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Borg D, Rae K, Fiveash C, Schagen J, James-McAlpine J, Friedlander F, Thurston C, Oliveri M, Harmey T, Cavanagh E, Edwards C, Fontanarosa D, Perkins T, de Zubicaray G, Moritz K, Kumar S, Clifton V. Queensland Family Cohort: a study protocol. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e044463. [PMID: 34168023 PMCID: PMC8231060 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The perinatal-postnatal family environment is associated with childhood outcomes including impacts on physical and mental health and educational attainment. Family longitudinal cohort studies collect in-depth data that can capture the influence of an era on family lifestyle, mental health, chronic disease, education and financial stability to enable identification of gaps in society and provide the evidence for changes in government in policy and practice. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Queensland Family Cohort (QFC) is a prospective, observational, longitudinal study that will recruit 12 500 pregnant families across the state of Queensland (QLD), Australia and intends to follow-up families and children for three decades. To identify the immediate and future health requirements of the QLD population; pregnant participants and their partners will be enrolled by 24 weeks of gestation and followed up at 24, 28 and 36 weeks of gestation, during delivery, on-ward, 6 weeks postpartum and then every 12 months where questionnaires, biological samples and physical measures will be collected from parents and children. To examine the impact of environmental exposures on families, data related to environmental pollution, household pollution and employment exposures will be linked to pregnancy and health outcomes. Where feasible, data linkage of state and federal government databases will be used to follow the participants long term. Biological samples will be stored long term for future discoveries of biomarkers of health and disease. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval has been obtained from the Mater Research Ethics (HREC/16/MHS/113). Findings will be reported to (1) QFC participating families; (2) funding bodies, institutes and hospitals supporting the QFC; (3) federal, state and local governments to inform policy; (4) presented at local, national and international conferences and (5) disseminated by peer-review publications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Borg
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kym Rae
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Corrine Fiveash
- Gallipoli Medical Research Foundation, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johanna Schagen
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janelle James-McAlpine
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Frances Friedlander
- Maternity Unit, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Greenslopes, Queensland, Australia
| | - Claire Thurston
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria Oliveri
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Theresa Harmey
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Erika Cavanagh
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Maternal Fetal Medicine, Mater Hospital Brisbane, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Christopher Edwards
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Davide Fontanarosa
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tony Perkins
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University - Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Greig de Zubicaray
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen Moritz
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland Child Health Research Centre, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sailesh Kumar
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicki Clifton
- Mother and Baby, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Mascelloni M, McMahon KL, Piai V, Kleinman D, de Zubicaray G. Mediated phonological-semantic priming in spoken word production: Evidence for cascaded processing from picture-word interference. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 74:1284-1294. [PMID: 33818205 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211010591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cognitive architecture that allows humans to retrieve words from the mental lexicon has been investigated for decades. While there is consensus regarding a two-step architecture involving lexical-conceptual and phonological word-form levels of processing, accounts of how activation spreads between them (e.g., in a serial, cascaded, or interactive fashion) remain contentious. In addition, production models differ with respect to whether selection occurs at lexical or postlexical levels. The purpose of this study was to examine whether mediated phonological-semantic relations (e.g., drip is phonologically related to drill that is semantically related to hammer) influence production in adults as predicted by models implementing cascaded processing and feedback between levels. Two experiments using the picture-word interference (PWI) paradigm were conducted using auditory (Exp. 1) and written (Exp. 2) distractors. We hypothesised that a mediated semantic interference effect would be observable in the former with the involvement of both spoken word production and recognition, and in the latter if lexical representations are shared between written and spoken words in English, as assumed by some production accounts. Furthermore, we hypothesised a mediated semantic interference effect would be inconsistent with a postlexical selection account as the distractors do not constitute a relevant response for the target picture (e.g., drip-HAMMER). We observed mediated semantic interference only from auditory distractors, while observing the standard semantic interference effect from both auditory and written distractors. The current findings represent the first chronometric evidence involving spoken word production and recognition in support of cascaded processing during lexical retrieval in adults and present a significant challenge for the postlexical selection account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Mascelloni
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Katie L McMahon
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Vitória Piai
