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Quang Vo LN, Forse RJ, Tran J, Dam T, Driscoll J, Codlin AJ, Creswell J, Sidney-Annerstedt K, Van Truong V, Thi Minh HD, Huu LN, Nguyen HB, Nguyen NV. Economic evaluation of a community health worker model for tuberculosis care in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam: a mixed-methods Social Return on Investment Analysis. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:945. [PMID: 37231468 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is extensive evidence for the cost-effectiveness of programmatic and additional tuberculosis (TB) interventions, but no studies have employed the social return on investment (SROI) methodology. We conducted a SROI analysis to measure the benefits of a community health worker (CHW) model for active TB case finding and patient-centered care. METHODS This mixed-method study took place alongside a TB intervention implemented in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam, between October-2017 - September-2019. The valuation encompassed beneficiary, health system and societal perspectives over a 5-year time-horizon. We conducted a rapid literature review, two focus group discussions and 14 in-depth interviews to identify and validate pertinent stakeholders and material value drivers. We compiled quantitative data from the TB program's and the intervention's surveillance systems, ecological databases, scientific publications, project accounts and 11 beneficiary surveys. We mapped, quantified and monetized value drivers to derive a crude financial benefit, which was adjusted for four counterfactuals. We calculated a SROI based on the net present value (NPV) of benefits and investments using a discounted cash flow model with a discount rate of 3.5%. A scenario analysis assessed SROI at varying discount rates of 0-10%. RESULTS The mathematical model yielded NPVs of US$235,511 in investments and US$8,497,183 in benefits. This suggested a return of US$36.08 for each dollar invested, ranging from US$31.66-US39.00 for varying discount rate scenarios. CONCLUSIONS The evaluated CHW-based TB intervention generated substantial individual and societal benefits. The SROI methodology may be an alternative for the economic evaluation of healthcare interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Nguyen Quang Vo
- Friends for International TB Relief, 6th Floor, 1/21 Le Van Luong St., Nhan Chinh Ward, Thanh Xuan District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam.
| | - Rachel Jeanette Forse
- Friends for International TB Relief, 6th Floor, 1/21 Le Van Luong St., Nhan Chinh Ward, Thanh Xuan District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Jacqueline Tran
- Friends for International TB Relief, 6th Floor, 1/21 Le Van Luong St., Nhan Chinh Ward, Thanh Xuan District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Thu Dam
- Friends for International TB Relief, 6th Floor, 1/21 Le Van Luong St., Nhan Chinh Ward, Thanh Xuan District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Jenny Driscoll
- Friends for International TB Relief, 6th Floor, 1/21 Le Van Luong St., Nhan Chinh Ward, Thanh Xuan District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | - Andrew James Codlin
- Friends for International TB Relief, 6th Floor, 1/21 Le Van Luong St., Nhan Chinh Ward, Thanh Xuan District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
| | | | - Kristi Sidney-Annerstedt
- Department of Global Public Health, WHO Collaboration Centre on Tuberculosis and Social Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Driscoll J, Hutchinson A, Lorek A, Stride C, Kiss K. Multiagency safeguarding arrangements during and beyond the Covid-19 pandemic: Identifying shared learning. Child Abuse Rev 2022; 31:e2774. [PMID: 35942157 PMCID: PMC9349885 DOI: 10.1002/car.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Measures to combat transmission of the coronavirus presented unprecedented challenges for safeguarding and child protection practice, including through withdrawal of routine opportunities to observe and engage with children and families and disruption of systems for inter-agency communication and coordination. This article reports on a two-stage study designed to identify shared learning from adaptations to professional practice in response to the measures. Interviews with 67 London-based senior safeguarding leads from seven professional groups undertaken during the summer of 2020 informed an England-wide survey to similar groups in February-March 2021. SPSS was used to analyse 417 responses, which were supplemented by answers to open questions. Findings are reported using the six practice themes which the Child Safeguarding Practice Review Panel expects to inform shared learning to improve safeguarding at national and local levels. The study revealed the formidable barriers facing professionals in understanding the changing environments in which children were living and in identifying and assessing new or altered risks due to the pandemic; steps taken to respond to changing risks and to keep in touch and re-engage families; strategies to support critical thinking and challenge among professionals working under unprecedented pressure; and opportunities for enhanced multiagency working and inter-agency collaboration.
