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Koza E, Clark M, Ahmed A, Ma MS, Shi VJ, Haq M, Weil A, Maisel-Campbell A, Iyengar S, Poon E, Cahn BA, Pearlman R, Schlessinger D, Alam M. Comparative effectiveness of short contact (30-minute) lidocaine-prilocaine vs lidocaine-tetracaine topical anesthetic mixtures for cutaneous pain relief: A randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024; 90:1069-1071. [PMID: 38290618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Koza
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melanie Clark
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Areeba Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melissa S Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Victoria J Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Misha Haq
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Weil
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amanda Maisel-Campbell
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Sanjana Iyengar
- Department of Dermatology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Emily Poon
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian A Cahn
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ross Pearlman
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Daniel Schlessinger
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Murad Alam
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
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Gui H, Rezaei SJ, Schlessinger D, Weed J, Lester J, Wongvibulsin S, Mitchell D, Ko J, Rotemberg V, Lee I, Daneshjou R. Dermatologists' Perspectives and Usage of Large Language Models in Practice: An Exploratory Survey. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00270-7. [PMID: 38582369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Haiwen Gui
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA.
| | - Shawheen J Rezaei
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Daniel Schlessinger
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason Weed
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jenna Lester
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shannon Wongvibulsin
- Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dom Mitchell
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Justin Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
| | - Veronica Rotemberg
- Dermatology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ivy Lee
- Pasadena Premier Dermatology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Roxana Daneshjou
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Redwood City, California, USA
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Cui C, Noh J, Michel M, Gorospe M, Schlessinger D. 1301 STIM1, but not STIM2, is the calcium sensor critical for sweat secretion. J Invest Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.03.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cui C, Piao Y, Michel M, Campbell D, Ishii R, Sharov A, Schlessinger D. 843 miRNAs are required for post-induction stage sweat gland development. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.02.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cui C, Schlessinger D. Neuropeptide
PACAP
promotes sweat secretion. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:295-296. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.‐Y. Cui
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100 Baltimore MD 21224 U.S.A
| | - D. Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics National Institute on Aging National Institutes of Health 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 100 Baltimore MD 21224 U.S.A
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Iyengar S, Williamson PR, Schmitt J, Johannsen L, Maher IA, Sobanko JF, Cartee TV, Schlessinger D, Poon E, Alam M. Development of a core outcome set for clinical trials in rosacea: study protocol for a systematic review of the literature and identification of a core outcome set using a Delphi survey. Trials 2016; 17:429. [PMID: 27580586 PMCID: PMC5007842 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-016-1554-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms with management and treatment aimed to suppress inflammatory lesions, erythema, and telangiectasia. While many clinical trials of rosacea exist, the lack of consensus in outcome reporting across all trials poses a concern. Proper evaluation and comparison of treatment modalities is challenging. In order to address the inconsistencies present, this project aims to determine a core set of outcomes which should be evaluated in all clinical trials of rosacea. METHODS/DESIGN This project will utilize a methodology similar to previous core outcome set research. A long list of outcomes will be extracted over four phases: (1) systematic literature review, (2) patient interviews, (3) other published sources, and (4) stakeholder involvement. Potential outcomes will be examined by the Steering Committee to provide further insight. The Delphi process will then be performed to prioritize and condense the list of outcomes generated. Two homogenous groups of physicians and patients will participate in two consecutive rounds of Delphi surveys. A consensus meeting, composed of physicians, patients, and stakeholders, will be conducted after the Delphi exercise to further select outcomes, taking into account participant scores. By the end of the meeting, members will vote and decide on a final recommended set of core outcomes. For the duration of the study, we will be in collaboration with both the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) and Cochrane Skin Group - Core Outcome Set Initiative (CSG-COUSIN). DISCUSSION This study aims to develop a core outcome set to guide assessment in clinical trials of rosacea. The end-goal is to improve the reliability and consistency of outcome reporting, thereby allowing sufficient evaluation of treatment effectiveness and patient satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Iyengar
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair St., Ste 1600, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | | | - Jochen Schmitt
- Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lena Johannsen
- Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ian A. Maher
- Department of Dermatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Joseph F. Sobanko
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Division of Dermatologic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Todd V. Cartee
- Department of Dermatology, Penn State Hershey Dermatology, Hershey, PA USA
| | - Daniel Schlessinger
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair St., Ste 1600, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Emily Poon
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair St., Ste 1600, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
| | - Murad Alam
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair St., Ste 1600, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
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7
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Delitala AP, Filigheddu F, Orrù M, AlGhatrif M, Steri M, Pilia MG, Scuteri A, Lobina M, Piras MG, Delitala G, Lakatta EG, Schlessinger D, Cucca F. No evidence of association between subclinical thyroid disorders and common carotid intima medial thickness or atherosclerotic plaque. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:1104-1110. [PMID: 26615224 PMCID: PMC4684424 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and the presence of plaques have been shown to be predictors of cardiovascular disease. The cardiovascular risk in patients with overt thyroid diseases is related to increased risk of atherosclerosis, but there has been no clear evidence about subclinical disorders. We have assessed whether subclinical thyroid dysfunction is associated with arterial thickening and plaque. METHODS AND RESULTS The SardiNIA study is a population-based survey on the Italian island of Sardinia. We reviewed data from 5815 subjects (aged 14-102 years), none of whom had overt hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism or was taking thyroid medication. Serum thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine, together with carotid ultrasound IMT and the presence of common carotid plaques were analysed in all subjects. Possible association of IMT and carotid plaques with thyroid parameters was evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. IMT was significantly associated with age, sex, smoking, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol, pulse pressure (PP), history of arterial hypertension, diabetes, and previous cardiovascular events (p = 0.001 or lower, R(2) = 0.47). Carotid plaques were predicted by age, sex, LDL, PP, history of diabetes, previous cardiovascular events, and the use of statins (p = 0.029 or lower). Thyroid hormone was not predictive of carotid atherosclerosis when adjusted for confounders. CONCLUSION Thyroid hormone is not associated with increased IMT or with the presence of carotid artery plaque. Our data do not support the idea that treating subclinical disorders might help to prevent arterial remodelling or carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Delitala
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - F Filigheddu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - M Orrù
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M AlGhatrif
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Steri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M G Pilia
