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Guo QJ, Ouyang J, Rao JQ, Zhang YZ, Yu LL, Xu WY, Long JH, Gao XH, Wu XY, Gu Y. [Construction and preliminary validation of a risk prediction model for the recurrence of diabetic foot ulcer in diabetic patients]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Yu Chuang Mian Xiu Fu Za Zhi 2023; 39:1149-1157. [PMID: 38129301 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20231101-00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To develop a risk prediction model for the recurrence of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in diabetic patients and primarily validate its predictive value. Methods: Meta-analysis combined with retrospective cohort study was conducted. The Chinese and English papers on risk factors related to DFU recurrence publicly published in China Biology Medicine disc, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, and PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, and the search time was from the establishment date of each database until March 31st, 2022. The papers were screened and evaluated, the data were extracted, a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.1 statistical software to screen risk factors for DFU recurrence, and Egger's linear regression was used to assess the publication bias of the study results. Risk factors for DFU recurrence mentioned in ≥3 studies and with statistically significant differences in the meta-analysis were selected as the independent variables to develop a logistic regression model for risk prediction of DFU recurrence. The medical records of 101 patients with DFU who met the inclusion criteria and were admitted to Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University from January 2019 to June 2022 were collected. There were 69 males and 32 females, aged (63±14) years. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the predictive performance of the above constructed predictive model for DFU recurrence was drawn, and the area under the ROC curve, maximum Youden index, and sensitivity and specificity at the point were calculated. Dataset including data of 8 risk factors for DFU recurrence and the DFU recurrence rates of 10 000 cases was simulated using RStudio software and a scatter plot was drawn to determine two probabilities for risk division of DFU recurrence. Using the β coefficients corresponding to 8 DFU recurrence risk factors ×10 and taking the integer as the score of coefficient weight of each risk factor, the total score was obtained by summing up, and the cutoff scores for risk level division were calculated based on the total score × two probabilities for risk division of DFU recurrence. Results: Finally, 20 papers were included, including 3 case-control studies and 17 cohort studies, with a total of 4 238 cases and DFU recurrence rate of 22.7% to 71.2%. Meta-analysis showed that glycosylated hemoglobin >7.5% and with plantar ulcer, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic peripheral vascular disease, smoking, osteomyelitis, history of amputation/toe amputation, and multidrug-resistant bacterial infection were risk factors for the recurrence of DFU (with odds ratios of 3.27, 3.66, 4.05, 3.94, 1.98, 7.17, 11.96, 3.61, 95% confidence intervals of 2.79-3.84, 2.06-6.50, 2.50-6.58, 2.65-5.84, 1.65-2.38, 2.29-22.47, 4.60-31.14, 3.13-4.17, respectively, P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in publication biases of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, diabetic peripheral vascular disease, glycosylated hemoglobin >7.5%, plantar ulcer, smoking, multidrug-resistant bacterial infection, or osteomyelitis (P>0.05), but there was a statistically significant difference in the publication bias of amputation/toe amputation (t=-30.39, P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve of the predictive model was 0.81 (with 95% confidence interval of 0.71-0.91) and the maximum Youden index was 0.59, at which the sensitivity was 72% and the specificity was 86%. Ultimately, 29.0% and 44.8% were identified respectively as the cutoff for dividing the probability of low risk and medium risk, and medium risk and high risk for DFU recurrence, while the corresponding total scores of low, medium, and high risks of DFU recurrence were <37, 37-57, and 58-118, respectively. Conclusions: Eight risk factors for DFU recurrence are screened through meta-analysis and the risk prediction model for DFU recurrence is developed, which has moderate predictive accuracy and can provide guidance for healthcare workers to take interventions for patient with DFU recurrence risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q J Guo
- Nursing Department, Hospital of Stomatology of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 550002, China
| | - J Ouyang
- Central Sterile Supply Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - J Q Rao
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Y Z Zhang
- School of Nursing, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - L L Yu
- Guizhou Health Vocational College, Tongren 554300, China
| | - W Y Xu
- Neurology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - J H Long
- Nursing Department, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, China
| | - X H Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - X Y Wu
- Emergency Department, the Second Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550003, China
| | - Y Gu
- Nursing Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
