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Wijesiriwardana UA, Craig JR, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR, Pluske JR. Animal board invited review: Factors affecting the early growth and development of gilt progeny compared to sow progeny. Animal 2022; 16:100596. [PMID: 35952479 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Progeny born to primiparous sows farrowing their first litter, often called gilt progeny (GP), are typically characterised by their poorer overall production performance than progeny from multiparous sows (sow progeny; SP). Gilt progeny consistently grow slower, are born and weaned lighter, and have higher postweaning illness and mortality rates than SP. Collectively, their poorer performance culminates in a long time to reach market weight and, ultimately, reduced revenue. Due to the high replacement rates of sows, the primiparous sow and her progeny represent a large proportion of the herd resulting in a significant loss for the pig industry. While the reasons for poorer performance are complex and multifaceted, they may largely be attributed to the immature age at which gilts are often mated and the significant impact of this on their metabolism during gestation and lactation. As a result, this can have negative consequences on the piglet itself. To improve GP performance, it is crucial to understand the biological basis for differences between GP and SP. The purpose of this review is to summarise published literature investigating differences in growth performance and health status between GP and SP. It also examines the primiparous sow during gestation and lactation and how the young sow must support her own growth while supporting the metabolic demands of her pregnancy and the growth and development of her litter. Finally, the underlying physiology of GP is discussed in terms of growth and development in utero, the neonatal period, and the early development of the gastrointestinal tract. The present review concludes that there are a number of interplaying factors relating to the anatomy and physiology of the primiparous sow and of GP themselves. The studies presented herein strongly suggest that poor support of piglet growth in utero and reduced colostrum and milk production and consumption are largely responsible for the underperformance of GP. It is therefore recommended that future management strategies focus on supporting the primiparous sow during gestation and lactation, increasing the preweaning growth of GP to improve their ability to cope with the stressors of weaning, selection of reproductive traits such as uterine capacity to improve birth weights and ultimately GP performance, and finally, increase the longevity of sows to reduce the proportion of GP entering the herd.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Wijesiriwardana
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - J R Craig
- Research and Innovation, Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd, Redlands Road, Corowa, New South Wales 2646, Australia
| | - J J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - J R Pluske
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Australasian Pork Research Institute Ltd, PO Box 466, Willaston, South Australia 5118, Australia
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Liu F, Zhao W, Le HH, Cottrell JJ, Green MP, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR, Bell AW. Review: What have we learned about the effects of heat stress on the pig industry? Animal 2021; 16 Suppl 2:100349. [PMID: 34801425 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pig production faces seasonal fluctuations. The low farrowing rate of sows mated in summer, increased carcass fatness of progeny born to the sows mated in summer, and slower growth rate of finisher pigs in summer are three economically important impacts identified in the pig industry. The purpose of this review is to examine advances over the past decade in understanding the mechanisms underlying the three impacts associated with summer conditions, particularly heat stress (HS), and to provide possible amelioration strategies. For impact 1, summer mating results in low farrowing rates mainly caused by the high frequency of early pregnancy disruptions. The contributions of semen DNA damage, poor oocyte quality, local progesterone concentrations, and suboptimal embryonic oestrogen secretion are discussed, as these all may contribute to HS-mediated effects around conception. Despite this, it is still unclear what the underlying mechanisms might be and thus, there is currently a lack of commercially viable solutions. For impact 2, there have been recent advances in the understanding of gestational HS on both the sow and foetus, with gestational HS implicated in decreased foetal muscle fibre number, a greater proportion of lighter piglets, and increased carcass fatness at slaughter. So far, no effective strategies have been developed to mitigate the impacts associated with gestational HS on foetuses. For impact 3, the slowed growth rate of pigs during summer is one reason for the reduced carcass weights in summer. Studies have shown that the reduction in growth rates may be due to more than reductions in feed intake alone, and the impaired intestinal barrier function and inflammatory response may also play a role. In addition, it is consistently reported that HS attenuates fat mobilisation which can potentially exacerbate carcass fatness when carcass weight is increased. Novel feed additives have exhibited the potential to reduce the impacts of HS on intestinal barrier function in grower pigs. Collectively, based on these three impacts, the economic loss associated with HS can be estimated. A review of these impacts is warranted to better align the future research directions with the needs of the pig industry. Ultimately, a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms and continuous investments in developing commercially viable strategies to combat HS will benefit the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- Research and Innovation Unit, Rivalea Australia Pty Ltd, Corowa, NSW 2646, Australia.
| | - W Zhao
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - H H Le
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - J J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - M P Green
- Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - A W Bell
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca 14853-4801, USA
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Cottrell JJ, Le HH, Artaiz O, Iqbal Y, Suleria HA, Ali A, Celi P, Dunshea FR. Recent advances in the use of phytochemicals to manage gastrointestinal oxidative stress in poultry and pigs. Anim Prod Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plants are integral components of pig and poultry feed, and aside from their raw nutritive value, some phytochemicals contain bioactive compounds. The aim of the present paper is to review recent advances in the use of some phytochemicals in pig and poultry feed, focusing on the examples of isoquinoline alkaloids, polyphenol rich sugarcane extracts and superoxide dismutase-rich melon pulp extracts. As gut health is critical for efficient production, the review will focus on recent results modulating oxidative stress within the gastrointestinal tract and the potential mechanisms of action.
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Ponnampalam EN, Kerr MG, Butler KL, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR, Jacobs JL. Filling the out of season gaps for lamb and hogget production: Diet and genetic influence on carcass yield, carcass composition and retail value of meat. Meat Sci 2018; 148:156-163. [PMID: 30388480 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of camelina forage and meal supplementation to a finishing diet on carcass traits, composition and retail value of lamb and hoggets. The metabolisable energy and crude protein concentrations of all 3 diets were 10-11 MJ/kg DM and 14-15% CP. Thirty maternal Composite wether lambs (28-38 kg) and 30 Merino wether hoggets (37-43 kg) were used in a 3 × 2 factorial experiment. Animals were slaughtered after 10 weeks of feeding with carcasses classified as 'Heavy lamb' or 'Heavy hogget' (>22 kg carcass weight). Carcass traits, composition, meat mineral concentrations and retail colour were measured. Camelina diets increased liveweight (P < 0.02) and carcass weight (P < 0.002) for both sheep types. Carcass weight (P < 0.005) and dressing % (P < 0.01) were lower for Merino hoggets than Composite lambs. Mineral concentration and retail colour stability of fresh meat were unaffected by diet, with 72 h retail colour considered acceptable for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Ponnampalam
- Animal Production Science, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia.