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Scuteri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Lobina
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M G Piras
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - G Delitala
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - E G Lakatta
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - D Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - F Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica (IRGB), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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8
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Terracciano A, Esko T, Sutin AR, de Moor MHM, Meirelles O, Zhu G, Tanaka T, Giegling I, Nutile T, Realo A, Allik J, Hansell NK, Wright MJ, Montgomery GW, Willemsen G, Hottenga JJ, Friedl M, Ruggiero D, Sorice R, Sanna S, Cannas A, Räikkönen K, Widen E, Palotie A, Eriksson JG, Cucca F, Krueger RF, Lahti J, Luciano M, Smoller JW, van Duijn CM, Abecasis GR, Boomsma DI, Ciullo M, Costa PT, Ferrucci L, Martin NG, Metspalu A, Rujescu D, Schlessinger D, Uda M. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies common variants in CTNNA2 associated with excitement-seeking. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e49. [PMID: 22833195 PMCID: PMC3309493 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The tendency to seek stimulating activities and intense sensations define excitement-seeking, a personality trait akin to some aspects of sensation-seeking. This trait is a central feature of extraversion and is a component of the multifaceted impulsivity construct. Those who score high on measures of excitement-seeking are more likely to smoke, use other drugs, gamble, drive recklessly, have unsafe/unprotected sex and engage in other risky behaviors of clinical and social relevance. To identify common genetic variants associated with the Excitement-Seeking scale of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, we performed genome-wide association studies in six samples of European ancestry (N=7860), and combined the results in a meta-analysis. We identified a genome-wide significant association between the Excitement-Seeking scale and rs7600563 (P=2 × 10(-8)). This single-nucleotide polymorphism maps within the catenin cadherin-associated protein, alpha 2 (CTNNA2) gene, which encodes for a brain-expressed α-catenin critical for synaptic contact. The effect of rs7600563 was in the same direction in all six samples, but did not replicate in additional samples (N=5105). The results provide insight into the genetics of excitement-seeking and risk-taking, and are relevant to hyperactivity, substance use, antisocial and bipolar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Terracciano
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - T Esko
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Estonian Biocenter, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A R Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M H M de Moor
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Meirelles
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - G Zhu
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - T Tanaka
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - I Giegling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - T Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - A Realo
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Allik
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - N K Hansell
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M J Wright
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G W Montgomery
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - G Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J-J Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Friedl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - R Sorice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - S Sanna
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Cannas
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - K Räikkönen
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - J G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - F Cucca
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - R F Krueger
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Luciano
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J W Smoller
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - G R Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - D I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics A Buzzati-Traverso, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - P T Costa
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L Ferrucci
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - N G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - A Metspalu
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia,Estonian Biocenter, Tartu, Estonia
| | - D Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M Uda
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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Chen Y, Moradin A, Schlessinger D, Nagaraja R. RXRα and LXR activate two promoters in placenta- and tumor-specific expression of PLAC1. Placenta 2011; 32:877-84. [PMID: 21937108 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PLAC1 expression, first characterized as restricted to developing placenta among normal tissues, is also found in a wide range of tumors and transformed cell lines. To understand the basis for its unusual expression profile, we have analyzed the gene structure and its mode of transcription. We find that the gene has a hitherto unique feature, with two promoters, P1 and P2, separated by 105 kb. P2 has been described before. Here we define P1 and show that it and P2 are activated by RXRα in conjunction with LXRα or LXRβ. In placenta, P2 is the preferred promoter, whereas various tumor cell lines tend to express predominantly either one or the other promoter. Furthermore, when each promoter is fused to a luciferase reporter gene and transfected into cancer cell lines, the promoter corresponding to the more active endogenous promoter is preferentially transcribed. Joint expression of activating nuclear receptors can partially account for the restricted expression of PLAC1 in placenta, and may be co-opted for preferential P1 or P2 PLAC1 expression in various tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, Bayview Research Center, 251 Bayview Blvd, RM 10B117, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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10
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Schlessinger J, Schlessinger D, Schlessinger B. Prospective demographic study of cosmetic surgery patients. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2010; 3:30-35. [PMID: 21103314 PMCID: PMC2989811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The authors sought to examine and assess cosmetic surgery patient demographics as well as age in relation to partner, in a prospective manner, analyzing data for any significant correlations. DESIGN The authors conducted a prospective study utilizing a survey. SETTING The study was conducted in a private, nonacademic dermatological practice. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred thirty-six patients participated in this study. RESULTS Demographics of onabotulinumtoxinA/abobotulinumtoxinA (neurotoxins), fillers, and laser hair removal users were studied. The data show that the average private practice cosmetic surgery patient in this study is a married (67.5%), college-educated or greater (66.9%), employed (74.3%), mother (74.5%). In the fillers category, 50 percent of women were older than their partners, as opposed to 14.8 percent in 2008 Census data. Additionally, women were more educated and employed to a higher percentage than similar women in 2008 Census data. Data on motivations were statistically not significant. CONCLUSION Data from this study show potential correlations with Census data norms in marital status and motherhood status categories, but not in the age in relation to partner, education, and employment level categories. Motivations of individuals undergoing cosmetic surgery will need further analysis in future studies.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND High Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness are frequently implicated in health-risk behaviors, such as smoking and overeating, as well as health outcomes, including mortality. Their associations with physiological markers of morbidity and mortality, such as inflammation, are less well documented. The present research examines the association between the five major dimensions of personality and interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine often elevated in patients with chronic morbidity and frailty. METHOD A population-based sample (n=4923) from four towns in Sardinia, Italy, had their levels of IL-6 measured and completed a comprehensive personality questionnaire, the NEO-PI-R. Analyses controlled for factors known to have an effect on IL-6: age; sex; smoking; weight; aspirin use; disease burden. RESULTS High Neuroticism and low Conscientiousness were both associated with higher levels of IL-6. The findings remained significant after controlling for the relevant covariates. Similar results were found for C-reactive protein, a related marker of chronic inflammation. Further, smoking and weight partially mediated the association between impulsivity-related traits and higher IL-6 levels. Finally, logistic regressions revealed that participants either in the top 10% of the distribution of Neuroticism or the bottom 10% of conscientiousness had an approximately 40% greater risk of exceeding clinically relevant thresholds of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with the literature on personality and self-reported health, individuals high on Neuroticism or low on Conscientiousness show elevated levels of this inflammatory cytokine. Identifying critical medical biomarkers associated with personality may help to elucidate the physiological mechanisms responsible for the observed connections between personality traits and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Sutin
