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Cowell K, Pang TY, Kwok JS, McCrowe C, Langenberg F, Easton D, Williams C, Davis SM, Donnan GA, De Aizpurua H, Balabanski A, Dos Santos A, Fox K. Can We Miniaturize CT Technology for a Successful Mobile Stroke Unit Roll-Out? Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2023; 2023:1-5. [PMID: 38083304 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Mortality from stroke remains high in Australia, especially for patients located outside the metropolitan cities. This is because they have limited access to specialized stroke facilities for optimal stroke treatment. Mobile stroke units have the capability to take CT scanners out to the patient however current CT commercial scanner designs are large and heavy. As such, this paper aims to design and develop a lightweight CT scanner for use in a mobile stroke unit (either road-based or air-based ambulance) to bring healthcare solution to patients in the rural and remote areas. We used the engineering design optimization approach to redesign and reduce the weight of the existing CT scanner with without compromised it structural performance. We managed to reduce the weight the CT scanner by three-fold while reducing design costs by allowing numerous simulations to be performed using computer software to achieve our design goals. The results are not only useful to optimize CT scanner structure to retrofit on a mobile stroke unit, but also bring the medical device solution to the market and support scalable solution to the larger community. Such an advance will allow for improved equity in healthcare whereby patients can be treated irrespective of location.
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Galan D, Perry BI, Warrier V, Davidson CC, Stupart O, Easton D, Khandaker GM, Murray GK. Applying Mendelian randomization to appraise causality in relationships between smoking, depression and inflammation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15041. [PMID: 36057695 PMCID: PMC9440889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking, inflammation and depression commonly co-occur and may be mechanistically linked. However, key questions remain around the direction of association and the influence of residual confounding. We aimed to characterize the association between lifetime smoking and depression, as well as to assess the role that genetically-predicted C-reactive protein (CRP) level, (an archetypal generalized inflammatory marker) and/or IL-6 activity, as a potential explanation for this association. We performed inverse variance weighted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses using recently published summary-level GWAS data for lifetime smoking index, CRP levels, and depression. A subset of inflammatory-related genetic variants from the lifetime smoking GWAS were also used to assess the potential inflammatory causal pathways between smoking and depression. The analysis indicated reciprocal relationships of lifetime smoking with depression (ORSmk-Dep = 2.01, 95% CI 1.71-2.37, p < 0.001; ORDep-Smk = 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.13, p < 0.001), CRP levels and IL-6 activity (ORSmk-CRP = 1.40, 95% CI 1.21-1.55, p < 0.001; ORCRP-Smk = 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.05, p < 0.001, ORIL-6/CRP-Smk = 1.06 (1.03-1.09), p < 0.001). These associations were also supported by the majority of the robust MR methods performed. We did not find evidence for a reciprocal relationship between CRP levels (using > 500 genetic instruments for CRP) and depression (ORCRP-Dep = 1.01, 95% CI 0.99-1.04; ORDep-CRP = 1.03, 95% CI 0.99-1.07). We observed little variation in the IVW estimates between smoking and depression when we limited the genetic variants assessed to those related to measures of generalized inflammation, but we found evidence for an attenuation of the smoking-depression association in multivariable mendelian randomization when adjusting for IL-6 activity, suggesting that the IL-6 pathway may be at least in part responsible for the association of smoking and depression. Our study supports potential bidirectional causal associations between lifetime smoking and depression which may be at least in part explained by the IL-6 signalling pathway. The IL-6 pathway may represent a putative therapeutic target for smoking and to mitigate the effects of smoking on depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Galan
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - B I Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - V Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - C C Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - O Stupart
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G M Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - G K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Program in Complex Trait Genomics, Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Mao X, He W, Eriksson M, Lindström L, Holowko N, Lagercrantz S, Humphreys K, Easton D, Hall P, Czene K. 133P Using breast cancer risk factors of women to estimate incidence of breast cancer in their sisters. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
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Eccles DM, Copson ER, Maishman T, Tapper W, Cutress R, Gerty S, Stanton L, Altman DG, Durcan L, Simmonds P, Decker B, Allen J, Luccarini C, Easton D, Dunning A. Abstract S2-03: Does BRCA status affect outcome in young breast cancer patients? Results from the prospective study of outcomes in sporadic and hereditary breast cancer (POSH). Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs16-s2-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Germline mutations in BRCA1/2 account for ∼3% of breast cancer cases but >10% of young patients who present with triple negative (TN) breast cancer. Young age at diagnosis is also associated with an increased risk of recurrence and inferior survival compared to older patients. Numerous publications describe an increased incidence of adverse biological features in tumours from young breast cancer patients; however it is unclear whether these fully explain the poor outcome.
The effect of carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation on the prognosis of breast cancer remains controversial with retrospective studies reporting better, similar and worse outcomes for mutation carriers compared to patients with sporadic tumours. BRCA carriers could feasibly have enhanced or reduced sensitivity to certain chemotherapeutics; however retrospective studies are problematic due to missing data and biased ascertainment. POSH is multicentre prospective observational cohort study designed to investigate factors which affect prognosis in young breast cancer patients (Copson et al, JNCI, 2013). Here we report the pathology, treatment and outcome of patients with TN tumours as a preliminary analysis to determine the impact of a germline BRCA1 mutation on survival. The whole cohort analysis including BRCA1 and BRCA2 is in progress.
Methods
2956 patients aged ≤40 at breast cancer diagnosis were recruited from 127 UK oncology centres between 2000 and 2008. Patient characteristics, family history, risk factors, tumour pathology and treatment information, and blood DNA were collected at recruitment. Follow-up data were collected at 6 and 12 months, then annually. Summary statistics were used to describe patients by BRCA1 status. Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to describe univariate survival data.
Results
BRCA1 status is currently available for 542 patients with TN tumours. Pathogenic BRCA1 mutations were identified in 122 patients (BRCA1+); 420 had no BRCA1 mutation (BRCA1-). BRCA1+ were younger than BRCA1- (median age 34 vs 36 years, p<0.001) and more likely to have a positive family history (p<0.001). There were no significant differences between BRCA1+ vs BRCA1- for: median tumour size (20.8mm vs 23.0mm); tumour grade distribution (95.8% grade 3 vs 93.6%); nodal involvement (35.2% node positive vs 39.9%); or presence of metastases at diagnosis (0.0% vs 1.0%).
Median follow-up was 7.3 years. Overall survival of patients with stage 1-3 disease treated with anthracycline +/- taxane neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n=538; 151 deaths) was better for BRCA1+ vs BRCA1- (79.1% vs 73.6% at 5-yrs; HR[95%CI]=0.84[0.57,1.25],p=0.388). Distant disease-free survival (DDFS) was also higher for BRCA1+ (5-yr DDFS 76.1% vs 71.5%; HR[CI]=0.92[0.63,1.35], p=0.682). Moreover, survival after first distant relapse was better for BRCA1+ patients (41.9% vs 36.8% at 1-yr; HR[CI]=0.78[0.51,1.18], p=0.233).
Conclusions
Our prospective data show better survival in young BRCA1+ patients with early TN breast cancer treated with anthracycline/-taxane chemotherapy than BRCA1- patients. However, the difference between the groups was not significant in this partial sample. Results for the whole cohort will be available by the time of the meeting.
Citation Format: Eccles DM, Copson ER, Maishman T, Tapper W, Cutress R, Gerty S, Stanton L, Altman DG, Durcan L, Simmonds P, Decker B, Allen J, Luccarini C, Easton D, Dunning A, POSH Steering Group and Collaborators. Does BRCA status affect outcome in young breast cancer patients? Results from the prospective study of outcomes in sporadic and hereditary breast cancer (POSH) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr S2-03.