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Long SW, Olsen RJ, Christensen PA, Bernard DW, Davis JJ, Shukla M, Nguyen M, Saavedra MO, Yerramilli P, Pruitt L, Subedi S, Kuo HC, Hendrickson H, Eskandari G, Nguyen HAT, Long JH, Kumaraswami M, Goike J, Boutz D, Gollihar J, McLellan JS, Chou CW, Javanmardi K, Finkelstein IJ, Musser JM. Molecular Architecture of Early Dissemination and Massive Second Wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in a Major Metropolitan Area. mBio 2020; 11:e02707-20. [PMID: 33127862 PMCID: PMC7642679 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02707-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We sequenced the genomes of 5,085 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) strains causing two coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease waves in metropolitan Houston, TX, an ethnically diverse region with 7 million residents. The genomes were from viruses recovered in the earliest recognized phase of the pandemic in Houston and from viruses recovered in an ongoing massive second wave of infections. The virus was originally introduced into Houston many times independently. Virtually all strains in the second wave have a Gly614 amino acid replacement in the spike protein, a polymorphism that has been linked to increased transmission and infectivity. Patients infected with the Gly614 variant strains had significantly higher virus loads in the nasopharynx on initial diagnosis. We found little evidence of a significant relationship between virus genotype and altered virulence, stressing the linkage between disease severity, underlying medical conditions, and host genetics. Some regions of the spike protein-the primary target of global vaccine efforts-are replete with amino acid replacements, perhaps indicating the action of selection. We exploited the genomic data to generate defined single amino acid replacements in the receptor binding domain of spike protein that, importantly, produced decreased recognition by the neutralizing monoclonal antibody CR3022. Our report represents the first analysis of the molecular architecture of SARS-CoV-2 in two infection waves in a major metropolitan region. The findings will help us to understand the origin, composition, and trajectory of future infection waves and the potential effect of the host immune response and therapeutic maneuvers on SARS-CoV-2 evolution.IMPORTANCE There is concern about second and subsequent waves of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus occurring in communities globally that had an initial disease wave. Metropolitan Houston, TX, with a population of 7 million, is experiencing a massive second disease wave that began in late May 2020. To understand SARS-CoV-2 molecular population genomic architecture and evolution and the relationship between virus genotypes and patient features, we sequenced the genomes of 5,085 SARS-CoV-2 strains from these two waves. Our report provides the first molecular characterization of SARS-CoV-2 strains causing two distinct COVID-19 disease waves.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- COVID-19
- COVID-19 Testing
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques
- Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis
- Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Humans
- Machine Learning
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Diagnostic Techniques
- Pandemics
- Phylogeny
- Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/chemistry
- RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Texas/epidemiology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wesley Long
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Randall J Olsen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul A Christensen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David W Bernard
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - James J Davis
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Maulik Shukla
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Marcus Nguyen
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Matthew Ojeda Saavedra
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Prasanti Yerramilli
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Layne Pruitt
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sishir Subedi
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hung-Che Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Heather Hendrickson
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ghazaleh Eskandari
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hoang A T Nguyen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J Hunter Long
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Muthiah Kumaraswami
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jule Goike
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Boutz
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory-South, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jimmy Gollihar
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory-South, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ilya J Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - James M Musser
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Long SW, Olsen RJ, Christensen PA, Bernard DW, Davis JJ, Shukla M, Nguyen M, Saavedra MO, Yerramilli P, Pruitt L, Subedi S, Kuo HC, Hendrickson H, Eskandari G, Nguyen HAT, Long JH, Kumaraswami M, Goike J, Boutz D, Gollihar J, McLellan JS, Chou CW, Javanmardi K, Finkelstein IJ, Musser JM. Molecular Architecture of Early Dissemination and Massive Second Wave of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus in a Major Metropolitan Area. medRxiv 2020:2020.09.22.20199125. [PMID: 33024977 PMCID: PMC7536878 DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.22.20199125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We sequenced the genomes of 5,085 SARS-CoV-2 strains causing two COVID-19 disease waves in metropolitan Houston, Texas, an ethnically diverse region with seven million residents. The genomes were from viruses recovered in the earliest recognized phase of the pandemic in Houston, and an ongoing massive second wave of infections. The virus was originally introduced into Houston many times independently. Virtually all strains in the second wave have a Gly614 amino acid replacement in the spike protein, a polymorphism that has been linked to increased transmission and infectivity. Patients infected with the Gly614 variant strains had significantly higher virus loads in the nasopharynx on initial diagnosis. We found little evidence of a significant relationship between virus genotypes and altered virulence, stressing the linkage between disease severity, underlying medical conditions, and host genetics. Some regions of the spike protein - the primary target of global vaccine efforts - are replete with amino acid replacements, perhaps indicating the action of selection. We exploited the genomic data to generate defined single amino acid replacements in the receptor binding domain of spike protein that, importantly, produced decreased recognition by the neutralizing monoclonal antibody CR30022. Our study is the first analysis of the molecular architecture of SARS-CoV-2 in two infection waves in a major metropolitan region. The findings will help us to understand the origin, composition, and trajectory of future infection waves, and the potential effect of the host immune response and therapeutic maneuvers on SARS-CoV-2 evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Wesley Long