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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12
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King TC, Schlessinger D, Milanovich F. Laser Raman studies of RNA backbone ordering in Escherichia coli ribosomes. Biophys J 2010; 32:456-8. [PMID: 19431393 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(80)84981-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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13
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Terracciano A, Sanna S, Uda M, Deiana B, Usala G, Busonero F, Maschio A, Scally M, Patriciu N, Chen WM, Distel MA, Slagboom EP, Boomsma DI, Villafuerte S, Sliwerska E, Burmeister M, Amin N, Janssens ACJW, van Duijn CM, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Costa PT. Genome-wide association scan for five major dimensions of personality. Mol Psychiatry 2010; 15:647-56. [PMID: 18957941 PMCID: PMC2874623 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Personality traits are summarized by five broad dimensions with pervasive influences on major life outcomes, strong links to psychiatric disorders and clear heritable components. To identify genetic variants associated with each of the five dimensions of personality we performed a genome-wide association (GWA) scan of 3972 individuals from a genetically isolated population within Sardinia, Italy. On the basis of the analyses of 362 129 single-nucleotide polymorphisms we found several strong signals within or near genes previously implicated in psychiatric disorders. They include the association of neuroticism with SNAP25 (rs362584, P=5 x 10(-5)), extraversion with BDNF and two cadherin genes (CDH13 and CDH23; Ps<5 x 10(-5)), openness with CNTNAP2 (rs10251794, P=3 x 10(-5)), agreeableness with CLOCK (rs6832769, P=9 x 10(-6)) and conscientiousness with DYRK1A (rs2835731, P=3 x 10(-5)). Effect sizes were small (less than 1% of variance), and most failed to replicate in the follow-up independent samples (N up to 3903), though the association between agreeableness and CLOCK was supported in two of three replication samples (overall P=2 x 10(-5)). We infer that a large number of loci may influence personality traits and disorders, requiring larger sample sizes for the GWA approach to confidently identify associated genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Terracciano
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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14
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Scuteri A, Najjar SS, Orru' M, Albai G, Strait J, Tarasov KV, Piras MG, Cao A, Schlessinger D, Uda M, Lakatta EG. Age- and gender-specific awareness, treatment, and control of cardiovascular risk factors and subclinical vascular lesions in a founder population: the SardiNIA Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:532-541. [PMID: 19321325 PMCID: PMC4658660 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM We investigated the gender-specific control of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and subclinical vascular lesions in a founder population in Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS 6148 subjects were enrolled (aged 14-102 years) from four towns. Hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM) and dyslipidemia (LIP) were defined in accordance with guidelines. A self-reported diagnosis defined awareness of these conditions, and the current use of specific medications as treatment. Prevalence was HT 29.2%, DM 4.8%, LIP 44.1% and was higher in men than in women. Disease prevalence increased with age for every CV risk factor. Men were less likely than women to take anti-HT drugs and to reach BP control (9.9% vs. 16%). Only 17.6% of HT > 65 years had a BP < or =140/90 mmHg, though 48.5% were treated. The use of statins was very low (<1/3 of eligible subjects > 65 years, those with the highest treatment rate). The ratio of control-to-treated HT was lower in subjects with, than in those without, thicker carotid arteries (31.5% vs. 38.8%, p < 0.05) or stiffer aortas (26.0% vs. 40.0%, p < 0.05) or carotid plaques (26.3% vs. 41.1%, p<0.05). CONCLUSION A large number of subjects at high CV risk are not treated and the management of subclinical vascular lesions is far from optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Scuteri
- UO Geriatria, INRCA, IRCCS, Via Cassia 1167, 00189 Rome, Italy.
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15
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Tissieres A, Schlessinger D, Gros F. AMINO ACID INCORPORATION INTO PROTEINS BY ESCHERICHIA COLI RIBOSOMES. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 46:1450-63. [PMID: 16590771 PMCID: PMC223067 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.46.11.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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16
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Marks PA, Burka ER, Schlessinger D. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN ERYTHROID CELLS, I. RETICULOCYTE RIBOSOMES ACTIVE IN STIMULATING AMINO ACID INCORPORATION. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 48:2163-71. [PMID: 16591030 PMCID: PMC221139 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.48.12.2163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P A Marks
- COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
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17
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Kotler-Brajtburg J, Price HD, Medoff G, Schlessinger D, Kobayashi GS. Molecular basis for the selective toxicity of amphotericin B for yeast and filipin for animal cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 5:377-82. [PMID: 15825391 PMCID: PMC428978 DOI: 10.1128/aac.5.4.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the polyene antibiotics, many, like filipin, cannot be used clinically because they are toxic; amphotericin B, however, is useful in therapy of human fungal infections because it is less toxic. Both the toxicity of filipin and the therapeutic value of amphotericin B can be rationalized at the cellular and molecular level by the following observations: (i) these polyene antibiotics showed differential effects on cells; filipin was more potent in lysing human red blood cells, whereas amphotericin B was more potent in inhibiting yeast cell growth; and (ii) the effects of filipin were more efficiently inhibited by added cholesterol, the major membrane sterol in human cells, whereas the effects of amphotericin B were more efficiently inhibited by ergosterol, the major membrane sterol in yeast. The simplest inference is that the toxicity and effectiveness of polyenes are determined by their relative avidities for the predominant sterol in cell membranes.
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18
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Srivastava AK, Durmowicz MC, Hartung AJ, Hudson J, Ouzts LV, Donovan DM, Cui CY, Schlessinger D. Ectodysplasin-A1 is sufficient to rescue both hair growth and sweat glands in Tabby mice. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10:2973-81. [PMID: 11751679 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/10.26.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human ectodysplasin-A (EDA) are responsible for the most common form of the ectodermal dysplasia and the defective orthologous gene in mice produces the tabby phenotype, suggesting its vital role in the development of hair, sweat glands and teeth. Among several EDA splice isoforms, the most common and the longest EDA splice isoforms, EDA-A1 and EDA-A2, differing by only two amino acids, activate NF-kappaB-promoted transcription by binding to distinct receptors, EDAR and XEDAR. The extent to which any particular isoform is sufficient for the formation of hair, sweat glands or teeth has remained unclear. Here we report that transgenic expression of the mouse EDA-A1 isoform in tabby (EDA-less) males rescued development of several skin appendages. The transgenic tabby mice showed almost complete restoration of hair growth, dermal ridges, sweat glands and molars. The number of hair follicles in the transgenic mice is the same as in wild-type; though the development of follicles and associated glands varies from indistinguishable from wild-type to smaller and/or only partially formed. These results suggest that the other EDA isoforms may not be absolutely required for skin appendage formation, but consistent with distinctive temporal and spatial expression of the EDA-A2 isoform, are likely required for appropriate timing and completeness of development. Our data provide the first direct physiological evidence that EDA-A1 is a key regulator of hair follicle and sweat gland initiation; its soluble ligand form could aid in deriving therapeutic reagents for conditions affecting hair and sweat gland formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Srivastava
- J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, SC 29646, USA.
