collins CE, Garnett SP. Impact of dietary macronutrient distribution on BMI and cardiometabolic outcomes in overweight and obese children and adolescents: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:453-70. [PMID: 24920422 DOI: 10.1111/nure.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present systematic review examined the effectiveness of weight management interventions comparing diets with varying macronutrient distributions on BMI and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese children and adolescents. A systematic search of seven databases for the period 1975-2013 identified 14 eligible randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials conducted with 6-18-year-old subjects. Seven trials compared a low-fat (≤ 33% energy or < 40 g/day) to an isocaloric (n = 2) or ad libitum (n = 5) low-carbohydrate diet (< 20% energy or < 60 g/day). Meta-analysis indicated a greater reduction in BMI in the low-carbohydrate group immediately after dietary intervention; however, the quality of the studies was limited and cardiometabolic benefits were inconsistent. Six trials compared increased-protein diets (19-30% energy) to isocaloric standard-protein diets (15-20% energy) and one compared an increased-fat diet (40% energy) to an isocaloric standard-fat diet (27% energy); there were no differences in outcomes in these studies. Current evidence suggests that improved weight status can be achieved in overweight or obese children and adolescents irrespective of the macronutrient distribution of a reduced-energy diet. Tailoring the macronutrient content to target specific cardiometabolic risk factors, such as a low-carbohydrate diet to treat insulin resistance, may be possible, but further research is needed before specific recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Gow
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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Ooi HL, Briody J, Biggin A, Cowell CT, Munns CF. Intravenous zoledronic Acid given every 6 months in childhood osteoporosis. Horm Res Paediatr 2014; 80:179-84. [PMID: 24052046 DOI: 10.1159/000354303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of 12 months of zoledronic acid (ZA) administered every 6 months to children with osteoporosis. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of 27 patients (16 male, 11 female) treated with ZA (0.05 mg/kg/dose) every 6 months for 1 year. 20 were immobile, 4 steroid-induced osteoporosis, 2 idiopathic osteoporosis and 1 neurofibromatosis type 1. 16 had long bone fractures and 12 had vertebral wedging at baseline. Mineral homeostasis, bone mineral density (BMD) and vertebral morphometry were evaluated at baseline and 12 months. Results were compared to published data on 3-monthly ZA treatment. RESULTS Median age at ZA start was 10.5 years (range 6.2-13.3). Following the first infusion, 2 developed asymptomatic hypocalcemic, 14 developed temperature > 38°C, 13 aches/pain and 6 nausea. At 12 months, there was reduction in bone turnover and improvement in BMD and vertebral shape. No patient fractured after starting ZA. Growth was normal. Outcomes were similar to 3-monthly ZA. CONCLUSION ZA administered 6-monthly was associated with acute phase reaction to the first dose and improvement in BMD, reduction in bone turnover and improved vertebral shape at 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Leng Ooi
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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17
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Joslowski G, Halim J, Goletzke J, Gow M, Ho M, Louie JCY, Buyken AE, Cowell CT, Garnett SP. Dietary glycemic load, insulin load, and weight loss in obese, insulin resistant adolescents: RESIST study. Clin Nutr 2014; 34:89-94. [PMID: 24534012 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The optimal dietary approach for weight loss and improving insulin sensitivity in adolescents is unknown. This study aimed to explore the association between the estimated insulin demand of the diet, as measured by glycemic and insulin load, weight loss, percentage body fat and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) in obese adolescents with clinical features of insulin resistance and/or prediabetes after a 3 month lifestyle and metformin intervention. METHODS Secondary data analysis of 91 adolescents (median age 12.7 years (range 10.1-17.4) participating in a randomized controlled trial, known as RESIST; ACTRN12608000416392. Weight change between baseline and 3 months was measured by BMI expressed as percentage of the 95th centile (BMI %95). Body composition was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and ISI was determined by an oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Higher dietary glycemic load and insulin load were associated with less weight loss (BMI %95), adjusted for sex and pubertal stage, β = 0.0466, P = 0.007 and β = 0.0124, P = 0.040, respectively. Inclusion of total energy intake in the model explained observed associations between dietary glycemic load and insulin load and change in BMI %95. Neither dietary glycemic load nor insulin load were associated with changes in percentage body fat or ISI. Dietary glycemic index and macronutrient content (% of total energy) were not associated to changes in BMI %95, percentage body fat or ISI. CONCLUSION Reduced energy diet contributes to weight loss in obese, insulin resistant adolescents. Diets with a lower insulin demand were associated with a lower energy intake and may hence assist with weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Joslowski
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany.