| | - M G Kerr
- Animal Production Science, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - K L Butler
- Biometrics Group, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Hamilton, VIC 3300, Australia
| | - J J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - J L Jacobs
- Animal Production Science, Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, Ellinbank, VIC 3821, Australia
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Gonzalez-Rivas PA, DiGiacomo K, Giraldo PA, Leury BJ, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR. Reducing rumen starch fermentation of wheat with three percent sodium hydroxide has the potential to ameliorate the effect of heat stress in grain-fed wethers. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5547-5562. [PMID: 29293755 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection for high productivity has resulted in ruminants adversely affected by heat stress (HS) due to their high metabolic rate and feed intake. One mechanism to ameliorate HS is to reduce the forage-to-concentrate ratio in the diet, although the inclusion of readily fermentable grains can reduce heat tolerance. The aim of these experiments was to investigate a chemical method for reducing the rate of fermentation of wheat and its effect on improving heat tolerance in sheep. In the first experiment, fermentation kinetics and buffered rumen fluid pH variation during in vitro incubation of corn, wheat, and 3% NaOH-treated wheat grains were compared. This experiment showed that corn and 3% NaOH-treated wheat had a slower (-23 and -22%, respectively; < 0.001) rate of gas production and elevated buffered rumen fluid pH ( < 0.001) compared with wheat. In the second experiment, 31 Merino × Poll Dorset wethers were housed in 2 climate-controlled rooms and were fed either corn grain plus forage (42.7% starch; were fed either corn grain plus forage (CD), wheat grain plus forage (WD) or 3 % NaOH-treated wheat plus forage (TWD) during 3 experimental periods: period 1 (P1), which consisted of 7 d of thermoneutral conditions (18 to 21°C and 40 to 50% relative humidity) and 1.7 times maintenance feed intake; period 2 (P2), which consisted of 7 d of HS (28 to 38°C and 30 to 50% relative humidity) and the same feed intake as in P1; and period 3 (P3), which consisted of 7 d of HS as in P2 and 2 times maintenance feed intake in a randomized control experiment. Water was offered ad libitum. The impact of HS was quantified by increases in rectal temperature, respiration rate (RR), and flank skin temperature (FT); variations in blood acid-base balance; and glucose, NEFA, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) plasma concentrations. All physiological variables were elevated during HS, especially when wethers had greater feed intake (P3). Wethers fed CD had lower RR, rectal temperature, and FT than wethers fed WD ( < 0.001) and wethers fed TWD had lower RR and FT than wethers fed WD during HS ( < 0.05). There were reductions in blood CO, HCO3, and base excess concurrent with increases in blood partial pressure of O and pH during HS ( < 0.05). Heat stress reduced plasma NEFA and glucose concentrations whereas it increased prolactin ( < 0.05). Prolactin and HSP-70 plasma concentrations were greater for WD-fed wethers ( < 0.001) associated with Prolactin and HSP-70 plasma concentrations were greater for WD fed wethers (P < 0.001) during HS. These data indicate that the slow rate of rumen fermentation of CD and TWD can reduce the heat released during feed fermentation in the rumen, improving heat tolerance in sheep.
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Cottrell JJ, Murakami J, Mackesy ME, Fetzer B, Elstein AS, Christensen C. Forecasting Survival in the Medical Intensive Care Unit: A Comparison of Clinical Prognoses With Formal Estimates. Methods Inf Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1634937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPhysicians often need to make prognostic judgments. In the present study, the accuracy was explored of survival estimates for patients in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU). Estimates were made by physicians and nurses several times during each patient’s stay in the MICU and were compared to those of the APACHE II scale, a widely used quantitative index for critically ill patients. ROC curve and calibration curve analyses were performed to assess the accuracy of these estimates. Results revealed that MICU personnel were fairly accurate discriminators of patients who survived vs. who died, although there was a consistent tendency to underestimate survival. In addition, there was some relationship between the level of physician training and forecasting accuracy, but only within the patient’s first 24 hours in the MICU. Finally, the estimates of physicians did not differ significantly from those of the APACHE II scale. Physicians tended to be better calibrated in their predictions, while the APACHE II scale was slightly superior in terms of discrimination.