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Snyder LA, Damle R, Patel S, Bohrer J, Fiorella A, Driscoll J, Hawkins R, Stratton CF, Manning CD, Tatikola K, Tryputsen V, Packman K, Mamidi RN. Niraparib Shows Superior Tissue Distribution and Efficacy in a Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Model Compared to Other PARP Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1115-1124. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Prostate cancer patients whose tumors bear deleterious mutations in DNA-repair pathways often respond to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Studies were conducted to compare the activity of several PARP inhibitors in vitro, and their tissue exposure and in vivo efficacy in mice bearing PC-3M-luc-C6 prostate tumors grown subcutaneously (SC) or in bone. Niraparib, olaparib, rucaparib, and talazoparib were compared in proliferation assays, using several prostate tumor cell lines, and in a cell-free PARP trapping assay. PC-3M-luc-C6 cells were ~12-20-fold more sensitive to PARP inhibition than other prostate tumor lines, suggesting these cells bear a DNA damage repair defect. The tissue exposure and efficacy of these PARP inhibitors were evaluated in vivo in PC-3M-luc-C6 SC and bone metastasis tumor models. A steady-state pharmacokinetic study in PC-3M-luc-C6 tumor-bearing mice demonstrated that all of the PARP inhibitors had favorable SC tumor exposure, but niraparib was differentiated by superior bone marrow exposure compared with the other drugs. In a PC-3M-luc-C6 SC tumor efficacy study, niraparib, olaparib, and talazoparib inhibited tumor growth and increased survival to a similar degree. In contrast, in the PC-3M-luc-C6 bone metastasis model, niraparib showed the most potent inhibition of bone tumor growth compared to the other therapies (67% vs 40-45% on Day 17), and the best survival improvement over vehicle control (hazard ratio [HR] 0.28 vs HR 0.46-0.59) and over other therapies (HR 1.68-2.16). These results demonstrate that niraparib has superior bone marrow exposure and greater inhibition of tumor growth in bone, compared with olaparib, rucaparib, and talazoparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Snyder
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | | | - Shefali Patel
- Janssen Research and Development, Springhouse, PA, United States
| | - Jared Bohrer
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, Pennsylvania, United States
| | | | - Jenny Driscoll
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Carol D. Manning
- Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, United States
| | - Kanaka Tatikola
- Janssen Research and Development, raritan, NJ, United States
| | | | - Kathryn Packman
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Newton, MA, United States
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Snyder LA, Damle RN, Patel S, Bohrer J, Driscoll J, Hawkins R, Stratton CF, Manning C, Tatikola K, Tryputsen V, Packman K, Mamidi R. Abstract 4128: Niraparib shows superior tissue distribution and efficacy in a prostate bone metastasis model compared with other PARP inhibitors. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-4128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Patients whose prostate tumors bear deleterious mutations in genes that cause DNA repair defects (DRD), such as breast cancer (BRCA)2, respond to inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) [PAR] polymerase (PARP)-1 and PARP-2. Several PARP inhibitors, including niraparib, are in clinical development for the treatment of late stage prostate cancer. Prostate cancer typically metastasizes to bone marrow, and it is possible that efficacy of PARP inhibitors could differ based on their ability to penetrate and inhibit tumor growth in bone. Nonclinical studies were conducted to evaluate activity of PARP inhibitors in vitro, and to compare tissue exposure and efficacy in mice bearing PC-3-luc-C6 prostate tumors grown either subcutaneously (SC) or in bone.
PC-3-luc-C6 cells do not have identifiable mutations in DRD genes, but they were >10-fold more sensitive in vitro to PARP inhibition than other prostate tumor lines. Treatment with niraparib induced a pattern of γ-H2AX and RAD51 staining that indicated the cells are deficient in DNA repair. Niraparib and olaparib exhibited similar potency in a biochemical PARP trapping assay, but in vitro cellular cytotoxicity studies of PC-3-luc-C6 cells demonstrated that niraparib was ~8-fold more potent than olaparib.
A steady state PK study in mice bearing PC-3-luc-C6 SC prostate tumors demonstrated distinct patterns of tissue exposure of PARP inhibitors. For example, niraparib was detected for 12 or 24 hours in all tissues tested, including in plasma, tumor, and bone marrow. In contrast, olaparib was detected for up to 12-24 hours in plasma and tumor, but only transient exposure was observed in bone marrow. Mean AUC24 ratio estimates showed that niraparib had several-fold higher distribution to tumor and bone marrow as compared with olaparib.
Efficacy studies were performed in the PC-3-luc-C6 tumor model, implanted either SC or by intracardiac injection to seed bone metastases. In the soft tissue SC tumor model, efficacy of the PARP inhibitors was similar, increasing lifespan by up to ~30%. However, the PARP inhibitors were differentiated by efficacy in the bone metastasis model. Niraparib significantly inhibited bone tumor growth and prolonged survival by ~30% over control mice, while olaparib did not prolong survival. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that niraparib's superior bone marrow exposure results in greater inhibition of tumor growth in bone. It further suggests that prostate cancer patients may derive greater benefit from PARP inhibitors that can penetrate the bone marrow.