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Donders Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Psychology, Donders Centre for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Greig de Zubicaray
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
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Gillespie NA, Neale MC, Bates TC, Eyler LT, Fennema-Notestine C, Vassileva J, Lyons MJ, Prom-Wormley EC, McMahon KL, Thompson PM, de Zubicaray G, Hickie IB, McGrath JJ, Strike LT, Rentería ME, Panizzon MS, Martin NG, Franz CE, Kremen WS, Wright MJ. Testing associations between cannabis use and subcortical volumes in two large population-based samples. Addiction 2018; 113:10.1111/add.14252. [PMID: 29691937 PMCID: PMC6200645 DOI: 10.1111/add.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Disentangling the putative impact of cannabis on brain morphology from other comorbid substance use is critical. After controlling for the effects of nicotine, alcohol and multi-substance use, this study aimed to determine whether frequent cannabis use is associated with significantly smaller subcortical grey matter volumes. DESIGN Exploratory analyses using mixed linear models, one per region of interest (ROI), were performed whereby individual differences in volume (outcome) at seven subcortical ROIs were regressed onto cannabis and comorbid substance use (predictors). SETTING Two large population-based twin samples from the United States and Australia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 622 young Australian adults [66% female; μage = 25.9, standard deviation SD) = 3.6] and 474 middle-aged US males (μage = 56.1SD = 2.6 ) of predominately Anglo-Saxon ancestry with complete substance use and imaging data. Subjects with a history of stroke or traumatic brain injury were excluded. MEASUREMENTS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and volumetric segmentation methods were used to estimate volume in seven subcortical ROIs: thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, amygdala and nucleus accumbens. Substance use measurements included maximum nicotine and alcohol use, total life-time multi-substance use, maximum cannabis use in the young adults and regular cannabis use in the middle-aged males. FINDINGS After correcting for multiple testing (P = 0.007), cannabis use was unrelated to any subcortical ROI. However, maximum nicotine use was associated with significantly smaller thalamus volumes in middle-aged males. CONCLUSIONS In exploratory analyses based on young adult and middle-aged samples, normal variation in cannabis use is unrelated statistically to individual differences in brain morphology as measured by subcortical volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Gillespie
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA
| | | | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Jasmin Vassileva
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Katie L. McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Greig de Zubicaray
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J. McGrath
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Lachlan T. Strike
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
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Zubicaray GD, Fisher SE. Genes, Brain, and Language: A brief introduction to the Special Issue. Brain Lang 2017; 172:1-2. [PMID: 28867043 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Greig de Zubicaray
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Brisbane, Queensland, 4059, Australia.
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherland.
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Gutman BA, Pizzagalli F, Jahanshad N, Wright MJ, McMahon KL, de Zubicaray G, Thompson PM. APPROXIMATING PRINCIPAL GENETIC COMPONENTS OF SUBCORTICAL SHAPE. Proc IEEE Int Symp Biomed Imaging 2017; 2017:1226-1230. [PMID: 29201284 PMCID: PMC5705101 DOI: 10.1109/isbi.2017.7950738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Optimal representations of the genetic structure underlying complex neuroimaging phenotypes lie at the heart of our quest to discover the genetic code of the brain. Here, we suggest a strategy for achieving such a representation by decomposing the genetic covariance matrix of complex phenotypes into maximally heritable and genetically independent components. We show that such a representation can be approximated well with eigenvectors of the genetic covariance based on a large family study. Using 520 twin pairs from the QTIM dataset, we estimate 500 principal genetic components of 54,000 vertex-wise shape features representing fourteen subcortical regions. We show that our features maintain their desired properties in practice. Further, the genetic components are found to be significantly associated with the CLU and PICALM genes in an unrelated Alzheimer's Disease (AD) dataset. The same genes are not significantly associated with other volume and shape measures in this dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris A Gutman
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fabrizio Pizzagalli
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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de Zubicaray G, Smith G, Anderson D. Comparison of IQs and Verbal-Performance IQ Discrepancies Estimated from Two Seven-Subtest Short Forms of the WAIS-R. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/073428299601400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared IQs and Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies estimated from two seven-subtest short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) in a sample of 100 subjects referred for neuropsychological assessment. The short forms of Warrington, James, and Maciejewski (1986) and Ward (1990) yielded similar correlation coefficients and absolute error rates with respect to WAIS-R IQs, although the Warrington short form requires more time to administer and score. Both short forms were able to detect significant Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies 70% of the time. However, they incorrectly yielded significant discrepancies for approximately 25% of the sample who did not have significant differences on the full WAIS-R. The results do not support reporting and interpreting significant Verbal-Performance IQ discrepancies estimated from these short forms.