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Craig JR, Collins CL, Bunter KL, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR, Pluske JR. Poorer lifetime growth performance of gilt progeny compared with sow progeny is largely due to weight differences at birth and reduced growth in the preweaning period, and is not improved by progeny segregation after weaning. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:4904-4916. [PMID: 29293711 PMCID: PMC6292295 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilt progeny (GP) are born and weaned lighter than sow progeny (SP) and have higher rates of mortality. This study aimed to quantify the performance and survival differences between GP and SP throughout the entire production cycle from birth to sale. Furthermore, the study looked at the effects of segregating GP and SP compared with commingling during rearing within common pens. It was hypothesized that GP would be lighter than SP at every age and have lower rates of survival accompanied by higher rates of medication, and that segregating GP and SP would improve the growth and survival of both groups. All progeny born to 109 gilts (parity 1) and 94 sows (parities 2 to 8) were allocated to 4 postweaning treatments at birth: GP separately penned, GP mixed with SP in a common pen (GM), SP separately penned, and SP mixed with GP in a common pen (SM), with littermates split among treatments. The GM and SM pigs were penned together after weaning. Individual live weight of all progeny was recorded at birth (birth weight [BWT]), weaning (28 d; weaning weight [WWT]), 10 wk of age (10-wk weight [10WT]), and sale (22-23 wk; sale weight [SWT]). Individual HCW, backfat depth, loin depth, and dressing percentage were measured at slaughter. All postweaning mortalities and medications were recorded. The GP had a lighter BWT ( = 0.032), WWT ( < 0.001), 10WT ( < 0.001), and SWT ( < 0.001) than SP as well as a lower HCW ( < 0.001) and dressing percentage ( = 0.012). Postweaning performance differences were mostly attributable to the lighter WWT of GP compared with that of SP when WWT was fitted as a covariate. The GP had a higher mortality in the immediate postweaning period (weaning to 10 wk of age; = 0.028) and from weaning to sale ( = 0.012) than SP, which was also attributable to lower WWT. The GP exhibited a higher incidence of mortality ( = 0.011) due to respiratory tract infection in the grower-finisher period, despite similar medication rates ( = 0.83). Segregation of GP and SP between pens presented no benefit in terms of growth and survival of both groups while requiring added labor and production considerations and, therefore, is not recommended. This study confirms that GP are lighter than SP, on average, at every stage of life from birth to slaughter and that their performance before weaning is an important determinant for whole-of-life performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Craig
- Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Corowa, NSW, Australia, 2646
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 6150
| | - C. L. Collins
- Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Corowa, NSW, Australia, 2646
| | - K. L. Bunter
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia, 2350
| | - J. J. Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, 3010
| | - F. R. Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia, 3010
| | - J. R. Pluske
- Rivalea (Australia) Pty. Ltd., Corowa, NSW, Australia, 2646
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Gonzalez-Rivas PA, DiGiacomo K, Russo VM, Leury BJ, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR. Feeding slowly fermentable grains has the potential to ameliorate heat stress in grain-fed wethers. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:2981-91. [PMID: 27482685 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During heat stress (HS), livestock reduce metabolic heat production by lowering activity and feed intake. Because this has obvious consequences for productivity, the aim of these experiments was to investigate nutritional methods for reducing digestive metabolic heat production, thereby allowing livestock more opportunity to dissipate excess heat. In the first experiment, the fermentation rates of corn and wheat grains were compared in an in vitro gas production system containing buffered rumen fluid. This experiment showed that corn had a slower (-15%; < 0.001) rate of gas production than wheat and no differences in total amount of gas production after 24 h of incubation. In the second experiment, we hypothesized that the lower rate of fermentation of corn would reduce metabolic heat load in wethers and, in turn, improve tolerance to HS. Twenty-two Merino × Poll Dorset wethers were housed in 2 climate-controlled rooms and were fed either corn grain plus forage (CD; 39% starch) or wheat grain plus forage (WD; 37% starch) during 3 experimental periods: period 1 (P1), which consisted of 7 d of thermoneutral conditions (18 to 21°C and 40 to 50% relative humidity [RH]) and restricted feed intake (1.3 times maintenance); period 2 (P2), which consisted of 7 d of HS (28 to 38°C and 30 to 50% RH) and restricted feed intake; and period 3 (P3), which consisted of 7 d of HS as in P2 with unrestricted feed intake (1.5 times maintenance) in a randomized control experiment. Water was offered ad libitum. The level of HS was quantified by increases in rectal temperature (RT), respiration rate (RR), and left and right flank skin temperature (LFT and RFT, respectively) and blood acid-base balance. Rectal temperature, RR, LFT, and RFT were elevated ( < 0.001) during HS, especially when wethers had unrestricted feed intake (P3). Wethers fed CD had lower RR, RT, LFT, and RFT ( < 0.001) than wethers fed WD, and this benefit was greatest during HS (P2 and P3). The reduction in RR with CD resulted in less CO exhalation (greater partial pressure of CO2) and greater HCO3 ( < 0.05) than with WD, indicating reduced efforts to dissipate heat by evaporative heat loss via panting. The greatest heat from fermentation was apparent in WD wethers, which had elevated LFT compared with RFT ( < 0.001). Crucially, this large difference was not observed with the CD wethers, indicating that the slow rate of fermentation of CD was expressed as low heat released during feed fermentation in the rumen. These data demonstrated that feeding CD may be a useful management strategy to reduce the impact of high environmental heat loads in sheep.
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Liu F, Celi P, Cottrell JJ, Chauhan SS, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR. Effects of a short-term supranutritional selenium supplementation on redox balance, physiology and insulin-related metabolism in heat-stressed pigs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:276-285. [PMID: 28299856 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) disrupts redox balance and insulin-related metabolism. Supplementation with supranutritional amounts of selenium (Se) may enhance glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity and reduce oxidative stress, but may trigger insulin resistance. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of a short-term high Se supplementation on physiology, oxidative stress and insulin-related metabolism in heat-stressed pigs. Twenty-four gilts were fed either a control (0.20 ppm Se) or a high Se (1.0 ppm Se yeast, HiSe) diet for 2 weeks. Pigs were then housed in thermoneutral (20°C) or HS (35°C) conditions for 8 days. Blood samples were collected to study blood Se and oxidative stress markers. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted on day 8 of thermal exposure. The HS conditions increased rectal temperature and respiration rate (both p < .001). The HiSe diet increased blood Se by 12% (p < .05) and ameliorated the increase in rectal temperature (p < .05). Heat stress increased oxidative stress as evidenced by a 48% increase in plasma advanced oxidized protein products (AOPPs; p < .05), which may be associated with the reductions in plasma biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and erythrocyte GPX activity (both p < .05). The HiSe diet did not alleviate the reduction in plasma BAP or increase in AOPPs observed during HS, although it tended to increase erythrocyte GPX activity by 13% (p = .068). Without affecting insulin, HS attenuated lipid mobilization, as evidenced by a lower fasting NEFA concentration (p < .05), which was not mitigated by the HiSe diet. The HiSe diet increased insulin AUC, suggesting it potentiated insulin resistance, although this only occurred under TN conditions (p = .066). In summary, HS induced oxidative stress and attenuated lipid mobilization in pigs. The short-term supranutritional Se supplementation alleviated hyperthermia, but did not protect against oxidative stress in heat-stressed pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - P Celi