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Affiliation(s)
- DM Eccles
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - ER Copson
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - T Maishman
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - W Tapper
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - R Cutress
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - S Gerty
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - L Stanton
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - DG Altman
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - L Durcan
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - P Simmonds
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - B Decker
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - J Allen
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - C Luccarini
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - D Easton
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
| | - A Dunning
- Cancer Sciences Academic Unit and Southampton Clinical Trials Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Laboratories, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom; POSH Steering Group and Collaborators
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Easton D, Vincent F, Le Page M, Wei A, Ting S, Croce C, Tam C, Mackay F. S-15. Cytokine 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.07.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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French J, Ghoussaini M, Edwards S, Meyer K, Michailidou K, Ahmed S, Khan S, Maranian M, O’Reilly M, Hillman K, Betts J, Carroll T, Bailey P, Dicks E, Beesley J, Tyrer J, Maia AT, Beck A, Knoblauch N, Chen C, Kraft P, Barnes D, González-Neira A, Alonso M, Herrero D, Tessier D, Vincent D, Bacot F, Luccarini C, Baynes C, Conroy D, Dennis J, Bolla M, Wang Q, Hopper J, Southey M, Schmidt M, Broeks A, Verhoef S, Cornelissen S, Muir K, Lophatananon A, Stewart-Brown S, Siriwanarangsan P, Fasching P, Loehberg C, Ekici A, Beckmann M, Peto J, dos Santos Silva I, Johnson N, Aitken Z, Sawyer E, Tomlinson I, Kerin M, Miller N, Marme F, Schneeweiss A, Sohn C, Burwinkel B, Guénel P, Truong T, Laurent-Puig P, Menegaux F, Bojesen S, Nordestgaard B, Nielsen S, Flyger H, Milne R, Zamora M, Arias Perez J, Benitez J, Anton-Culver H, Brenner H, Müller H, Arndt V, Stegmaier C, Meindl A, Lichtner P, Schmutzler R, Engel C, Brauch H, Hamann U, Justenhoven C, Aaltonen K, Heikkilä P, Aittomäki K, Blomqvist C, Matsuo K, Ito H, Iwata H, Sueta A, Bogdanova N, Antonenkova N, Dörk T, Lindblom A, Margolin S, Mannermaa A, Kataja V, Kosma VM, Hartikainen J, Wu A, Tseng CC, Van Den Berg D, Stram D, Lambrechts D, Peeters S, Smeets A, Floris G, Chang-Claude J, Rudolph A, Nickels S, Flesch-Janys D, Radice P, Peterlongo P, Bonanni B, Sardella D, Couch F, Wang X, Pankratz V, Lee A, Giles G, Severi G, Baglietto L, Haiman C, Henderson B, Schumacher F, Le Marchand L, Simard J, Goldberg M, Labrèche F, Dumont M, Teo S, Yip C, Ng CH, Vithana E, Kristensen V, Zheng W, Deming-Halverson S, Shrubsole M, Long J, Winqvist R, Pylkäs K, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Grip M, Andrulis I, Knight J, Glendon G, Mulligan A, Devilee P, Seynaeve C, García-Closas M, Figueroa J, Chanock S, Lissowska J, Czene K, Klevebring D, Schoof N, Hooning M, Martens J, Collée J, Tilanus-Linthorst M, Hall P, Li J, Liu J, Humphreys K, Shu XO, Lu W, Gao YT, Cai H, Cox A, Balasubramanian S, Blot W, Signorello L, Cai Q, Pharoah P, Healey C, Shah M, Pooley K, Kang D, Yoo KY, Noh DY, Hartman M, Miao H, Sng JH, Sim X, Jakubowska A, Lubinski J, Jaworska-Bieniek K, Durda K, Sangrajrang S, Gaborieau V, McKay J, Toland A, Ambrosone C, Yannoukakos D, Godwin A, Shen CY, Hsiung CN, Wu PE, Chen ST, Swerdlow A, Ashworth A, Orr N, Schoemaker M, Ponder B, Nevanlinna H, Brown M, Chenevix-Trench G, Easton D, Dunning A. Functional variants at the 11q13 risk locus for breast cancer regulate cyclin D1 expression through long-range enhancers. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:489-503. [PMID: 23540573 PMCID: PMC3617380 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of 4,405 variants in 89,050 European subjects from 41 case-control studies identified three independent association signals for estrogen-receptor-positive tumors at 11q13. The strongest signal maps to a transcriptional enhancer element in which the G allele of the best candidate causative variant rs554219 increases risk of breast cancer, reduces both binding of ELK4 transcription factor and luciferase activity in reporter assays, and may be associated with low cyclin D1 protein levels in tumors. Another candidate variant, rs78540526, lies in the same enhancer element. Risk association signal 2, rs75915166, creates a GATA3 binding site within a silencer element. Chromatin conformation studies demonstrate that these enhancer and silencer elements interact with each other and with their likely target gene, CCND1.
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MESH Headings
- Binding Sites
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin/chemistry
- Chromatin/genetics
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Female
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- GATA3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Silencer Elements, Transcriptional/genetics
- ets-Domain Protein Elk-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- ets-Domain Protein Elk-4/genetics
- ets-Domain Protein Elk-4/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet D. French
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Maya Ghoussaini
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Stacey L. Edwards
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kerstin B. Meyer
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Shahana Ahmed
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sofia Khan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Mel J. Maranian
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Martin O’Reilly
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Kristine M. Hillman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Joshua A. Betts
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Peter J. Bailey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ed Dicks
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jonathan Beesley
- Department of Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ana-Teresa Maia
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Andrew Beck
- Harvard Medical School and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Knoblauch
- Harvard Medical School and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Constance Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel Barnes
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Anna González-Neira
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - M. Rosario Alonso
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel Herrero
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel C. Tessier
- Centre d’innovation Génome Québec et Université McGill, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Daniel Vincent
- Centre d’innovation Génome Québec et Université McGill, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Francois Bacot
- Centre d’innovation Génome Québec et Université McGill, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Craig Luccarini
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Caroline Baynes
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Don Conroy
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Joe Dennis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Manjeet K. Bolla
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - John L. Hopper
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Melissa C. Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marjanka K. Schmidt
- Division of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annegien Broeks
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Senno Verhoef
- Family Cancer Clinic, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sten Cornelissen
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Muir
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | | | | | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian R. Loehberg
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Peto
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Isabel dos Santos Silva
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Nichola Johnson
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Zoe Aitken
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Elinor J. Sawyer
- Division of Cancer Studies, NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Guy’s & St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust in partnership with King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Welcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Michael J. Kerin
- Surgery, Clinical Science Institute, Galway University Hospital and National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Nicola Miller
- Surgery, Clinical Science Institute, Galway University Hospital and National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Frederik Marme
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneeweiss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christof Sohn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Heidelberg, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Guénel
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, 94807 Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, 94807 Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- Université Paris Sorbonne Cité, UMR-S775 INSERM, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
| | - Florence Menegaux
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer Team, 94807 Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, 94807 Villejuif, France
| | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Sune F. Nielsen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Roger L. Milne
- Genetic & Molecular Epidemiology Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - M. Pilar Zamora
- Servicio de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid 28046, Spain
| | | | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genotyping-CEGEN Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Müller
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Arndt
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Alfons Meindl
- Division of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rita K. Schmutzler
- Division of Molecular Gyneco-Oncology, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Engel
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Justenhoven
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - The GENICA Network
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance (IPA), 44789 Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn, 53123 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kirsimari Aaltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00029, Finland
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00029, Finland
| | - Päivi Heikkilä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00029, Finland
| | - Kristiina Aittomäki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00029, Finland
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, 00029, Finland
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Hidemi Ito
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Hiroji Iwata
- Department of Breast Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Aiko Sueta
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Natalia V. Bogdanova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Natalia N. Antonenkova
- N.N. Alexandrov Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology, 223040 Minsk, Belarus
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Margolin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Biocenter Kuopio, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Vesa Kataja
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Biocenter Kuopio, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Cancer Center, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Biocenter Kuopio, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana M. Hartikainen
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Biocenter Kuopio, Cancer Center of Eastern Finland, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Anna H. Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chiu-chen Tseng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - David Van Den Berg
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Daniel O. Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Peeters
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Smeets
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Floris
- Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospital Leuven and KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Nickels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori (INT), 20133 Milan, Italy
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Sardella