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Randall J. Olsen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - Paul A. Christensen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David W. Bernard
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
| | - James J. Davis
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439
| | - Maulik Shukla
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439
| | - Marcus Nguyen
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, 5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois, 60637
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439
| | - Matthew Ojeda Saavedra
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Prasanti Yerramilli
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Layne Pruitt
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sishir Subedi
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hung-Che Kuo
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Heather Hendrickson
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Ghazaleh Eskandari
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Hoang A. T. Nguyen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - J. Hunter Long
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Muthiah Kumaraswami
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Jule Goike
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Daniel Boutz
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory-South, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Jimmy Gollihar
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
- CCDC Army Research Laboratory-South, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Jason S. McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Chia-Wei Chou
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Kamyab Javanmardi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Ilya J. Finkelstein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - James M. Musser
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute and Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065
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Neininger AC, Long JH, Baillargeon SM, Burnette DT. A simple and flexible high-throughput method for the study of cardiomyocyte proliferation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15917. [PMID: 31685907 PMCID: PMC6828730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac muscle cells lack regenerative capacity in postnatal mammals. A concerted effort has been made in the field to determine regulators of cardiomyocyte proliferation and identify therapeutic strategies to induce division, with the ultimate goal of regenerating heart tissue after a myocardial infarct. We sought to optimize a high throughput screening protocol to facilitate this effort. We developed a straight-forward high throughput screen with simple readouts to identify small molecules that modulate cardiomyocyte proliferation. We identify human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiCMs) as a model system for such a screen, as a very small subset of hiCMs have the potential to proliferate. The ability of hiCMs to proliferate is density-dependent, and cell density has no effect on the outcome of proliferation: cytokinesis or binucleation. Screening a compound library revealed many regulators of proliferation and cell death. We provide a comprehensive and flexible screening procedure and cellular phenotype information for each compound. We then provide an example of steps to follow after this screen is performed, using three of the identified small molecules at various concentrations, further implicating their target kinases in cardiomyocyte proliferation. This screening platform is flexible and cost-effective, opening the field of cardiovascular cell biology to laboratories without substantial funding or specialized training, thus diversifying this scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Neininger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - J Hunter Long
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Sophie M Baillargeon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Dylan T Burnette
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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He QY, Jin F, Li YY, Wu WL, Long JH, Luo XL, Gong XY, Chen XX, Bi T, Li ZL, Qu B, Jiang H, Zhang PX. Prognostic significance of downregulated BMAL1 and upregulated Ki-67 proteins in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:348-357. [PMID: 29172799 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2017.1406494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the prognostic value of BMAL1 and Ki-67 expression in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Level of BMAL1 mRNA was assessed in tissue specimens from 36 nasopharyngeal carcinomas and 20 nasopharyngeal chronic inflammations using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Expression of BMAL1 and Ki-67 proteins was analyzed immunohistochemically in 90 paired nasopharyngeal carcinoma and distant normal tissues. The Kaplan-Meier curves and the Log-rank test were used to calculate prognostic significance stratified by BMAL1 and Ki67 protein expression and the COX regression model was to analyze the multivariate prognosis. BMAL1 mRNA was significantly reduced in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (4.67 ± 0.27 versus 6.64 ± 0.51 in chronic inflammation tissues, p = 0.002). Level of BMAL1 mRNA was associated with tumor distant metastasis (3.37 ± 0.66 versus 5.04 ± 0.27 compared with non-metastasis, p = 0.011). Level of BMAL1 protein was also reduced in tumor tissues and BMAL1 expression was associated with better 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) of cancer patients (92.6%, 69.2% and 62.3% versus 59.1%, 40.9% and 0% in patients with low BMAL1 expressed tumors; p = 0.000). BMAL1 expression and age were independent prognostic factors for OS (p = 0.032). Furthermore, Ki-67 expression was high in tumor versus normal tissues and associated with poor OS of cancer patients (p = 0.035). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that there was an inverse association between BMAL1 and Ki-67 protein expression (p = 0.021). This study demonstrated that lost BMAL1 and Ki-67 overexpression were associated with poor OS of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y He
