1
|
Leeuwis RHJ, Hall JR, Zanuzzo FS, Smith N, Clow KA, Kumar S, Vasquez I, Goetz FW, Johnson SC, Rise ML, Santander J, Gamperl AK. Climate change can impair bacterial pathogen defences in sablefish via hypoxia-mediated effects on adaptive immunity. Dev Comp Immunol 2024; 156:105161. [PMID: 38521379 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2024.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Low-oxygen levels (hypoxia) in aquatic habitats are becoming more common because of global warming and eutrophication. However, the effects on the health/disease status of fishes, the world's largest group of vertebrates, are unclear. Therefore, we assessed how long-term hypoxia affected the immune function of sablefish, an ecologically and economically important North Pacific species, including the response to a formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin. Sablefish were held at normoxia or hypoxia (100% or 40% air saturated seawater, respectively) for 6-16 weeks, while we measured a diverse array of immunological traits. Given that the sablefish is a non-model organism, this involved the development of a species-specific methodological toolbox comprised of qPCR primers for 16 key immune genes, assays for blood antibacterial defences, the assessment of blood immunoglobulin (IgM) levels with ELISA, and flow cytometry and confocal microscopy techniques. We show that innate immune parameters were typically elevated in response to the bacterial antigens, but were not substantially affected by hypoxia. In contrast, hypoxia completely prevented the ∼1.5-fold increase in blood IgM level that was observed under normoxic conditions following bacterin exposure, implying a serious impairment of adaptive immunity. Since the sablefish is naturally hypoxia tolerant, our results demonstrate that climate change-related deoxygenation may be a serious threat to the immune competency of fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robine H J Leeuwis
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Nicole Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Kathy A Clow
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Surendra Kumar
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ignacio Vasquez
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Frederick W Goetz
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Javier Santander
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ignatz EH, Sandrelli RM, Tibbetts SM, Colombo SM, Zanuzzo FS, Loveless AM, Parrish CC, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. Influence of Supplemental Dietary Cholesterol on Growth Performance, Indices of Stress, Fillet Pigmentation, and Upper Thermal Tolerance of Female Triploid Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Aquac Nutr 2022; 2022:6336060. [PMID: 36860469 PMCID: PMC9973203 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6336060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The salmon aquaculture industry must be proactive at developing mitigation tools/strategies to offset the potential negative impacts of climate change. Therefore, this study examined if additional dietary cholesterol could enhance salmon production at elevated temperatures. We hypothesized that supplemental cholesterol could aid in maintaining cell rigidity, reducing stress and the need to mobilize astaxanthin muscle stores, and improving salmon growth and survival at high rearing temperatures. Accordingly, postsmolt female triploid salmon were exposed to an incremental temperature challenge (+0.2°C day-1) to mimic conditions that they experience in sea cages in the summer, with temperature held at both 16 and 18°C for several weeks [i.e., 3 weeks at 16°C, followed by an increase at 0.2°C day-1 to 18°C (10 days), then 5 weeks at 18°C] to prolong their exposure to elevated temperatures. From 16°C onwards, the fish were fed either a control diet, or one of two nutritionally equivalent experimental diets containing supplemental cholesterol [+1.30%, experimental diet #1 (ED1); or +1.76%, experimental diet #2 (ED2)]. Adding cholesterol to the diet did not affect the salmon's incremental thermal maximum (ITMax), growth, plasma cortisol, or liver stress-related transcript expression. However, ED2 appeared to have a small negative impact on survival, and both ED1 and ED2 reduced fillet "bleaching" above 18°C as measured using SalmoFan™ scores. Although the current results suggest that supplementing salmon diets with cholesterol would have few/minimal benefits for the industry, ≤ 5% of the female triploid Atlantic salmon used in this study irrespective of diet died before temperature reached 22°C. These latter data suggest that it is possible to produce all female populations of reproductively sterile salmon that can withstand summer temperatures in Atlantic Canada.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Ignatz
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Rebeccah M. Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Sean M. Tibbetts
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 3Z1
| | - Stefanie M. Colombo
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS, Canada B2N 5E3
| | - Fábio S. Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Ashley M. Loveless