Citation Format: Linda A. Snyder, Rajendra N. Damle, Shefali Patel, Jared Bohrer, Jenny Driscoll, Rebecca Hawkins, Christopher F. Stratton, Carol Manning, Kanaka Tatikola, Volha Tryputsen, Kathryn Packman, Rao Mamidi. Niraparib shows superior tissue distribution and efficacy in a prostate bone metastasis model compared with other PARP inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4128.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shefali Patel
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | - Jared Bohrer
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | | | | | | | - Carol Manning
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | | | | | | | - Rao Mamidi
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
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Snyder LA, Menard K, Ndikuyeze GH, Nguyen HM, Hughes A, Angelillo L, Chu G, Driscoll J, Hawkins R, Corey E. Abstract 4127: Niraparib is active against prostate xenograft models that are wild type or defective for DNA damage repair genes. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-4127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Patients with metastatic prostate cancer may respond well to first- and second-generation androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapies, but all will eventually experience disease progression, indicating a need for alternative therapies. A subset of these patients bears prostate tumors harboring mutations that cause DNA repair defects (DRD). Alterations in DRD genes, such as breast cancer (BRCA)2, render tumors sensitive to drugs that inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) [PAR] polymerase-1 (PARP1), thereby inducing synthetic lethality. Clinical study results of PARP inhibitors tested in late stage prostate cancer have confirmed this hypothesis. However, not all tumors with mutations in DRD genes respond to PARP inhibition, and it is possible that some patients with DRDwt prostate tumors could benefit from treatment.
To better understand the basis for response to PARP inhibition, nonclinical studies evaluated the efficacy of niraparib in genetically-profiled prostate xenograft models and advanced prostate cancer patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. The models tested included BRCA2 biallelic mutant, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) biallelic mutant, BRCA2 monoallelic mutant and DRDwt tumor models.
The two BRCA2 biallelic mutant PDX models showed variable responses to niraparib, with significant tumor growth inhibition (TGI) seen in the LuCaP 174.1 PDX, but more modest TGI observed in LuCaP 96CR. This result is similar to the clinical experience, in which many, but not all, patients with biallelic BRCA2 mutant tumors respond to PARP inhibition. BRCA2 monoallelic mutant models did not respond to PARP inhibition, suggesting that a reduction in functional BRCA2 was insufficient to result in PARP inhibitor sensitivity. In contrast, two ATM biallelic mutant models responded to niraparib treatment with significant TGI and survival benefit. Finally, DRDwt models showed distinct patterns of response to niraparib, in that several models showed significant TGI/prolonged survival, while the majority of DRDwt models did not respond. IHC studies indicate that niraparib treatment in responsive tumor models is associated with increased levels of caspase-3, histone γ-H2AX phosphorylation (indicating increased DNA double-stranded breaks), and reduced cell proliferation. Taken together, these studies support the hypothesis that niraparib can provide clinical benefit to prostate cancer patients whose tumors are DRDmutant. Further research is warranted to understand the efficacy of niraparib in DRDwt prostate tumors.
Citation Format: Linda A. Snyder, Krista Menard, Georges Habineza Ndikuyeze, Holly M. Nguyen, Anna Hughes, Lorraine Angelillo, Gerald Chu, Jenny Driscoll, Rebecca Hawkins, Eva Corey. Niraparib is active against prostate xenograft models that are wild type or defective for DNA damage repair genes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 4127.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krista Menard
- 1Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | | | | | - Anna Hughes
- 1Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | | | - Gerald Chu
- 1Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
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Damle RN, Hawkins R, Hosbach J, Ndikuyeze GH, Driscoll J, Fulton NL, Derosa D, Hughes A, Chu G, Calara-Nielsen K, Smirnov D, Shen D, Snyder LA. Abstract 2134: Niraparib combined with abiraterone acetate inhibits the growth of BRCA2wt prostate tumors. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Patients with metastatic prostate cancer may initially respond well to first- and second-generation androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapies, but many will experience disease progression, indicating a need for alternative therapies. A subset of these patients bears prostate tumors that harbor deleterious mutations in DNA damage repair (DDR) pathway genes, such as BRCA2. These DDR mutations render the tumors sensitive to drugs that inhibit poly (ADP-ribose) [PAR] polymerase-1 (PARP1), inducing synthetic lethality. Studies indicate that there are interactions between AR signaling pathways and DDR pathways in prostate cancer cells, supporting the hypothesis that dual AR/PARP inhibition could inhibit prostate tumor growth more potently than single agents, regardless of the DDR status of the tumor. This hypothesis was tested using well-known human and mouse prostate tumor models that are sensitive to androgen deprivation. Genotyping of the models confirmed that none of them carried homozygous pathogenic mutations in DDR genes, including BRCA1, BRCA2, and ATM. When the cell lines were incubated in vitro with niraparib, a potent and highly selective PARP1/2 inhibitor, PAR formation was significantly inhibited, and there was induction of γH2AX in treated cells, indicating the drug induced DNA double-stranded breaks. In addition, the cytotoxicity IC50 values for niraparib were in the range of 1-10 µM, as expected for cells that are DDRwt. In vivo efficacy studies demonstrated that the VCaP and Myc-CaP tumor models were insensitive or modestly sensitive to single agent treatment with niraparib or abiraterone acetate (AA). In contrast, the combination treatment of niraparib plus AA significantly reduced tumor growth and increased survival (p<0.05) as compared with control or single agent arms. Studies are ongoing to understand the mechanisms of tumor growth control mediated by the combination of these two agents. The results support the hypothesis that prostate tumors may respond to a combination treatment with niraparib, a PARP inhibitor, and AA, an androgen synthesis inhibitor, even in the absence of DDR anomalies. A Phase 3 study is planned to evaluate this hypothesis and the safety and efficacy of this combination in humans.