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,DSM Nutritional Products, Columbia, MD, USA
| | - J J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S S Chauhan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Liu F, Cottrell JJ, Wijesiriwardana U, Kelly FW, Chauhan SS, Pustovit RV, Gonzales-Rivas PA, DiGiacomo K, Leury BJ, Celi P, Dunshea FR. Effects of chromium supplementation on physiology, feed intake, and insulin related metabolism in growing pigs subjected to heat stress. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:116-125. [PMID: 32704634 PMCID: PMC7205331 DOI: 10.2527/tas2017.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving insulin sensitivity may reduce impacts of heat stress (HS) in pigs by facilitating heat dissipation. Chromium (Cr) has been reported to improve insulin sensitivity in pigs. Therefore, the aim of this experiment was to investigate whether Cr supplementation can mitigate HS in growing pigs. Thirty-six gilts were randomly assigned to 2 diets containing 0 (control) or 400 ppb Cr. After 14 d the supplemented pigs were allocated to either 8 d thermoneutral (20°C constant; TN) or cyclic HS (35°C, 0900 h to 1700 h) conditions and continued their respective diet (n = 9 per group). Growth performance was recorded during the 14-d supplementation period. The physiological responses to HS were monitored by measuring respiration rate, rectal temperature, blood gas chemistry, and feed intake during thermal exposure. Kinetics of plasma glucose, insulin and NEFA were studied by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) on d 8 of thermal treatment. Results showed Cr alleviated the HS-increased rectal temperature (P < 0.05) and respiration rate (P < 0.01) at 1300 h and 1600 h during thermal exposure. However, Cr did not mitigate the reduction in average daily feed intake which was reduced by 35% during HS or the HS-induced respiratory alkalosis. Chromium tended to increase average daily gain (0.86 vs. 0.95 kg, P = 0.070) during the 14-d supplementation under TN conditions before thermal exposure, which might be associated with the potential of Cr in improving overall insulin sensitivity, as evidenced by a reduced insulin resistance index calculated by Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA-IR; 0.65 vs. 0.51, P = 0.013) and a tendency of reduced fasting plasma insulin concentration (1.97 vs. 1.67 μU/mL, P = 0.094). Heat stress decreased the acute insulin releasing rate (P = 0.012) and consequently slowed glucose clearance rate (P = 0.035) during IVGTT. Besides, HS enlarged the values of area under the curve of NEFA during IVGTT (P < 0.01), indicating a reduced lipid mobilization. In conclusion, HS reduced insulin response to IVGTT. Chromium supplementation exhibited a potential in improving insulin sensitivity and mitigating HS symptoms in growing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Liu
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - J J Cottrell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - U Wijesiriwardana
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - F W Kelly
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - S S Chauhan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - R V Pustovit
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - P A Gonzales-Rivas
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - K DiGiacomo
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - B J Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - P Celi
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Columbia, MD 21045.,Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
| | - F R Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3010
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Liu F, de Ruyter EM, Athorn RZ, Brewster CJ, Henman DJ, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR. Effects of L-citrulline supplementation on lactation performance of sows in summer. Anim Prod Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/anv57n12ab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Craig JR, Dunshea FR, Cottrell JJ, Ford EM, Wijesiriwardana UA, Pluske JR. Pre-weaning growth of gilt and sow progeny is not improved by feeding conjugated linoleic acid and medium chain fatty acids during gestation. Anim Prod Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/anv57n12ab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Craig JR, Dunshea FR, Cottrell JJ, Ford EM, Wijesiriwardana UA, Pluske JR. Effects of feeding conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) to gilts and sows on survival of their progeny. Anim Prod Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/anv57n12ab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cottrell JJ, Liu F, Wan S, Wijesiriwardana UA, DiGiacomo K, Kelly F, Celi P, Leury B, Clarke IJ, Dunshea FR. The effect of heat stress on respiratory alkalosis, blood acid base balance and insulin sensitivity in cinnamon supplemented pigs. Anim Prod Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/anv57n12ab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cottrell JJ, Liu F, Henman DJ, O'Halloran K, Dunshea FR. 1006 Dietary antioxidants, chromium and betaine supplementation can improve lactation performance of sows during summer. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gonzalez-Rivas PA, Sullivan M, Cottrell JJ, Leury BJ, Gaughan JB, Dunshea FR. 1281 A rumen bolus is a useful tool to monitor core body temperature in lactating dairy cows in a sub-tropical summer. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Furness J, Bravo DM, Cottrell JJ. 1031 Threats to gut health in production animals. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chauhan SS, Liu F, Leury BJ, Cottrell JJ, Celi P, Dunshea FR. Functionality and genomics of selenium and vitamin E supplementation in ruminants. Anim Prod Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) and vitamin E are essential micronutrients for animal health and production. The major function of both Se and vitamin E is to prevent the oxidative damage of biological membranes and they can influence growth, reproduction, immune function, health, and product quality in ruminants. Both Se and vitamin E are important for maintaining low cellular and systemic concentrations of reactive oxygen species and lipid hydroperoxides, to ensure optimum cellular function. Discovery of various selenoproteins and vitamin E-responsive genes has contributed significantly to improving our understanding about multiple functions of Se and vitamin E. There is evidence that these functions extend beyond the classical antioxidant properties to immunomodulation and intracellular cell signalling and gene regulation. Research in recent years has also shown that supranutritional supplementation of Se and vitamin E is required to improve the performance of ruminants under certain stressful conditions such as heat stress and during transition period. Considering the growing awareness among consumers of the benefits of antioxidant-rich food, there is a great opportunity for the livestock industries to focus on producing antioxidant-enriched milk and meat products or functional foods. The present review focuses on the recent developments in understanding multiple functions of Se and vitamin E at the cellular and molecular level and the effects of supranutritional supplementation on ruminant performance. In addition, the paper also articulates the potential opportunities to produce functional foods enriched with antioxidants, and underlines the need for optimum supplementation of these micronutrients for efficient ruminant production.