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Fergus J. Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Xianshu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Vernon S. Pankratz
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Adam Lee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Graham G. Giles
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic, and Analytic Epidemiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Christopher A. Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brian E. Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Fredrick Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Loic Le Marchand
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Jacques Simard
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Mark S. Goldberg
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - France Labrèche
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Département de santé environnementale et santé au travail, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3A 3C2, Canada
| | - Martine Dumont
- Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec and Laval University, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Soo Hwang Teo
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, Sime Darby Medical Centre, Subang Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Har Yip
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Char-Hong Ng
- Breast Cancer Research Unit, University Malaya Cancer Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Vessela Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, 0310 Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine (Faculty Division Ahus), University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Sandra Deming-Halverson
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Martha Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Genetics and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Genetics and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Arja Jukkola-Vuorinen
- Department of Oncology, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Mervi Grip
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Irene L. Andrulis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Julia A. Knight
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3M7, Canada
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Gord Glendon
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Anna Marie Mulligan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics & Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Seynaeve
- Family Cancer Clinic, Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC-Daniel den Hoed Cancer Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Jonine Figueroa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center & Institute of Oncology, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Czene
- Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17 177, Sweden
| | - Daniel Klevebring
- Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17 177, Sweden
| | - Nils Schoof
- Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17 177, Sweden
| | - Maartje J. Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John W.M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3075 EA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J. Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3008 AE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Per Hall
- Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17 177, Sweden
| | - Jingmei Li
- Human Genetics Division, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics Division, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Keith Humphreys
- Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17 177, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200336, China
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Angela Cox
- CRUK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Sabapathy P. Balasubramanian
- CRUK/YCR Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - William Blot
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Lisa B. Signorello
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
- International Epidemiology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA
| | - Paul D.P. Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Catherine S. Healey
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Mitul Shah
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Karen A. Pooley
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Daehee Kang
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Keun-Young Yoo
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Dong-Young Noh
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Mikael Hartman
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Hui Miao
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Jen-Hwei Sng
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Anna Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, u. Polabska 4, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, u. Polabska 4, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jaworska-Bieniek
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, u. Polabska 4, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, ul. Żwirki i Wigury 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Durda
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, u. Polabska 4, 70-115 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Valerie Gaborieau
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - James McKay
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Amanda E. Toland
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christine B. Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Drakoulis Yannoukakos
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, IRRP, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos,” Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Andrew K. Godwin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Colleague of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichong 40402, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Ni Hsiung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Ei Wu
- Taiwan Biobank, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shou-Tung Chen
- Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City, Changhua county 500, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Anthony Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Nick Orr
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Minouk J. Schoemaker
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research and Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Bruce A.J. Ponder
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki 00029, Finland
| | - Melissa A. Brown
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Georgia Chenevix-Trench
- Department of Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Douglas F. Easton
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alison M. Dunning
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
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8
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Abstract
Of a total of 235 Stage I and II Hodgkin's disease patients treated between 1970 and 1979, 103 (43.8 per cent) had mediastinal involvement in 45 of whom the disease was bulky and in 58 non-bulky. This report concentrates on bulky disease patients of whom 45 per cent did not relapse after therapy and 71 per cent are alive. Patients with mediastinal disease were treated with radiotherapy (63), sequential chemo-radiotherapy (37) or chemotherapy alone (3). In the radiotherapy group the relapse rate for bulky disease was significantly higher (65 per cent) than for non-bulky disease (44 per cent) (P less than 0.05) although there was no significant difference in survival. Neither relapse rate nor survival differed significantly in bulky disease patients treated with radiotherapy compared with combined chemo-radiotherapy although there was a 20 per cent difference in relapse-free survival rate in favour of the combined treatment group at five years. Treatments were not allocated randomly and the chemo-radiotherapy group contained a disproportionate number of patients with adverse features (greater than 3 node areas involved, limited lung extension) compared with the irradiated group; 11/25 and 2/17 respectively. The number of lymph node areas involved appeared to influence the relapse rate in the radiotherapy group. There was no correlation between mediastinal mass size and number of node areas involved suggesting that these two features may be independent prognostic factors.
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9
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Leongamornlert D, Mahmud N, Tymrakiewicz M, Saunders E, Dadaev T, Castro E, Goh C, Govindasami K, Guy M, O'Brien L, Sawyer E, Hall A, Wilkinson R, Easton D, Goldgar D, Eeles R, Kote-Jarai Z. Germline BRCA1 mutations increase prostate cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1697-701. [PMID: 22516946 PMCID: PMC3349179 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PrCa) is one of the most common cancers affecting men but its aetiology is poorly understood. Family history of PrCa, particularly at a young age, is a strong risk factor. There have been previous reports of increased PrCa risk in male BRCA1 mutation carriers in female breast cancer families, but there is a controversy as to whether this risk is substantiated. We sought to evaluate the role of germline BRCA1 mutations in PrCa predisposition by performing a candidate gene study in a large UK population sample set. METHODS We screened 913 cases aged 36–86 years for germline BRCA1 mutation, with the study enriched for cases with an early age of onset. We analysed the entire coding region of the BRCA1 gene using Sanger sequencing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification was also used to assess the frequency of large rearrangements in 460 cases. RESULTS We identified 4 deleterious mutations and 45 unclassified variants (UV). The frequency of deleterious BRCA1 mutation in this study is 0.45%; three of the mutation carriers were affected at age 65 years and one developed PrCa at 69 years. Using previously estimated population carrier frequencies, deleterious BRCA1 mutations confer a relative risk of PrCa of ~3.75-fold, (95% confidence interval 1.02–9.6) translating to a 8.6% cumulative risk by age 65. CONCLUSION This study shows evidence for an increased risk of PrCa in men who harbour germline mutations in BRCA1. This could have a significant impact on possible screening strategies and targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leongamornlert
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - N Mahmud
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M Tymrakiewicz
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - E Saunders
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - T Dadaev
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - E Castro
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - C Goh
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - K Govindasami
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M Guy
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - L O'Brien
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - E Sawyer
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - A Hall
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - R Wilkinson
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - D Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic
Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways
Laboratory, Cambridge
CB1 8RN, UK
| | - The UKGPCS Collaborators5
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
- Centre for Cancer Genetic
Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways
Laboratory, Cambridge
CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Dermatology, University
of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
84132, USA
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation
Trust, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - D Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University
of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
84132, USA
| | - R Eeles
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation
Trust, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Z Kote-Jarai
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of
Cancer Research, Sutton
SM2 5NG, UK
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10
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Goh CL, Schumacher FR, Easton D, Muir K, Henderson B, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Genetic variants associated with predisposition to prostate cancer and potential clinical implications. J Intern Med 2012; 271:353-65. [PMID: 22308973 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2012.02511.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the commonest cancer in the developed world. There is an inherited component to this disease as shown in familial and twin studies. However, the discovery of these variants has been difficult. The emergence of genome-wide association studies has led to the identification of over 46 susceptibility loci. Their clinical utility to predict risk, response to treatment, or treatment toxicity, remains undefined. Large consortia are needed to achieve adequate statistical power to answer these genetic-clinical and genetic-epidemiological questions. International collaborations are currently underway to link genetic with clinical/epidemiological data to develop risk prediction models, which could direct screening and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Goh
- Oncogenetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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11
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Pijpe A, Andrieu N, Easton D, Kesminiene A, Cardis E, Nogues C, Peock S, Frost D, Manders P, Thierry-Chef I, Goldgar D, Hauptmann M, Rookus M, van Leeuwen F. P1-46 Diagnostic radiation exposure and breast cancer risk in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers in the gene-rad-risk study. Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976c.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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12
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Ur Rahman AA, Lophatananon A, Lobaz J, Robinson F, Brown SS, Parker T, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z, Pocock R, Dearnaley D, Guy M, Wilkinson RA, Hall AL, Sawyer E, Page E, Liu JF, Eeles RA, Muir KR. P2-250 Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and risk of early onset prostate cancer. Br J Soc Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/jech.2011.142976j.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Rahman AA, Lophatananon A, Stewart-Brown S, Harriss D, Anderson J, Parker T, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z, Pocock R, Dearnaley D, Guy M, O'Brien L, Wilkinson RA, Hall AL, Sawyer E, Page E, Liu JF, Eeles RA, Muir KR. Reply: ‘Hand pattern indicates risk of prostate cancer’. Br J Cancer 2011. [PMCID: PMC3172897 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Phillips K, Milne RL, Rookus MA, Goldgar D, Friedlander M, McLachlan S, Buys SS, Antoniou AC, Birch KE, Terry MB, Easton D, Weideman P, Daly MB, Andrieu N, John EM, Hooning M, Andrulis IL, Caldes T, Olsson H, Hopper JL. Tamoxifen and risk of contralateral breast cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: A combined analysis from the Kathleen Cuningham Foundation Consortium for Research into Familial Breast Cancer (kConFab), the International BRCA1 and BRCA2Carrier Cohort Study (IBCCS), and the Breast Cancer Family Registry (BCFR). J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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15
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Varghese JS, Thompson D, Brown J, Leyland J, Luben R, Khaw K, Easton D, Warren R. Associations between breast density and bone density among post-menopausal women. Eur J Surg Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2011.03.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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16
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Varghese JS, Thompson D, Kunhle G, Brown J, Luben R, Warren R, Khaw K, Easton D. Associations between mammographic density and phytoestrogens. Eur J Surg Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2011.03.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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17
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Rahman AA, Lophatananon A, Stewart-Brown S, Harriss D, Anderson J, Parker T, Easton D, Kote-Jarai Z, Pocock R, Dearnaley D, Guy M, O'Brien L, Wilkinson RA, Hall AL, Sawyer E, Page E, Liu JF, Eeles RA, Muir K. Hand pattern indicates prostate cancer risk. Br J Cancer 2010; 104:175-7. [PMID: 21119657 PMCID: PMC3039824 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ratio of digit lengths is fixed in utero, and may be a proxy indicator for prenatal testosterone levels. METHODS We analysed the right-hand pattern and prostate cancer risk in 1524 prostate cancer cases and 3044 population-based controls. RESULTS Compared with index finger shorter than ring finger (low 2D : 4D), men with index finger longer than ring finger (high 2D : 4D) showed a negative association, suggesting a protective effect with a 33% risk reduction (odds ratio (OR) 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57-0.80). Risk reduction was even greater (87%) in age group <60 (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.09-0.21). CONCLUSION Pattern of finger lengths may be a simple marker of prostate cancer risk, with length of 2D greater than 4D suggestive of lower risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Rahman
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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18
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An Q, Jones L, Tapper W, Chelala C, Iravani M, MacKay A, Hammond V, Durcan L, Gerty S, Ferguson A, Strefford J, Peock S, Reis-Filho J, Easton D, Ashworth A, Eccles D. A novel tumour-based test to identify breast cancer due to BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. Breast Cancer Res 2010. [PMCID: PMC2875593 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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19
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Mitra AV, Jameson C, Barbachano Y, Sodha N, Kote-Jarai Z, Javed A, Bancroft E, Fletcher A, Cooper C, Peock S, Easton D, Eeles R, Foster CS. Elevated expression of Ki-67 identifies aggressive prostate cancers but does not distinguish BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. Oncol Rep 2010; 23:299-305. [PMID: 20043088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancers in men with germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are more aggressive than morphologically similar cancers in men without these mutations. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that enhanced expression of Ki-67, as a surrogate of cell proliferation, is a characteristic feature of prostate cancers occurring in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. The study cohort comprised 20 cases of prostate cancer in mutation carriers and 126 control sporadic prostate cancers. Of the combined sample cohort, 65.7% stained only within malignant tissues while 0.7% stained in both malignant and benign tissues (p<0.001). Significantly increased expression of Ki-67 occurred in prostate cancers with higher Gleason score (p<0.001). Elevated Ki-67 expression was identified in 71% of prostate cancers in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers and in 67% of the sporadic controls (p>0.5). Similar results were obtained when the data were analysed using a threshold set at 3.5 and 7.1%. This study shows that elevated expression of Ki-67 is associated both with aggressive prostate cancers and with high Gleason score irrespective of whether their occurrence is against a background of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations or as sporadic disease. The data suggest that, since elevated Ki-67 does not distinguish prostate cancers occurring in BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers from sporadic prostatic malignancies, the effects of these genetic mutations are probably independent. While all prostate cancers occurring in the presence of BRCA germline mutations are clinically aggressive, their potentially different phenotypes consistently involve maximal rates of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Mitra
- Translational Cancer Genetics Team, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
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20
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Eccles D, An Q, Jones L, Tapper W, Chelala C, Iravani M, McKay A, Hammond V, Durcan L, Gerty S, Strefford J, Ferguson A, Peock S, Reis-Filho J, Easton D, Ashworth A. A Novel Tumour-Based Test To Identify Breast Cancer Due to BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutations. Cancer Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-5032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Family history and young onset are the usual indicators of an underlying genetic predisposition to breast cancer development. BRCA1 associated breast tumours are more likely to be ER negative and express “basal” markers, however most patients with ER negative/ basal marker positive breast cancers (especially young onset) do not have inherited BRCA1 mutations. BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene carriers may have novel treatment options available and may need to consider future cancer prevention strategies. Genetic counselling and germline mutation analysis remains a relatively expensive option that is not appropriate for most breast cancer patients.Aim: To design a sensitive and specific pathology based predictor that would improve identification of BRCA1 and 2 gene carriers.Method: We assembled a training panel of breast cancer tumour blocks from 67 BRCA1, 71 BRCA2 associated and 105 sporadic young onset cases (≤ 40 years at diagnosis). All gene carriers were diagnosed before 50 years and were matched to sporadic cases for ER status. Tissue micro arrays (TMAs) were assembled and subjected to immunohistochemical analysis with a panel of 18 antibodies. DNA was extracted from micro dissected tumour tissue and matched patient lymphocytes and subjected to high resolution tiling path microarray-based Comparative Genomic Hybridisation (aCGH). Using robust statistical approaches, regions significantly differentially lost, gained or amplified in BRCA1, BRCA2 and controls were identified. Probes for chromogenic in situ hybridisation (CISH) for amplified regions were generated.Results: Two differentially amplified clones in BRCA1 cases designated P1 at 3q25.31 and P2 at 3q25.2 and one in BRCA2 cases, P3 at 20q13.13, were identified and amplifications validated in the training set using CISH. Logistic regression analysis of the panel comprising CISH and IHC markers was used to develop the best predictor. The best predictor for BRCA1 gene carriers was a combination of P1, ER and HER2. This combination outperformed all combinations of immunohistochemical markers, including ER and basal markers; the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 87.5% and NPV 92% giving a Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve with an AUC of 0.92 (CI 0.88-0.97). The BRCA2 signature panel is currently being evaluated. These BRCA1 and BRCA2 predictor panels are being validated in a new set of TMAs comprising 223 tumours from the POSH study1.Conclusion: This tumour based predictor for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers may prove useful to identify gene carriers at low a priori chance of having a mutation, to direct BRCA1/2 targeted treatment approaches and to identify familial non BRCA1/2 cases that may be suitable for new gene discovery studies.1. Eccles D et al. BMC Cancer 2007; 7(1):160.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5032.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Eccles
- 1University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Q. An
- 1University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - L. Jones
- 2Queen Mary University London, United Kingdom
| | - W. Tapper
- 1University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - C. Chelala
- 2Queen Mary University London, United Kingdom
| | - M. Iravani
- 3The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - A. McKay
- 3The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - V. Hammond
- 1University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - L. Durcan
- 1University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - S. Gerty
- 1University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - J. Strefford
- 1University of Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - A. Ferguson
- 2Queen Mary University London, United Kingdom
| | - S. Peock
- 4University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J. Reis-Filho
- 3The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, United Kingdom
| | - D. Easton
- 4University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - A. Ashworth
- 3The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, United Kingdom
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21
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Gareth Evans D, Easton D, Eeles R, Ramus S, Kwan-Lim G, Lennard F. Eligibility for MRI screening in the UK: Effect of strict selection criteria and anonymous DNA testing on breast cancer incidence in the MARIBS study. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.07.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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22