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19
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. When it is disrupted, it causes the X-linked gigantism-overgrowth Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Its involvement in growth control is consistent with recent reports that it can bind to growth factors, possibly including insulin-like growth factor 2. Further, it has been hypothesized that it may function as a tumor suppressor gene in breast and ovarian carcinomas and mesotheliomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS RNA and protein were extracted from Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma tissue samples and GPC3 levels were measured in these extracts by Northern blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and immunoblotting. RESULTS In contrast to published results with carcinomas, high levels of GPC3 expression were found in Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma. Low or undetectable expressions of this gene were found in normal tissue surrounding the tumor. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of GPC3 in Wilms tumor and hepatoblastoma suggests a growth-promoting or neutral activity for this gene product rather than a growth-suppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Toretsky
- Department of Pediatrics, and Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine and Baltimore VA Medical Center, USA
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20
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Abstract
The regenerative power of stem cells has raised issues about their relation to aging. We focus on the question of whether a decline in the function of stem cells may itself be a significant feature of aging. The question is implicitly two-fold: does functional depletion of stem cells affect the accumulation of aging-related deficits, and--whether or not depletion is significant--can activation of stem cells alleviate deficits? Two types of system are considered: 1) the exhaustible pool of ovarian follicles. The depletion of follicles leads to the aging-related phenomenon of menopause; and 2) the reserve of hematopoietic stem cells. Substantial numbers are sustained throughout life, but in mouse models, endogenous replicative activity has been shown to decline sharply with age. We discuss the possible implications of these observations for the rate of aging and the prospects for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIH-NIA, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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21
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Mumm S, Herrera L, Waeltz PW, Scardovi A, Nagaraja R, Esposito T, Schlessinger D, Rocchi M, Forabosco A. X/autosomal translocations in the Xq critical region associated with premature ovarian failure fall within and outside genes. Genomics 2001; 76:30-6. [PMID: 11560122 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2001.6611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Premature ovarian failure curtails female reproductive life and is often linked to balanced Xq/autosomal translocations in a critical region. We mapped regions around translocations at the edges of this zone (one in Xq13.3, two in Xq26) in large-insert clones and analyzed their sequence. One Xq26 region is extensively transcribed and, in agreement with a recent independent analysis, the breakpoint interrupts a gene that encodes a widely expressed peptidase. In contrast 430 kb around the second Xq26 breakpoint has no putative or detected gene content. In 260 kb around the Xq13 translocation, the breakpoint falls among a cluster of repetitive elements at least 59 kb from the only detected gene (a rarely expressed T-box family transcription factor). We discuss our results in relation to models that ascribe premature ovarian failure to interruption of ovarian genes or to a failure of interactions involving DNA of the critical region during follicle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mumm
- Division of Bone and Mineral Disease, Washington University School of Medicine and Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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22
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Crisponi L, Deiana M, Loi A, Chiappe F, Uda M, Amati P, Bisceglia L, Zelante L, Nagaraja R, Porcu S, Ristaldi MS, Marzella R, Rocchi M, Nicolino M, Lienhardt-Roussie A, Nivelon A, Verloes A, Schlessinger D, Gasparini P, Bonneau D, Cao A, Pilia G. The putative forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 is mutated in blepharophimosis/ptosis/epicanthus inversus syndrome. Nat Genet 2001; 27:159-66. [PMID: 11175783 DOI: 10.1038/84781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In type I blepharophimosis/ptosis/epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES), eyelid abnormalities are associated with ovarian failure. Type II BPES shows only the eyelid defects, but both types map to chromosome 3q23. We have positionally cloned a novel, putative winged helix/forkhead transcription factor gene, FOXL2, that is mutated to produce truncated proteins in type I families and larger proteins in type II. Consistent with an involvement in those tissues, FOXL2 is selectively expressed in the mesenchyme of developing mouse eyelids and in adult ovarian follicles; in adult humans, it appears predominantly in the ovary. FOXL2 represents a candidate gene for the polled/intersex syndrome XX sex-reversal goat.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Crisponi
- Istituto di Ricerca sulle Talassemie ed Anemie Mediterranee CNR, and Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Ospedale Regionale per le Microcitemie, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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23
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Khan S, Blackburn M, Mao DL, Huber R, Schlessinger D, Fant M. Glypican-3 (GPC3) expression in human placenta: localization to the differentiated syncytiotrophoblast. Histol Histopathol 2001; 16:71-8. [PMID: 11193214 DOI: 10.14670/hh-16.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of glypican-3 (GPC3), a heparan-sulfate proteoglycan associated with the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel fetal overgrowth syndrome, was studied in normal human placental tissue and cell lines derived from human placentae. Cytotrophoblasts derived from term placentae expressed GPC3 mRNA at low levels in culture. GPC3 mRNA expression increased markedly during trophoblast differentiation. By contrast, fibroblast cell lines derived from normal placentae did not express GPC3 in culture. Similarly, choriocarcinoma cell lines derived from human placentae (BeWo, JAR, and JEG) failed to express GPC3 mRNA. In situ hybridization confirmed the localization of GPC3 mRNA to the syncytiotrophoblast. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of paraffin imbedded placental tissue demonstrated intense staining of the syncytiotrophoblast cell layer and less intense staining of cytotrophoblasts. No staining of mesenchymal elements was noted. These data confirm the presence of GPC3 in human placenta and suggest it is expressed by the differentiated syncytiotrophoblast at term.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, USA
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24
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Abstract
A novel human X-linked gene shows placenta-specific expression and has been named PLAC1. The gene maps 65 kb telomeric to HPRT at Xq26 and has been completely sequenced at the cDNA and genomic levels. The mouse orthologue Plac1 maps to the syntenically equivalent region of the mouse X chromosome. In situ hybridization studies with the antisense mRNA during mouse embryogenesis detect Plac1 expression from 7.5 dpc (days postcoitum) to 14.5 dpc in ectoplacental cone, giant cells, and labyrinthine trophoblasts. The putative human and murine PLAC1 proteins are 60% identical and 77% homologous. Both include a signal peptide and a peptide sequence also found in an interaction domain of the ZP3 (zona pellucida 3) protein. These results make PLAC1 a marker for placental development, with a possible role in the establishment of the mother-fetus interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cocchia
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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25
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Abstract
A method has been established to convert pYAC4-based linear yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) into circular chromosomes that can also be propagated in Escherichia coli cells as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). The circularization is based on use of a vector that contains a yeast dominant selectable marker (G418R), a BAC cassette and short targeting sequences adjacent to the edges of the insert in the pYAC4 vector. When it is introduced into yeast, the vector recombines with the YAC target sequences to form a circular molecule, retaining the insert but discarding most of the sequences of the YAC telomeric arms. YACs up to 670 kb can be efficiently circularized using this vector. Re-isolation of megabase-size YAC inserts as a set of overlapping circular YAC/BACs, based on the use of an Alu-containing targeting vector, is also described. We have shown that circular DNA molecules up to 250 kb can be efficiently and accurately transferred into E.coli cells by electroporation. Larger circular DNAs cannot be moved into bacterial cells, but can be purified away from linear yeast chromosomes. We propose that the described system for generation of circular YAC derivatives can facilitate sequencing as well as functional analysis of genomic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cocchia