Citation Format: Rajendra N. Damle, Rebecca Hawkins, Jennifer Hosbach, Georges Habineza Ndikuyeze, Jenny Driscoll, Natalie L. Fulton, David Derosa, Anna Hughes, Gerald Chu, Karl Calara-Nielsen, Denis Smirnov, Dong Shen, Linda A. Snyder. Niraparib combined with abiraterone acetate inhibits the growth of BRCA2wt prostate tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2134.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Derosa
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | - Anna Hughes
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | - Gerald Chu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | | | - Denis Smirnov
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
| | - Dong Shen
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA
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Reed WR, Beck TW, Zheng Y, Klima S, Driscoll J. Foam property tests to evaluate the potential for longwall shield dust control. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:35-41. [PMID: 29416179 DOI: 10.19150/me.7977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tests were conducted to determine properties of four foam agents for their potential use in longwall mining dust control. Foam has been tried in underground mining in the past for dust control and is currently being reconsidered for use in underground coal longwall operations in order to help those operations comply with the Mine Safety and Health Administration's lower coal mine respirable dust standard of 1.5 mg/m3. Foams were generated using two different methods. One method used compressed air and water pressure to generate foam, while the other method used low-pressure air generated by a blower and water pressure using a foam generator developed by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Foam property tests, consisting of a foam expansion ratio test and a water drainage test, were conducted to classify foams. Compressed-air-generated foams tended to have low expansion ratios, from 10 to 19, with high water drainage. Blower-air-generated foams had higher foam expansion ratios, from 30 to 60, with lower water drainage. Foams produced within these ranges of expansion ratios are stable and potentially suitable for dust control. The test results eliminated two foam agents for future testing because they had poor expansion ratios. The remaining two foam agents seem to have properties adequate for dust control. These material property tests can be used to classify foams for their potential use in longwall mining dust control.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Reed
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - T W Beck
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Zheng
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S Klima
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Driscoll
- W.R. Reed, T.W. Beck, Y. Zheng, S. Klima, members SME, and J. Driscoll are research mining engineer, research engineer, associate service fellow, mining engineer and engineering technician, respectively, at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Driscoll J, Vad N, Jagannathan S. TM-03 * THE HSP90 INHIBITOR GANETESPIB IS AN EFFECTIVE THERAPY FOR GLIOBLASTOMA THAT BLOCKS EGFR-DRIVEN TUMOR GROWTH. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou278.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Vad N, Jagannathan S, Sumita K, Abdel-Malek M, Driscoll J. SC-31 * RATIONAL DESIGN OF A PI3-KINASE/mTOR INHIBITOR CYTOTOXIC TO BRAIN CANCER STEM CELLS UNDER HYPOXIA. Neuro Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou275.