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
| | - F Jin
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
- b Department of Oncology , Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , PR China
| | - Y Y Li
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
- b Department of Oncology , Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , PR China
| | - W L Wu
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
- b Department of Oncology , Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , PR China
| | - J H Long
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
- c Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , PR China
| | - X L Luo
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
- b Department of Oncology , Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , PR China
| | - X Y Gong
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
| | - X X Chen
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
| | - T Bi
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
- c Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , PR China
| | - Z L Li
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
- b Department of Oncology , Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , PR China
| | - B Qu
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
| | - H Jiang
- a Department of Head and Neck Oncology , Guizhou Cancer Hospital , Guiyang , PR China
| | - P X Zhang
- c Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , PR China
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Subramanian B, Pagilla K, Subramanian B, Pagilla K, Wold D, O'Dell SE, Poole A, Long JH, Pitt P, Sharp RP. Survey of Causes and Prevention/Control of Anaerobic Digester Foaming — A WERF Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2175/193864712811704440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Long JH, Koob TJ, Irving K, Combie K, Engel V, Livingston N, Lammert A, Schumacher J. Biomimetic evolutionary analysis: testing the adaptive value of vertebrate tail stiffness in autonomous swimming robots. J Exp Biol 2006; 209:4732-46. [PMID: 17114406 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.02559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
For early vertebrates, a long-standing hypothesis is that vertebrae evolved as a locomotor adaptation, stiffening the body axis and enhancing swimming performance. While supported by biomechanical data, this hypothesis has not been tested using an evolutionary approach. We did so by extending biomimetic evolutionary analysis (BEA), which builds physical simulations of extinct systems, to include use of autonomous robots as proxies of early vertebrates competing in a forage navigation task. Modeled after free-swimming larvae of sea squirts (Chordata, Urochordata), three robotic tadpoles (`Tadros'), each with a propulsive tail bearing a biomimetic notochord of variable spring stiffness, k (N m-1), searched for, oriented to, and orbited in two dimensions around a light source. Within each of ten generations, we selected for increased swimming speed, U (m s-1) and decreased time to the light source, t (s),average distance from the source, R (m) and wobble maneuvering, W (rad s-2). In software simulation, we coded two quantitative trait loci (QTL) that determine k: bending modulus, E (Nm-2) and length, L (m). Both QTL were mutated during replication, independently assorted during meiosis and, as haploid gametes, entered into the gene pool in proportion to parental fitness. After random mating created three new diploid genotypes, we fabricated three new offspring tails. In the presence of both selection and chance events(mutation, genetic drift), the phenotypic means of this small population evolved. The classic hypothesis was supported in that k was positively correlated (r2=0.40) with navigational prowess, NP, the dimensionless ratio of U to the product of R, t and W. However, the plausible adaptive scenario, even in this simplified system, is more complex, since the remaining variance in NP was correlated with the residuals of R and U taken with respect to k, suggesting that changes in k alone are insufficient to explain the evolution of NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Long
- Department of Biology, Program in Cognitive Science, and the Interdisciplinary Robotics Research Laboratory, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA.
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Todd TC, Long JH, Oakley TR. Density-Dependent Multiplication and Survival Rates in Heterodera glycines. J Nematol 2003; 35:98-103. [PMID: 19265981 PMCID: PMC2620599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Seasonal multiplication and overwinter survival are density-dependent in Heterodera glycines. At low to moderate population densities, the nematode is capable of large population increases on susceptible soybean cultivars and high rates of oversummer or overwinter survival in the absence of a host. To improve estimates of H. glycines multiplication and survival rates, egg densities were monitored for 12 cropping sequences across 10 years. Log-linear regression analysis was used to describe and compare density-dependent relationships. Growing-season change in H. glycines egg densities was density-dependent for all crops (susceptible soybean, resistant soybean, and nonhost), with slope estimates for the density-dependent relationship greater for susceptible soybean compared with a non-host crop. Overwinter population change also was density-dependent, with similar declines in survival rates observed for all crops as population densities increased. Survival was greater following susceptible soybean compared with resistant soybean, with an intermediate rate of survival associated with non-host crops. Survival estimates greater than 100% frequently were obtained at low population densities, despite attempts to account for sampling error. Rates of growing-season multiplication and survival, when standardized for population density, declined with year of the study. Standardized overwinter survival rates were inversely related to average daily minimum temperature and monthly snow cover.