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Christopher C. Parrish
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Matthew L. Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zanuzzo FS, Sandrelli RM, Peroni EDFC, Hall JR, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) bacterial and viral innate immune responses are not impaired by florfenicol or tetracycline administration. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 123:298-313. [PMID: 35189324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections in fish aquaculture, and these drugs can interact with immune cells/the immune system and potentially leave fish vulnerable to viral, fungal, parasitic, or other bacterial infections. However, the effects of antibiotics on fish immunity have largely been overlooked by the aquaculture industry. We tested, at 12 and 20 °C, whether tetracycline and florfenicol (the most commonly used antibiotics in commercial aquaculture), affected the Atlantic salmon's capacity to respond to bacterial or viral stimulation. Atlantic salmon were acclimated to 12 or 20 °C and fed with tetracycline or florfenicol (100 and 10 mg kg of body weight-1 day-1, respectively) medicated feed for 15 or 10 days, respectively. Thereafter, we evaluated their immune function prior to, and after, an intraperitoneal injection of Forte Micro (containing inactivated cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio ordalii and Vibrio salmonicida) or the viral mimic polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (pIC). We measured the transcript expression levels of 8 anti-bacterial and 8 anti-viral putative biomarker genes, and the innate (leukocyte respiratory burst, plasma lysozyme activity and hemolytic activity of the alternative complement pathway) and cellular (relative number of erythrocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes, and granulocytes such as monocytes and neutrophils) responses to these challenges. Overall, we only found a few minor effects of either tetracycline or florfenicol on immune gene expression or function at either temperature. Although several studies have reported that antibiotics may negatively affect fish immune responses, our results show that industry-relevant dietary tetracycline and florfenicol treatments do not substantially impact the salmon's innate immune responses. Currently, this is the most comprehensive study on the effects of antibiotics administrated according to industry protocols on immune function in Atlantic salmon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Rebeccah M Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ellen de Fátima C Peroni
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's, A1C 5S7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ignatz EH, Zanuzzo FS, Sandrelli RM, Clow KA, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. Phenotypic stress response does not influence the upper thermal tolerance of male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). J Therm Biol 2021; 101:103102. [PMID: 34879919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fish can be identified as either low responders (LR) or high responders (HR) based on post-stress cortisol levels and whether they exhibit a proactive or reactive stress coping style, respectively. In this study, male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from 17 families reared at 9 °C were repeatedly exposed to an acute handling stress over a period of four months, with plasma cortisol levels measured at 1 h post-stress. Fish were identified as either LR or HR if the total Z-score calculated from their cortisol responses fell into the lower or upper quartile ranges, respectively; with intermediate responders (IR) classified as the remainder. Salmon characterized as LR, IR or HR were then subjected to an incremental thermal challenge, where temperature was raised at 0.2 °C day-1 from their acclimation temperature (12 °C) to mimic natural sea-cage farming conditions during the summer in Newfoundland. Interestingly, feed intake remained high up to 22 °C, while previous studies have shown a decrease in salmon appetite after ∼16-18 °C. After the first three mortalities were recorded at elevated temperature, a subset of LR and HR salmon were exposed to another acute handling stress event at 23.6 °C. Basal and post-stress measurements of plasma cortisol, glucose and lactate did not differ between stress response phenotypes at this temperature. In the end, the average incremental thermal maximum (ITMax) of LR and HR fish was not different (25.1 °C). In comparison, the critical thermal maximum (CTMax; temperature increased at 2 °C h-1) of the remaining IR fish that had been held at 12 °C was 28.5 °C. Collectively, these results: 1) show that this population of Atlantic salmon is very thermally tolerant, and further question the relevance of CTMax in assessing responses to real-world temperature changes; and 2) indicate that characterization of stress phenotype at 9 °C is not predictive of their stress response or survival at high temperatures. Therefore, selection of fish based on phenotypic stress response at low temperatures may not be beneficial to incorporate into Atlantic salmon breeding programs, especially if the goal is to improve growth performance and survival at high temperatures in sea-cages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Ignatz