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Cottrell JJ, Ponnampalam EN, Dunshea FR, Warner RD. Effects of infusing nitric oxide donors and inhibitors on plasma metabolites, muscle lactate production and meat quality in lambs fed a high quality roughage-based diet. Meat Sci 2015; 105:8-15. [PMID: 25747930 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
As nitric oxide (NO) is postulated to be a mediator of the effects of pre-slaughter stress on meat quality the aims of this experiment were to investigate the effects of modulating NO pharmacologically on meat quality of sedentary lambs. As pharmacological NO donors are prohibitively expensive to use in the lamb model L-Arginine, the substrate for NO synthase (NOS) was infused into lambs and increased NO production by ~30%. In a 2 × 2 factorial design we infused either L-Arginine (500 mg/kg) or the NOS inhibitor L-N(G) nitroarginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME, 30 mg/kg) 190 min pre-slaughter and investigated meat quality in the Longissimus thoracis lumborum (LTL) or Semimembranosus (SM). The principal outcome of the experiment was that L-NAME inhibited proteolysis and reduced tenderness in the SM. These data indicate that events pre-slaughter that affect NO synthesis can influence meat tenderness, potentially via altered muscle metabolism or modulation of proteolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cottrell
- Australian Sheep Industry CRC, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; Agriculture Research, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - E N Ponnampalam
- Australian Sheep Industry CRC, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; Agriculture Research, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - F R Dunshea
- Australian Sheep Industry CRC, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; Agriculture Research, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - R D Warner
- Australian Sheep Industry CRC, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia; Agriculture Research, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, Werribee, VIC 3030, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Cottrell JJ, Gabler AJ, Grimshaw SC, Cadogan DJ, Dunshea FR. Spray-dried porcine and bovine plasma are equally efficacious and superior than ovine plasma when fed to newly weaned pigs. Anim Prod Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/anv55n12ab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Liu F, Cottrell JJ, Celi P, Leury BJ, Dunshea FR. Vitamin E but not selenium alleviates heat stress compromised metabolism in growing pigs. Anim Prod Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/anv55n12ab050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cottrell JJ, Liu F, Hung AT, DiGiacomo K, Chauhan SS, Leury BJ, Furness JB, Celi P, Dunshea FR. Nutritional strategies to alleviate heat stress in pigs. Anim Prod Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an15255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pigs are comparatively less heat tolerant than other species of production animals, which poses challenges for stock productivity and management during seasonal heat waves that occur in summer. The issues surrounding heat and pig production are predicted to increase, based on the actions of climate change increasing the intensity, frequency and duration of heat waves. Furthermore, future growth areas of pig production are going to be in tropical regions such as South-east Asia and Latin America. Efforts by the pig to dissipate excess body heat come at a cost to health and divert energy away from growth, compromising efficient pig production. Management of heat stress requires multiple strategies, and recent research is improving the understanding of the application of nutritional strategies to ameliorate the effects of heat stress. In particular the use of feed additives is an important, flexible and economical method to alleviate heat stress and the intensive nature of pig production lends itself to the use of additives. Some specific examples include antioxidants, betaine and chromium, which have been proved effective or being tested in mitigating some certain impacts of heat stress in pigs. The aim of this review is to summarise recent advances in the nutritional management of heat stress in pigs.
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Cottrell JJ, McDonagh MB, Dunshea FR, Warner RD. Inhibition of nitric oxide release pre-slaughter increases post-mortem glycolysis and improves tenderness in ovine muscles. Meat Sci 2008; 80:511-21. [PMID: 22063360 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to determine the effect of inhibiting the release of nitric oxide (NO) pre-slaughter in lambs on post-slaughter muscle metabolism and meat quality. Exercise was used as a positive control as NO is known to be released in skeletal muscle during exercise. Forty Border Leicester×Merino lambs were assigned to the treatments L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor) infusion (0mg/kg vs. 30mg/kg, 135min pre-slaughter) and exercise (none vs. 15min immediately pre-slaughter). The inhibition of NO release using L-NAME reduced Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) after 3days of ageing, while the Semimembranosous (SM) was unaffected. Inhibition of NO release with L-NAME resulted in altered glucose metabolism as indicated by reduced plasma glucose pre-slaughter particularly in exercised lambs, reduced LTL and SM glycogen of non-exercised lambs post-slaughter and increased SM lactate in exercised lambs post-slaughter. In conclusion, inhibition of NO Synthase with L-NAME pre-slaughter increases post-mortem glycolysis and improves tenderness in the loin muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cottrell
- Victoria University, Hoppers Lane, Werribee, Vic., 3030, Australia; Department of Primary Industries, Primary Industries Research Victoria, 600 Sneydes Road, Werribee, Vic. 3030, Australia
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Warner RD, Ferguson DM, Cottrell JJ, Knee BW. Acute stress induced by the preslaughter use of electric prodders causes tougher beef meat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ea05155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adrenergic activation and hormone release preslaughter is an inevitable outcome of the systems used to move cattle to slaughter. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of acute preslaughter stress in beef cattle on postmortem muscle metabolism and the meat quality, including consumer-assessed eating quality. Eighty-four cattle were used on three separate days, with ‘mobs’ of four cattle allocated to either a ‘control’ (no electric goads used preslaughter) or a ‘stress’ (six prods given with an electric goad over 5–10 min) treatment at 15 min preslaughter. Cattle undergoing the ‘stress’ treatment had higher plasma lactate at slaughter. The prerigor pH and temperature, ultimate pH and temperature at rigor of the longissimus thoracis muscle were similar between treatments (P > 0.05 for all). The water-holding capacity of the longissimus lumborum was reduced by the ‘stress’ treatment, as indicated by higher levels of water lost during suspension (drip loss), storage (purge) for 21 days and cooking (cooking loss at 1 day postslaughter) (P < 0.05 for all). ‘Stress’ cattle produced longissimus lumborum muscle with similar sarcomere lengths and Warner–Bratzler shear force at 2, 6 and 21 days, compared to ‘control’ cattle (P < 0.05 for all). The longissimus lumborum muscle of cattle undergoing the ‘stress’ treatment was rated less tender, less juicy, with a less acceptable flavour, a lower ‘liking’ and a lower MQ4 score (P < 0.05 for all). The ‘bloomed’ surface colour (CIE L*, a*, b*) of the longissimus lumborum muscle at 2, 6 and 21 days postslaughter was similar between the ‘stress’ and ‘control’ treatments (P > 0.05 for all). In conclusion, cattle subjected to acute preslaughter stress using electric goads produced meat which the consumer rated as tougher with inferior quality. The inferior quality induced by the acute stress treatment was associated with reduced water-holding capacity but was independent of muscle pH and temperature.