| | - Jocelyn Halim
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Janina Goletzke
- IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany
| | - Megan Gow
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mandy Ho
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jimmy C-Y Louie
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, The University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Anette E Buyken
- IEL-Nutritional Epidemiology, University of Bonn, DONALD Study at the Research Institute of Child Nutrition, Germany
| | - Chris T Cowell
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sarah P Garnett
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Kids Research Institute at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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Gow ML, van Doorn N, Ho M, Broderick CR, Baur LA, Cowell CT, Garnett SP. Fitness, function, activity and screen time—Can benefits from a 12 week exercise program be maintained? The RESIST study. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Garnett SP, Gow M, Ho M, Baur LA, Woodhead HJ, Chisholm K, Halim J, Steinbeck K, Noakes M, Cowell CT. Insulin sensitivity, body composition and macronutrient intake in adolescents with pre-diabetes; RESIST a randomised control trial. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.12.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ho M, Gow M, Halim J, Chisholm K, Baur LA, Noakes M, Steinbeck K, Kohn MR, Cowell CT, Garnett SP. Effect of a prescriptive dietary intervention on psychological dimensions of eating behavior in obese adolescents. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2013; 10:119. [PMID: 24156290 PMCID: PMC3842818 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-10-119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Overweight adolescents are more likely to have dysfunctional eating behaviours compared to normal weight adolescents. Little is known about the effects of obesity treatment on the psychological dimensions of eating behavior in this population. Objective To examine the effects of a prescriptive dietary intervention on external eating (eating in response to food cues, regardless of hunger and satiety), emotional eating and dietary restraint and their relation to weight loss. Parental acceptability was also examined. Method This is a secondary study of a 12-month randomized trial, the RESIST study, which examined the effects of two diets on insulin sensitivity. Participants were 109 obese 10- to 17-year-olds with clinical features of insulin resistance. The program commenced with a 3-month dietary intervention using a structured meal plan, with the addition of an exercise intervention in the next 3 months and followed by a 6 month maintenance period.This paper presents changes in eating behaviors measured by the Eating Pattern Inventory for Children and parent rated diet acceptability during the first 6 months of the trial. As there was no difference between the diets on outcome of interest, both diet groups were combined for analyses. Results After 6 months, the proportion of participants who reported consuming more in response to external eating cues decreased from 17% to 5% (P = 0.003), whereas non- emotional eating increased from 48% to 65% (p = 0.014). Dietary restraint and parental pressure to eat remained unchanged. A reduction in external eating (rho = 0.36, P < 0.001) and a reduction in dietary restraint (r = 0.26, P = 0.013) were associated with greater weight loss at 3 and 6 months, respectively. Overall this approach was well accepted by parents with 72% of parents considered that their child would be able to follow the meal plan for the longer term. Conclusions In the short to medium term, a prescriptive dietary intervention approach is a well-accepted and suitable option for obese adolescents with clinical features of insulin resistance. It may reduce external and emotional eating, led to modest weight loss and did not cause any adverse effect on dietary restraint. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registration Number (ACTRN) 12608000416392 https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=83071
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah P Garnett
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Garnett SP, Gow M, Ho M, Baur LA, Noakes M, Woodhead HJ, Broderick CR, Burrell S, Chisholm K, Halim J, De S, Steinbeck K, Srinivasan S, Ambler GR, Kohn MR, Cowell CT. Optimal macronutrient content of the diet for adolescents with prediabetes; RESIST a randomised control trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:2116-25. [PMID: 23533232 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-4251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Prediabetes and clinical insulin resistance in adolescents are rapidly emerging clinical problems with serious health outcomes. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of 2 structured lifestyle interventions, both differing in diet macronutrient composition, on insulin sensitivity. DESIGN This study was a randomized controlled trial, known as Researching Effective Strategies to Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Children and Teenagers, in 2 hospitals in Sydney, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Participants included overweight or obese 10- to 17-year-olds with either prediabetes and/or clinical features of insulin resistance. INTERVENTION At baseline adolescents were prescribed metformin and randomized to a structured diet, which was either high carbohydrate or moderate carbohydrate with increased protein. The program commenced with a 3-month dietary intervention, with the addition of an exercise intervention in the next 3 months. OUTCOMES The outcomes included an insulin sensitivity, anthropometry, and cardiometabolic profile at 6 months. RESULTS One hundred eleven subjects (66 girls) were recruited and 98 subjects (58 girls) completed the 6-month intervention. After 3 months the mean insulin sensitivity index increased by 0.3 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.4]. After 6 months the mean insulin (picomoles per liter) to glucose ratio (millimoles per liter) decreased by 7.2 [95%CI -12.0 to -2.3], body mass index, expressed as a percentage of the 95th centile, decreased by 9% (95% CI -3 to -15), but there was no significant change in the lipids. There were no significant differences in outcomes between the diet groups at any time point. CONCLUSIONS These results are in contrast with our hypothesis that adolescents randomized to the increased protein diet would have better outcomes. Further strategies are required to better address prediabetes and clinical features of insulin resistance in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Garnett
- The Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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Shrewsbury VA, Garnett SP, Campbell K, Carver A, Torvaldsen S, Steinbeck KS, Cowell CT, Baur LA. Maternal misconceptions of weight status among Nepean adolescents. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 112:2007-13. [PMID: 23174687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by rapid physical growth and sexual maturation. These changes may alter parents' beliefs about their adolescent's weight status. This study aimed to examine the changes between early and mid-adolescence in: (a) the accuracy of maternal perception regarding her adolescent's weight status, (b) the degree of maternal concern about her adolescent's weight status, and (c) the predictors of maternal misclassification of adolescent overweight as average weight. A secondary analysis of the longitudinal Nepean Study data was conducted. Participants were Australian, free-living 13-year-olds in 2002-2003 (n=347) followed up at age 15 years (n=279) and their mothers. Participants' body mass index (BMI) status (overweight, normal, or underweight) was calculated from measured height and weight. Maternal perceptions and concerns about adolescent's weight status were determined by items adapted from the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Sex-adjusted binary logistic regression models assessed potential predictors of maternal misclassification of adolescent overweight. Data were available on 224 adolescent-mother dyads. Approximately one fourth of mothers misclassified their adolescent's weight status, but this varied across groups (age 13 years [%]; age 15 years [%], respectively) underweight (75%; 70%), overweight (54%; 59%), and normal weight (12%; 9%). The endpoint data show that between 13 and 15 years of age, maternal concern regarding their adolescent's weight decreased in all weight-status groups. Predictors of maternal misclassification of adolescent overweight were adolescent BMI z score, recent weight-management practices, weight history, sex, and maternal concern regarding her adolescent's weight. These results reinforce the need for strategies in primary care that are implemented throughout adolescence to improve maternal awareness of childhood overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A Shrewsbury
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
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Poulton AS, Melzer E, Tait PR, Garnett SP, Cowell CT, Baur LA, Clarke S. Growth and pubertal development of adolescent boys on stimulant medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Med J Aust 2013; 198:29-32. [DOI: 10.5694/mja12.10931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elaine Melzer
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Paul R Tait
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Sarah P Garnett
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Chris T Cowell
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Louise A Baur
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Simon Clarke
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
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Hughes IP, Harris M, Choong CS, Ambler G, Cutfield W, Hofman P, Cowell CT, Werther G, Cotterill A, Davies PSW. Growth hormone regimens in Australia: analysis of the first 3 years of treatment for idiopathic growth hormone deficiency and idiopathic short stature. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012; 77:62-71. [PMID: 21950731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate response to growth hormone (GH) in the first, second and third years of treatment for all idiopathic GH-deficient (GHD) and idiopathic short stature (ISS) patients in Australia. CONTEXT Eligibility for subsidized GH treatment in Australia is determined on auxological criteria for the indication of Short Stature and Slow Growth (SSSG), which includes ISS (SSSG-ISS). The biochemical GHD (BGHD, peak GH < 10 mU/l) and SSSG indications are treated similarly: starting dose of 4·5 mg/m(2)/week with provision for incremental dosing. Some ISS patients were specifically diagnosed with familial short stature (SSSG-FSS). DESIGN Responses for each year of treatment for BGHD, SSSG-ISS and SSSG-FSS cohorts were compared in relation to influencing variables and with international benchmarks. The effect of incremental dosing was assessed. PATIENTS Australian BGHD, SSSG-ISS and SSSG-FSS patients who had completed 1, 2, or 3 years of treatment and were currently receiving GH. MEASUREMENTS Growth hormone dose, change in height-standard deviation score (ΔSDS) and growth velocity (GV). RESULTS First-year response was 2-3 times greater than that in subsequent years: ΔSDS(1st year) = 0·92, 0·50 and 0·46 for BGHD, SSSG-ISS and SSSG-FSS, respectively. Responses were similar to international reports and inversely related to age at commencement of GH. First-year GV-for-age for BGHD patients was similar to international standards for idiopathic GHD. However, girls had an inferior response to boys when treatment commenced at <6 years of age. First-year GV-for-age for SSSG-ISS/FSS patients was less than ISS standards. Dose increments attenuated the first- to second-year decline in response to BGHD but marginally improved the responses for SSSG-ISS/FSS. CONCLUSIONS The Australian auxology-based GH programme produces comparable responses to international programmes. A lower starting dose is offset by the initiation of treatment at younger ages. Incremental dosing does not appear optimal. A first-year dose of 6·4-6·9 mg/m(2)/week for GHD and 8·9 mg/m(2)/week for ISS with early commencement of GH treatment may be most efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Hughes
- The Children's Nutrition Research Centre, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld, Australia.