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Rebeccah M Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Kathy A Clow
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Beemelmanns A, Zanuzzo FS, Sandrelli RM, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. The Atlantic salmon's stress- and immune-related transcriptional responses to moderate hypoxia, an incremental temperature increase, and these challenges combined. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:jkab102. [PMID: 34015123 PMCID: PMC8613830 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The marine environment is predicted to become warmer, and more hypoxic, and these conditions may negatively impact the health and survival of coastal fish species, including wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Thus, we examined how: (1) moderate hypoxia (∼70% air saturation) at 12°C for 3 weeks; (2) an incremental temperature increase from 12°C to 20°C (at 1°C week-1) followed by 4 weeks at 20°C; and (3) treatment "2" combined with moderate hypoxia affected transcript expression in the liver of post-smolts as compared to control conditions (normoxia, 12°C). Specifically, we assessed the expression of 45 genes related to the heat shock response, oxidative stress, apoptosis, metabolism and immunity using a high-throughput qPCR approach (Fluidigm Biomark™ HD). The expression profiles of 27 "stress"-related genes indicated that: (i) moderate hypoxia affected the expression of several stress genes at 12°C; (ii) their expression was impacted by 16°C under normoxic conditions, and this effect increased until 20°C; (iii) the effects of moderate hypoxia were not additive to those at temperatures above 16°C; and (iv) long-term (4 weeks) exposure to 20°C, with or without hypoxia, resulted in a limited acclimatory response. In contrast, the expression of 15 immune-related genes was not greatly affected until temperatures reached 20°C, and this effect was particularly evident in fish exposed to the added challenge of hypoxia. These results provide valuable information on how these two important environmental factors affect the "stress" physiology and immunology of Atlantic salmon, and we identify genes that may be useful as hypoxia and/or temperature biomarkers in salmonids and other fishes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beemelmanns
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University,
St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University,
St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Rebeccah M Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University,
St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University,
St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University,
St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Beemelmanns A, Zanuzzo FS, Xue X, Sandrelli RM, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. The transcriptomic responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to high temperature stress alone, and in combination with moderate hypoxia. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:261. [PMID: 33845767 PMCID: PMC8042886 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increases in ocean temperatures and in the frequency and severity of hypoxic events are expected with climate change, and may become a challenge for cultured Atlantic salmon and negatively affect their growth, immunology and welfare. Thus, we examined how an incremental temperature increase alone (Warm & Normoxic-WN: 12 → 20 °C; 1 °C week- 1), and in combination with moderate hypoxia (Warm & Hypoxic-WH: ~ 70% air saturation), impacted the salmon's hepatic transcriptome expr\ession compared to control fish (CT: 12 °C, normoxic) using 44 K microarrays and qPCR. RESULTS Overall, we identified 2894 differentially expressed probes (DEPs, FDR < 5%), that included 1111 shared DEPs, while 789 and 994 DEPs were specific to WN and WH fish, respectively. Pathway analysis indicated that the cellular mechanisms affected by the two experimental conditions were quite similar, with up-regulated genes functionally associated with the heat shock response, ER-stress, apoptosis and immune defence, while genes connected with general metabolic processes, proteolysis and oxidation-reduction were largely suppressed. The qPCR assessment of 41 microarray-identified genes validated that the heat shock response (hsp90aa1, serpinh1), apoptosis (casp8, jund, jak2) and immune responses (apod, c1ql2, epx) were up-regulated in WN and WH fish, while oxidative stress and hypoxia sensitive genes were down-regulated (cirbp, cyp1a1, egln2, gstt1, hif1α, prdx6, rraga, ucp2). However, the additional challenge of hypoxia resulted in more pronounced effects on heat shock and immune-related processes, including a stronger influence on the expression of 14 immune-related genes. Finally, robust correlations between the transcription of 19 genes and several phenotypic traits in WH fish suggest that changes in gene expression were related to impaired physiological and growth performance. CONCLUSION Increasing temperature to 20 °C alone, and in combination with hypoxia, resulted in the differential expression of genes involved in similar pathways in Atlantic salmon. However, the expression responses of heat shock and immune-relevant genes in fish exposed to 20 °C and hypoxia were more affected, and strongly related to phenotypic characteristics (e.g., growth). This study provides valuable information on how these two environmental challenges affect the expression of stress-, metabolic- and immune-related genes and pathways, and identifies potential biomarker genes for improving our understanding of fish health and welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Beemelmanns