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Meinzer M, Yetim Ö, McMahon K, de Zubicaray G. Brain mechanisms of semantic interference in spoken word production: An anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (atDCS) study. Brain Lang 2016; 157-158:72-80. [PMID: 27180210 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
When naming pictures, categorically-related compared to unrelated contexts typically slow production. We investigated proposed roles for the left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) and posterior middle and superior temporal gyri (pMTG/STG) in mediating this semantic interference effect. In a three-way, cross-over, sham-controlled study, we applied online anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (atDCS) to LIFG or pMTG/STG while 24 participants performed parallel versions of the blocked cyclic naming paradigm. Significant effects of semantic context and cycle, and interactions of context and cycle, were observed on naming latencies in all three stimulation sessions. Additionally, atDCS over left pMTG/STG facilitated naming in related blocks from the second cycle onward, significantly reducing but not eliminating the interference effect. Applying atDCS over left LIFG likewise reduced the magnitude of interference compared to sham stimulation, although the facilitation was limited to the first few cycles of naming. We interpret these results as indicating semantic interference in picture naming reflects contributions of two complementary mechanisms: a relatively short-lived, top-down mechanism to bias selection and a more persistent lexical-level activation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Meinzer
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Özlem Yetim
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katie McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Greig de Zubicaray
- Faculty of Health and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
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Riley E, McMahon KL, de Zubicaray G. Long-lasting semantic interference effects in object naming are not necessarily conceptually mediated. Front Psychol 2015; 6:578. [PMID: 25999892 PMCID: PMC4423345 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting interference effects in picture naming are induced when objects are presented in categorically related contexts in both continuous and blocked cyclic paradigms. Less consistent context effects have been reported when the task is changed to semantic classification. Experiment 1 confirmed the recent finding of cumulative facilitation in the continuous paradigm with living/non-living superordinate categorization. To avoid a potential confound involving participants responding with the identical superordinate category in related contexts in the blocked cyclic paradigm, we devised a novel set of categorically related objects that also varied in terms of relative age – a core semantic type associated with the adjective word class across languages. Experiment 2 demonstrated the typical interference effect with these stimuli in basic level naming. In Experiment 3, using the identical blocked cyclic paradigm, we failed to observe semantic context effects when the same pictures were classified as younger–older. Overall, the results indicate the semantic context effects in the two paradigms do not share a common origin, with the effect in the continuous paradigm arising at the level of conceptual representations or in conceptual-to-lexical connections while the effect in the blocked cyclic paradigm most likely originates at a lexical level of representation. The implications of these findings for current accounts of long-lasting interference effects in spoken word production are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Riley
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katie L McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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de Zubicaray G, Johnson K, Howard D, McMahon K. A perfusion fMRI investigation of thematic and categorical context effects in the spoken production of object names. Cortex 2014; 54:135-49. [PMID: 24657924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The context in which objects are presented influences the speed at which they are named. We employed the blocked cyclic naming paradigm and perfusion functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the mechanisms responsible for interference effects reported for thematically and categorically related compared to unrelated contexts. Naming objects in categorically homogeneous contexts induced a significant interference effect that accumulated from the second cycle onwards. This interference effect was associated with significant perfusion signal decreases in left middle and posterior lateral temporal cortex and the hippocampus. By contrast, thematically homogeneous contexts facilitated naming latencies significantly in the first cycle and did not differ from heterogeneous contexts thereafter, nor were they associated with any perfusion signal changes compared to heterogeneous contexts. These results are interpreted as being consistent with an account in which the interference effect both originates and has its locus at the lexical level, with an incremental learning mechanism adapting the activation levels of target lexical representations following access. We discuss the implications of these findings for accounts that assume thematic relations can be active lexical competitors or assume mandatory involvement of top-down control mechanisms in interference effects during naming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kori Johnson
- University of Queensland, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David Howard
- School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Katie McMahon
- University of Queensland, Centre for Advanced Imaging, Brisbane, Australia
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van Hees S, McMahon K, Angwin A, de Zubicaray G, Copland DA. Neural activity associated with semantic versus phonological anomia treatments in aphasia. Brain Lang 2014; 129:47-57. [PMID: 24556337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Naming impairments in aphasia are typically targeted using semantic and/or phonologically based tasks. However, it is not known whether these treatments have different neural mechanisms. Eight participants with aphasia received twelve treatment sessions using an alternating treatment design, with fMRI scans pre- and post-treatment. Half the sessions employed Phonological Components Analysis (PCA), and half the sessions employed Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA). Pre-treatment activity in the left caudate correlated with greater immediate treatment success for items treated with SFA, whereas recruitment of the left supramarginal gyrus and right precuneus post-treatment correlated with greater immediate treatment success for items treated with PCA. The results support previous studies that have found greater treatment outcome to be associated with activity in predominantly left hemisphere regions, and suggest that different mechanisms may be engaged dependent on the type of treatment employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia van Hees
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Katie McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, QLD 4066, Australia.
| | - Anthony Angwin
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Greig de Zubicaray
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - David A Copland
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Clinical Centre for Research Excellence in Aphasia Rehabilitation, Australia.