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Abstract
The epidemic of obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) maybe plateauing. However, studies using skin-fold and waist circumference measurements suggest that BMI may underestimate changes in fatness in children. In this study we examine changes in waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in Australian children between 1985 and 2007, by undertaking secondary data analysis of three national data sets. The mean waist circumference z-score for boys increased from -0.02 (95% CI -0.05 to 0.01) in 1985, to 0.33 (0.26 to 0.40) in 1995 and 0.41 (0.35 to 0.47) in 2007 and was greater (P<0.001) than the increase in BMI z-score. The increase in mean waist circumference z-score for girls was greater (P<0.001) than boys and increased from -0.02 (0.05 to 0.01) in 1985, to 0.33 (0.26 to 0.41) in 1995 and to 0.57 (0.51 to 0.63) in 2007. The number of children with a WHtR ≥ 0.5 increased from 8.6% in 1985, to 13.6% in 1995 and 18.3% in 2007. Between 1985 and 2007 central adiposity increased at a faster rate than total adiposity, particularly in girls. The secular increase in waist circumference and WHtR is concerning as measures of central adiposity are associated with metabolic and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Garnett
- Kids Research Institute at The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Tran F, Vu DC, Nguyen HT, Bui TP, Huynh LT, Nguyen KP, Nguyen VT, Tran HM, Tran D, Hoang TD, Harkin N, Armstrong K, Jameson K, Pham A, Cowell CT, Craig ME. Glycaemic control in children with neonatal diabetes and type 1 diabetes in Vietnam. Int Health 2011; 3:188-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inhe.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Hughes IP, Choong CS, Harris M, Ambler GR, Cutfield WS, Hofman PL, Cowell CT, Werther G, Cotterill A, Davies PSW. Growth hormone treatment for Turner syndrome in Australia reveals that younger age and increased dose interact to improve response. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011; 74:473-80. [PMID: 21375553 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.03937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate response to growth hormone (GH) in the first, second and third years of treatment in the total clinical cohort of Turner syndrome (TS) patients in Australia. CONTEXT Short stature is the most common clinical manifestation of TS. GH treatment improves growth. DESIGN Response was measured for each year of treatment. Stepwise multiple regression analyses were used to identify factors that significantly influenced response. PATIENTS Prepubertal TS patients who completed 1 year (n=176), 2 years (n=148), or 3 years (n=117) of treatment and were currently receiving GH. MEASUREMENTS Change in TS specific Height Standard Deviation Score (ΔTSZ) was the main response variable used. Major influencing variables considered included dose, starting age and height, BMI, bone age delay, karyotype, parental height, and interactions between dose and starting age or height. RESULTS Response was greatest in first year and declined thereafter (median ΔTSZ: 1st year= +0·705, 2nd year= +0·439, 3rd year= +0·377) despite the median dose increasing [1st year= 5·5 mg/m(2) /week (0·23 mg/kg/week), 2nd year= 6·4(0·24), 3rd year= 7·2(0·26)]. An Age*Dose interaction was identified influencing first, second year, and total ΔTSZ. The ΔTSZ over 3 years was significantly influenced by first-year dose. Dose increments only attenuated the general decline in response. An acceptable first-year response (ΔTSZ>1·01) was achieved by only 17·6% of patients. CONCLUSIONS Growth response is greatest and most influenced by dose in the first year. Dose in first year is a major factor contributing to total response. A starting Age*Dose interaction effect was observed such that young girls on a high dose respond disproportionately better. Optimal GH treatment of short stature in TS thus requires early initiation with the highest safe dose in the first year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Hughes
- The Children's Nutrition Research Centre, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Qld., Australia.