- Laboratory of Genetics, NIA, NIH, 333 Cassell Drive, Suite 4000, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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26
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Kargul GJ, Nagaraja R, Shimada T, Grahovac MJ, Lim MK, Nakashima H, Waeltz P, Ma P, Chen E, Schlessinger D, Ko MS. Eleven densely clustered genes, six of them novel, in 176 kb of mouse t-complex DNA. Genome Res 2000; 10:916-23. [PMID: 10899141 PMCID: PMC310918 DOI: 10.1101/gr.10.7.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Targeted sequencing of the mouse t-complex has started with a 176-kb, gene-rich BAC localized with six PCR-based markers in inversion 2/3 of the highly duplicated region. The sequence contains 11 genes recovered primarily as cDNAs from early embryonic collections, including Igfals (previously placed on chromosome 17), Nubp2 (a fully characterized gene), Jsap1 (a JNK-binding protein), Rsp29 (the mouse homologue of the rat gene), Ndk3 (a nucleoside diphosphate kinase), and six additional putative genes of unknown function. With 50% GC content, 75% of the DNA transcribed, and one gene/16.0 kb (on average), the region may qualify as one of the most gene-dense segments in the mouse genome and provides candidates for dosage-sensitive phenotypes and mouse embryonic lethals mapped to the vicinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Kargul
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224-6820 USA
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27
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Ciccodicola A, D'Esposito M, Esposito T, Gianfrancesco F, Migliaccio C, Miano MG, Matarazzo MR, Vacca M, Franzè A, Cuccurese M, Cocchia M, Curci A, Terracciano A, Torino A, Cocchia S, Mercadante G, Pannone E, Archidiacono N, Rocchi M, Schlessinger D, D'Urso M. Differentially regulated and evolved genes in the fully sequenced Xq/Yq pseudoautosomal region. Hum Mol Genet 2000; 9:395-401. [PMID: 10655549 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/9.3.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sex chromosomes, which are morphologically and genetically different, share few regions of homology. Among them, only pseudoautosomal regions (PARs) pair and recombine during meiosis. To better address the complex biology of these regions, we sequenced the telomeric 400 kb of the long arm of the human X chromosome, including 330 kb of the human Xq/YqPAR and the telomere. Sequencing reveals subregions with distinctive regulatory and evolutionary features. The proximal 295 kb contains two genes inactivated on both the inactive X and Y chromosomes [ SYBL1 and a novel homologue ( HSPRY3 ) of Drosophila sprouty ]. The GC-rich distal 35 kb, added in stages and much later in evolution, contains the X/Y expressed gene IL9R and a novel gene, CXYorf1, only 5 kb from the Xq telomere. These properties make Xq/YqPAR a model for studies of region-specific gene inactivation, telomere evolution, and involvement in sex-limited conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ciccodicola
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Via Marconi 10, 80125 Naples, Italy
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28
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Ezer S, Bayés M, Elomaa O, Schlessinger D, Kere J. Ectodysplasin is a collagenous trimeric type II membrane protein with a tumor necrosis factor-like domain and co-localizes with cytoskeletal structures at lateral and apical surfaces of cells. Hum Mol Genet 1999; 8:2079-86. [PMID: 10484778 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/8.11.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) is a human genetic disorder of impaired ectodermal appendage development. The EDA gene encodes isoforms of a novel transmembrane protein, ectodysplasin. The sequence of the longest isoform includes an interrupted collagenous domain of 19 Gly-X-Y repeats and a motif conserved in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related ligand family. In order to understand better the function of the ectodysplasin protein molecule and its domains, we have studied the processing and localization of wild-type and mutated isoforms in transfected human fetal kidney 293 and monkey kidney COS-1 cells. Similar to other members of collagenous membrane proteins and members of TNF-related ligands, ectodysplasin is a type II membrane protein and it forms trimers. The membrane localization of ectodysplasin is asymmetrical: it is found on the apical and lateral surfaces of the cells where it co-localizes with cytoskeletal structures. The TNF-like motif and cysteines found near the C-terminus are necessary for correct transport to the cell membrane, but the intracellular and collagenous domains are not required for the localization pattern. Our results suggest that ectodysplasin is a new member in the TNF-related ligand family involved in the early epithelial-mesenchymal interaction that regulates ectodermal appendage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ezer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, National Institute of Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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29
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Pengue G, Srivastava AK, Kere J, Schlessinger D, Durmowicz MC. Functional characterization of the promoter of the X-linked ectodermal dysplasia gene. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:26477-84. [PMID: 10473608 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.37.26477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) is a disorder characterized by poor development of hair, teeth, and sweat glands, and results from lesions in the X-linked EDA gene. We have cloned a 1.6-kilobase 5'-flanking region of the human EDA gene and used it to analyze features of transcriptional regulation. Primer extension analysis located a single transcription initiation site 264 base pairs (bp) upstream of the translation start site. When the intact cloned fragment or truncated derivatives were placed upstream of a reporter luciferase gene and transfected into a series of cultured cells, expression comparable with that conferred by an SV40 promoter-enhancer was observed. The region lacks a TATA box sequence, and basal transcription from the unique start site is dependent on two binding sites for the Sp1 transcription factor. One site lies 38 bp 5' to the transcription start site, in a 71-bp sequence that is sufficient to support up to 35% of maximal transcription. The functional importance of the Sp1 sites was demonstrated when cotransfection of an Sp1 expression vector transactivated the EDA promoter in the SL2 Drosophila cell line that otherwise lacks endogenous Sp1. Also, both Sp1 binding sites were active in footprinting and gel shift assays in the presence of either crude HeLa cell nuclear extract or purified Sp1 and lost activity when the binding sites were mutated. A second region involved in positive control was localized to a 40-bp sequence between -673 and -633 bp. This region activated an SV40 minimal promoter 4- to 5-fold in an orientation-independent manner and is thus inferred to contain an enhancer region.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pengue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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30
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Srivastava AK, McMillan S, Jermak C, Shomaker M, Copeland-Yates SA, Sossey-Alaoui K, Mumm S, Schlessinger D, Nagaraja R. Integrated STS/YAC physical, genetic, and transcript map of human Xq21.3 to q23/q24 (DXS1203-DXS1059). Genomics 1999; 58:188-201. [PMID: 10366451 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A map has been assembled that extends from the XY homology region in Xq21.3 to proximal Xq24, approximately 20 Mb, formatted with 200 STSs that include 25 dinucleotide repeat polymorphic markers and more than 80 expressed sequences including 30 genes. New genes HTRP5, CAPN6, STPK, 14-3-3PKR, and CALM1 and previously known genes including BTK, DDP, GLA, PLP, COL4A5, COL4A6, PAK3, and DCX are localized; candidate loci for other disorders for which genes have not yet been identified, including DFN-2, POF, megalocornea, and syndromic and nonsyndromic mental retardation, are also mapped in the region. The telomeric end of the contig overlaps a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig from Xq24-q26 and with other previously published contigs provides complete sequence-tagged site (STS)/YAC-based coverage of the long arm of the X chromosome. The order of published landmark loci in genetic and radiation hybrid maps is in general agreement. Combined with high-density STS landmarks, the multiple YAC clone coverage and integrated genetic, radiation hybrid, and transcript map provide resources to further disease gene searches and sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Srivastava
- J. C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, 29646, USA.