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
- Current Address: Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Xi Xue
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Rebeccah M Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Leeuwis RHJ, Zanuzzo FS, Peroni EFC, Gamperl AK. Research on sablefish ( Anoplopoma fimbria) suggests that limited capacity to increase heart function leaves hypoxic fish susceptible to heat waves. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202340. [PMID: 33715435 PMCID: PMC7944113 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of heart function and metabolism have been used to predict the impact of global warming on fish survival and distribution, and their susceptibility to acute and chronic temperature increases. Yet, despite the fact that hypoxia and high temperatures often co-occur, only one study has examined the effects of hypoxia on fish thermal tolerance, and the consequences of hypoxia for fish cardiac responses to acute warming have not been investigated. We report that sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) did not increase heart rate or cardiac output when warmed while hypoxic, and that this response was associated with reductions in maximum O2 consumption and thermal tolerance (CTmax) of 66% and approximately 3°C, respectively. Further, acclimation to hypoxia for four to six months did not substantially alter the sablefish's temperature-dependent physiological responses or improve its CTmax. These results provide novel, and compelling, evidence that hypoxia can impair the cardiac and metabolic response to increased temperatures in fish, and suggest that some coastal species may be more vulnerable to climate change-related heat waves than previously thought. Further, they support research showing that cross-tolerance and physiological plasticity in fish following hypoxia acclimation are limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robine H. J. Leeuwis
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Fábio S. Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - Ellen F. C. Peroni
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - A. Kurt Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, Canada A1C 5S7
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zanuzzo FS, Beemelmanns A, Hall JR, Rise ML, Gamperl AK. The Innate Immune Response of Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Is Not Negatively Affected by High Temperature and Moderate Hypoxia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1009. [PMID: 32536921 PMCID: PMC7268921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is predicted to increase water temperatures and decrease oxygen levels in freshwater and marine environments, however, there is conflicting information regarding the extent to which these conditions may impact the immune defenses of fish. In this study, Atlantic salmon were exposed to: (1) normoxia (100–110% air saturation) at 12°C; (2) an incremental temperature increase (1°C per week from 12 to 20°C), and then held at 20°C for an additional 4 weeks; and (3) “2” with the addition of moderate hypoxia (~65–75% air saturation). These conditions realistically reflect what farmed salmon in some locations are currently facing, and future conditions in Atlantic Canada and Europe, during the summer months. The salmon were sampled for the measurement of head kidney constitutive anti-bacterial and anti-viral transcript expression levels, and blood parameters of humoral immune function. Thereafter, they were injected with either the multi-valent vaccine Forte V II (contains both bacterial and viral antigens) or PBS (phosphate-buffer-saline), and the head kidney and blood of these fish were sampled at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-injection (HPI). Our results showed that: (1) neither high temperature, nor high temperature + moderate hypoxia, adversely affected respiratory burst, complement activity or lysozyme concentration; (2) the constitutive transcript expression levels of the anti-bacterial genes il1β, il8-a, cox2, hamp-a, stlr5-a, and irf7-b were up-regulated by high temperature; (3) while high temperature hastened the peak in transcript expression levels of most anti-bacterial genes by 6–12 h following V II injection, it did not affect the magnitude of changes in transcript expression; (4) anti-viral (viperin-b, mx-b, and isg15-a) transcript expression levels were either unaffected, or downregulated, by acclimation temperature or V II injection over the 48 HPI; and (5) hypoxia, in addition to high temperature, did not impact immune transcript expression. In conclusion, temperatures up to 20°C, and moderate hypoxia, do not impair the capacity of the Atlantic salmon's innate immune system to respond to bacterial antigens. These findings are surprising, and highlight the salmon's capacity to mount robust innate immune responses (i.e., similar to control fish under optimal conditions) under conditions approaching their upper thermal limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anne Beemelmanns