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving clinical insulin resistance and/or pre-diabetes in children. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Five electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials of at least 2-months' duration. The outcomes were fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), body mass index (BMI) and adverse outcomes. Four randomized controlled trials were identified. All compared the effect of 6 months of metformin plus or minus lifestyle intervention with placebo plus or minus lifestyle intervention. After pooling results from three trials, the mean difference after 6 months favoured the intervention with a statistically significant mean decrease in fasting insulin, HOMA-IR and BMI of 9.6 µU mL(-1) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.3, 13.0 µU mL(-1) ; I(2) = 76%), 2.7 (95% CI: 1.7, 3.6; I(2) = 74%) and 1.7 kg m(-2) (95% CI: 1.1, 2.3 kg m(-2) ; I(2) = 75) respectively. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms were reported in 19% (2-29%; median and range) of participants taking metformin. Metformin improves markers of insulin sensitivity and reduces BMI in children and adolescents with clinical insulin resistance or pre-diabetes. Stronger evidence from high-quality studies of longer duration and larger sample size are required before clinical conclusions about the optimal treatment protocol in this population can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Quinn
- Graduate Medical Program, University of Sydney, Australia
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Garnett SP, Baur LA, Noakes M, Steinbeck K, Woodhead HJ, Burrell S, Chisholm K, Broderick CR, Parker R, De S, Shrinivasan S, Hopley L, Hendrie G, Ambler GR, Kohn MR, Cowell CT. Researching Effective Strategies to Improve Insulin Sensitivity in Children and Teenagers - RESIST. A randomised control trial investigating the effects of two different diets on insulin sensitivity in young people with insulin resistance and/or pre-diabetes. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:575. [PMID: 20868506 PMCID: PMC2955009 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concomitant with the rise in childhood obesity there has been a significant increase in the number of adolescents with clinical features of insulin resistance and prediabetes. Clinical insulin resistance and prediabetes are likely to progress to type 2 diabetes and early atherosclerosis if not targeted for early intervention. There are no efficacy trials of lifestyle intervention in this group to inform clinical practice. The primary aim of this randomised control trial (RCT) is to determine the efficacy and effectiveness of two different structured lifestyle interventions differing in diet composition on insulin sensitivity, in adolescents with clinical insulin resistance and/or prediabetes treated with metformin. METHODS/DESIGN This study protocol describes the design of an ongoing RCT. We are recruiting 108 (54 each treatment arm) 10 to 17 year olds with clinical features of insulin resistance and/or prediabetes, through physician referral, into a multi-centred RCT. All participants are prescribed metformin and participate in a diet and exercise program. The lifestyle program is the same for all participants except for diet composition. The diets are a high carbohydrate, low fat diet and a moderate carbohydrate, increased protein diet.The program commences with an intensive 3 month dietary intervention, implemented by trained dietitians, followed by a 3 month intensive gym and home based exercise program, supervised by certified physical trainers. To measure the longer term effectiveness, after the intensive intervention trial participants are managed by either their usual physician or study physician and followed up by the study dietitians for an additional 6 months. The primary outcome measure, change in insulin sensitivity, is measured at 3, 6 and 12 months. DISCUSSION Clinical insulin resistance and prediabetes in the paediatric population are rapidly emerging clinical problems with serious health outcomes. With appropriate management these conditions are potentially reversible or at least their progression can be delayed. This research study is the first trial designed to provide much needed data on the effective dietary management for this cohort. This study will inform clinical practice guidelines for adolescents with clinical insulin resistance and may assist in preventing metabolic complications, type 2 diabetes and early cardiovascular disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registration Number ACTRN12608000416392.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Garnett
- Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Louise A Baur
- Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Manny Noakes
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC SA 5000, Australia
| | - Katharine Steinbeck
- Academic Department of Adolescent Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney NSW 2066, Australia
| | | | - Susie Burrell
- Nutrition and Dietetics and Weight Management Services, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Kerryn Chisholm
- Nutrition and Dietetics and Weight Management Services, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Carolyn R Broderick
- The Children's Hospital Institute of Sports Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Robert Parker
- The Children's Hospital Institute of Sports Medicine, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Sukanya De
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Shubha Shrinivasan
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Lori Hopley
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Gilly Hendrie
- CSIRO Food and Nutritional Sciences, PO Box 10041, Adelaide BC SA 5000, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Ambler
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Michael R Kohn
- Centre for Research into Adolescent's Health, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Chris T Cowell
- Kids Research Institute, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
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Garnett SP, Srinivasan S, Birt SG, Ambler GR, Lawrie EA, Cowell CT, Craig ME. Evaluation of glycaemic status in young people with clinical insulin resistance; fasting glucose, fasting insulin or an oral glucose tolerance test? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 72:475-80. [PMID: 19656159 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03677.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is important to identify young people with prediabetes for early intervention. However, it is unclear how to best screen overweight and obese young people for prediabetes. The objective of this study was to compare fasting indices with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in diagnosing prediabetes. DESIGN Retrospective review. PATIENTS A total of 224 young people, aged 12.0 years (range: 3.2-17.3 years), with clinical features of insulin resistance, who had an OGTT between 2000 and 2007 at a tertiary children's hospital, Sydney, Australia. MEASUREMENTS Oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS A total of 168 (75%) participants had normal glucose tolerance, 45 (20%) had prediabetes and 11 (5%) had type 2 diabetes; 29 of those with prediabetes and 10 with type 2 diabetes were identified by fasting glucose criteria alone. Young people with normal fasting glucose and fasting insulin < or =180 pmol/l had lower insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment median 1.9 vs. 4.2, P < 0.001), higher insulin sensitivity index (2.4 vs. 1.0, P < 0.001) and a lower early insulin response (insulinogenic index 2.5 vs. 4.1, P < 0.001) compared to those with normal fasting glucose and higher fasting insulin levels. If a fasting insulin cut point (< or =180 pmol/l) was used in addition to fasting glucose to determine the need for an OGTT, 114 (68%) young people with normal glucose tolerance would have avoided the test. By contrast, the diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance, identified by an OGTT, would have been missed in three children. CONCLUSION Fasting glucose and insulin levels should be measured in young people with insulin resistance before undertaking a time- and resource-intensive OGTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Garnett
- Division of Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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Kim L, Holland AJA, Srinivasan S, Cowell CT, Benn DE, Robinson BG. Paediatric bilateral adrenal phaeochromocytomas in association with a novel mutation in the von Hippel Lindau gene. J Paediatr Child Health 2008; 44:514-6. [PMID: 18928468 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Functional phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma are rare in children and adolescents. We report a 12-year-old male with bilateral phaeochromocytoma in whom germ line testing identified a novel mutation in the von Hippel Lindau gene. Early age of onset, bilateral phaeochromocytoma and other clinical features should prompt germ line DNA testing for mutations in genes associated with familial phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Kim