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Sarzi-Puttini P, Arnold L, Arsenault P, Khan T, Bhadra Brown P, Clair A, Scavone J, Driscoll J, Landen J, Pauer L. THU0321 A Randomized Controlled Study of Pregabalin in Patients with Fibromyalgia and Comorbid Depression Taking Concurrent Antidepressant Medication. Ann Rheum Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.4084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Aaberg-Jessen C, Fogh L, Halle B, Jensen V, Brunner N, Kristensen BW, Abe T, Momii Y, Watanabe J, Morisaki I, Natsume A, Wakabayashi T, Fujiki M, Aldaz B, Fabius AWM, Silber J, Harinath G, Chan TA, Huse JT, Anai S, Hide T, Nakamura H, Makino K, Yano S, Kuratsu JI, Balyasnikova IV, Prasol MS, Kanoija DK, Aboody KS, Lesniak MS, Barone T, Burkhart C, Purmal A, Gudkov A, Gurova K, Plunkett R, Barton K, Misuraca K, Cordero F, Dobrikova E, Min H, Gromeier M, Kirsch D, Becher O, Pont LB, Kloezeman J, van den Bent M, Kanaar R, Kremer A, Swagemakers S, French P, Dirven C, Lamfers M, Leenstra S, Pont LB, Balvers R, Kloezeman J, Kleijn A, Lawler S, Leenstra S, Dirven C, Lamfers M, Gong X, Andres A, Hanson J, Delashaw J, Bota D, Chen CC, Yao NW, Chuang WJ, Chang C, Chen PY, Huang CY, Wei KC, Cheng Y, Dai Q, Morshed R, Han Y, Auffinger B, Wainwright D, Zhang L, Tobias A, Rincon E, Thaci B, Ahmed A, He C, Lesniak M, Choi YA, Pandya H, Gibo DM, Fokt I, Priebe W, Debinski W, Chornenkyy Y, Agnihotri S, Buczkowicz P, Rakopoulos P, Morrison A, Barszczyk M, Becher O, Hawkins C, Chung S, Decollogne S, Luk P, Shen H, Ha W, Day B, Stringer B, Hogg P, Dilda P, McDonald K, Moore S, Hayden-Gephart M, Bergen J, Su Y, Rayburn H, Edwards M, Scott M, Cochran J, Das A, Varma AK, Wallace GC, Dixon-Mah YN, Vandergrift WA, Giglio P, Ray SK, Patel SJ, Banik NL, Dasgupta T, Olow A, Yang X, Mueller S, Prados M, James CD, Haas-Kogan D, Dave ND, Desai PB, Gudelsky GA, Chow LML, LaSance K, Qi X, Driscoll J, Driscoll J, Ebsworth K, Walters MJ, Ertl LS, Wang Y, Berahovic RD, McMahon J, Powers JP, Jaen JC, Schall TJ, Eroglu Z, Portnow J, Sacramento A, Garcia E, Raubitschek A, Synold T, Esaki S, Rabkin S, Martuza R, Wakimoto H, Ferluga S, Tome CL, Debinski W, Forde HE, Netland IA, Sleire L, Skeie B, Enger PO, Goplen D, Giladi M, Tichon A, Schneiderman R, Porat Y, Munster M, Dishon M, Weinberg U, Kirson E, Wasserman Y, Palti Y, Giladi M, Porat Y, Schneiderman R, Munster M, Weinberg U, Kirson E, Palti Y, Gramatzki D, Staudinger M, Frei K, Peipp M, Weller M, Grasso C, Liu L, Becher O, Berlow N, Davis L, Fouladi M, Gajjar A, Hawkins C, Huang E, Hulleman E, Hutt M, Keller C, Li XN, Meltzer P, Quezado M, Quist M, Raabe E, Spellman P, Truffaux N, van Vurden D, Wang N, Warren K, Pal R, Grill J, Monje M, Green AL, Ramkissoon S, McCauley D, Jones K, Perry JA, Ramkissoon L, Maire C, Shacham S, Ligon KL, Kung AL, Zielinska-Chomej K, Grozman V, Tu J, Viktorsson K, Lewensohn R, Gupta S, Mladek A, Bakken K, Carlson B, Boakye-Agyeman F, Kizilbash S, Schroeder M, Reid J, Sarkaria J, Hadaczek P, Ozawa T, Soroceanu L, Yoshida Y, Matlaf L, Singer E, Fiallos E, James CD, Cobbs CS, Hashizume R, Tom M, Ihara Y, Ozawa T, Santos R, Torre JDL, Lepe E, Waldman T, Prados M, James D, Hashizume R, Ihara Y, Huang X, Yu-Jen L, Tom M, Mueller S, Gupta N, Solomon D, Waldman T, Zhang Z, James D, Hayashi T, Adachi K, Nagahisa S, Hasegawa M, Hirose Y, Gephart MH, Moore S, Bergen J, Su YS, Rayburn H, Scott M, Cochran J, Hingtgen S, Kasmieh R, Nesterenko I, Figueiredo JL, Dash R, Sarkar D, Fisher P, Shah K, Horne E, Diaz P, Stella N, Huang C, Yang H, Wei K, Huang T, Hlavaty J, Ostertag D, Espinoza FL, Martin B, Petznek H, Rodriguez-Aguirre M, Ibanez C, Kasahara N, Gunzburg W, Gruber H, Pertschuk D, Jolly D, Robbins J, Hurwitz B, Yoo JY, Bolyard C, Yu JG, Wojton J, Zhang J, Bailey Z, Eaves D, Cripe T, Old M, Kaur B, Serwer L, Yoshida Y, Le Moan N, Santos R, Ng S, Butowski N, Krtolica A, Ozawa T, Cary SPL, James CD, Johns T, Greenall S, Donoghue J, Adams T, Karpel-Massler G, Westhoff MA, Kast RE, Dwucet A, Wirtz CR, Debatin KM, Halatsch ME, Karpel-Massler G, Kast RE, Westhoff MA, Merkur N, Dwucet A, Wirtz CR, Debatin KM, Halatsch ME, Kievit F, Stephen Z, Wang K, Kolstoe D, Silber J, Ellenbogen R, Zhang M, Kitange G, Schroeder M, Sarkaria J, Kleijn A, Haefner E, Leenstra S, Dirven C, Lamfers M, Knubel K, Pernu BM, Sufit A, Pierce AM, Nelson SK, Keating