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31
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Zucchi I, Jones J, Affer M, Montagna C, Redolfi E, Susani L, Vezzoni P, Parvari R, Schlessinger D, Whyte MP, Mumm S. Transcription map of Xq27: candidates for several X-linked diseases. Genomics 1999; 57:209-18. [PMID: 10198160 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.5768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human Xq27 contains candidate regions for several disorders, yet is predicted to be a gene-poor cytogenetic band. We have developed a transcription map for the entire cytogenetic band to facilitate the identification of the relatively small number of expected candidate genes. Two approaches were taken to identify genes: (1) a group of 64 unique STSs that were generated during the physical mapping of the region were used in RT-PCR with RNA from human adult and fetal brain and (2) ESTs that have been broadly mapped to this region of the chromosome were finely mapped using a high-resolution yeast artificial chromosome contig. This combined approach identified four distinct regions of transcriptional activity within the Xq27 band. Among them is a region at the centromeric boundary that contains candidate regions for several rare developmental disorders (X-linked recessive hypoparathyroidism, thoracoabdominal syndrome, albinism-deafness syndrome, and Borjeson-Forssman-Lehman syndrome). Two transcriptionally active regions were identified in the center of Xq27 and include candidate regions for X-linked mental retardation syndrome 6, X-linked progressive cone dystrophy, X-linked retinitis pigmentosa 24, and a prostate cancer susceptibility locus. The fourth region of transcriptional activity encompasses the FMR1 (FRAXA) and FMR2 (FRAXE) genes. The analysis thus suggests clustered transcription in Xq27 and provides candidates for several heritable disorders for which the causative genes have not yet been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Zucchi
- Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche Avanzate, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Milan, Italy
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32
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Pellegrini M, Pilia G, Pantano S, Lucchini F, Uda M, Fumi M, Cao A, Schlessinger D, Forabosco A. Gpc3 expression correlates with the phenotype of the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Dev Dyn 1999. [PMID: 9853964 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0177(199812)213::4<431::aid-aja8>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in glypican-3 (GPC3), a member of the glypican-related integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans (GRIPS) family, has increased with the finding that it is mutated in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome (Pilia et al. [1996] Nat. Genet. 12:241-247). The working model suggested that the membrane-bound protein acts locally to limit tissue and organ growth and that it may function by interacting with insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) to limit its local effective level. Here we have tested two predictions of the model. In situ hybridization with the mouse gene cDNA was used to study the expression pattern during embryonic and fetal development. In agreement with predictions, the gene is expressed in precisely the organs that overgrow in its absence; and the patterns of expression of Gpc3 and those reported for Igf2 are strictly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pellegrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologiche e Medico Legali, Modena University, Italy.
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33
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Lin H, Huber R, Schlessinger D, Morin PJ. Frequent silencing of the GPC3 gene in ovarian cancer cell lines. Cancer Res 1999; 59:807-10. [PMID: 10029067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
GPC3 encodes a glypican integral membrane protein and is mutated in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome. Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome, an X-linked condition, is characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth as well as by various other abnormalities, including increased risk of embryonal tumors. The GPC3 gene is located at Xq26, a region frequently deleted in advanced ovarian cancers. To determine whether GPC3 is a tumor suppressor in ovarian neoplasia, we studied its expression and mutational status in 13 ovarian cancer cell lines. No mutations were found in GPC3, but its expression was lost in four (31%) of the cell lines analyzed. In an of the cases where GPC3 expression was lost, the GPC3 promoter was hypermethylated, as demonstrated by Southern analysis. Expression of GPC3 was restored by treatment of the cells with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. A colony-forming assay confirmed that ectopic GPC3 expression inhibited the growth of ovarian cancer cell lines. Our results show that GPC3, a gene involved in the control of organ growth, is frequently inactivated in a subset of ovarian cancers and suggest that it may function as a tumor suppressor in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lin
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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34
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Abstract
A 2Mb contig was constructed of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and P1 artificial chromosomes (PACs), extending from DXS6849 to a new marker EC7034R, 1Mb distal to UBE1, within the p11.3 region of the human X chromosome. This contig, which has on average four-fold cloned coverage, was assembled using 37 markers, including 13 new sequence tagged sites (STSs) developed from YAC and PAC end-fragments, for an average inter-marker distance of 55kb. The inferred marker order predicted from SEGMAP analysis, STS content and cell hybrid data is Xpter-EC7034R-EC8058R-FB20E11-DXS7804-D XS8308-(DXS1264, DXS1055)-DXS1003-UBE1-(UHX), PCTK1)-DXS1364-DXS1266-DXS337-SYN1-DXS6 849-cen. One (TC)n dinucleotide sequence from an end-clone was identified and found to be polymorphic (48% heterozygosity). The contig is merged with published physical maps both in the distal and in the centromeric direction of Xp, and provides reagents to aid in the DNA sequencing and the finding of genes in this region of the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Stoddart
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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35
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Huber R, Hansen RS, Strazzullo M, Pengue G, Mazzarella R, D'Urso M, Schlessinger D, Pilia G, Gartler SM, D'Esposito M. DNA methylation in transcriptional repression of two differentially expressed X-linked genes, GPC3 and SYBL1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:616-21. [PMID: 9892682 PMCID: PMC15185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.2.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/1998] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation of CpG islands is an established transcriptional repressive mechanism and is a feature of silencing in X chromosome inactivation. Housekeeping genes that are subject to X inactivation exhibit differential methylation of their CpG islands such that the inactive alleles are hypermethylated. In this report, we examine two contrasting X-linked genes with CpG islands for regulation by DNA methylation: SYBL1, a housekeeping gene in the Xq pseudoautosomal region, and GPC3, a tissue-specific gene in Xq26 that is implicated in the etiology of the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome. We observed that in vitro methylation of either the SYBL1 or the GPC3 promoter resulted in repression of reporter constructs. In normal contexts, we found that both the Y and inactive X alleles of SYBL1 are repressed and hypermethylated, whereas the active X allele is expressed and unmethylated. Furthermore, the Y and inactive X alleles of SYBL1 were derepressed by treatment with the demethylating agent azadeoxycytidine. GPC3 is also subject to X inactivation, and the active X allele is unmethylated in nonexpressing leukocytes as well as in an expressing cell line, suggesting that methylation is not involved in the tissue-specific repression of this allele. The inactive X allele, however, is hypermethylated in leukocytes, presumably reflecting early X inactivation events that become important for gene dosage in expressing lineages. These and other data suggest that all CpG islands on Xq, including the pseudoautosomal region, are subject to X inactivation-induced methylation. Additionally, methylation of SYBL1 on Yq may derive from a process related to X inactivation that targets large chromatin domains for transcriptional repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Huber
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Interest in glypican-3 (GPC3), a member of the glypican-related integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans (GRIPS) family, has increased with the finding that it is mutated in the Simpson-Golabi-Behmel overgrowth syndrome (Pilia et al. [1996] Nat. Genet. 12:241-247). The working model suggested that the membrane-bound protein acts locally to limit tissue and organ growth and that it may function by interacting with insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) to limit its local effective level. Here we have tested two predictions of the model. In situ hybridization with the mouse gene cDNA was used to study the expression pattern during embryonic and fetal development. In agreement with predictions, the gene is expressed in precisely the organs that overgrow in its absence; and the patterns of expression of Gpc3 and those reported for Igf2 are strictly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pellegrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Morfologiche e Medico Legali, Modena University, Italy.