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van Hees S, McMahon K, Angwin A, de Zubicaray G, Read S, Copland DA. A functional MRI study of the relationship between naming treatment outcomes and resting state functional connectivity in post-stroke aphasia. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:3919-31. [PMID: 24453137 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of studies investigating the neural mechanisms underlying treatment in people with aphasia have examined task-based brain activity. However, the use of resting-state fMRI may provide another method of examining the brain mechanisms responsible for treatment-induced recovery, and allows for investigation into connectivity within complex functional networks METHODS Eight people with aphasia underwent 12 treatment sessions that aimed to improve object naming. Half the sessions employed a phonologically-based task, and half the sessions employed a semantic-based task, with resting-state fMRI conducted pre- and post-treatment. Brain regions in which the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) correlated with treatment outcomes were used as seeds for functional connectivity (FC) analysis. FC maps were compared from pre- to post-treatment, as well as with a group of 12 healthy older controls RESULTS Pre-treatment ALFF in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG) correlated with greater outcomes for the phonological treatment, with a shift to the left MTG and supramarginal gyrus, as well as the right inferior frontal gyrus, post-treatment. When compared to controls, participants with aphasia showed both normalization and up-regulation of connectivity within language networks post-treatment, predominantly in the left hemisphere CONCLUSIONS The results provide preliminary evidence that treatments for naming impairments affect the FC of language networks, and may aid in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying the rehabilitation of language post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia van Hees
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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van Hees S, McMahon K, Angwin A, de Zubicaray G, Read S, Copland DA. Changes in white matter connectivity following therapy for anomia post stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2013; 28:325-34. [PMID: 24297762 DOI: 10.1177/1545968313508654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of studies investigating the neural mechanisms underlying treatment-induced recovery in aphasia have focused on the cortical regions associated with language processing. However, the integrity of the white matter connecting these regions may also be crucial to understanding treatment mechanisms. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the integrity of the arcuate fasciculus (AF) and uncinate fasciculus (UF) before and after treatment for anomia in people with aphasia. METHOD Eight people with aphasia received 12 treatment sessions to improve naming; alternating between phonologically-based and semantic-based tasks, with high angular resolution diffusion imaging conducted pre and post treatment. The mean generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA), a measure of fiber integrity, and number of fibers in the AF and UF were compared pre and post treatment, as well as with a group of 14 healthy older controls. RESULTS Pre treatment, participants with aphasia had significantly fewer fibers and lower mean GFA in the left AF compared with controls. Post treatment, mean GFA increased in the left AF to be statistically equivalent to controls. Additionally, mean GFA in the left AF pre and post treatment positively correlated with maintenance of the phonologically based treatment. No differences were found in the right AF, or the UF in either hemisphere, between participants with aphasia and controls, and no changes were observed in these tracts following treatment. CONCLUSIONS Anomia treatments may improve the integrity of the white matter connecting cortical language regions. These preliminary results add to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying treatment outcomes in people with aphasia post stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia van Hees
- 1University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
Abstract
Language processing is an example of implicit learning of multiple statistical cues that provide probabilistic information regarding word structure and use. Much of the current debate about language embodiment is devoted to how action words are represented in the brain, with motor cortex activity evoked by these words assumed to selectively reflect conceptual content and/or its simulation. We investigated whether motor cortex activity evoked by manual action words (e.g., caress) might reflect sensitivity to probabilistic orthographic–phonological cues to grammatical category embedded within individual words. We first review neuroimaging data demonstrating that nonwords evoke activity much more reliably than action words along the entire motor strip, encompassing regions proposed to be action category specific. Using fMRI, we found that disyllabic words denoting manual actions evoked increased motor cortex activity compared with non-body-part-related words (e.g., canyon), activity which overlaps that evoked by observing and executing hand movements. This result is typically interpreted in support of language embodiment. Crucially, we also found that disyllabic nonwords containing endings with probabilistic cues predictive of verb status (e.g., -eve) evoked increased activity compared with nonwords with endings predictive of noun status (e.g., -age) in the identical motor area. Thus, motor cortex responses to action words cannot be assumed to selectively reflect conceptual content and/or its simulation. Our results clearly demonstrate motor cortex activity reflects implicit processing of ortho-phonological statistical regularities that help to distinguish a word's grammatical class.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katie McMahon
- 3University of Queensland, Centre for Advanced Imaging
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Arciuli J, McMahon K, Zubicaray GD. Probabilistic orthographic cues to grammatical category in the brain. Brain Lang 2012; 123:202-210. [PMID: 23117157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
What helps us determine whether a word is a noun or a verb, without conscious awareness? We report on cues in the way individual English words are spelled, and, for the first time, identify their neural correlates via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We used a lexical decision task with trisyllabic nouns and verbs containing orthographic cues that are either consistent or inconsistent with the spelling patterns of words from that grammatical category. Significant linear increases in response times and error rates were observed as orthography became less consistent, paralleled by significant linear decreases in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the left supramarginal gyrus of the left inferior parietal lobule, a brain region implicated in visual word recognition. A similar pattern was observed in the left superior parietal lobule. These findings align with an emergentist view of grammatical category processing which results from sensitivity to multiple probabilistic cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Arciuli
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Lidcombe 1825, Australia.