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Cottrell JJ, Stoll B, Buddington RK, Stephens JE, Cui L, Chang X, Burrin DG. Glucagon-like peptide-2 protects against TPN-induced intestinal hexose malabsorption in enterally refed piglets. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G293-300. [PMID: 16166344 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00275.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Premature infants receiving chronic total parenteral nutrition (TPN) due to feeding intolerance develop intestinal atrophy and reduced nutrient absorption. Although providing the intestinal trophic hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) during chronic TPN improves intestinal growth and morphology, it is uncertain whether GLP-2 enhances absorptive function. We placed catheters in the carotid artery, jugular and portal veins, duodenum, and a portal vein flow probe in piglets before providing either enteral formula (ENT), TPN or a coinfusion of TPN plus GLP-2 for 6 days. On postoperative day 7, all piglets were fed enterally and digestive functions were evaluated in vivo using dual infusion of enteral ((13)C) and intravenous ((2)H) glucose, in vitro by measuring mucosal lactase activity and rates of apical glucose transport, and by assessing the abundances of sodium glucose transporter-1 (SGLT-1) and glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2). Both ENT and GLP-2 pigs had larger intestine weights, longer villi, and higher lactose digestive capacity and in vivo net glucose and galactose absorption compared with TPN alone. These endpoints were similar in ENT and GLP-2 pigs except for a lower intestinal weight and net glucose absorption in GLP-2 compared with ENT pigs. The enhanced hexose absorption in GLP-2 compared with TPN pigs corresponded with higher lactose digestive and apical glucose transport capacities, increased abundance of SGLT-1, but not GLUT-2, and lower intestinal metabolism of [(13)C]glucose to [(13)C]lactate. Our findings indicate that GLP-2 treatment during chronic TPN maintains intestinal structure and lactose digestive and hexose absorptive capacities, reduces intestinal hexose metabolism, and may facilitate the transition to enteral feeding in TPN-fed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cottrell
- USDA-ARS, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Warner RD, Ferguson DM, McDonagh MB, Channon HA, Cottrell JJ, Dunshea FR. Acute exercise stress and electrical stimulation influence the consumer perception of sheep meat eating quality and objective quality traits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1071/ea03270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of acute exercise stress and electrical stimulation on lamb eating quality and objective measurements of quality were evaluated on the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) and the Gluteus medius (GM) muscles. Meat quality attributes were also assessed on the LTL, Semimembranosus (SM) and the Semispinalis capitis (SC) muscles. Forty-eight Poll Dorset × Border Leicester–Merino ewes of about 6 months old were randomly allocated to treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with the respective factors being exercise (Ex, 0 v. 15 min) and post-slaughter low voltage electrical stimulation (control v. ES). In general, exercise reduced the rate of pH fall and increased the ultimate pH of all 3 muscles (P<0.05). This effect was more pronounced in the SM than in the LTL and SC. Exercised LTL and SM muscles also had lower surface lightness (L*) values and higher muscle total water content, indicating an increased incidence of dark cutting meat. Exercised LTL steaks were rated higher for tenderness and juiciness by the taste panelists and had lower Warner-Bratzler shear force values, as is often observed with high ultimate pH meat. Electrical stimulation reduced initial pH (pH0.5) values, but resulted in a slower rate of pH fall in the LTL and SM thereafter. Electrical stimulation resulted in an elevation of temperature at rigor in the SM by 10°C (15 v. 25°C) and in the LTL by 3.1°C (7.4 v. 10.5°C). While no effect of electrical stimulation was observed with instrumental analysis, electrical stimulation reduced sensory tenderness scores and overall liking for the GM, and tended to reduce flavour and juiciness of both the GM and LTL. In conclusion, acute exercise pre-slaughter improved eating quality, but caused dark cutting meat. The negative effect of low voltage stimulation on the eating quality of the GM was probably due to a high rigor temperature and associated heat toughening.
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Cottrell JJ, Warner RD, McDonagh MB, Dunshea FR. Inhibition of endogenous nitric oxide production influences ovine hindlimb metabolism independently of insulin concentrations1. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:2558-67. [PMID: 15446471 DOI: 10.2527/2004.8292558x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hindlimb arteriovenous difference (AVD) model was used to determine whether 30 mg/ kg of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor L-NGnitroarginine methyl ester (hydrochloride; L-NAME) inhibited ovine NO synthesis and influenced muscle metabolism. Eight Border Leicester x Merino cross lambs (50 to 55 kg BW) were infused with saline (control) or saline containing L-NAME via an indwelling jugular vein catheter in a balanced randomized crossover design with 3 d between treatments. The abdominal aorta and deep femoral vein were catheterized for assessment of AVD of hind limb metabolism. Arterial hematocrit and insulin concentration and both arterial and venous concentrations of nitrate/nitrite (NOx), glucose, lactate, NEFA, and urea were determined. Infusion of L-NAME decreased arterial NOx concentrations (P = 0.049), indicating inhibition of systemic NO synthesis. Treatment had no effect on arterial (3.5 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.19 mmol/L for control and L-NAME lambs, respectively; P = 0.39) or venous (3.3 vs. 3.4 +/- 0.16 mmol/L, P = 0.55) plasma glucose concentrations or on glucose AVD (0.19 vs. 0.27 +/- 0.065 mmol/L, P = 0.20). There was an interaction (P = 0.038) between time and treatment, such that L-NAME initially increased the AVD of glucose (up to 180 m) divergent from control lambs. The response was then decreased before a possible inflection beyond 240 min. Infusion of L-NAME increased hindlimb venous NEFA (222 vs. 272 +/- 13.2 micromol/L, P = 0.007) and NEFA AVD (79.4 vs. -13.3 +/- 31.5 micromol/L, P = 0.018). These metabolic changes were independent of plasma insulin concentrations, which were not affected by L-NAME infusion (25.3 vs. 27.8 +/- 3.62 mU/L, P = 0.85). The increase in hindlimb lipolysis after L-NAME infusion does not seem to be due to increased lipolysis of plasma triacylglycerol because circulating arterial (155 vs. 142 +/- 20.8 micromol/L, P = 0.58), venous (154 vs. 140 +/- 20.5 micromol/L, P = 0.50), and AVD (1.0 vs. 2.9 +/- 3.17 micromol/L, P = 0.38) triacylglycerol concentrations were unaffected by L-NAME infusion. In conclusion, these data indicate that infusion of 30 mg of L-NAME/kg inhibits NO synthesis, which in turn influences fat and carbohydrate metabolism in the ovine hindlimb independently of plasma insulin concentrations.