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jennifer R Hall
- Aquatic Research Cluster, CREAIT Network, Ocean Sciences Centre, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's, NL, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zanuzzo FS, de C. Bovolato AL, Pereira RT, Valença-Silva G, Barcellos LJG, Barreto RE. Innate response based on visual cues of sympatric and allopatric predators in Nile tilapia. Behav Processes 2019; 164:109-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
10
|
Harter TS, Zanuzzo FS, Supuran CT, Gamperl AK, Brauner CJ. Functional support for a novel mechanism that enhances tissue oxygen extraction in a teleost fish. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190339. [PMID: 31138074 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A successful spawning migration in salmon depends on their athletic ability, and thus on efficient cardiovascular oxygen (O2) transport. Most teleost fishes have highly pH-sensitive haemoglobins (Hb) that can release large amounts of O2 when the blood is acidified at the tissues. We hypothesized that plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (paCA; the enzyme that catalyses proton production from CO2) is required to acidify the blood at the tissues and promote tissue O2 extraction. Previous studies have reported an elevated tissue O2 extraction in hypoxia-acclimated teleosts that may also be facilitated by paCA. Thus, to create experimental contrasts in tissue O2 extraction, Atlantic salmon were acclimated to normoxia or hypoxia (40% air saturation for more than six weeks), and the role of paCA in enhancing tissue O2 extraction was tested by inhibiting paCA at rest and during submaximal exercise. Our results show that: (i) in both acclimation groups, the inhibition of paCA increased cardiac output by one-third, indicating a role of paCA in promoting tissue O2 extraction during exercise, recovery and at rest; (ii) the recruitment of paCA was plastic and increased following hypoxic acclimation; and (iii) maximal exercise performance in salmon, and thus a successful spawning migration, may not be possible without paCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T S Harter
- 1 Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - F S Zanuzzo
- 2 Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - C T Supuran
- 3 NEUROFARBA Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze , Florence , Italy
| | - A K Gamperl
- 2 Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Newfoundland, Canada A1C 5S7
| | - C J Brauner
- 1 Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zanuzzo FS, Bailey JA, Garber AF, Gamperl AK. The acute and incremental thermal tolerance of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) families under normoxia and mild hypoxia. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 233:30-38. [PMID: 30930205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Given climate change projections, the limited ability of fish reared in sea-cages to behaviourally thermoregulate, and that thermal tolerance may be heritable, studies that examine family-related differences in upper thermal tolerance are quite relevant to the aquaculture industry. Thus, we investigated the upper thermal tolerance of 15 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) families by challenging them with acute (2 °C h-1) and incremental (1 °C every 4 days) temperature increases (CTmax and ITmax tests, respectively) under normoxia (~ 100% air saturation) and mild hypoxia (~ 75% air sat.). The cod's CTmax was 22.5 ± 0.1 °C (mean ± S.E.) during normoxia and 21.8 ± 0.1 °C during hypoxia (P < 0.001); and these two CTmax values were significantly correlated across families. In both the normoxic and hypoxic ITmax tests, feed intake fell by ~50% between 17 and 18 °C, and stopped entirely by 21 °C. No mortalities were observed under 20 °C in the normoxic and hypoxic ITmax tests, and the ITmax value was ~21.7 °C in both groups. Differences in the upper thermal tolerance between families were only observed in the CTmax experiment. No correlation was found between the specific growth rate and the CTmax of the families. Further, no correlation existed between CTmax and ITmax. This study is the first to compare the thermal tolerance of fish families to both CTmax and ITmax challenges, and the data: 1) suggest that the Atlantic cod is quite tolerant of acute (i.e., hours) or short-term (i.e., weeks) exposure to high water temperatures (i.e., up to 20 °C); 2) indicate that it might be difficult to select fish with higher ITmax values; and 3) question the relevance of CTmax for selecting fish that are destined for sea-cages where temperatures slowly warm over the summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada..