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Abstract
This study compared the ability of children with social phobia and children with no psychiatric disorder to accurately judge facial affect. Fifteen children and adolescents with social phobia and 14 control children were asked to identify emotions depicted in slides from the Pictures of Facial Affect. In addition, they rated their level of anxiety on a pictorial Likert scale prior to and upon completion of the facial recognition task. The results indicated that children with social phobia had significantly poorer facial affect recognition skills than normal controls and reported greater anxiety upon completion of the recognition task. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences between groups in the number of errors based on the type of facial affect. Posthoc analysis indicated that deficits were most pronounced for facial representations of happiness, sadness, and disgust. The results are discussed in relation to an integrated model of social skills training that includes facial affect recognition training as a integral component in treatment programs for children and adolescents with social phobia. Directions for future research with larger samples of more ethnically diverse children and adolescents are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Simonian
- Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, SC 29424, USA.
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Todd TC, Long JH, Oakley TR. Effects of Maturity and Determinacy in Soybean on Host-Parasite Relationships of Heterodera glycines. J Nematol 2000; 32:584-590. [PMID: 19271013 PMCID: PMC2620493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of soybean maturity and determinacy on the host-parasite relationships of Heterodera glycines were investigated in a field microplot study over 2 years. Determinate and indeterminate isolines of the maturity group (MG) III cultivar Williams 82 and the MG V cultivar Essex were grown in microplots artificially infested with a race 3 isolate of H. glycines at three initial population (Pi) densities (0, 300, and 3,000 eggs/100 cm(3) soil). Soybean seed yields, nematode final population (Pf) densities and reproductive index (Pf/Pi), and root colonization by Macrophomina phaseolina, the causal agent of charcoal rot, were monitored in each year. Seed yields were reduced (P </= 0.05) in the presence of H. glycines in both years, but losses were greater in 1996 in the absence of drought stress. Yield loss was lower (P </= 0.06) for the determinate isoline of Essex than for the other cultivar-isoline treatments across years. Nematode reproduction was density-dependent in the more conducive environment of 1996 but was unaffected by soybean maturity or determinacy traits. Root colonization by M. phaseolina increased (P </= 0.05) in the presence of high H. glycines densities on determinate, but not indeterminate, isolines. Differences in H. glycines-induced yield loss among cultivar-isoline treatments were not related to nematode reproduction, M. phaseolina colonization, or environmental stresses. These results indicate that the effects of soybean maturity and determinacy on H. glycines-soybean interactions are not independent and that their combined effects must be considered in geographic regions where both traits vary.
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Brooker NL, Long JH, Stephan SM. Field assessment of plant derivative compounds for managing fungal soybean diseases. Biochem Soc Trans 2000; 28:917-20. [PMID: 11171257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Natural plant-derived compounds are currently being explored as alternatives for pest control in sustainable agriculture. This study explored the use of two compounds, sesamol and carbenoxolone, in the management of the fungal soybean disease charcoal rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). Previous studies have determined that sesamol and carbenoxolone compounds significantly inhibited fungal pathogen growth and plant disease in vitro. In order to assess the field efficacy of these compounds for fungal disease control, 2 years of field testing of these compounds have been conducted in southeast Kansas. Field treatments of the compounds sesamol and carbenoxolone at three concentrations, 0, 500 and 1000 microg/ml, were applied foliarly at four distinct plant developmental stages. Treatments were applied to plots in random triplicate array and the experiment was repeated during the 1998 and 1999 growing seasons. Disease assessments were based on visual disease ratings, plant mortality and soybean yield analysis. Data were recorded weekly for each treatment plot and statistically analysed using analysis of variance. Results indicate that sesamol and carbenoxolone treatments significantly decreased disease symptoms (11-12%) and plant mortality (24-28%) while significantly increasing soybean yields (18-38%). These results support that plant-derived compounds can have a significant impact on soybean disease management and yield under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Brooker
- Pittsburg State University, Department of Biology, 203 Heckert Wells Hall, Pittsburg, KS 66762, USA.