- Department of Academic Surgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Högler W, Blimkie CJR, Cowell CT, Inglis D, Rauch F, Kemp AF, Wiebe P, Duncan CS, Farpour-Lambert N, Woodhead HJ. Sex-specific developmental changes in muscle size and bone geometry at the femoral shaft. Bone 2008; 42:982-9. [PMID: 18337201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 12/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When expressed as a percentage of the average result in young adults, bone mineral content lags behind bone length before puberty. Even though this observation has led to speculation about bone fragility in children, such relationships could simply be due to scaling effects when measures with different geometrical dimensions are compared. METHODS The study population comprised 145 healthy subjects (6-25 years, 94 females). Magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were used to determine femur length, bone mineral content, cortical bone mineral density, cross-sectional bone geometry (bone diameter; cortical thickness; total, cortical and medullary areas; cross-sectional and polar moments of area; bone strength index) and muscle area at the proximal one-third site of the femur. Results were dimensionally scaled by raising two-, three- and four-dimensional variables to the power of 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, respectively. Sex-differences were also assessed before and after functionally adjusting variables for femur length and weight or muscle size. RESULTS In prepubertal children, unscaled results expressed as percentages of adult values were lowest for variables with the highest dimensions (e.g., moments of area<bone mineral content<cross-sectional areas<femur length). However, when dimensionally scaled, results in children represented similar percentages of the respective average adult values, even after functional adjustments. Before puberty, there was no sex-difference in adjusted bone or muscle variables. After puberty, males had greater total and cortical bone area, bone diameter, moments of area, bone strength index and muscle area than women, both in absolute terms as well as adjusted for femur length and weight. The largest sex-difference was found for muscle area. When compared relative to muscle size, young adult women attained greater total and cortical bone area than men. CONCLUSIONS Growth in femoral length, diameter, mass and strength appears well coordinated before puberty. Postpubertal females have narrower femora, less bone strength and muscle size than males. However, when muscle size is taken into account, females have a larger femoral bone cross-section and more cortical bone. These sex-differences likely result from a combination of mechanical and hormonal effects occurring during puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Högler
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
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Abstract
Waist circumference is recommended as a means of identifying people at risk of morbidity associated with central adiposity. Yet, there are no universally agreed cut-points to determine when a waist circumference is too large in young people. In this study we examined the relation between sex- and age-specific waist circumference cut-points, the waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) cut-point of <0.5 and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk clustering in 164 young people, mean age 14.9+/-0.2 years (mean+/-s.d.). In total 19 (11.6%) of the sample were identified as having CVD risk clustering. These young people were significantly (P<0.001) heavier and had higher body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference z-scores compared to those without CVD risk clustering. The WHtR cut-point of 0.5 estimated CVD risk clustering to a similar extent to sex- and age-adjusted cut-points for waist circumference and BMI. Young people with excess central adiposity (WHtR> or =0.5) were 11 times (OR 11.4, P<0.001), more likely to have CVD risk clustering compared to those who did not have excess central adiposity. The WHtR has several advantages; it is easy to calculate, does not require sex- and age-specific centiles and as has been previously suggested, it is a simple message, easily understood by clinicians and families, to 'keep your waist circumference to less than half your height'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Garnett
- Division of Research, Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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Zhu K, Greenfield H, Zhang Q, Du X, Ma G, Foo LH, Cowell CT, Fraser DR. Growth and bone mineral accretion during puberty in Chinese girls: a five-year longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:167-72. [PMID: 17907923 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.071006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There are few longitudinal data on bone development during puberty in children with low calcium intake. This 5-yr longitudinal study showed that, in Chinese girls, the mean apparent calcium retention efficiency during puberty was 40.9%, PHV occurred at 3-0 yr before menarche, and peak bone mineral accretion occurred 1 yr later than PHV. Chinese girls have high calcium retention efficiency during puberty. INTRODUCTION There are few longitudinal data on bone development during puberty in children with low dietary calcium intake. The aim of this study was to examine the rate of growth and bone mineral accretion and study the predictors of total body BMC during puberty in a 5-yr longitudinal study with Chinese girls. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-two girls, 9.5-10.5 yr of age at baseline, from the unsupplemented control group of a school milk intervention trial were included in this analysis. Data on anthropometric measurements, total body BMC as assessed by DXA, and calcium intake as assessed by a 3-day food record were obtained at baseline and 1, 2, 4, and 5 yr. RESULTS The mean age of menarche was 12.1 +/- 1.0 yr. The mean annual rate of bone mineral accretion was 197.4 g/yr during the follow-up period, representing a calcium accretion rate of 162.3 mg/d. This calcium retention rate and the average dietary calcium intake of 444.1 mg/d gave an apparent calcium retention efficiency of 40.9%. Peak height velocity (PHV) occurred at 3-0 yr before menarche. Peak bone mineral accretion occurred 1 yr later than PHV. There was a decrease in size-corrected BMD in the year before menarche. In the linear mixed-effects model analysis containing body size and lifestyle factors, we found that height, body weight, and calcium intake were significant independent predictors of total body BMC. CONCLUSIONS Chinese girls with low habitual dietary calcium intake have high calcium retention efficiency during puberty. Because calcium intake is a significant predictor of total body BMC, increasing dietary calcium intake may have beneficial effects on bone mineral accretion in these girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Cowell CT, Quigley CA, Moore B, Kirk JA, Bergin M, Jimenez M, Stevens MM, Howard NJ, Menser MA, Silink M. Growth and growth hormone therapy of children treated for leukaemia. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl 2008; 343:152-61. [PMID: 3195330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1988.tb10816.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 37 children (24 male, 13 female) who had been treated for leukaemia with chemotherapy and 24 Gy cranial irradiation, and who were disease free for at least 18 months, were commenced on somatrem at a mean of 7.6 years (range, 4.8-12.1 years) after leukaemia diagnosis because of growth rate below the 25th centile for bone age. Peak GH response to provocation (exercise, arginine, insulin hypoglycaemia) was less than 20 milliunits/litre in 27 children (deficient group) and 20 milliunits/litre or more in 10 children (non-deficient group). The mean height SD decrease from diagnosis of leukaemia to commencement of somatrem was 1.98, 86% of the children decreasing by more than 1 SD. Those who were tall for age at leukaemia diagnosis and females were more severely affected. Mean (+/- SD) height velocity increased on somatrem from 2.7 +/- 1.1 to 6.6 +/- 2.2 cm/year during the first 6 months (n = 25), and to 6.0 +/- 1.7 cm/year during the first 12 months (n = 19). No difference in growth response was seen between the sexes or between the deficient and non-deficient groups. Catch-up growth occurred for the first 6 months only. It is concluded that children with a low growth rate after treatment of leukaemia should be considered for GH therapy irrespective of the results of GH provocative tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Cowell