| | - Jason A Bailey
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Amber F Garber
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Road, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Leeuwis RHJ, Nash GW, Sandrelli RM, Zanuzzo FS, Gamperl AK. The environmental tolerances and metabolic physiology of sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2019; 231:140-148. [PMID: 30743060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the potential impacts of global warming, such as increases in temperature and the frequency/severity of hypoxia in marine ecosystems, it is important to study the impacts of these environmental challenges on sea-cage reared aquaculture species. This study focuses on the sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria), an emerging aquaculture species that has a unique ecology in the wild. For instance, adults inhabit oxygen minimum zones and cool waters at depths up to 1500 m. Using Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (~1132 g adults) as a comparative species, we used intermittent-flow respirometry to characterize the tolerance and metabolic response of sablefish (~10 g juveniles and ~675 g adults) to acute increases in temperature (2 °C h-1) and decreases in oxygen level (~10% air saturation h-1). Adult sablefish were much more hypoxia tolerant than adult salmon [O2 level at loss of equilibrium ~5.4% vs. ~24.2% air saturation, respectively]. In addition, sablefish could withstand upper temperatures only slightly lower than salmon [critical thermal maximum (CTmax) ~24.9 °C vs. ~26.2 °C, respectively]. Sablefish juveniles were both less hypoxia and thermally tolerant than adults [critical O2 tension ~18.9% vs. ~15.8% air saturation; CTmax ~22.7 vs. ~24.9 °C, respectively]. Interestingly, many of these differences in environmental tolerance could not be explained by differences in metabolic parameters (aerobic scope or routine metabolic rate). Our findings show that sablefish are tolerant of high temperatures, and very tolerant of hypoxia, traits that are advantageous for an aquaculture species in the era of climate change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robine H J Leeuwis
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada.
| | - Gordon W Nash
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Rebeccah M Sandrelli
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Anthony K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
de Oliveira CAF, Vetvicka V, Zanuzzo FS. β-Glucan successfully stimulated the immune system in different jawed vertebrate species. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 62:1-6. [PMID: 30711038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have shown the positive effects of β-glucans on the immune. Howeverthese studies have a broad experimental design including β-glucans compounds. Consequently, a study using the same β-glucan molecule, administration route and experimental design is needed to compare the effects of β-glucan across vertebrate species. For this end, during 28 days we fed four different vertebrate species: mice, dogs, piglets and chicks, with two β-glucan molecules (BG01 and BG02). We measured the serum interleukin 2 as an indicator of innate immune response, the neutrophils and monocytes phagocytosis index as a cellular response and antibody formation as an adaptive response. The results clearly showed that the different β-glucan molecules exhibited biologically differently behaviors, but both molecules stimulate the immune system in a similar pattern in these four species. This finding suggests that vertebrates shared similar mechanisms/patterns in recognizing the β-glucans and confirms the benefits of β-glucans across different vertebrate species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A F de Oliveira
- Department of Research and Development, Biorigin Company, Fazenda São José s/n, 17290-000 Macatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Department of Research and Development, Biorigin Company, Fazenda São José s/n, 17290-000 Macatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zanuzzo FS, Sabioni RE, Montoya LNF, Favero G, Urbinati EC. Aloe vera enhances the innate immune response of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) after transport stress and combined heat killed Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 65:198-205. [PMID: 28433715 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) were fed with diets containing Aloe vera for 10 days prior to transport stress and infection with heat killed Aeromonas hydrophila. A. vera is popular around the world due to its medicinal properties, including immunostimulatory effects which was observed in this study. The results show that transport causes immunosuppression, an effect that was prevented by A. vera. Specifically, A. vera prevented reductions of both leukocyte respiratory burst and hemolytic activity of complement system caused by transport. Further, fish fed with A. vera also showed significantly higher leukocyte respiratory burst, serum lysozyme concentrations and activity of complement system 24 h after bacterial infection. Additionally, we observed that A. vera may modulate the innate response through activation of complement system during bacterial immune stimulation. In summary, A. vera extract enhanced innate immune parameters and consequently the ability of fish to cope with pathogens following transport stress. These findings show that A. vera has promise for use in aquaculture and add further evidence that medicinal herbs added to fish feed assist to prevent disease outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Zanuzzo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rafael E Sabioni