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Westneat MW, Hale ME, Mchenry MJ, Long JH. Mechanics of the fast-start: muscle function and the role of intramuscular pressure in the escape behavior of amia calva and polypterus palmas. J Exp Biol 1998; 201 (Pt 22):3041-55. [PMID: 9787124 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.201.22.3041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The fast-start escape response is a rapid, powerful body motion used to generate high accelerations of the body in virtually all fishes. Although the neurobiology and behavior of the fast-start are often studied, the patterns of muscle activity and muscle force production during escape are less well understood. We studied the fast-starts of two basal actinopterygian fishes (Amia calva and Polypterus palmas) to investigate the functional morphology of the fast-start and the role of intramuscular pressure (IMP) in escape behavior. Our goals were to determine whether IMP increases during fast starts, to look for associations between muscle activity and elevated IMP, and to determine the functional role of IMP in the mechanics of the escape response. We simultaneously recorded the kinematics, muscle activity patterns and IMP of four A. calva and three P. palmas during the escape response. Both species generated high IMPs of up to 90 kPa (nearly 1 atmosphere) above ambient during the fast-start. The two species showed similar pressure magnitudes but had significantly different motor patterns and escape performance. Stage 1 of the fast-start was generated by simultaneous contraction of locomotor muscle on both sides of the body, although electromyogram amplitudes on the contralateral (convex) side of the fish were significantly lower than on the ipsilateral (concave) side. Simultaneous recordings of IMP, escape motion and muscle activity suggest that pressure change is caused by the contraction and radial swelling of cone-shaped myomeres. We develop a model of IMP production that incorporates myomere geometry, the concept of constant-volume muscular hydrostats, the relationship between fiber angle and muscle force, and the forces that muscle fibers produce. The timing profile of pressure change, behavior and muscle action indicates that elevated muscle pressure is a mechanism of stiffening the body and functions in force transmission during the escape response.
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Affiliation(s)
- MW Westneat
- Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA, Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604, USA a
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Abstract
This article describes a device that is intended to prevent the clenching of the teeth. The principle involved is that to clench the teeth for an extended period, an intraoral vacuum must be formed and maintained. A tube or drinking straw held between the lips extending out of the mouth will prevent a vacuum. The article explains and illustrates how such a device can be made that will exploit this principle. Disadvantages and advantages are discussed.
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Wang SM, Lue WL, Yu TS, Long JH, Wang CN, Eimert K, Chen J. Characterization of ADG1, an Arabidopsis locus encoding for ADPG pyrophosphorylase small subunit, demonstrates that the presence of the small subunit is required for large subunit stability. Plant J 1998; 13:63-70. [PMID: 9680965 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1998.00009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two mutants of Arabidopsis have been isolated that affect ADPG pyrophosphorylase (ADGase) activity. Previously, it has been shown that ADG2 encodes the large subunit of ADGase. This study characterizes the adg1 mutant phenotype and ADG1 gene structure. RNA blot analyses indicate that the adg1-1 mutant accumulates transcripts encoding both the large and small subunits of ADGase, while the adg1-2 mutant accumulates only large subunit transcripts. RFLP analysis and complementation of adg1 mutants with the ADGase small subunit gene demonstrate that ADG1 encodes the small subunit. Sequence analysis indicates that adg1-1 represents a missense mutation within the gene. Western blot analysis confirms that adg1 mutants contain neither the large nor the small subunit proteins, suggesting that the presence of functional small subunits is required for large subunit stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wang
- Department of Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
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Long JH, Pabst DA, Shepherd WR, McLellan WA. Locomotor design of dolphin vertebral columns: bending mechanics and morphology of Delphinus delphis. J Exp Biol 1997; 200:65-81. [PMID: 9023994 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.200.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary skeletal structure used by dolphins to generate the dorsoventral bending characteristic of cetacean swimming is the vertebral column. In the vertebral column of the saddleback dolphin Delphinus delphis, we characterize the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the intervertebral joints, describe regional variation and dorsoventral asymmetries in mechanical performance, and investigate how the mechanical properties are correlated with vertebral morphologies. Using a bending machine that applies an external load (N m) to a single intervertebral segment, we measured the resulting angular deformation (rad) of the segment in both dorsal extension and ventral flexion. Intervertebral segments from the thoracic, lumbar and caudal regions of the vertebral column were tested from five individuals. Using quasi-static bending tests, we measured the initial (low-strain) bending stiffness (N m rad-1) as a function of segment position, direction of bending (extension and flexion) and sequential cutting of intervertebral ligaments. We found that initial bending stiffness was significantly greater in the lumbar region than in adjacent thoracic and caudal regions, and all joints were stiffer in extension than is predicted (r2 = 0.554) by the length and width of the intervertebral disc and the length of the cranial vertebral body in the segment. Stiffness in flexion is predicted (r2 = 0.400) by the width of the nucleus pulposus, the length of the caudal vertebral body in the segment and the height of the transverse processes from the ventral surface of the vertebral body. We also performed dynamic bending tests on intervertebral segments from the lumbo-caudal joint and the joint between caudal vertebrae 7 and 8. Dynamic bending stiffness (N m rad-1) increases with increasing bending amplitude and is independent of bending frequency. Damping coefficient (kg m2 rad-2 s-1) decreases with increasing bending amplitude and frequency. Resilience (% energy return) increases from approximately 20% at low bending amplitudes (+/-0.6 degree) to approximately 50% at high bending amplitudes (+/-2.9 degrees). Based on these findings, the dolphin's vertebral column has the mechanical capacity to help control the body's locomotor reconfigurations, to store elastic energy and to dampen oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Long
- Department of Biology, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, USA.