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Elstein AS, Christensen C, Cottrell JJ, Polson A, Ng M. Effects of prognosis, perceived benefit, and decision style on decision making and critical care on decision making in critical care. Crit Care Med 1999; 27:58-65. [PMID: 9934894 DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199901000-00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of prognostic estimates, perceived benefit of treatment, and practice style on decision-making in critical care. DESIGN Randomized assignment of subjects to either of two versions of a questionnaire designed to elicit treatment decisions for six intensive care unit cases based on actual patients. One version offered optimistic survival forecasts; the other, pessimistic forecasts. SUBJECTS A random sample of 120 clinicians obtained from the Canadian Critical Care Society was contacted by mail. One version of the questionnaire was randomly assigned and mailed to each. Thirty-four replies, 17 for each version (response rate, 28%), were received and analyzed. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS A list of treatment/management options was developed for each case, in three categories: recommended, questionable, and unacceptable. Subjects were also able to list new options that they would order that were not on the list. The dependent variables were the number of actions ordered in each category and the total for each case. Perceived benefit was measured by comparing subjective estimates of the probability of survival with the optimistic/pessimistic forecast given in the case. Practice style was assessed by correlating the total number of actions ordered across all possible pairs of cases. There were no significant differences between the two questionnaires on actions ordered either by category or by amount per category. Perceived benefit did not appear to be an important factor in decision-making. However, statistically significant correlations provide evidence for practice style in intensive care unit decision-making on an interventionist/noninterventionist dimension. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence that erroneous or biased prognostic estimates affect intensive care unit treatment choices. Neither the principle of maximizing expected utility nor the Rule of Rescue appear to affect these decisions systematically, but practice style does.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Elstein
- Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois at Chicago, 60612-7309, USA.
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Cottrell JJ, Lebovitz BL, Fennell RG, Kohn GM. Inflight arterial saturation: continuous monitoring by pulse oximetry. Aviat Space Environ Med 1995; 66:126-130. [PMID: 7726775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability of newer airliners to fly at higher altitudes has resulted in an increased altitude exposure to both airline crews and passengers. This increase in altitude exposure has the potential to place some individuals at risk for desaturation. Using pulse oximetry, the arterial oxygen saturation of 42 airline crew members was continuously monitored on 22 regularly scheduled commercial flights. Mean nadir arterial oxygen saturations fell from 97.0% preflight to 88.6% at cruising altitudes. Pulse oximetry results revealed large variations between individuals. Individual nadir saturations ranged from 93% to 80%. Modern aircraft flight may result in desaturations even among healthy aircrew. The effects on human performance remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cottrell
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, USA
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To contrast the effectiveness of 2- vs 6-month reevaluation intervals on both clinical outcome and cost in patients requiring continuous home oxygen therapy (HOT). DESIGN Prospective, randomized clinical trial. SETTING The outpatient program of a university-affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) Pulmonary Service. PATIENTS Fifty patients were chosen from among a cohort of 200 patients currently enrolled in our HOT program. All met specific arterial blood gas criteria, were able to give informed consent, had at least 6 months of prior HOT usage, and did not have any illness expected to independently shorten life expectancy. INTERVENTIONS Baseline resting oxygen flow rates were prescribed based on the results of arterial blood gas measurements so as to attain a PaO2 > 60 mm Hg. Flow rates were adjusted as needed during a 12-min walk to maintain pulse oximetry readings > 90%. No adjustments in baseline flow rates were made during sleep. Identical evaluations were repeated at either 2- or 6-month intervals. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS At 1-year follow-up, there were no significant differences between the 2- and 6-month groups in any of the clinical outcome parameters measured, ie, number of emergency department visits, number of hospitalizations, number of days hospitalized, or mortality. Total costs were not significantly different between the two groups. Evaluation costs were less in the 6-month follow-up group. CONCLUSIONS After attaining stability following at least 6 months of continuous HOT usage, patients receiving continuous HOT need not be routinely reevaluated more frequently than every 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cottrell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15240
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Christensen C, Cottrell JJ, Murakami J, Mackesy ME, Fetzer AS, Elstein AS. Forecasting survival in the medical intensive care unit: a comparison of clinical prognoses with formal estimates. Methods Inf Med 1993; 32:302-8. [PMID: 8412825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Physicians often need to make prognostic judgments. In the present study, the accuracy was explored of survival estimates for patients in the Medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU). Estimates were made by physicians and nurses several times during each patient's stay in the MICU and were compared to those of the APACHE II scale, a widely used quantitative index for critically ill patients. ROC curve and calibration curve analyses were performed to assess the accuracy of these estimates. Results revealed that MICU personnel were fairly accurate discriminators of patients who survived vs. who died, although there was a consistent tendency to underestimate survival. In addition, there was some relationship between the level of physician training and forecasting accuracy, but only within the patient's first 24 hours in the MICU. Finally, the estimates of physicians did not differ significantly from those of the APACHE II scale. Physicians tended to be better calibrated in their predictions, while the APACHE II scale was slightly superior in terms of discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Christensen
- Department of Psychology, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117
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Cottrell JJ, Ferson PF. Preoperative assessment of the thoracic surgical patient. Clin Chest Med 1992; 13:47-53. [PMID: 1582148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The preoperative assessment before pulmonary resection is both important and difficult. Pulmonary function testing is imperative to assess pulmonary reserve. If the FEV1 is less than 2 L, differential perfusion lung scans are used for a more accurate assessment. Exercise testing may also be used as an adjunct for high-risk patients or procedures. Although a predicted postoperative FEV1 of 800 mL is a widely accepted minimum for resection, it has not been scientifically validated. Lesser procedures (segmentectomy and wedge resection) may be performed with acceptable mortality in patients who were previously not considered surgical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cottrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Donahoe M, Rogers RM, Cottrell JJ. Is loss of body weight in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with emphysema secondary to low tissue oxygenation? Respiration 1992; 59 Suppl 2:33-9. [PMID: 1513971 DOI: 10.1159/000196119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The available clinical information to date does not support the hypothesis that tissue oxygen debt is the primary cause of the wasting process in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patient population. However, this should not deter the 'believers' of the hypothesis from further investigation. The information outlined above supports the need for reconsideration of this clinical problem. Tissue oxygen requirements and utilization is a complex interplay of multiple variables. Likewise, the assessment of nutritional status in the setting of oxygen therapy is complicated by shifts in body fluid compartments independent of changes in the fat-free mass (FFM). Utilization of newer techniques will be required to resolve the contribution of low tissue oxygenation to the wasting process. The continued development of noninvasive methods for the assessment of tissue metabolism, cardiac function, and tissue energy requirements will allow investigators to further clarify the relationship between tissue oxygenation and metabolism in patients with COPD. Clinical trials designed to examine this issue must recognize the multiple effects of oxygen on all aspects of nutrient utilization, including caloric intake, needs, and tissue delivery. Failure to address all aspects of this system will lead to continued debate regarding the etiology of weight loss in the COPD patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Donahoe