AK, Jensen SS, Kristensen BW, Lachowicz J, Demeule M, Regina A, Tripathy S, Curry JC, Nguyen T, Castaigne JP, Le Moan N, Serwer L, Yoshida Y, Ng S, Davis T, Santos R, Davis A, Tanaka K, Keating T, Getz J, Kapp GT, Romero JM, Ozawa T, James CD, Krtolica A, Cary SPL, Lee S, Ramisetti S, Slagle-Webb B, Sharma A, Connor J, Lee WS, Maire C, Kluk M, Aster JC, Ligon K, Sun S, Lee D, Ho ASW, Pu JKS, Zhang ZQ, Lee NP, Day PJR, Leung GKK, Liu Z, Liu X, Madhankumar AB, Miller P, Webb B, Connor JR, Yang QX, Lobo M, Green S, Schabel M, Gillespie Y, Woltjer R, Pike M, Lu YJ, Torre JDL, Waldman T, Prados M, Ozawa T, James D, Luchman HA, Stechishin O, Nguyen S, Cairncross JG, Weiss S, Lun X, Wells JC, Hao X, Zhang J, Grinshtein N, Kaplan D, Luchman A, Weiss S, Cairncross JG, Senger D, Robbins S, Madhankumar A, Slagle-Webb B, Rizk E, Payne R, Park A, Pang M, Harbaugh K, Connor J, Wilisch-Neumann A, Pachow D, Kirches E, Mawrin C, McDonell S, Liang J, Piao Y, Nguyen N, Yung A, Verhaak R, Sulman E, Stephan C, Lang F, de Groot J, Mizobuchi Y, Okazaki T, Kageji T, Kuwayama K, Kitazato KT, Mure H, Hara K, Morigaki R, Matsuzaki K, Nakajima K, Nagahiro S, Kumala S, Heravi M, Devic S, Muanza T, Nelson SK, Knubel KH, Pernu BM, Pierce AM, Keating AK, Neuwelt A, Nguyen T, Wu YJ, Donson A, Vibhakar R, Venkatamaran S, Amani V, Neuwelt E, Rapkin L, Foreman N, Ibrahim F, New P, Cui K, Zhao H, Chow D, Stephen W, Nozue-Okada K, Nagane M, McDonald KL, Ogawa D, Chiocca E, Godlewski J, Ozawa T, Yoshida Y, Santos R, James D, Pang M, Liu X, Madhankumar AB, Slagle-Webb B, Patel A, Miller P, Connor J, Pasupuleti N, Gorin F, Valenzuela A, Leon L, Carraway K, Ramachandran C, Nair S, Quirrin KW, Khatib Z, Escalon E, Melnick S, Phillips A, Boghaert E, Vaidya K, Ansell P, Shalinsky D, Zhang Y, Voorbach M, Mudd S, Holen K, Humerickhouse R, Reilly E, Huang T, Parab S, Diago O, Espinoza FL, Martin B, Ibanez C, Kasahara N, Gruber H, Pertschuk D, Jolly D, Robbins J, Ryken T, Agarwal S, Al-Keilani M, Alqudah M, Sibenaller Z, Assemolt M, Sai K, Li WY, Li WP, Chen ZP, Saito R, Sonoda Y, Kanamori M, Yamashita Y, Kumabe T, Tominaga T, Sarkar G, Curran G, Jenkins R, Scharnweber R, Kato Y, Lin J, Everson R, Soto H, Kruse C, Kasahara N, Liau L, Prins R, Semenkow S, Chu Q, Eberhart C, Sengupta R, Marassa J, Piwnica-Worms D, Rubin J, Serwer L, Kapp GT, Le Moan N, Yoshida Y, Romero JM, Ng S, Davis A, Ozawa T, Krtolica A, James CD, Cary SPL, Shai R, Pismenyuk T, Moshe I, Fisher T, Freedman S, Simon A, Amariglio N, Rechavi G, Toren A, Yalon M, Shen H, Decollogne S, Dilda P, Chung S, Luk P, Hogg P, McDonald K, Shimazu Y, Kurozumi K, Ichikawa T, Fujii K, Onishi M, Ishida J, Oka T, Watanabe M, Nasu Y, Kumon H, Date I, Sirianni RW, McCall RL, Spoor J, van der Kaaij M, Kloezeman J, Geurtjens M, Dirven C, Lamfers M, Leenstra S, Stephen Z, Veiseh O, Kievit F, Fang C, Leung M, Ellenbogen R, Silber J, Zhang M, Strohbehn G, Atsina KK, Patel T, Piepmeier J, Zhou J, Saltzman WM, Takahashi M, Valdes G, Inagaki A, Kamijima S, Hiraoka K, Micewicz E, McBride WH, Iwamoto KS, Gruber HE, Robbins JM, Jolly DJ, Kasahara N, Warren K, McCully C, Bacher J, Thomas T, Murphy R, Steffen-Smith E, McAllister R, Pastakia D, Widemann B, Wei K, Yang H, Huang C, Chen P, Hua M, Liu H, Woolf EC, Abdelwahab MG, Fenton KE, Liu Q, Turner G, Preul MC, Scheck AC, Yoshida Y, Ozawa T, Butowski N, Shen W, Brown D, Pedersen H, James D, Zhang J, Hariono S, Yao TW, Sidhu A, Hashizume R, James CD, Weiss WA, Nicolaides TP, Olusanya T. EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS AND PHARMACOLOGY. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:iii37-iii61. [PMCID: PMC3823891 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