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Todd TC, Schapaugh WT, Long JH, Holmes B. Field Response of Soybean in Maturity Groups III-V to Heterodera glycines in Kansas. J Nematol 1995; 27:628-633. [PMID: 19277332 PMCID: PMC2619648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean cultivars from maturity groups III-V were grown in Heterodera glycines-infested locations in northeastern and southeastern Kansas from 1991 through 1994. Yield performance and nematode reproduction were significantly (P <0.01) affected by host response to H. glycines and year, whereas effects of cultivars within host response categories and cultivar x year interactions were generally negligible. In northeastern Kansas, H. glycines-susceptible cultivars from maturity groups III-IV yielded 8% less than resistant cultivars across years, whereas in southeastern Kansas, susceptible cultivars from maturity groups IV-V yielded 38% less than resistant cultivars across years. Analyses of yield components suggested that number of pods per plant accounted for most of the differences in seed yields. Heterodera glycines reproduction rates (final population density/initial population density) averaged 0.7 and 1.3 for resistant cultivars and 8.7 and 15.9 for susceptible cultivars in northeastern and southeastern locations, respectively. Results indicated that the relative performance of resistant and susceptible cultivars can be reliably predicted based on preplant egg densities across most environments in eastern Kansas.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanical control of speed in steady undulatory swimming. The roles of body flexural stiffness, driving frequency and driving amplitude were examined; these variables were chosen because of their importance in vibration theory and their hypothesized functions in undulatory swimming. Using a mold of a pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus, we cast three-dimensional vinyl models of four different flexural stiffnesses. We swam the models in a flow tank and powered them via the input of an oscillating sinusoidal bending couple in the horizontal plane at the posterior margin of the neurocranium. To simulate the hydrodynamic conditions of steady swimming, drag and thrust acting on the model were balanced by adjusting flow speed. Under these conditions, the actuated models generated traveling waves of bending. At steady speeds, the motions of the ventral and lateral surfaces of the model were video-taped and analyzed to yield the following response variables: tail-beat amplitude, propulsive wavelength, wave speed and depth of the trailing edge of the caudal fin. Experimental results showed that changes in body flexural stiffness can control propulsive wavelength, wave speed, Froude efficiency and, in consequence, swimming speed. Driving frequency can control tail-beat amplitude, propulsive wavelength, Froude efficiency, relative rate of working and, in consequence, swimming speed. Although there is no significant correlation between rostral amplitude and swimming speed, rostral amplitude can control swimming speed indirectly by controlling tail-beat amplitude and relative power. Compared with live sunfish using undulatory waves at the same speed, models have a lower Froude efficiency. On the basis of the mechanical control of swimming speed in model sunfish, we predict that, in order to swim at fast speeds, live sunfish increase the flexural stiffness of their bodies by a factor of two relative to their passive body stiffness.
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Abstract
When a patient has discomfort in the muscles of mastication, a palpation test of the lateral pterygoid muscles is positive, and a stress test is positive, the dental occlusion may be a partial cause. The resin splint described here is designed to permit interocclusal contact exclusively at the center of the arches. This device has been shown to reduce tenderness in the lateral pterygoid and other muscles of mastication quickly, usually in 5 to 10 minutes. The splint and its advantages and disadvantages are described.
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Abstract
The movements of the head and beak of songbirds may play a functional role in vocal production by influencing the acoustic properties of songs. We investigated this possibility by synchronously measuring the acoustic frequency and amplitude and the kinematics (beak gape and head angle) of singing behavior in the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) and the swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana). These birds are closely related emberizine sparrows, but their songs differ radically in frequency and amplitude structure. We found that the acoustic frequencies of notes in a song have a consistent, positive correlation with beak gape in both species. Beak gape increased significantly with increasing frequency during the first two notes in Z. albicollis song, with a mean frequency for note 1 of 3 kHz corresponding to a gape of 0.4 cm (a 15 degrees gape angle) and a mean frequency for note 2 of 4 kHz corresponding to a gape of 0.7 cm (a 30 degrees gape angle). The relationship between gape and frequency for the upswept third note in Z. albicollis also was significant. In M. georgiana, low frequencies of 3 kHz corresponding to beak gapes of 0.2-0.3 cm (a 10–15 degrees break angle), whereas frequencies of 7–8 kHz were associated with flaring of the beak to over 1 cm (a beak angle greater than 50 degrees). Beak gape and song amplitude are poorly correlated in both species. We conclude that cranial kinematics, particularly beak movements, influence the resonance properties of the vocal tract by varying its physical dimensions and thus play an active role in the production of birdsong.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Westneat
- Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL 60605
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Abstract
A new device is described that may be used (1) diagnostically to determine the relationship of the occlusion to tenderness in the lateral pterygoid and other muscles of mastication; (2) to relieve ischemic muscle tenderness; (3) to assist in the reduction of articular clicks; and (4) as a positioning device for the registration of physiologic interocclusal relations. The rationale for the causal relationship between the occlusion and lateral pterygoid muscle tenderness is explained.