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luz Natalia F Montoya
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Favero
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth C Urbinati
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Aquaculture Center of Unesp, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Franco Montoya LN, Martins TP, Gimbo RY, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. β-Glucan-induced cortisol levels improve the early immune response in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2017; 60:197-204. [PMID: 27903452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the role of endogenous cortisol on the innate immune response in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus) fed with β-glucan, prior to and after stressor exposure and bacterial challenge. For this, we evaluated the serum cortisol and plasma glucose levels, the serum lysozyme levels, the hemolytic activity of the complement system, and the respiratory activity of leukocytes, as well as the number of circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes of fish fed during 15 days with diets containing β-glucan 0.1% (β-G) or β-glucan 0.1% + metyrapone 30 mg kg-1 fish (β-G + MTP). Dietary MTP was used to block cortisol production. After feeding, fish were air-exposed during 3 min, to endogenously increase the cortisol levels. Following that, they were challenged with intraperitoneal injection of Aeromonas hydrophila. Results were compared with a positive control group fed with a β-glucan-free diet. A negative control group, also fed with β-glucan-free diet but inoculated with PBS, was established to evaluate the effect of the handling during injection. Fish were sampled prior to the stressor exposure, 30 min after exposure, and 24 h post infection (hpi). Herein we observed that dietary β-G modulated the cortisol profile prior to and after the stressor, increasing the number and activity of leukocytes. Moreover, cortisol showed to be an efficient modulator of both humoral and cellular innate immune system by increasing lysozyme and complement activity, as well as neutrophil and monocyte populations. Our results suggest that β-glucan-induced cortisol increase is one important mechanism to improve the innate immune response in matrinxã.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luz N Franco Montoya
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Talísia P Martins
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Y Gimbo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Cep. 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth C Urbinati
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal, Univ Estadual Paulista UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil; Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP (CAUNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, Cep. 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC, Nash GW, Gamperl AK. Steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss metabolic rate is affected by dietary Aloe vera inclusion but not by mounting an immune response against formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida. J Fish Biol 2015; 87:43-53. [PMID: 26010230 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The oxygen consumption (MO2) of two groups of 10° C acclimated steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was measured for 72 h after they were given a 100 µl kg(-1) intraperitoneal injection of formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In addition, plasma cortisol levels were measured in fish from both groups prior to, and 1 and 3 h after, they were given a 30 s net stress. The first group was fed an unaltered commercial diet for 4 weeks, whereas the second group was fed the same diet but with 0·5% (5 g kg(-1) ) Aloe vera powder added; A. vera has potential as an immunostimulant for use in aquaculture, but its effects on basal and acute phase response (APR)-related metabolic expenditures and stress physiology, are unknown. Injection of ASAL v. PBS had no measurable effect on the MO2 of O. mykiss indicating that the APR in this species is not associated with any net increase in energy expenditure. In contrast, incorporating 0·5% A. vera powder into the feed decreased routine metabolic rate by c. 8% in both injection groups and standard metabolic rate in the ASAL-injected group (by c. 4 mg O2 kg(-1) h(-1) ; 5%). Aloe vera fed fish had resting cortisol levels that were approximately half of those in fish on the commercial diet (c. 2·5 v. 5·0 ng ml(-1) ), but neither this difference nor those post-stress reached statistical significance (P > 0·05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F S Zanuzzo