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Chen YB, Driscoll J, McAfee S, Spitzer T, Rosenberg E, Moss R, Fang F, Marty F. Treatment of Parainfluenza 3 infection With DAS181 in a Patient After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2010.12.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hogart A, Leung KN, Wang NJ, Wu DJ, Driscoll J, Vallero RO, Schanen NC, LaSalle JM. Chromosome 15q11-13 duplication syndrome brain reveals epigenetic alterations in gene expression not predicted from copy number. J Med Genet 2008; 46:86-93. [PMID: 18835857 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2008.061580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome 15q11-13 contains a cluster of imprinted genes essential for normal mammalian neurodevelopment. Deficiencies in paternal or maternal 15q11-13 alleles result in Prader-Willi or Angelman syndromes, respectively, and maternal duplications lead to a distinct condition that often includes autism. Overexpression of maternally expressed imprinted genes is predicted to cause 15q11-13-associated autism, but a link between gene dosage and expression has not been experimentally determined in brain. METHODS Postmortem brain tissue was obtained from a male with 15q11-13 hexasomy and a female with 15q11-13 tetrasomy. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to measure 10 15q11-13 transcripts in maternal 15q11-13 duplication, Prader-Willi syndrome, and control brain samples. Southern blot, bisulfite sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridisation were used to investigate epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation. RESULTS Gene expression and DNA methylation correlated with parental gene dosage in the male 15q11-13 duplication sample with severe cognitive impairment and seizures. Strikingly, the female with autism and milder Prader-Willi-like characteristics demonstrated unexpected deficiencies in the paternally expressed transcripts SNRPN, NDN, HBII85, and HBII52 and unchanged levels of maternally expressed UBE3A compared to controls. Paternal expression abnormalities in the female duplication sample were consistent with elevated DNA methylation of the 15q11-13 imprinting control region (ICR). Expression of non-imprinted 15q11-13 GABA receptor subunit genes was significantly reduced specifically in the female 15q11-13 duplication brain without detectable GABRB3 methylation differences. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that genetic copy number changes combined with additional genetic or environmental influences on epigenetic mechanisms impact outcome and clinical heterogeneity of 15q11-13 duplication syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hogart
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Driver CR, Kreiswirth B, Macaraig M, Clark C, Munsiff SS, Driscoll J, Zhao B. Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis after declining incidence, New York City, 2001-2003. Epidemiol Infect 2006; 135:634-43. [PMID: 17064454 PMCID: PMC2870613 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268806007278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis incidence in New York City (NYC) declined between 1992 and 2000 from 51.1 to 16.6 cases per 100,000 population. In January 2001, universal real-time genotyping of TB cases was implemented in NYC. Isolates from culture-confirmed tuberculosis cases from 2001 to 2003 were genotyped using IS6110 and spoligotype to describe the extent and factors associated with genotype clustering after declining TB incidence. Of 2408 (91.8%) genotyped case isolates, 873 (36.2%) had a pattern indistinguishable from that of another study period case, forming 212 clusters; 248 (28.4%) of the clustered cases had strains believed to have been widely transmitted during the epidemic years in the early 1990s in NYC. An estimated 27.4% (873 minus 212) of the 2408 cases were due to recent infection that progressed to active disease during the study period. Younger age, birth in the United States, homelessness, substance abuse and presence of TB symptoms were independently associated with greater odds of clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Driver
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, New York, NY 10007, USA.