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Myles P, Evans S, Lophatananon A, Dimitropoulou P, Easton D, Key T, Pocock R, Dearnaley D, Guy M, Edwards S, O'Brien L, Gehr-Swain B, Hall A, Wilkinson R, Eeles R, Muir K. Diagnostic radiation procedures and risk of prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1852-6. [PMID: 18506189 PMCID: PMC2410119 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionising radiation is an established risk factor for many cancers. We conducted a case-control study to investigate whether exposure to low dose ionisation radiation from diagnostic x-ray procedures could be established as a risk factor for prostate cancer. In all 431 young-onset prostate cancer cases and 409 controls frequency matched by age were included. Exposures to barium meal, barium enema, hip x-rays, leg x-rays and intravenous pyelogram (IVP) were considered. Exposures to barium enema (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-4.20) and hip x-rays (adjusted OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.42-3.49) at least 5 years before diagnosis were significantly associated with increased prostate cancer. For those with a family history of cancer, exposures to hip x-rays dating 10 or 20 years before diagnosis were associated with a significantly increased risk of prostate cancer: adjusted OR 5.01, 95% CI 1.64-15.31 and adjusted OR 14.23, 95% CI 1.83-110.74, respectively. Our findings show that exposure of the prostate gland to diagnostic radiological procedures may be associated with increased cancer risk. This effect seems to be modified by a positive family history of cancer suggesting that genetic factors may play a role in this risk association.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Myles
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - S Evans
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - A Lophatananon
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- The Chulabhorn Cancer Hospital, Bangkok, 10210, Thailand
| | - P Dimitropoulou
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- University Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - D Easton
- CR-UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratories, Worts Causeway, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - T Key
- Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - R Pocock
- BAUS Section of Oncology, London WC2A 3PE, UK
| | - D Dearnaley
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M Guy
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - S Edwards
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - L O'Brien
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - B Gehr-Swain
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - A Hall
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - R Wilkinson
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - R Eeles
- The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, SW3 6JJ, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - K Muir
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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23
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Mitra A, Fisher C, Foster CS, Jameson C, Barbachanno Y, Bartlett J, Bancroft E, Doherty R, Kote-Jarai Z, Peock S, Easton D, Eeles R. Prostate cancer in male BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers has a more aggressive phenotype. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:502-7. [PMID: 18182994 PMCID: PMC2361443 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a high and rising prevalence of prostate cancer (PRCA) within the male population of the United Kingdom. Although the relative risk of PRCA is higher in male BRCA2 and BRCA1 mutation carriers, the histological characteristics of this malignancy in these groups have not been clearly defined. We present the histopathological findings in the first UK series of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with PRCA. The archived histopathological tissue sections of 20 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with PRCA were collected from histopathology laboratories in England, Ireland and Scotland. The cases were matched to a control group by age, stage and serum PSA level of PRCA cases diagnosed in the general population. Following histopathological evaluation and re-grading according to current conventional criteria, Gleason scores of PRCA developed by BRCA1/2 mutation carriers were identified to be significantly higher (Gleason scores 8, 9 or 10, P=0.012) than those in the control group. Since BRCA1/2 mutation carrier status is associated with more aggressive disease, it is a prognostic factor for PRCA outcome. Targeting screening to this population may detect disease at an earlier clinical stage which may therefore be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mitra
- Translational Cancer Genetics Team, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
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24
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Linger R, Dudakia D, Huddart R, Easton D, Bishop DT, Stratton MR, Rapley EA. A physical analysis of the Y chromosome shows no additional deletions, other than Gr/Gr, associated with testicular germ cell tumour. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:357-61. [PMID: 17211466 PMCID: PMC2360005 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumour (TGCT) is the most common malignancy in men aged 15-45 years. A small deletion on the Y chromosome known as 'gr/gr' was shown to be associated with a two-fold increased risk of TGCT, increasing to three-fold in cases with a family history of TGCT. Additional deletions of the Y chromosome, known as AZFa, AZFb and AZFc, are described in patients with infertility; however, complete deletions of these regions have not been identified in TGCT patients. We screened the Y chromosome in a series of TGCT cases to evaluate if additional deletions of Y were implicated in TGCT susceptibility. Single copy Y chromosome STS markers with an average inter-marker spacing of 128 kb were examined in constitutional DNA of 271 index TGCT patients. Three markers showed evidence of deletions, sY1291, indicative of 'gr/gr' (eight out of 271; 2.9%), Y-DAZ3 contained within 'gr/gr' (21 out of 271; 7.7%) and a single deletion of the marker G66152 was identified in one TGCT case. No other markers demonstrated deletions. While several regions of the Y chromosome are known to be deleted and associated with infertility, our study provides no evidence to suggest regions of Y deletion, other than 'gr/gr', are associated with susceptibility to TGCT in UK patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Linger
- Testicular Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - D Dudakia
- Testicular Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - R Huddart
- Academic Radiotherapy Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - D Easton
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research UK, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - D T Bishop
- Genetic Epidemiology Division, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - M R Stratton
- Testicular Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - E A Rapley
- Testicular Cancer Genetics Team, Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
- E-mail:
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25
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Griebsch I, Brown J, Boggis C, Dixon A, Dixon M, Easton D, Eeles R, Evans DG, Gilbert FJ, Hawnaur J, Kessar P, Lakhani SR, Moss SM, Nerurkar A, Padhani AR, Pointon LJ, Potterton J, Thompson D, Turnbull LW, Walker LG, Warren R, Leach MO. Cost-effectiveness of screening with contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging vs X-ray mammography of women at a high familial risk of breast cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:801-10. [PMID: 17016484 PMCID: PMC2360541 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE MRI) is the most sensitive tool for screening women who are at high familial risk of breast cancer. Our aim in this study was to assess the cost-effectiveness of X-ray mammography (XRM), CE MRI or both strategies combined. In total, 649 women were enrolled in the MARIBS study and screened with both CE MRI and mammography resulting in 1881 screens and 1–7 individual annual screening events. Women aged 35–49 years at high risk of breast cancer, either because they have a strong family history of breast cancer or are tested carriers of a BRCA1, BRCA2 or TP53 mutation or are at a 50% risk of having inherited such a mutation, were recruited from 22 centres and offered annual MRI and XRM for between 2 and 7 years. Information on the number and type of further investigations was collected and specifically calculated unit costs were used to calculate the incremental cost per cancer detected. The numbers of cancer detected was 13 for mammography, 27 for CE MRI and 33 for mammography and CE MRI combined. In the subgroup of BRCA1 (BRCA2) mutation carriers or of women having a first degree relative with a mutation in BRCA1 (BRCA2) corresponding numbers were 3 (6), 12 (7) and 12 (11), respectively. For all women, the incremental cost per cancer detected with CE MRI and mammography combined was £28 284 compared to mammography. When only BRCA1 or the BRCA2 groups were considered, this cost would be reduced to £11 731 (CE MRI vs mammography) and £15 302 (CE MRI and mammography vs mammography). Results were most sensitive to the unit cost estimate for a CE MRI screening test. Contrast-enhanced MRI might be a cost-effective screening modality for women at high risk, particularly for the BRCA1 and BRCA2 subgroups. Further work is needed to assess the impact of screening on mortality and health-related quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Griebsch
- MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J Brown
- MRC Health Services Research Collaboration, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - C Boggis
- Nightingale Centre, Withington Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - A Dixon
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - M Dixon
- Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D Easton
- CRC Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Eeles
- MARIBS Study Office, Section Magnetic Resonance, The Institute of Cancer Research & the Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Sussey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - D G Evans
- Regional Genetics Service, Manchester, UK
| | - F J Gilbert
- Department of Radiology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - J Hawnaur
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - P Kessar
- MARIBS Study Office, Section Magnetic Resonance, The Institute of Cancer Research & the Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Sussey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - S R Lakhani
- Discipline of Molecular & Cellular Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Queensland Mayne Medical School, Australia
| | - S M Moss
- MARIBS Study Office, Section Magnetic Resonance, The Institute of Cancer Research & the Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Sussey SM2 5PT, UK
| | | | - A R Padhani
- The Paul Strickland Scanner Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Middlesex, UK
| | - L J Pointon
- MARIBS Study Office, Section Magnetic Resonance, The Institute of Cancer Research & the Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Sussey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - J Potterton
- MRI Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - D Thompson
- CRC Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - L W Turnbull
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance Investigations, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull, UK
| | - L G Walker
- Institute of Rehabilitation, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - R Warren
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - M O Leach
- MARIBS Study Office, Section Magnetic Resonance, The Institute of Cancer Research & the Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Sussey SM2 5PT, UK
- E-mail:
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Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant condition affecting around one in 3000 live births. The manifestations of this condition are extremely variable, even within families, and genetic counselling is consequently difficult with regard to prognosis. Individuals with NF1 are acknowledged to be at increased risk of malignancy. Several studies have previously attempted to quantify this risk, but have involved relatively small study populations. We present prospective data from 448 individuals with NF1 with a total of 5705 years of patient follow-up. These data have been collected via the UK NF1 association for patients. Demographic information on the affected individuals was cross-referenced with UK cancer registry data by the UK Office of National Statistics. The overall risk of cancer was 2.7 times higher in this cohort of NF1 patients than in the general population (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9–3.7). The cumulative risk of a malignancy by age 50 years was 20% (95% CI 14–29%); beyond this age, the risk of cancer was not significantly elevated (P=0.27). The most frequent types of cancer were connective tissue (14% risk by age 70, 95% CI 7.8–24%) and brain tumours (7.9, 95% CI 3.9–16%). There was no statistically significant excess of cancers at other sites (P=0.22).