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37
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Trump D, Dixon PH, Mumm S, Wooding C, Davies KE, Schlessinger D, Whyte MP, Thakker RV. Localisation of X linked recessive idiopathic hypoparathyroidism to a 1.5 Mb region on Xq26-q27. J Med Genet 1998; 35:905-9. [PMID: 9832036 PMCID: PMC1051482 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.11.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
X linked recessive idiopathic hypoparathyroidism (HPT) has been observed in two kindreds from Missouri, USA. Affected subjects, who are males, suffer from infantile onset of epilepsy and hypocalcaemia, which appears to be the result of an isolated congenital defect of parathyroid gland development; females are not affected and are normocalcaemic. The gene causing HPT has been previously mapped to a 7 cM interval, flanked centromerically by F9 and telomerically by DXS98, in Xq26-q27, and an analysis of mitochondrial DNA has established a common ancestry for these two kindreds. In order to define further the map location of HPT and thereby facilitate its isolation, we have undertaken linkage studies using polymorphic loci whose order has been established as Xcen - DXS1001 - DXS294 - DXS102 - F9 - DXS1232 - DXS984 - CDR1 - DXS105 - DXS1205 - DXS1227 - DXS98 - DXS52 - Xqter, within this region. Our results established linkage (lod score > 3) between HPT and eight of these 12 loci and indicated that the most likely location of HPT was within a 1.5 Mb interval flanked centromerically by F9 and telomerically by DXS984. Thus, the results of this study have helped to refine the map location of HPT, and this will facilitate the identification of this putative developmental gene and its role in the embryological formation of the parathyroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Trump
- MRC Molecular Endocrinology Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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38
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Dixon PH, Christie PT, Wooding C, Trump D, Grieff M, Holm I, Gertner JM, Schmidtke J, Shah B, Shaw N, Smith C, Tau C, Schlessinger D, Whyte MP, Thakker RV. Mutational analysis of PHEX gene in X-linked hypophosphatemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83:3615-23. [PMID: 9768674 DOI: 10.1210/jcem.83.10.5180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypophosphatemic rickets is commonly an X-linked dominant disorder (XLH or HYP) associated with a renal tubular defect in phosphate transport and bone deformities. The XLH gene, referred to as PHEX, or formerly as PEX (phosphate regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X-chromosome), encodes a 749-amino acid protein that putatively consists of an intracellular, transmembrane, and extracellular domain. PHEX mutations have been observed in XLH patients, and we have undertaken studies to characterize such mutations in 46 unrelated XLH kindreds and 22 unrelated patients with nonfamilial XLH by single stranded conformational polymorphism and DNA sequence analysis. We identified 31 mutations (7 nonsense, 6 deletions, 2 deletional insertions, 1 duplication, 2 insertions, 4 splice site, 8 missense, and 1 within the 5' untranslated region), of which 30 were scattered throughout the putative extracellular domain, together with 6 polymorphisms that had heterozygosity frequencies ranging from less than 1% to 43%. Single stranded conformational polymorphism was found to detect more than 60% of these mutations. Over 20% of the mutations were observed in nonfamilial XLH patients, who represented de novo occurrences of PHEX mutations. The unique point mutation (a-->g) of the 5'untranslated region together with the other mutations indicates that the dominant XLH phenotype is unlikely to be explained by haplo-insufficiency or a dominant negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Dixon
- Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Abstract
As large-scale sequencing accumulates momentum, an increasing number of instances are being revealed in which genes or other relatively rare sequences are duplicated, either in tandem or at nearby locations. Such duplications are a source of considerable polymorphism in populations, and also increase the evolutionary possibilities for the coregulation of juxtaposed sequences. As a further consequence, they promote inversions and deletions that are responsible for significant inherited pathology. Here we review known examples of genomic duplications present on the human X chromosome and autosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mazzarella
- Institute for Biomedical Computing and Center for Genetics in Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 USA
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40
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Nagaraja R, MacMillan S, Jones C, Masisi M, Pengue G, Porta G, Miao S, Casamassimi A, D'Urso M, Brownstein B, Schlessinger D. Integrated YAC/STS physical and genetic map of 22.5 Mb of human Xq24-q26 at 56-kb inter-STS resolution. Genomics 1998; 52:247-66. [PMID: 9790744 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1998.5438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A yeast artificial chromosome sequence-tagged site-based (YAC/STS) physical map of 22.5 Mb of the Xq24-q26 cytogenetic band region of the human X chromosome has been assembled. DNA coverage includes 857 large-insert clones formatted with 405 STSs to provide ninefold depth of DNA. At five points, no bridging clones have been recovered from 20 X-chromosome equivalents of human DNA in YACs or bacterial clones, but the placement of 25 ("CA")n polymorphic markers permits the ordering of contigs by comparison with the genetic linkage map and radiation hybrid data. The map localizes the X3000 translocation breakpoint and six genes (ANT2, NDUFA1, LAMP2, OCRL, IGSF1, and HDGF) at better than 100-kb resolution. The relatively gene-poor nature of the region is consistent with relatively low uniform 34-42% GC content in STSs across nearly all of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagaraja
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224-6825, USA.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schlessinger
- Laboratory of Genetics, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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42
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Nagaraja R, Jermak C, Trusgnich M, Yoon J, MacMillan S, McCauley MB, Brownstein B, Schlessinger D. YAC/STS map of 15Mb of Xp21.3-p11.3, at 100kb resolution, with refined comparisons of genetic distances and DMD structure. Gene X 1998; 215:259-67. [PMID: 9714824 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(98)00293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The 15<HSP SP = "0.25">Mb region between DXS997 and DXS8054 in Xp21.3-p11.3 has been mapped at seven-fold average coverage in yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and 100 kb inter-sequence tagged site (STS) distance. YACs from six different collections show self-consistent maps. The STSs include 18 (CA) repeat and one tetranucleotide repeat marker that detect polymorphism, as well as eight well-studied genes, a second site for MXS1 sequences, and three expressed sequence tags (ESTs). One of the ESTs maps to intron 7 of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and seems to be a processed intronic sequence with a poly(A) tail.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nagaraja
- Washington University School of Medicine, Center for Genetics in Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8232, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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43
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Abstract
Simpson-Golabi-Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) is an X-linked disease characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth. Recently, we have shown that mutations in the glypican family gene, GPC3, cause SGBS. This gene is predominantly expressed in the same mesoderm-derived tissues that overgrow in its absence. To investigate the basis for promoter function, 3.3kb of GC-rich DNA 5' of the transcribed region were fused to a luciferase cDNA, transfected into Caco-2 and NT2 cells, and assayed for activity. Deletion analysis identified a 218-bp fragment upstream of the transcription start site that conferred more than 80% of maximal reporter gene activation. This fragment contains five putative Sp1 binding sites, three of which (centered at nt -14, -34, and -92) were active when assessed by DNaseI footprinting and gel shift/supershift assays. Additionally, Sp1 specifically transactivated transcription in Sp1-deficient Drosophila SL2 cells, demonstrating the functionality of Sp1 on the GPC3 promoter. A full-length promoter construct was also highly active in HeLa cells, which do not express endogenous GPC3. These results indicate that the GPC3 promoter is dependent on Sp1 for proper activation, but tissue-specific repression in non-expressing cells must involve either DNA that lies outside the region tested or auxiliary structural features of chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Huber
- Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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44
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Abstract