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15
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Liu F, van der Lijn F, Schurmann C, Zhu G, Chakravarty MM, Hysi PG, Wollstein A, Lao O, de Bruijne M, Ikram MA, van der Lugt A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Niessen WJ, Homuth G, de Zubicaray G, McMahon KL, Thompson PM, Daboul A, Puls R, Hegenscheid K, Bevan L, Pausova Z, Medland SE, Montgomery GW, Wright MJ, Wicking C, Boehringer S, Spector TD, Paus T, Martin NG, Biffar R, Kayser M. A genome-wide association study identifies five loci influencing facial morphology in Europeans. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002932. [PMID: 23028347 PMCID: PMC3441666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-individual variation in facial shape is one of the most noticeable phenotypes in humans, and it is clearly under genetic regulation; however, almost nothing is known about the genetic basis of normal human facial morphology. We therefore conducted a genome-wide association study for facial shape phenotypes in multiple discovery and replication cohorts, considering almost ten thousand individuals of European descent from several countries. Phenotyping of facial shape features was based on landmark data obtained from three-dimensional head magnetic resonance images (MRIs) and two-dimensional portrait images. We identified five independent genetic loci associated with different facial phenotypes, suggesting the involvement of five candidate genes--PRDM16, PAX3, TP63, C5orf50, and COL17A1--in the determination of the human face. Three of them have been implicated previously in vertebrate craniofacial development and disease, and the remaining two genes potentially represent novel players in the molecular networks governing facial development. Our finding at PAX3 influencing the position of the nasion replicates a recent GWAS of facial features. In addition to the reported GWA findings, we established links between common DNA variants previously associated with NSCL/P at 2p21, 8q24, 13q31, and 17q22 and normal facial-shape variations based on a candidate gene approach. Overall our study implies that DNA variants in genes essential for craniofacial development contribute with relatively small effect size to the spectrum of normal variation in human facial morphology. This observation has important consequences for future studies aiming to identify more genes involved in the human facial morphology, as well as for potential applications of DNA prediction of facial shape such as in future forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fedde van der Lijn
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gu Zhu
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M. Mallar Chakravarty
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Wollstein
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Lao
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen de Bruijne
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aad van der Lugt
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wiro J. Niessen
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Imaging Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Greig de Zubicaray
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katie L. McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Amro Daboul
- Center of Oral Health, Department of Prosthodontics, Gerostomatology, and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ralf Puls
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katrin Hegenscheid
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Liisa Bevan
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Hospital of Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Carol Wicking
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stefan Boehringer
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Reiner Biffar
- Center of Oral Health, Department of Prosthodontics, Gerostomatology, and Dental Materials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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O'Dowd B, Chalk J, Zubicaray GD. Quantitative and Qualitative Impairments in Semantic Fluency, but not Phonetic Fluency, as a Potential Risk Factor for Alzheimer's Disease. BRAIN IMPAIR 2012. [DOI: 10.1375/brim.5.2.177.58249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractQualitative aspects of verbal fluency may be more useful in discerning the precise cause of any quantitative deficits in phonetic or category fluency, especially in the case of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a possible intermediate stage between normal performance and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to use both quantitative and qualitative (switches and clusters) methods to compare the phonetic and category verbal fluency performance of elderly adults with no cognitive impairment (n = 51), significant memory impairment (n = 16), and AD (n = 16). As expected, the AD group displayed impairments in all quantitative and qualitative measures of the two fluency tasks relative to their age- and education-matched peers. By contrast, the amnestic MCI group produced fewer animal names on the semantic fluency task than controls and showed normal performance on the phonetic fluency task. The MCI group's inferior category fluency performance was associated with a deficit in their category-switching rate rather than word cluster size. Overall, the results indicate that a semantic measure such as category fluency when used in conjunction with a test of episodic memory may increase the sensitivity for detecting preclinical AD. Future research using external cues and other measures of set shifting capacity may assist in clarifying the origin of the amnestic MCI-specific category-switching deficiency.