- Institute of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
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Zhu K, Greenfield H, Du X, Zhang Q, Ma G, Hu X, Cowell CT, Fraser DR. Effects of two years' milk supplementation on size-corrected bone mineral density of Chinese girls. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2008; 17 Suppl 1:147-150. [PMID: 18296324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Much existing data on the effects of calcium or milk products on bone mineral accretion are based on bone mineral content (BMC) or areal bone mineral density (aBMD), neither of which accounts for changing bone size during the growing period. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 2-year milk supplementation on total body size-corrected BMD in Chinese girls with low habitual dietary calcium intake. Chinese girls aged 10 years were randomised, according to their school, to receive calcium fortified milk (Ca milk), or calcium and vitamin D fortified milk (CaD milk) for two years or act as unsupplemented controls. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry total body bone measures were obtained from 345 girls at baseline and 2 years. Size-corrected total body and regional BMD was calculated as: BMDsc = BMC/BApc, where pc was the regression coefficient of the natural logarithm transformed total body BMC and bone area. After 2 years, both supplemented groups had significantly greater gain in BMDsc of total body (3.5-5.8%, p < 0.05) and legs (3.0-5.9%, p < 0.05) than did the control group. Milk supplementation showed positive effects on bone mineral accretion when accounting for the changing skeletal size during growth. The effects were mainly on the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
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Garnett SP, Baur LA, Srinivasan S, Lee JW, Cowell CT. Body mass index and waist circumference in midchildhood and adverse cardiovascular disease risk clustering in adolescence. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 86:549-55. [PMID: 17823416 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/86.3.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass index (BMI) may not indicate the level of central adiposity associated with the clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Hence, it has been recommended that waist circumference be used as an alternative measure. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate whether waist circumference in midchildhood is more effective at predicting cardiovascular disease risk clustering in adolescence than is BMI. DESIGN Anthropometric measurements were made in 342 children aged 8 y. Seven years later, anthropometric measurements were made in 290 participants, and metabolic profiles were determined in 172 participants. RESULTS At 15 y, between 9.4% and 11.0% of adolescents were defined as having CVD risk clustering. Children who were overweight or obese at 8 y of age were 7 times (odds ratio: 6.9; 95% CI: 2.5, 19.0; P < 0.001) as likely to have CVD risk clustering in adolescence than were their peers who were not overweight or obese. Those with an increased waist circumference at 8 y were 4 times (3.6; 1.0, 12.9; P = 0.061) as likely to have CVD risk clustering in adolescence than were children with a smaller waist circumference. Neither BMI nor waist circumference were predictive of CVD risk clustering if adiposity was not included as a risk factor. CONCLUSIONS The association between measures of adiposity in midchildhood and later adverse CVD risk is a result of the tracking of adiposity status. Our results do not support the need to measure waist circumference in children, in addition to BMI, to identify those at increased risk of CVD risk factor clustering in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Garnett
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia.
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Abstract
AIM To define the demographics and clinical characteristics of cases presenting with nutritional rickets to paediatric centres in Sydney, Australia. METHODS Retrospective descriptive study of 126 cases seen from 1993 to 2003 with a diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency and/or confirmed rickets defined by long bone x ray changes. RESULTS A steady increase was seen in the number of cases per year, with a doubling of cases from 2002 to 2003. Median age of presentation was 15.1 months, with 25% presenting at less than 6 months of age. The most common presenting features were hypocalcaemic seizures (33%) and bowed legs (22%). Males presented at a younger age, with a lower weight SDS, and more often with seizures. The caseload was almost exclusively from recently immigrated children or first generation offspring of immigrant parents, with the region of origin predominantly the Indian subcontinent (37%), Africa (33%), and the Middle East (11%). Seventy nine per cent of the cases were born in Australia. Eleven cases (all aged <7 months) presented atypically with hyperphosphataemia. CONCLUSIONS This large case series shows that a significant and increasing caseload of vitamin D deficiency remains, even in a developed country with high sunlight hours. Cases mirror recent immigration trends. Since birth or residence in Australia does not appear to be protective, screening of at risk immigrant families should be implemented through public health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Robinson
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
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Tam CS, Garnett SP, Cowell CT, Campbell K, Cabrera G, Baur LA. Soft drink consumption and excess weight gain in Australian school students: results from the Nepean study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:1091-3. [PMID: 16801946 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We studied the relation between soft drink/cordial (a sweet, flavoured, concentrated syrup that is mixed with water to taste), fruit juice/drink and milk consumption in mid-childhood, and body mass index (BMI) status in early adolescence in a contemporary Australian cohort. In 1996/7, 268 children (136 males) were recruited from western Sydney at baseline (mean+/-s.d.: 7.7+/-0.6 years), and at follow-up 5 years later (13.0+/-0.2 years). Height and weight were measured at both time periods and overweight and obesity defined using the International Obesity TaskForce criteria. Beverage consumption was calculated from a 3-day food record at baseline. Median carbohydrate intake from soft drink/cordial was 10 g higher (P=0.002) per day in children who were overweight/obese at follow-up compared to those who had an acceptable BMI at both baseline and follow-up. Intakes of soft drink/cordial in mid-childhood, but not fruit juice/fruit drink and milk, were associated with excess weight gain in early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Tam
- Institute of Diabetes and Endocrinology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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Zhu K, Zhang Q, Foo LH, Trube A, Ma G, Hu X, Du X, Cowell CT, Fraser DR, Greenfield H. Growth, bone mass, and vitamin D status of Chinese adolescent girls 3 y after withdrawal of milk supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:714-21. [PMID: 16522922 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 2-y school milk intervention trial showed that 330 mL of a dietary milk supplement (fortified with calcium alone or with both calcium and vitamin D) enhanced the growth and bone mineral accretion of Chinese girls aged 10 y at baseline. Girls who received milk fortified with both calcium and vitamin D also had better vitamin D status than did girls who received nothing or girls who received milk fortified only with calcium. OBJECTIVE The aim was to evaluate whether these effects were sustained 3 y after supplement withdrawal. DESIGN Anthropometric measures and dietary intake were reassessed in 501 of the 698 girls whose data had been studied at the end of the intervention. As in the intervention phase, total-body bone mineral content and bone mineral density and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were measured in half of these subjects. RESULTS At follow-up, 99% of girls had reached menarche, at a mean (+/-SD) menarcheal age of 12.1 +/- 1.1 y. No significant differences in the timing of menarche were observed between the 3 groups (P = 0.6). No significant differences in the changes of total-body bone mineral content and bone mineral density since baseline were observed between the groups. The group receiving calcium-fortified milk had significantly greater gains in sitting height (0.9 +/- 0.3%; P = 0.02) than did the control group. The group that received calcium- and vitamin D-fortified milk had 17.1 +/- 6.7% lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations than did the control group (P = 0.04), but the difference was attenuated by additional adjustment for physical activity level (14.2 +/- 6.7%; P = 0.08). CONCLUSION Milk supplementation during early puberty does not have long-lasting effects on bone mineral accretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Savage MO, Cassorla FG, Gluckman PD, Grueters-Kieslich A, Raghupathy P, Silink M, Czernichow P, Chiarelli F, Rogol AD, Crock PA, Cowell CT, Fujieda K, Arnhold IJ. Global inequalities in paediatric endocrine practice: statement of minimal acceptable care. Statement from the international societies for paediatric endocrinology. Horm Res Paediatr 2006; 65:111-3. [PMID: 16462146 DOI: 10.1159/000091278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin O Savage