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Affiliation(s)
- L Walker
- Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - D Thompson
- Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - D Easton
- Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - B Ponder
- Cancer Research UK Department of Oncology, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Cambridge CB2 2XZ, UK
| | - M Ponder
- Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Centre of Family Research, University of Cambridge, Free School Lane, Cambridge CB2 3RF, UK
| | - I Frayling
- Medical Genetics Service for Wales, Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - D Baralle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
- Department of Medical Genetics, Box 134, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 5BQ, UK. E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- D Easton
- Board of Social Responsibility of the Church of Scotland, Charis House, 47 Milton Road East, Edinburgh, EH15 2SR, Scotland
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Mitchell G, Warren R, Davies R, Brown J, Susan P, Warsi I, Easton D. Mammographic density and breast cancer risk in germline BRCA1/2 mutation-carriers. J Clin Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.23.16_suppl.9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Mitchell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Ctr, Victoria, Australia; Rosie Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Addenbrooke’s Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Labs, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R. Warren
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Ctr, Victoria, Australia; Rosie Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Addenbrooke’s Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Labs, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - R. Davies
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Ctr, Victoria, Australia; Rosie Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Addenbrooke’s Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Labs, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J. Brown
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Ctr, Victoria, Australia; Rosie Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Addenbrooke’s Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Labs, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - P. Susan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Ctr, Victoria, Australia; Rosie Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Addenbrooke’s Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Labs, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - I. Warsi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Ctr, Victoria, Australia; Rosie Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Addenbrooke’s Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Labs, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - D. Easton
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Ctr, Victoria, Australia; Rosie Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Addenbrooke’s Hosp, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Strangeways Research Labs, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Bezjak A, Wilson P, Levin W, Chung J, Williams D, Easton D, Caroline G, McLean M, Wong R. Radiation for painful bone metastases: Comparison of different measures of palliative response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rapley EA, Hockley S, Warren W, Johnson L, Huddart R, Crockford G, Forman D, Leahy MG, Oliver DT, Tucker K, Friedlander M, Phillips KA, Hogg D, Jewett MAS, Lohynska R, Daugaard G, Richard S, Heidenreich A, Geczi L, Bodrogi I, Olah E, Ormiston WJ, Daly PA, Looijenga LHJ, Guilford P, Aass N, Fosså SD, Heimdal K, Tjulandin SA, Liubchenko L, Stoll H, Weber W, Einhorn L, Weber BL, McMaster M, Greene MH, Bishop DT, Easton D, Stratton MR. Somatic mutations of KIT in familial testicular germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:2397-401. [PMID: 15150569 PMCID: PMC2410291 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic mutations of the KIT gene have been reported in mast cell diseases and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Recently, they have also been found in mediastinal and testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs), particularly in cases with bilateral disease. We screened the KIT coding sequence (except exon 1) for germline mutations in 240 pedigrees with two or more cases of TGCT. No germline mutations were found. Exons 10, 11 and 17 of KIT were examined for somatic mutations in 123 TGCT from 93 multiple-case testicular cancer families. Five somatic mutations were identified; four were missense amino-acid substitutions in exon 17 and one was a 12 bp in-frame deletion in exon 11. Two of seven TGCT from cases with bilateral disease carried KIT mutations compared with three out of 116 unilateral cases (P=0.026). The results indicate that somatic KIT mutations are implicated in the development of a minority of familial as well as sporadic TGCT. They also lend support to the hypothesis that KIT mutations primarily take place during embryogenesis such that primordial germ cells with KIT mutations are distributed to both testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Rapley
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Brookes Lawley Building, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK.
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Tsao MN, Sultanem K, Chiu D, Copps F, Dixon P, Easton D, Haddad P, Hayter C, Hoegler D, Wong R. Supportive care management of brain metastases: what is known and what we need to know. Conference proceedings of the National Cancer Institute of Canada (NCIC) Workshop on Symptom Control in Radiation Oncology. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004; 15:429-34. [PMID: 14570093 DOI: 10.1016/s0936-6555(03)00220-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the results of published randomised controlled trials in the treatment of brain metastases and, from the knowledge gained from these trials, to identify potential study questions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was searched for randomised controlled trials that dealt with the management of brain metastases. Potential research questions were identified on the basis of the results of the literature review. RESULTS A number of research questions were identified. In the context of the NCIC Symptom Control Group, a trial of supportive care alone vs supportive care and whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) in a subset of patients with the diagnosis of brain metastases was deemed to be of highest priority. We discussed a number of issues relating to the feasibility of such a trial. CONCLUSIONS The optimal management of brain metastases remains elusive. Despite the results of numerous randomised controlled trials, many questions remain unanswered. The magnitude of benefit using WBRT above supportive care alone is uncertain. A trial of supportive care alone vs supportive care and WBRT may be successful once target population, feasibility and methodological issues are thoroughly solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Tsao
- Toronto-Sunnybrook Regional Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Kote-Jarai Z, Singh R, Durocher F, Easton D, Edwards SM, Ardern-Jones A, Dearnaley DP, Houlston R, Kirby R, Eeles R. Association between leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and early-onset prostate cancer. BJU Int 2003; 92:109-12. [PMID: 12823393 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2003.04272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report a case-control study examining the relationship between polymorphisms in the leptin receptor (OBR) gene and the development of young-onset prostate cancer, because epidemiological studies report that prostate cancer risk is associated with animal fat intake, and thus we investigated if this association occurs via this genetic mechanism. PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS The Lys109Arg (OBR1) and Gln223Arg (OBR2) polymorphisms in the coding region of OBR were studied in blood DNA from 271 patients with prostate cancer aged < 56 years at diagnosis and 277 geographically matched control subjects. Cases were collected through the Cancer Research UK/British Prostate Group Familial Prostate Cancer Study. Blood DNA was genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction and a restriction enzyme digest. RESULTS There was no statistically significant association between the OBR genotype and prostate cancer risk; men homozygous for 109Arg genotype had a slightly increased risk for prostate cancer, with a relative risk (95% confidence interval) of 1.36 (0.65-2.85), and those homozygous for the 223Arg allele had some reduction in prostate cancer risk, at 0.82 (0.58-1.26), but neither was statistically significant. CONCLUSION This case-control study showed no significant association between leptin receptor gene polymorphisms and the risk of young-onset prostate cancer, suggesting that genetic variations in OBR are unlikely to have a major role in the development of early-onset prostate cancer in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kote-Jarai
- Translational Cancer Genetics, and Molecular Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK.
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Auranen A, Kuschel B, Durocher F, Lipscombe J, Tee L, Dunning A, Pharoah PD, Easton D, Ponder BA, Novik KL. POLYMORPHISMS IN DNA REPAIR GENES AND OVARIAN CANCER SUSCEPTIBILITY. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2003. [DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-00009577-200303001-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Camplejohn RS, Gilchrist R, Easton D, McKenzie-Edwards E, Barnes DM, Eccles DM, Ardern-Jones A, Hodgson SV, Duddy PM, Eeles RA. Apoptosis, ageing and cancer susceptibility. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:487-90. [PMID: 12592359 PMCID: PMC2377171 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from individuals carrying a germline TP53 mutation show a dramatically reduced apoptotic response to radiation. As part of a study of this phenomenon, we also investigated apoptotic response in a series of breast cancer patients lacking TP53 mutations and in a control group of individuals without cancer. There was a significant reduction in mean apoptotic response with increasing age in all groups. These findings are consistent with a number of studies in rodents, which have demonstrated a reduction in DNA damage-induced apoptosis with increasing age. In addition, after adjusting for age, breast cancer patients showed significantly reduced apoptotic responses compared with normal controls (P=0.002). The odds ratio for breast cancer in women with an apoptotic response of <35%, compared with women with a response of >49%, was 6.42 (95% CI 1.68-24.6). The data further support the hypothesis that a reduction in apoptotic response to DNA damage with increasing age may play a significant role in the age-related increase in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Camplejohn
- Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Guy's, King's and St Thomas' School of Medicine, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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Yip AG, Brayne C, Easton D, Rubinsztein DC. Apolipoprotein E4 is only a weak predictor of dementia and cognitive decline in the general population. J Med Genet 2002; 39:639-43. [PMID: 12205106 PMCID: PMC1735244 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.9.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms are unequivocally associated with risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is crucial to understand how this genetic factor affects dementia risk in the general population, as well as in narrowly diagnosed, selected, patient groups. METHODS We assessed the cross sectional association between APOE genotype and dementia status in a community based sample, the MRC Cognitive Function and Ageing Study (MRC CFAS). In addition, we tested the effects of APOE genotypes on the differences in MMSE scores between the first and third assessment waves (about six years apart), an index of cognitive decline. RESULTS The APOE epsilon4 allele conferred increased risk for dementia (OR=1.5, 95% CI=1.1 to 2.2) compared to epsilon3 in the MRC CFAS sample. Compared with APOE epsilon3/epsilon 3 subjects, those with the epsilon3/epsilon4 genotypes were not at significantly higher risk for dementia (OR=1.1, 95% CI=0.6 to 1.9), although epsilon4/epsilon4 subjects were (OR= 3.8, 95% CI=1.0 to 14.0). Risk estimates were not different between men and women. Notably, our risk estimates for dementia were significantly lower than those reported for a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. MMSE scores at wave 3 and the difference in MMSE between baseline and at the third assessment wave were not different across APOE genotypes. INTERPRETATION The APOE epsilon4 allele is a weaker predictor for dementia in the general population than for AD. This may be because dementia can be caused by non-AD pathological processes and because most prevalent dementia occurs at an age when the APOE epsilon4 effect on AD risk (and therefore dementia) has started to decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Yip
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2SR, UK
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Yip AG, Brayne C, Easton D, Rubinsztein DC. An investigation of ACE as a risk factor for dementia and cognitive decline in the general population. J Med Genet 2002; 39:403-6. [PMID: 12070247 PMCID: PMC1735156 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.39.6.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Taylor A, Ezquerra M, Bagri G, Yip A, Goumidi L, Cottel D, Easton D, Evans JG, Xuereb J, Cairns NJ, Amouyel P, Chartier-Harlin MC, Brayne C, Rubinsztein DC. Alzheimer disease is not associated with polymorphisms in the angiotensinogen and renin genes. Am J Med Genet 2001; 105:761-4. [PMID: 11803527 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension has been implicated as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD) and dementia in epidemiological studies of humans. It is thus possible that there are common genetic determinants for hypertension and AD. Epidemiological, clinical, and experimental data suggest that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a critical regulator of blood pressure. The presence of an MboI site in an RFLP in the renin gene and the Thr at the Met/Thr polymorphism at codon 235 (M235T) of the angiotensinogen gene have been reported to be associated with hypertension. These variants were studied in autopsy-confirmed AD cases and matched controls from the U.K. While no association was detected with the renin polymorphism, a weak deleterious effect was observed in cases homozygous for the angiotensinogen Thr allele. However, this association was not observed in a French cohort of clinically diagnosed AD cases and controls, suggesting that the initial observation was a type I error. Thus, these polymorphisms are unlikely to be associated with AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taylor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Hiltunen M, Mannermaa A, Thompson D, Easton D, Pirskanen M, Helisalmi S, Koivisto AM, Lehtovirta M, Ryynänen M, Soininen H. Genome-wide linkage disequilibrium mapping of late-onset Alzheimer's disease in Finland. Neurology 2001; 57:1663-8. [PMID: 11706108 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.57.9.1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AD is a complex neurodegenerative disorder comprising several disease-associated chromosome loci. To find novel susceptibility genes for late-onset AD, a population-based genome-wide search using linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping approach has been performed. METHOD Forty-seven patients with late-onset AD and 51 age-matched control subjects were carefully chosen from the same geographic area in eastern Finland, where the population is descended mainly from a small group of original founders. These subjects were initially genotyped with 366 polymorphic microsatellite markers, and a follow-up analysis was performed with additional microsatellite markers for those chromosome loci found to be associated with AD. RESULTS Initial genome-wide screening revealed 21 chromosomal loci significantly associated with AD in addition to the 13q12 locus described previously. Subsequent comparison of single-allele frequencies of the microsatellite markers in the AD and control groups indicated the presence both of possible risk alleles (odds ratio [OR] > 1) and of possible protective alleles (OR < 1). Screening of the LD regions with additional microsatellite markers revealed seven chromosomal loci where more than one microsatellite marker was associated with AD (1p36.12, 2p22.2, 3q28, 4p13, 10p13, 18q12.1, and 19p13.3) in addition to the 13q12 locus. CONCLUSIONS These genome-wide LD screening data suggest that several AD-associated chromosomal loci exist, which may encompass novel susceptibility genes for late-onset AD. Therefore, extensive screening of the genes located in the vicinity of these LD regions is necessary to elucidate their role in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hiltunen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
The day-to-day discourse of illicit drug users is replete with stylized narratives of street experience. These "war stories," as they are popularly known, are shared among drug users as they hustle for money, purchase drugs, get high, and hang out in diverse street locations. Drug-user narratives, which describe complex adventures and grave suffering, are primary ethnographic sources of information about patterns of drug consumption and risk behaviors. Importantly, in the time of AIDS, street narratives provide a much-needed window on the generally hidden lives of socially marginalized street drug users. As part of an effort to put the analysis of drug-user war stories to use in HIV prevention, in this article the authors analyze a corpus of street narratives told to members of an HIV-prevention research team in Hartford, Connecticut.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Singer
- Hispanic Health Council, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
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Antoniou AC, Pharoah PD, McMullan G, Day NE, Ponder BA, Easton D. Evidence for further breast cancer susceptibility genes in addition to BRCA1 and BRCA2 in a population-based study. Genet Epidemiol 2001; 21:1-18. [PMID: 11443730 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.1014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We used data from a population based series of breast cancer patients to investigate the genetic models that can best explain familial breast cancer not due to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The data set consisted of 1,484 women diagnosed with breast cancer under age 55 registered in the East Anglia Cancer registry between 1991-1996. Blood samples taken from the patients were analysed for mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. The genetic models were constructed using information on breast and ovarian cancer history in first-degree relatives and on the mutation status of the index patients. We estimated the simultaneous effects of BRCA1, BRCA2, a third hypothetical gene BRCA3, and a polygenic effect. The models were assessed by likelihood comparisons and by comparison of the observed numbers of mutations and affected relatives with the predicted numbers. BRCA1 and BRCA2 could not explain all the familial clustering of breast cancer. The best-fitting single gene model for BRCA3 was a recessive model with a disease allele frequency 24% and penetrance 42% by age 70. However, a polygenic model gave a similarly good fit. The estimated population frequencies for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations were similar under both recessive and polygenic models, 0.024 and 0.041%, respectively. A dominant model for BRCA3 gave a somewhat worse fit, although the difference was not significant. The mixed recessive model was identical to the recessive model and the mixed dominant very similar to the polygenic model. The BRCA3 genetic models were robust to the BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance assumptions. The overall fit of all models was improved when the known effects of parity on breast and ovarian cancer risks were included in the model-in this case a polygenic model fits best. These findings suggest that a number of common, low-penetrance genes with additive effects may account for the residual non-BRCA1/2 familial aggregation of breast cancer, but Mendelian inheritance of an autosomal recessive allele cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Antoniou
- CRC Genetic Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Kote-Jarai Z, Easton D, Edwards SM, Jefferies S, Durocher F, Jackson RA, Singh R, Ardern-Jones A, Murkin A, Dearnaley DP, Shearer R, Kirby R, Houlston R, Eeles R. Relationship between glutathione S-transferase M1, P1 and T1 polymorphisms and early onset prostate cancer. Pharmacogenetics 2001; 11:325-30. [PMID: 11434510 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200106000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence suggesting that polymorphic variations in the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are associated with cancer susceptibility. Inter-individual differences in cancer susceptibility may be mediated in part through polymorphic variability in the bioactivation and detoxification of carcinogens. The GSTs have been consistently implicated as cancer susceptibility genes in this context. The GST supergene family includes several loci with well characterized polymorphisms. Approximately 50% of the Caucasian population are homozygous for deletions in GSTM1 and approximately 20% are homozygous for deletions in GSTT1, resulting in conjugation deficiency of mutagenic electrophiles to glutathione. The GSTP1 gene has a polymorphism at codon 105 resulting in an Ile to Val substitution which consequently alters the enzymatic activity of the protein and this has been suggested as a putative high-risk genotype in various cancers. We investigated the relationship between GST polymorphisms and young onset prostate cancer in a case-control study. GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotypes were determined for 275 prostate cancer patients and for 280 geographically matched control subjects. We found no significant difference in the frequency of GSTM1 or GSTT1 null genotypes between cases and controls. GSTP1 genotype was, however, significantly associated with prostate cancer risk: the Ile/Ile homozygotes had the lowest risk and there was a trend in increasing the risk with the number of 105 Val alleles: Ile/Val odds ratio (OR)= 1.30 (95% FCI 0.99-1.69), Val/Val OR = 1.80 (95% FCI 1.11-2.91); Ptrend = 0.026. These results suggest that the GSTP1 polymorphism may be a risk factor for developing young onset prostate cancer. We also found that carrying more than one putative high-risk allele in the carcinogen metabolizing GST family was associated with an elevated risk for early onset prostate cancer (OR 2.48, 95% FCI 1.22-5.04, Ptrend = 0.017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kote-Jarai
- Section of Cancer Genetics, The Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, Surrey, UK.