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Brun CC, Lepore N, Pennec X, Chou YY, Lee AD, de Zubicaray G, McMahon KL, Wright MJ, Gee JC, Thompson PM. A nonconservative Lagrangian framework for statistical fluid registration-SAFIRA. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2011; 30:184-202. [PMID: 20813636 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2010.2067451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we used a nonconservative Lagrangian mechanics approach to formulate a new statistical algorithm for fluid registration of 3-D brain images. This algorithm is named SAFIRA, acronym for statistically-assisted fluid image registration algorithm. A nonstatistical version of this algorithm was implemented , where the deformation was regularized by penalizing deviations from a zero rate of strain. In , the terms regularizing the deformation included the covariance of the deformation matrices (Σ) and the vector fields (q) . Here, we used a Lagrangian framework to reformulate this algorithm, showing that the regularizing terms essentially allow nonconservative work to occur during the flow. Given 3-D brain images from a group of subjects, vector fields and their corresponding deformation matrices are computed in a first round of registrations using the nonstatistical implementation. Covariance matrices for both the deformation matrices and the vector fields are then obtained and incorporated (separately or jointly) in the nonconservative terms, creating four versions of SAFIRA. We evaluated and compared our algorithms' performance on 92 3-D brain scans from healthy monozygotic and dizygotic twins; 2-D validations are also shown for corpus callosum shapes delineated at midline in the same subjects. After preliminary tests to demonstrate each method, we compared their detection power using tensor-based morphometry (TBM), a technique to analyze local volumetric differences in brain structure. We compared the accuracy of each algorithm variant using various statistical metrics derived from the images and deformation fields. All these tests were also run with a traditional fluid method, which has been quite widely used in TBM studies. The versions incorporating vector-based empirical statistics on brain variation were consistently more accurate than their counterparts, when used for automated volumetric quantification in new brain images. This suggests the advantages of this approach for large-scale neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Brun
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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de Zubicaray G, Postle N, McMahon K, Meredith M, Ashton R. Mirror neurons, the representation of word meaning, and the foot of the third left frontal convolution. Brain Lang 2010; 112:77-84. [PMID: 18977524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging research has attempted to demonstrate a preferential involvement of the human mirror neuron system (MNS) in the comprehension of effector-related action word (verb) meanings. These studies have assumed that Broca's area (or Brodmann's area 44) is the homologue of a monkey premotor area (F5) containing mouth and hand mirror neurons, and that action word meanings are shared with the mirror system due to a proposed link between speech and gestural communication. In an fMRI experiment, we investigated whether Broca's area shows mirror activity solely for effectors implicated in the MNS. Next, we examined the responses of empirically determined mirror areas during a language perception task comprising effector-specific action words, unrelated words and nonwords. We found overlapping activity for observation and execution of actions with all effectors studied, i.e., including the foot, despite there being no evidence of foot mirror neurons in the monkey or human brain. These "mirror" areas showed equivalent responses for action words, unrelated words and nonwords, with all of these stimuli showing increased responses relative to visual character strings. Our results support alternative explanations attributing mirror activity in Broca's area to covert verbalisation or hierarchical linearisation, and provide no evidence that the MNS makes a preferential contribution to comprehending action word meanings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig de Zubicaray
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Kelly C, de Zubicaray G, Di Martino A, Copland DA, Reiss PT, Klein DF, Castellanos FX, Milham MP, McMahon K. L-dopa modulates functional connectivity in striatal cognitive and motor networks: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Neurosci 2009; 29:7364-78. [PMID: 19494158 PMCID: PMC2928147 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0810-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity (FC) analyses of resting-state fMRI data allow for the mapping of large-scale functional networks, and provide a novel means of examining the impact of dopaminergic challenge. Here, using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, we examined the effect of L-dopa, a dopamine precursor, on striatal resting-state FC in 19 healthy young adults. We examined the FC of 6 striatal regions of interest (ROIs) previously shown to elicit networks known to be associated with motivational, cognitive and motor subdivisions of the caudate and putamen (Di Martino et al., 2008). In addition to replicating the previously demonstrated patterns of striatal FC, we observed robust effects of L-dopa. Specifically, L-dopa increased FC in motor pathways connecting the putamen ROIs with the cerebellum and brainstem. Although L-dopa also increased FC between the inferior ventral striatum and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, it disrupted ventral striatal and dorsal caudate FC with the default mode network. These alterations in FC are consistent with studies that have demonstrated dopaminergic modulation of cognitive and motor striatal networks in healthy participants. Recent studies have demonstrated altered resting state FC in several conditions believed to be characterized by abnormal dopaminergic neurotransmission. Our findings suggest that the application of similar experimental pharmacological manipulations in such populations may further our understanding of the role of dopaminergic neurotransmission in those conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Kelly