- Paediatric Endocrinology Section, Department of Endocrinology Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, John Vane Science Centre Charterhouse Square, London.
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Garnett SP, Cowell CT, Baur LA, Shrewsbury VA, Chan A, Crawford D, Salmon J, Campbell K, Boulton TJ. Increasing central adiposity: the Nepean longitudinal study of young people aged 7–8 to 12–13 y. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:1353-60. [PMID: 16077716 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estimates of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in young people are typically based on body mass index (BMI). However, BMI may not indicate the level of central adiposity. Waist circumference has therefore been recommended to identify young people at risk of morbidity associated with central adiposity. OBJECTIVE To investigate (a) change in total and central adiposity between 7-8 and 12-13 y (b) agreement between classifying young people as overweight or obese based on total adiposity and central adiposity, and (c) risk factors associated with the development of total and central adiposity. DESIGN Anthropometric measurements were taken on 342 children in 1996/97 and 5 y later. Risk factors examined included birth weight, physical activity, TV viewing, pubertal status, parental adiposity, diet and socio-economic status. RESULTS Between 7-8 and 12-13 y indices of central adiposity increased more than total adiposity; waist circumference z-score increased by (mean+/-s.d.) 0.74+/-0.92 and BMI z-score increased by 0.18+/-0.67. At 12-13 y there was moderate agreement between the two measures of adiposity (weighted kappa=0.64). However, waist circumference identified a greater number of young people as overweight or obese compared to BMI (41.2 vs 29.3%, P<0.001). Adiposity status at 7-8 y, maternal obesity, and pubertal stage were the strongest predictors of BMI status at 12-13 y. Risk factors associated with increased central adiposity were similar. CONCLUSIONS Overweight and obesity, as measured by waist circumference, is a bigger problem than is currently assessed by BMI. Targeting known risk factors for total adiposity may be an appropriate strategy for preventing increased central adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Garnett
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Australia.
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Munns CF, Cowell CT. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in chronically ill children. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2005; 5:262-72. [PMID: 16172517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis secondary to chronic disease in children has emerged as a major health issue. As the severity of a child's illness increases, so too does the number of factors affecting their bone health. Determinants of bone health in children include level of mobility, exposure to osteotoxic medication, nutritional status, calcium and vitamin D intake, chronic inflammation and pubertal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Munns
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia.
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Zhu K, Du X, Cowell CT, Greenfield H, Blades B, Dobbins TA, Zhang Q, Fraser DR. Effects of school milk intervention on cortical bone accretion and indicators relevant to bone metabolism in Chinese girls aged 10-12 y in Beijing. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81:1168-75. [PMID: 15883444 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/81.5.1168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that increased milk consumption enhances growth and bone mineral accretion in Chinese girls aged 10-12 y. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the effects of milk supplementation on cortical bone accretion and to study the physiologic mechanisms underlying the observed changes in bone. DESIGN Chinese girls aged 10 y were randomly assigned into calcium-fortified milk (Ca milk), calcium and vitamin D-fortified milk (CaD milk), and control groups according to their schools in a 24-mo school milk intervention trial. Periosteal and medullary diameters of metacarpal bone were measured at baseline and 24 mo in the Ca milk (n = 177), CaD milk (n = 210), and control (n = 219) groups. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin, and deoxypyridinoline concentrations were measured at baseline and at 12 and 24 mo in the Ca milk (n = 43), CaD milk (n = 44), and control (n = 41) groups. RESULTS After adjustment for pubertal status and clustering by school, 24-mo supplementation led to greater increases in periosteal diameter (1.2%) and cortical thickness (5.7%) and to smaller gains in medullary diameter (6.7%) than did the control (P < 0.05). The CaD milk group had lower serum BAP at 12 mo (19.9%) and lower serum PTH at 12 (46.2%) and 24 (16.4%) mo than did the control group (P < 0.05). The effect of milk supplementation on increasing IGF-I concentrations at 24 mo (16.7-23.3%) was significant in individual analyses but not after adjustment for clustering by school. CONCLUSIONS Milk supplementation showed positive effects on periosteal and endosteal apposition of cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science and the School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
The clinical and radiographic features and management of a young person with recently delineated Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type V is described. A female aged 9 years presented with a history of multiple fractures since 3 years of age and bilateral dislocation of the elbows from infancy. She was commenced on a low dose frequent regimen of cyclic intravenous pamidronate, which resulted in progressive improvement in bone density, reduced fracture frequency and remission of symptoms of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fleming
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Garnett SP, Högler W, Blades B, Baur LA, Peat J, Lee J, Cowell CT. Relation between hormones and body composition, including bone, in prepubertal children. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 80:966-72. [PMID: 15447907 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/80.4.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in body composition exist before puberty, but the reason for this phenomenon is unknown. The physical changes that occur during puberty are mediated, in part, through sex steroids, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), and leptin. However, data are lacking that address the extent to which concentrations of these hormones influence body composition, bone mass, and density in prepubertal children. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of IGF-I, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and sex steroids on body composition and fat distribution and the effects of these hormones and leptin on total body bone mineral content (TBMC) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) at the femoral neck and lumbar spine (LS) in 255 healthy children (137 girls), aged 7-8 y. DESIGN Body composition, fat distribution, TBMC, and vBMD were derived by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Association between variables was examined by using regression analysis. RESULTS No sex differences were found in age, height, or weight. However, girls had significantly more total body fat, trunk fat, and higher LS vBMD but significantly less fat-free soft tissue, TBMC, and femoral neck vBMD than did boys. Girls also had significantly (P < 0.001) higher IGF-I, estradiol, testosterone, and leptin concentrations than did boys. Estradiol concentrations predicted percentage body fat, which supported an effect of estrogen on fat storage. Leptin had an independent effect on LS vBMD, which suggests a positive effect for leptin on trabecular bone. CONCLUSIONS The hormones examined explained 3-17% of the variations in body-composition measures, fat distribution, and bone density, which suggests that other factors are important predictors of prepubertal sexual dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah P Garnett
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes and the Research and Development Office, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia.