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pa. 15261
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Abstract
Recent regulations require commercial US aircraft to carry an enhanced medical kit. We reviewed kit use on United Airlines during the initial year of the regulations. We also surveyed passengers who became ill during flight and health care providers who used the new kit. The medical kit was used 362 times on 361 flights (once in every 1900 flights or one use for every 150,000 air travelers). Health care providers indicated that the kit was useful in more than 80% of emergencies and was occasionally lifesaving. In the emergencies in which the kit was used, 70% fell into one of seven major diagnostic groupings, including syncope/near syncope (29%), cardiac/chest pain (16%), asthma/lung disease/shortness of breath (10%), and allergic reactions (5%). With 450 million domestic air travelers per year, we would expect 3000 in-flight medical emergencies annually, and conclude that the enhanced medical kit is beneficial and propose that its effectiveness would be improved by the addition of a bronchodilator for inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cottrell
- University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
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Cottrell JJ, Garrard C. Emergency transport by aeromedical blimp. BMJ 1989; 298:869-70. [PMID: 2497829 PMCID: PMC1836151 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.298.6677.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently there has been an explosive growth in the use of helicopters and fixed wing aircraft for the transportation of patients who are ill and injured. Although using such methods of transport may result in faster access to health care centres, their ultimate role for the civilian population is unclear. Unfortunately, there are many problems associated with aeromedical transport, particularly with rotary wing aircraft, which have shown an alarming tendency to crash. The use of lighter than air vehicles (blimps, hot air balloons) might offer most of the advantages of conventional aieromedical transport, with an appreciable improvement in safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cottrell
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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Abstract
Commercial aircraft flight represents a highly variable altitude exposure that may result in significant hypoxemia for patients with cardiac or pulmonary disease. To develop better guidelines for travel by patients with cardiopulmonary disease, we measured inflight cabin altitude on 204 regularly scheduled commercial aircraft flights. Measurements were carried out on 16 different types of aircraft, operated by 28 airlines. The median altitude exposure for all flights was 6,214 feet (1894 m). Cabin altitudes ranged from sea level to 8,915 feet (2717 m). Inspired partial pressure of oxygen falls from 159 mm Hg at sea level to 127 mm Hg at 6,200 feet and further declines to 113 mm Hg at 9,000 ft. There was no significant difference between domestic and international flights. New generation aircraft fly at higher altitudes than older aircraft and are associated with greater altitude exposures to passengers (p = 0.002). The risk of hypoxemia may increase as newer model aircraft replace older ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Cottrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago
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Cottrell JJ. A plea for surgical leadership. J Trauma 1986; 26:297-8. [PMID: 3951015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Owens GR, Fino GJ, Herbert DL, Steen VD, Medsger TA, Pennock BE, Cottrell JJ, Rodnan GP, Rogers RM. Pulmonary function in progressive systemic sclerosis. Comparison of CREST syndrome variant with diffuse scleroderma. Chest 1983; 84:546-50. [PMID: 6628005 DOI: 10.1378/chest.84.5.546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary function and chest roentgenograms were evaluated in 88 patients with the CREST syndrome variant of progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS or scleroderma). Seventy-two percent of the patients had abnormal pulmonary function. An isolated decrease in diffusing capacity was the most common abnormality noted, followed by restrictive abnormalities and airway obstruction. Chest roentgenograms revealed interstitial infiltrates consistent with pulmonary fibrosis in 33 percent. When compared to a contemporaneous group of 77 patients with PSS and diffuse scleroderma, patients with the CREST syndrome had similar abnormalities on pulmonary function testing and chest roentgenogram. However, patients with the CREST syndrome had a lower mean diffusing capacity despite a higher mean vital capacity; this combination of findings suggests primary pulmonary vascular disease. Calcified granulomata were identified significantly more often in PSS-CREST patients, while superior rib notching occurred exclusively in patients with PSS and diffuse scleroderma. The CREST variant of PSS is associated with frequent roentgenographic and pulmonary function abnormalities similar to those seen in PSS with diffuse scleroderma.
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Pennock BE, Cottrell JJ, Rogers RM. Pulmonary function testing. What is 'normal'? Arch Intern Med 1983; 143:2123-2127. [PMID: 6639231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
For many years, confusion has existed concerning the normal range for pulmonary function test results. Using statistical guidelines that have been traditionally applied to the interpretation of measured forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), we have redefined normal limits for the most common pulmonary function test values, including those for FVC, FEV1, mean forced expiratory flow during the middle half of the FVC, FEV1 as a proportion of FVC, residual volume, functional residual capacity, total lung capacity, diffusion capacity, maximum voluntary ventilation, and peak expiratory flow. Our goal is to provide a simple and consistent scheme for interpretation of pulmonary function test data. We consider the assumptions used to achieve this simplification to be reasonable, as long as their limitations are understood.
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Cottrell JJ, Pennock BE, Rogers RM. A simplified computer report. Towards an understandable pulmonary function test. Chest 1983; 84:158-60. [PMID: 6688213 DOI: 10.1378/chest.84.2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We have developed a graphic format for the display of pulmonary function test results. Patient test results appear as a series of horizontal bar graphs. Each bar length is proportional to the test result and is printed over the normal ranges. This format allows rapid recognition of individually abnormal values. We have also grouped bars to create distinctive patterns characteristic of obstructive or restrictive lung disease. A computer program generates a custom form for each patient, displaying the results and ranges only for the specific test performed on that individual. No preprinting of forms is required. Written in the BASIC computer language, this program was designed to be flexible. A change of program parameters requires only minor program modification. In addition, because of its simplicity, our program can be implemented on almost any computer printer.
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Cottrell JJ, Pennock BE, Grenvik A, Rogers RM. Critical care computing. JAMA 1982; 248:2289-91. [PMID: 6897082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Pennock BE, Cottrell JJ, Rogers RM, Owens GR. Office spirometry. Compr Ther 1982; 8:48-54. [PMID: 7140208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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