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, and
| | | | - Adriana Di Martino
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, and
- Division of Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, 09126 Cagliari, Italy
| | - David A. Copland
- Centre for Clinical Research and School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Philip T. Reiss
- Division of Biostatistics, New York University Child Study Center, New York, New York 10016
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, and
| | - Donald F. Klein
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, and
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, and
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, and
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, and
| | - Michael P. Milham
- Phyllis Green and Randolph Cowen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, and
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de Zubicaray G, McMahon K, Eastburn M, Pringle AJ, Lorenz L, Humphreys MS. Support for an auto-associative model of spoken cued recall: Evidence from fMRI. Neuropsychologia 2007; 45:824-35. [PMID: 16989874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Revised: 08/10/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cued recall and item recognition are considered the standard episodic memory retrieval tasks. However, only the neural correlates of the latter have been studied in detail with fMRI. Using an event-related fMRI experimental design that permits spoken responses, we tested hypotheses from an auto-associative model of cued recall and item recognition [Chappell, M., & Humphreys, M. S. (1994). An auto-associative neural network for sparse representations: Analysis and application to models of recognition and cued recall. Psychological Review, 101, 103-128]. In brief, the model assumes that cues elicit a network of phonological short term memory (STM) and semantic long term memory (LTM) representations distributed throughout the neocortex as patterns of sparse activations. This information is transferred to the hippocampus which converges upon the item closest to a stored pattern and outputs a response. Word pairs were learned from a study list, with one member of the pair serving as the cue at test. Unstudied words were also intermingled at test in order to provide an analogue of yes/no recognition tasks. Compared to incorrectly rejected studied items (misses) and correctly rejected (CR) unstudied items, correctly recalled items (hits) elicited increased responses in the left hippocampus and neocortical regions including the left inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPC), left mid lateral temporal cortex and inferior parietal cortex, consistent with predictions from the model. This network was very similar to that observed in yes/no recognition studies, supporting proposals that cued recall and item recognition involve common rather than separate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig de Zubicaray
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
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de Zubicaray G, McMahon K, Eastburn M, Pringle A. Top-down influences on lexical selection during spoken word production: A 4T fMRI investigation of refractory effects in picture naming. Hum Brain Mapp 2006; 27:864-73. [PMID: 16547922 PMCID: PMC6871415 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spoken word production is assumed to involve stages of processing in which activation spreads through layers of units comprising lexical-conceptual knowledge and their corresponding phonological word forms. Using high-field (4T) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we assessed whether the relationship between these stages is strictly serial or involves cascaded-interactive processing, and whether central (decision/control) processing mechanisms are involved in lexical selection. Participants performed the competitor priming paradigm in which distractor words, named from a definition and semantically related to a subsequently presented target picture, slow picture-naming latency compared to that with unrelated words. The paradigm intersperses two trials between the definition and the picture to be named, temporally separating activation in the word perception and production networks. Priming semantic competitors of target picture names significantly increased activation in the left posterior temporal cortex, and to a lesser extent the left middle temporal cortex, consistent with the predictions of cascaded-interactive models of lexical access. In addition, extensive activation was detected in the anterior cingulate and pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus. The findings indicate that lexical selection during competitor priming is biased by top-down mechanisms to reverse associations between primed distractor words and target pictures to select words that meet the current goal of speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig de Zubicaray
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia.