Artificial chromosomes have been developed in the last 10 years to sustain genome mapping and, more recently, to begin initiating functional studies and some approaches to gene therapy. The use of yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) in mapping the human X chromosome is reported as an example. The requirements which have postponed the development of human artificial chromosomes have now been relatively met, and some prospects are previewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schlessinger
- Center for Genetics in Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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45
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Torigoe K, Harada T, Kusaba H, Uchiumi T, Kohno K, Green ED, Scherer SW, Tsui LC, Schlessinger D, Kuwano M, Wada M. Localization of 67 exons on a YAC contig spanning 1.5 Mb around the multidrug resistance gene region of human chromosome 7q21.1. Genomics 1998; 49:14-22. [PMID: 9570944 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1997.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A contig of 21 nonchimeric yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) was previously assembled across 1.5 Mb of the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene (PGY1 and PGY3) region of human chromosome 7q21.1. This region of the human genome has now been subjected to exon amplification to detect the presence of additional genes. Exon trapping was performed directly on the YACs. Sixty-seven gene fragments were isolated and characterized by sequence analysis and comparison with public databases. The localization of these exons in the 1.5-Mb region was determined by hybridization to YAC clones, and they were localized in 11 subregions of YAC contigs. The exon collection includes 21 exons that were identical to known cDNA sequences of PGY1, PGY3, sorcin (SRI), the cDNA similar to the delta subunit of the human amiloride-sensitive Na- channel (SCNED), and 4 cDNAs with unknown function; 43 exons that showed homology/similarity to known cDNA sequences of mouse DMP1, rat COT, mouse and human NADHD, human MDC, 3 cDNAs encoding possible membrane proteins, and 21 other cDNAs; and 3 exons that shared no homology/similarity with any sequence in public databases. The nucleotide sequences of all the PGY1 and PGY3 exons were identical to the corresponding cDNA sequences previously determined, and these exons were localized to the expected positions on the appropriate YAC clones. No other member of the MDR gene family thus appeared to be present in the 1.5-Mb region. The integrated physical and exon maps should prove valuable for both fine mapping and determination of a complete gene map of this segment of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Torigoe
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyushu University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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46
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Montonen O, Ezer S, Saarialho-Kere UK, Herva R, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Kaitila I, Schlessinger D, Srivastava AK, Thesleff I, Kere J. The gene defective in anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is expressed in the developing epithelium, neuroectoderm, thymus, and bone. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:281-9. [PMID: 9487109 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) is characterized by defects in the development of teeth, hair, and sweat glands. To study the expression of the human gene defective in EDA in human fetal development (Weeks 6-23 of gestational age) and in adult tissues, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used. First signs of expression were detected at Week 8 in epidermis and in neuroectodermal cells. Starting at Week 12, osteoblasts and thymus were positive for EDA mRNA. Hair follicles expressed EDA mRNA from 18 weeks. The presence of the EDA protein coincided with mRNA expression in the tissues examined. The expression pattern of the EDA gene is consistent with typical involvement of the skin in the syndrome. However, the expression is not limited to the ectodermal tissues and many sites of expression are not obviously reflected in the clinical features of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Montonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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47
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Abstract
We have isolated a novel full-length cDNA for a gene (IGSF1) located in distal Xq25. This transcript is highly expressed in adult testis and fetal liver but is undetectable in adult liver. A smaller alternate form is highly expressed in adult heart. The gene encodes a protein of 1327 amino acids with several recognizable functional domains. The protein has a putative signal peptide and transmembrane region, 15 potential sites for N-linked glycosylation, and 12 C2-type immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains. All of the Ig-like domains contain the two conserved cysteine residues that form intradomain disulfide bonds typical of this superfamily. These features are consistent with a possible role for this molecule in cell surface recognition or cell-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mazzarella
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Genome mapping efforts and the initial sequencing of large segments of human DNA permit ongoing assessment of the patterns and extent of sequence duplication and divergence in the human genome. Initial sequence data indicate that the most highly repetitive sequences show isochore-related enrichment and clustering produced by successive insertional recombination and local duplication of particular repetitive elements. Regional duplication is also observed for a number of otherwise unique genomic sequences and thereby makes these segments become repetitive. The consequences of these duplication events are: (1) clustering of related genes, along with a variety of coregulatory mechanisms; and (2) recombinations between the nearby homologous sequences, which can delete genes in individuals and account for a significant fraction of human genetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mazzarella
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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49
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Srivastava AK, Pispa J, Hartung AJ, Du Y, Ezer S, Jenks T, Shimada T, Pekkanen M, Mikkola ML, Ko MS, Thesleff I, Kere J, Schlessinger D. The Tabby phenotype is caused by mutation in a mouse homologue of the EDA gene that reveals novel mouse and human exons and encodes a protein (ectodysplasin-A) with collagenous domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:13069-74. [PMID: 9371801 PMCID: PMC24264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.24.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse Tabby (Ta) and X chromosome-linked human EDA share the features of hypoplastic hair, teeth, and eccrine sweat glands. We have cloned the Ta gene and find it to be homologous to the EDA gene. The gene is altered in two Ta alleles with a point mutation or a deletion. The gene is expressed in developing teeth and epidermis; no expression is seen in corresponding tissues from Ta mice. Ta and EDA genes both encode alternatively spliced forms; novel exons now extend the 3' end of the EDA gene. All transcripts recovered have the same 5' exon. The longest Ta cDNA encodes a 391-residue transmembrane protein, ectodysplasin-A, containing 19 Gly-Xaa-Yaa repeats. The isoforms of ectodysplasin-A may correlate with differential roles during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Srivastava
- J.C. Self Research Institute of Human Genetics, Greenwood Genetic Center, SC 29646, USA.
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50
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Gebbia M, Ferrero GB, Pilia G, Bassi MT, Aylsworth A, Penman-Splitt M, Bird LM, Bamforth JS, Burn J, Schlessinger D, Nelson DL, Casey B. X-linked situs abnormalities result from mutations in ZIC3. Nat Genet 1997; 17:305-8. [PMID: 9354794 DOI: 10.1038/ng1197-305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vertebrates position unpaired organs of the chest and abdomen asymmetrically along the left-right (LR) body axis. Each structure comes to lie non-randomly with respect to the midline in an overall position designated situs solitus, exemplified in humans by placement of the heart, stomach and spleen consistently to the left. Aberrant LR axis development can lead to randomization of individual organ position (situs ambiguus) or to mirror-image reversal of all lateralized structures (situs inversus). Previously we mapped a locus for situs abnormalities in humans, HTX1, to Xq26.2 by linkage analysis in a single family (LR1) and by detection of a deletion in an unrelated situs ambiguus male (Family LR2; refs 2,3). From this chromosomal region we have positionally cloned ZIC3, a gene encoding a putative zinc-finger transcription factor. One frameshift, two missense and two nonsense mutations have been identified in familial and sporadic situs ambiguus. The frameshift allele is also associated with situs inversus among some heterozygous females, suggesting that ZIC3 functions in the earliest stages of LR-axis formation. ZIC3, which has not been previously implicated in vertebrate LR-axis development, is the first gene unequivocally associated with human situs abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gebbia
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030-3498, USA
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