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Abstract
When a lateral pterygoid muscle is more tender to palpation than the other muscles of mastication, and a stress test is positive, an occlusal cause should be suspected. Patients with lateral pterygoid tenderness are divided into three categories according to two criteria: the position of the condyles in their glenoid fossae and the degree of dysfunction in the articulation. Only patients in category 1, those with a centered condylar position and without dysfunction, are discussed in this article. Occlusal adjustment is executed on the basis of information gathered from radiographs of the temporomandibular joint, diagnostic casts, and leaf gauge measurements of unequal bilateral occlusal contact. The amount of tooth structure requiring removal can be determined by using leaf gauges of differing thicknesses. Occlusal adjustments are performed without mandibular manipulation until the tenderness of the lateral pterygoid muscle is relieved.
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Abstract
Two diagnostic tests, positive tenderness to palpation of the inferior bellies of the lateral pterygoid muscles and a positive stress test, are helpful in determining whether the dental occlusion is a principal etiologic factor in ischemic pain in the muscles of mastication. To avoid a noxious occlusal contact, the muscles of mastication, and particularly the lateral pterygoid muscles, must increase their activity. The ability of the patient to supply the oxygen for this activity is variable. When it is inadequate, to relieve ischemic pain the muscular activity must be decreased or the oxygen supply increased. The dentist has the option of using four modalities for the treatment of these painful muscles: physiotherapy, drug therapy, psychotherapy, and occlusal therapy. When the lateral pterygoid muscles are not tender to palpation and the stress test is negative, occlusal therapy is not indicated.
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Long JH. Occlusal adjustment. J Prosthet Dent 1973; 30:706-14. [PMID: 4517899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Long JH, Carey ML, Hellegers AE, Pentecost MP. The vaginal douche; observations on some of its effects. West J Surg Obstet Gynecol 1963; 71:122-7. [PMID: 12255050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Phillips FC, Bogert MT, Campbell ED, Chandler CF, Clarke FW, Franklin EC, Howe JL, Long JH, Morley EW, Noyes AA, Noyes WA, Remsen I, Smith EF, Springer A, Venable FP. The Priestley Memorial of the American Chemical Society. Science 1917; 46:154-5. [PMID: 17799942 DOI: 10.1126/science.46.1181.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Long JH. On the Work of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association. Science 1910; 32:889-901. [PMID: 17800762 DOI: 10.1126/science.32.834.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Long JH. Preliminary Medical Education. Science 1907; 26:457-64. [PMID: 17844361 DOI: 10.1126/science.26.667.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Long JH. Recent Advances in Physiological Chemistry. Science 1905; 22:129-37. [PMID: 17735572 DOI: 10.1126/science.22.553.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Long JH, Puckner WA, Sadtler SP, Stieglitz J, Wiley HW. Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry A. M. A: American Medical Association. Cal State J Med 1905; 3:223. [PMID: 18733535 PMCID: PMC1650712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Cushny AR, Diehl CL, Hallberg CS, Hatcher RA, Kebler LF, Long JH, Novy FG, Puckner WA, Sadtler SP, Schlotterbeck JO, Simmons GH, Sollmann T, Stieglitz J, Wilbert MI, Wiley HW. A. M. A. Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. Cal State J Med 1905; 3:103-104. [PMID: 18733430 PMCID: PMC1650471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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Long JH. The Relation of Modern Chemistry to Modern Medicine. Science 1904; 20:1-14. [PMID: 17741490 DOI: 10.1126/science.20.496.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Long JH, Benjamin M, Russell JE, Woodward CM. CONVOCATION WEEK. Science 1904; 19:309-12. [PMID: 17833325 DOI: 10.1126/science.19.477.309-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Long JH. Some Points in the Early History and Present Condition of the Teaching of Chemistry in the Medical Schools of the United States. Science 1901; 14:360-72. [PMID: 17836434 DOI: 10.1126/science.14.349.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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