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de Zubicaray G, McMahon K, Eastburn M, Pringle A, Lorenz L. Classic identity negative priming involves accessing semantic representations in the left anterior temporal cortex. Neuroimage 2006; 33:383-90. [PMID: 16908200 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic identity negative priming (NP) refers to the finding that when an object is ignored, subsequent naming responses to it are slower than when it has not been previously ignored (Tipper, S.P., 1985. The negative priming effect: inhibitory priming by ignored objects. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 37A, 571-590). It is unclear whether this phenomenon arises due to the involvement of abstract semantic representations that the ignored object accesses automatically. Contemporary connectionist models propose a key role for the anterior temporal cortex in the representation of abstract semantic knowledge (e.g., McClelland, J.L., Rogers, T.T., 2003. The parallel distributed processing approach to semantic cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4, 310-322), suggesting that this region should be involved during performance of the classic identity NP task if it involves semantic access. Using high-field (4 T) event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, we observed increased BOLD responses in the left anterolateral temporal cortex including the temporal pole that was directly related to the magnitude of each individual's NP effect, supporting a semantic locus. Additional signal increases were observed in the supplementary eye fields (SEF) and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Greig de Zubicaray
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, The University of Queensland, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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Thompson PM, Hayashi KM, de Zubicaray G, Janke AL, Rose SE, Semple J, Herman D, Hong MS, Dittmer SS, Doddrell DM, Toga AW. Dynamics of gray matter loss in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci 2003; 23:994-1005. [PMID: 12574429 PMCID: PMC6741905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2002] [Revised: 10/15/2002] [Accepted: 11/18/2002] [Indexed: 02/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We detected and mapped a dynamically spreading wave of gray matter loss in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The loss pattern was visualized in four dimensions as it spread over time from temporal and limbic cortices into frontal and occipital brain regions, sparing sensorimotor cortices. The shifting deficits were asymmetric (left hemisphere > right hemisphere) and correlated with progressively declining cognitive status (p < 0.0006). Novel brain mapping methods allowed us to visualize dynamic patterns of atrophy in 52 high-resolution magnetic resonance image scans of 12 patients with AD (age 68.4 +/- 1.9 years) and 14 elderly matched controls (age 71.4 +/- 0.9 years) scanned longitudinally (two scans; interscan interval 2.1 +/- 0.4 years). A cortical pattern matching technique encoded changes in brain shape and tissue distribution across subjects and time. Cortical atrophy occurred in a well defined sequence as the disease progressed, mirroring the sequence of neurofibrillary tangle accumulation observed in cross sections at autopsy. Advancing deficits were visualized as dynamic maps that change over time. Frontal regions, spared early in the disease, showed pervasive deficits later (>15% loss). The maps distinguished different phases of AD and differentiated AD from normal aging. Local gray matter loss rates (5.3 +/- 2.3% per year in AD v 0.9 +/- 0.9% per year in controls) were faster in the left hemisphere (p < 0.029) than the right. Transient barriers to disease progression appeared at limbic/frontal boundaries. This degenerative sequence, observed in vivo as it developed, provides the first quantitative, dynamic visualization of cortical atrophic rates in normal elderly populations and in those with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Thompson
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Brain Mapping Division, Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095-1769, USA.
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Wang D, Chalk JB, Rose SE, de Zubicaray G, Cowin G, Galloway GJ, Barnes D, Spooner D, Doddrell DM, Semple J. MR image-based measurement of rates of change in volumes of brain structures. Part II: application to a study of Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. Magn Reson Imaging 2002; 20:41-8. [PMID: 11973028 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(02)00472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We present global and regional rates of brain atrophy measured on serially acquired T1-weighted brain MR images for a group of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and age-matched normal control (NC) subjects using the analysis procedure described in Part I. Three rates of brain atrophy: the rate of atrophy in the cerebrum, the rate of lateral ventricular enlargement and the rate of atrophy in the region of temporal lobes, were evaluated for 14 AD patients and 14 age-matched NC subjects. All three rates showed significant differences between the two groups. However, the greatest separation of the two groups was obtained when the regional rates were combined. This application has demonstrated that rates of brain atrophy, especially in specific regions of the brain, based on MR images can provide sensitive measures for evaluating the progression of AD. These measures will be useful for the evaluation of therapeutic effects of novel therapies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Wang
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia.
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25
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Thompson PM, Zubicaray GD, Janke AL, Rose SE, Dittmer S, Semple J, Gravano D, Han S, Herman D, Hong MS, Mega MS, Cummings JL, Doddrell DM, Toga AW. Detecting dynamic (4D) profiles of degenerative rates in Alzheimer's disease patients, using high-resolution tensor mapping and a brain atlas encoding atrophic rates in a population. Neuroimage 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(01)92191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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de Zubicaray G, Clair A. An evaluation of differential reinforcement of other behavior, differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior, and restitution for the management of aggressive behaviors. Behav Intervent 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-078x(199808)13:3<157::aid-bin12>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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