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Abstract
Obesity and multiple pituitary hormone deficiency are common complications after surgery for childhood craniopharyngioma. We hypothesized that post craniopharyngioma surgery, children are at high risk for the metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance due to excess weight gain and GH deficiency. This study characterized body composition (anthropometry and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) and metabolic outcomes in 15 children (10 males and 5 females; age, 12.2 yr; range, 7.2-18.5 yr) after surgical removal of craniopharyngioma. In 9 subjects, outcomes were compared with those of healthy age-, sex-, body mass index-, and pubertal stage-matched controls. Insulin sensitivity was measured by 40-min iv glucose tolerance test. Seventy-three percent of subjects were overweight or obese. Sixty-six percent had normal growth velocity without GH treatment. Subjects had increased abdominal adiposity (P = 0.008) compared with controls. However, there was no significant difference in total body fat. Subjects had higher fasting triglycerides (P = 0.02) and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio (P = 0.015). Insulin sensitivity was equally reduced for subjects and controls (P = 0.86). After craniopharyngioma removal, patients had more features of the metabolic syndrome compared with controls. This could be a result of hypothalamic damage causing obesity and GH deficiency. Further studies exploring predictors of the metabolic syndrome after craniopharyngioma surgery are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srinivasan
- Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia.
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Högler W, Blimkie CJR, Cowell CT, Kemp AF, Briody J, Wiebe P, Farpour-Lambert N, Duncan CS, Woodhead HJ. A comparison of bone geometry and cortical density at the mid-femur between prepuberty and young adulthood using magnetic resonance imaging. Bone 2003; 33:771-8. [PMID: 14623052 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(03)00266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In upper extremity bones, a sexual dimorphism exists in the development of periosteal and endocortical bone surfaces during growth. Little is known about developmental patterns of bone geometry at weight-bearing bones like the femur. Using MRI and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), this study assessed the differences in mid-femoral total (TA), cortical (CA) and medullary areas (MA), cortical thickness, and cortical density (BMD(compartment)) between prepuberty and young adulthood in 145 healthy subjects (94 females) 6 to 25 years old. Additionally, agreement between mid-femoral total bone volume (TV) measurements by DXA and MRI were investigated. In both sexes, TA, CA, MA, and cortical thickness were significantly larger in adults compared to prepubertal subjects (P < 0.001), and males had greater values than females. This sex difference persisted for TA, CA, and cortical thickness (P < 0.05), but not MA, after adjusting for femur length and weight. Mean (SD) cortical BMD increased from 1.05 (0.07) and 1.09 (0.10) g/cm(3) in prepubertal children to 1.46 (0.14) and 1.42 (0.1) g/cm(3) in young adults, females and males, respectively (P < 0.001). TV measurements by DXA were significantly greater than by MRI (P < 0.001) in young adults. In conclusion, periosteal and endocortical expansion and increasing cortical BMD are the growth processes found at the mid-femur in both sexes. Our findings contrast to that in upper extremity bones, where MA is constant in females during growth. The difference in femoral bone development may be due to higher strains caused by weight bearing and genetic factors. DXA, in contrast to MRI, is inaccurate in the determination of mid-femoral TV measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Högler
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Ranke MB, Lindberg A, Martin DD, Bakker B, Wilton P, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cowell CT, Price DA, Reiter EO. The mathematical model for total pubertal growth in idiopathic growth hormone (GH) deficiency suggests a moderate role of GH dose. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:4748-53. [PMID: 14557450 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2003-030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of GH treatment during total pubertal growth (TPG) is still unclear. We developed a prediction model for TPG (centimeters) through a multiple regression analysis of various prepubertal parameters in 303 adolescents with idiopathic GH deficiency from the KIGS database. Prepubertal catch-up growth and near-adult height were achieved, and GH dose was kept constant at approximately 30 micro g/kg.d. The model was validated on a cohort of 36 patients from one center. Four TPG predictors explained 70% of the variability with an error SD of 4.2 cm: gender (TPG in males was >11.3 cm vs. that in females), age at onset of puberty (negative), height SD score minus midparental height SD score at puberty onset (negative), and mean GH dose during puberty (positive). Our analysis suggests that TPG in idiopathic GH deficiency is only moderately dependent on GH dose. The use of a higher GH dosage at the onset of puberty should thus depend on the individual's height development. The TPG model aids in the planning of individually optimized and cost-effective GH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Ranke
- Pediatric Endocrinology Section, University Children's Hospital, Tubingen D-72076 Germany.
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