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rubião Jr., 18618-970 SP, Brazil
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14.884-900, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - G W Nash
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - A K Gamperl
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, NL, A1C 5S7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zanuzzo FS, Zaiden SF, Senhorini JA, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Urbinati EC. Aloe vera bathing improved physical and humoral protection in breeding stock after induced spawning in matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 45:132-140. [PMID: 25703714 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we show that induced spawning causes stress, an intense loss of epithelia and immunosuppression, decreasing physical and humoral protection in fish, effects that were prevented or improved in fish bathed with Aloe vera. A. vera has several medicinal properties, including wound healing and immunostimulatory effects, which we observed in this study. Fish bathed with A. vera had a higher number of epidermal goblet cells and, in general, an improved wound healing rate compared with the control after induced spawning. These effects might be related to (1) the stimulation of leukocyte activity, represented here by the increased leukocyte respiratory activity triggered by A. vera (leukocytes are recognized as playing an important role in wound repair); (2) the antimicrobial properties of A. vera, which decrease wound infection and accelerate the healing process; and (3) several mechanisms that explain the healing effect of A. vera (increased collagen synthesis, rate of epithelialization, and anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects). Our results also suggest that caution is necessary during the induced spawning process, especially during stripping, and A. vera bathing is recommended after intensive aquaculture operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio S Zanuzzo
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Campus de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rubião Jr., 18618-970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio F Zaiden
- Universidade de Rio Verde - FESURV, Campus Universitário, s/n. Rio Verde, CEP: 75901-970 Goiás, Brazil.
| | - José A Senhorini
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Peixes Continentais (CEPTA/ICMBio), Rodovia Euberto Pereira de Godoy, km 6,5, Pirassununga, 13630-000 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cleni M Marzocchi-Machado
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Via do Café, Monte Alegre, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elisabeth C Urbinati
- Centro de Aquicultura da Unesp, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castelane, 14884-900 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Biller-Takahashi JD, Takahashi LS, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Zanuzzo FS, Urbinati EC. Disease resistance of pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) fed with β-glucan. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 74:698-703. [PMID: 25296221 DOI: 10.1590/bjb.2014.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of β-glucan on innate immune responses and survival were studied in pacu experimentally infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish fed diets containing 0, 0.1% and 1% β-glucan were injected with A. hydrophila. β-glucan enhanced fish survival in both treated groups (26.7% and 21.2% of the control, respectively). Leukocyte respiratory burst and alternative complement pathway activities were elevated after bacterial challenge regardless the β-glucan concentration. Lysozyme activity was higher after infection and showed a gradual increase as β-glucan concentration increased. A significant elevation in WBC count was observed either after bacterial challenge or by influence of β-glucan separately. The same response was observed in the number of thrombocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, LG-PAS positive cell and monocytes. It can be concluded that feeding pacu with β-glucan can increase protection against A. hydrophila, due to changes in non-specific immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Biller-Takahashi
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - L S Takahashi
- Faculdade de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Dracena, SP, Brazil
| | - C M Marzocchi-Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo -USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - F S Zanuzzo
- Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP - CAUNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - E C Urbinati
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|