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Taylor AE, Yip A, Brayne C, Easton D, Evans JG, Xuereb J, Cairns N, Esiri MM, Rubinsztein DC. Genetic association of an LBP-1c/CP2/LSF gene polymorphism with late onset Alzheimer's disease. J Med Genet 2001; 38:232-3. [PMID: 11283204 PMCID: PMC1734850 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.38.4.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The only locus unequivocally associated with late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk is APOE. However, this locus accounts for less than half the genetic variance. A recent study suggested that the A allele of the 3'UTR biallelic polymorphism in the LBP-1c/CP2/LSF gene was associated with reduced AD risk. Samples were diagnosed predominantly by clinical rather than pathological criteria. We have sought to replicate this finding in a series of necropsy confirmed, late onset AD cases and non-demented controls. METHODS The 3'UTR polymorphism in the LBP-1c/CP2/LSF gene was typed in 216 necropsy confirmed AD cases and 301 non-demented controls aged >73 years. RESULTS We found different LBP-1c/CP2/LSF allele distributions in our AD cases and controls (p=0.048); the A allele was associated with reduced AD risk. The allele and genotype frequencies observed in our cases and controls were similar to those previously reported. No significant effects emerged when the data were adjusted for age, sex, or apoE epsilon4 carrier status. CONCLUSIONS Our data support LBP-1c/CP2/LSF as a candidate gene/risk factor for AD and provide justification for future studies to investigate the role of this gene in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Taylor
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome/MRC Building, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
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Murphy T, Yip A, Brayne C, Easton D, Evans JG, Xuereb J, Cairns N, Esiri MM, Rubinsztein DC. The BACE gene: genomic structure and candidate gene study in late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 2001; 12:631-4. [PMID: 11234778 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200103050-00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Studies of autosomal dominant early-onset AD mutations suggest that beta-amyloid overproduction is sufficient to cause AD. Recently, the BACE gene, which encodes beta-secretase, the rate limiting enzyme in beta-amyloid formation, has been identified. Since this gene is a strong candidate gene for late-onset AD because of its function, we have characterized its genomic organization and identified two polymorphisms. Neither of these polymorphisms were associated with AD risk in genetic association studies comparing autopsy-confirmed late-onset AD cases and age-matched non-demented controls. Thus, we find no evidence that this locus influences risk for late-onset AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Murphy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Mechanisms in Disease, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, UK
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Abstract
A systematic analysis of cancer risks to offspring and to siblings of cancer cases was carried out based on the nation-wide Swedish Family-Cancer Database. For all 13 cancer sites examined, risks to both offspring and siblings of cases of cancer at the same site were significantly elevated. The relative risk to siblings was approximately 2 fold more than the offspring risk for cancers of the prostate, testis, kidney and bladder, suggesting that recessive or X-linked susceptibility genes may be important for these cancers. Risks to siblings of cases where a parent was also affected were increased >20 fold over population rates for colorectal, ovarian, prostate and renal cancer, and for leukaemia, consistent with the effects of rare high-risk susceptibility alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hemminki
- Department of Biosciences at Novum, Karolinska Institute, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
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Thompson D, Easton D. Variation in cancer risks, by mutation position, in BRCA2 mutation carriers. Am J Hum Genet 2001; 68:410-9. [PMID: 11170890 PMCID: PMC1235274 DOI: 10.1086/318181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2000] [Accepted: 12/15/2000] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer occurrence in 164 families with breast/ovarian cancer and germline BRCA2 mutations was studied to evaluate the evidence for genotype-phenotype correlations. Mutations in a central portion of the gene (the "ovarian cancer cluster region" [OCCR]) were associated with a significantly higher ratio of cases of ovarian:breast cancer in female carriers than were mutations 5' or 3' of this region (P<.0001), extending previous observations. The optimal definition of the OCCR, as judged on the basis of deviance statistics, was bounded by nucleotides 3059-4075 and 6503-6629. The relative and absolute risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with OCCR and non-OCCR mutations were estimated by a conditional likelihood approach, conditioning on the set of mutations observed in the families. OCCR mutations were associated both with a highly significantly lower risk of breast cancer (relative risk [RR] 0.63; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.46-0.84; P=.0012) and with a significantly higher risk of ovarian cancer (RR = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.08-3.33; P=.026). No other differences in breast or ovarian cancer risk, by mutation position, were apparent. There was some evidence for a lower risk of prostate cancer in carriers of an OCCR mutation (RR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.24-1.00; P=.05), but there was no evidence of a difference in breast cancer risk in males. By age 80 years, the cumulative risk of breast cancer in male carriers of a BRCA2 mutation was estimated as 6.92% (95% CI = 1.20%-38.57%). Possible mechanisms for the variation in cancer risk are suggested by the coincidence of the OCCR with the RAD51-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thompson
- CRC Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Badzioch M, Eeles R, Leblanc G, Foulkes WD, Giles G, Edwards S, Goldgar D, Hopper JL, Bishop DT, Møller P, Heimdal K, Easton D, Simard J. Suggestive evidence for a site specific prostate cancer gene on chromosome 1p36. The CRC/BPG UK Familial Prostate Cancer Study Coordinators and Collaborators. The EU Biomed Collaborators. J Med Genet 2000; 37:947-9. [PMID: 11186936 PMCID: PMC1734501 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.12.947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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48
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Singh R, Eeles RA, Durocher F, Simard J, Edwards S, Badzioch M, Kote-Jarai Z, Teare D, Ford D, Dearnaley D, Ardern-Jones A, Murkin A, Dowe A, Shearer R, Kelly J, Labrie F, Easton D, Narod SA, Tonin PN, Foulkes WD. High risk genes predisposing to prostate cancer development-do they exist? Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2000; 3:241-247. [PMID: 12497071 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2000] [Accepted: 09/15/2000] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence for genetic predisposition to prostate cancer. However, prostate cancer genes have been more difficult to find than genes for some of the other common cancers, such as breast and colon cancer. The reasons for this are discussed in this article and it is now becoming clear that prostate cancer is probably due to multiple genes, many of which are moderate or low penetrance. The advances in the Human Genome Project and technology, especially that of robotics, will help to overcome these problems. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases (2000) 3, 241-247
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Affiliation(s)
- R Singh
- Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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Dunning AM, Durocher F, Healey CS, Teare MD, McBride SE, Carlomagno F, Xu CF, Dawson E, Rhodes S, Ueda S, Lai E, Luben RN, Van Rensburg EJ, Mannermaa A, Kataja V, Rennart G, Dunham I, Purvis I, Easton D, Ponder BA. The extent of linkage disequilibrium in four populations with distinct demographic histories. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:1544-54. [PMID: 11078480 PMCID: PMC1287929 DOI: 10.1086/316906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2000] [Accepted: 10/18/2000] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and feasibility of whole-genome-association studies are critically dependent on the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers. Although there has been extensive theoretical discussion of this, few empirical data exist. The authors have determined the extent of LD among 38 biallelic markers with minor allele frequencies >.1, since these are most comparable to the common disease-susceptibility polymorphisms that association studies aim to detect. The markers come from three chromosomal regions-1,335 kb on chromosome 13q12-13, 380 kb on chromosome 19q13.2, and 120 kb on chromosome 22q13.3-which have been extensively mapped. These markers were examined in approximately 1,600 individuals from four populations, all of European origin but with different demographic histories; Afrikaners, Ashkenazim, Finns, and East Anglian British. There are few differences, either in allele frequencies or in LD, among the populations studied. A similar inverse relationship was found between LD and distance in each genomic region and in each population. Mean D' is.68 for marker pairs <5 kb apart and is.24 for pairs separated by 10-20 kb, and the level of LD is not different from that seen in unlinked marker pairs separated by >500 kb. However, only 50% of marker pairs at distances <5 kb display sufficient LD (delta>.3) to be useful in association studies. Results of the present study, if representative of the whole genome, suggest that a whole-genome scan searching for common disease-susceptibility alleles would require markers spaced < or = 5 kb apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Dunning
- CRC Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
The nationwide Swedish Family-Cancer Database was used to analyse the risk of cancer among the offspring of bilateral breast cancer patients. We studied 4,734 such mothers who had 9,391 offspring, of whom 328 presented with a primary cancer in the years 1958-1996. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were increased for breast [SIR 3.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.57-3.59], ovarian (SIR 1.84, 95% CI 1.03-3.05) and anogenital (SIR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11-2.63) cancers and childhood sarcomas (SIR 9.39, 95% CI 1.93-29.13). Additionally, squamous-cell skin cancer was increased among sons and all childhood cancers among daughters. When analysed by histological type, adenocarcinomas of the breast and ovary, all squamous-cell carcinomas and tumours at glandular epithelium (seminomas and intestinal carcinoids) were increased. Mothers with bilateral breast cancer had an excess of 2 or more children with cancer. The increased risk of ovarian cancer is consistent with germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, while the risk of soft tissue and bone sarcomas may reflect the association of these tumours with Li-Fraumeni syndrome. The increases in squamous-cell carcinomas at many sites may reflect a new susceptibility syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hemminki
- Department of Biosciences, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
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