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Miller AC, Butler WR, McInnis B, Boutotte J, Etkind S, Sharnprapai S, Bernardo J, Driscoll J, McGarry M, Crawford JT, Nardell E. Clonal relationships in a shelter-associated outbreak of drug-resistant tuberculosis: 1983-1997. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6:872-8. [PMID: 12365573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and streptomycin (HS-resistant) was documented in Boston's homeless population in 1984. Isolate relatedness was confirmed at the time by phage typing. In the late 1990s, cases of HS-resistant tuberculosis in the homeless were also documented, confirmed by RFLP typing using IS6110. None of the phage typed isolates from the 1980s were viable for performing RFLP analysis. We attempted to determine, using mixed-linker PCR (M-L PCR) finger-printing, whether or not these cases were all due to the same strain of M. tuberculosis. DESIGN Isolates from 10 HS-resistant patients-four non-viable isolates from the 1980s and six viable isolates from 1996-1997-were sent to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for M-L PCR fingerprinting. These results were combined with record reviews of older cases and an ongoing epidemiologic investigation. RESULTS Eight of 10 of the isolates were clonal, and the other two were strongly suspected matches. Epidemiologic investigation determined that transmission continued to occur after the initial outbreak in 1984-1985, and that a streptomycin-monoresistant variant of the strain was also circulating. CONCLUSION M-L PCR fingerprinting combined with epidemiology was able to document links between cases across 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Miller
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Division of TB Prevention and Control, Jamaica Plain 02130, USA
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Kubín M, Driscoll J, Polanecký V, Kozáková B, Zdrazílek J, Mezenský L. [Spoligotypes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the Czech population (methods and pilot study)]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2002; 51:52-9. [PMID: 11987580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In the introduction the authors describe molecular genetic principles of spacer oligonucleotide typing of the M. tuberculosis complex and mention in detail the methodical procedure of implementation of this examination technique incl. computer analysis of results. In the pilot part of the study the authors describe examination of 71 strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from patients living in the capital of Prague and 37 strains from patients in the South Moravian region of the Czech Republic. In the group of Prague strains a total of 7 clusters was identified formed by 2-14 identical profiles of spoligotypes and 37 individually different profiles. In the South Moravian strains there were 6 clusters with 2-14 identical spoligotypes and 10 non-clustered profiles. In neither of the groups there were spoligotypes typical for the genetic family Beijing or Africa. The study is a preliminary molecular epidemiological analysis where DNA fingerprint RFLP profiles are compared with spoligotypes of strains of M. tuberculosis of patients from the capital of Prague and the South Moravian region of the Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kubín
- Hygienická stanice hlavního mĕsta Prahy.
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Dale JW, Brittain D, Cataldi AA, Cousins D, Crawford JT, Driscoll J, Heersma H, Lillebaek T, Quitugua T, Rastogi N, Skuce RA, Sola C, Van Soolingen D, Vincent V. Spacer oligonucleotide typing of bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: recommendations for standardised nomenclature. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2001; 5:216-9. [PMID: 11326819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) is widely used for differentiation of bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. However, the absence of any standardised method for concise description of spoligotypes makes it difficult to compare the results from different laboratories. This paper describes unambiguous, interconvertible systems for the designation of spoligotype patterns, the adoption of which will be beneficial to mycobacterial research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Dale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
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Bifani P, Mathema B, Campo M, Moghazeh S, Nivin B, Shashkina E, Driscoll J, Munsiff SS, Frothingham R, Kreiswirth BN. Molecular identification of streptomycin monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis related to multidrug-resistant W strain. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7:842-8. [PMID: 11747697 PMCID: PMC2631879 DOI: 10.3201/eid0705.010512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A distinct branch of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis W phylogenetic lineage (W14 group) has been identified and characterized by various genotyping techniques. The W14 group comprises three strain variants: W14, W23, and W26, which accounted for 26 clinical isolates from the New York City metropolitan area. The W14 group shares a unique IS6110 hybridizing banding motif as well as distinct polymorphic GC-rich repetitive sequence and variable number tandem repeat patterns. All W14 group members have high levels of streptomycin resistance. When the streptomycin resistance rpsL target gene was sequenced, all members of this strain family had an identical mutation in codon 43. Patients infected with the W14 group were primarily of non- Hispanic black origin (77%); all were US-born. Including HIV positivity, 84% of the patients had at least one known risk factor for tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bifani
- Public Health Institute Tuberculosis Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Summers WK, Driscoll J, Orient JM. The pharmaceutical industry--to whom is it accountable? N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1416; discussion 1417. [PMID: 11183883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Bifani P, Moghazeh S, Shopsin B, Driscoll J, Ravikovitch A, Kreiswirth BN. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv/Ra variants: distinguishing the mycobacterial laboratory strain. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:3200-4. [PMID: 10970357 PMCID: PMC87354 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.9.3200-3204.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains H37Rv and H37Ra are the most commonly used controls for M. tuberculosis identification in the clinical and research laboratory setting. To reduce the likelihood of misidentification and possible cross-contamination with this laboratory neotype, it is important to be able to distinguish H37 from clinical isolates. To provide a reference for identifying H37, we used multiple molecular techniques to characterize H37 strains, including 18 of the most frequently used variants available through the American Type Culture Collection. Isolates were genotyped using gene probes to IS6110 and IS1085. In addition, we performed polymorphic GC-rich sequence typing (PGRS), spoligotyping, determination of variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR), and PCR amplification of the mtp40, msx4, and mpp8 polymorphic regions. Southern hybridization with IS6110 provided the most discrimination, differentiating the 18 H37 isolates into 10 discrete patterns made up of 9 H37Rv variants and 1 H37Ra variant. PGRS, IS1085, mpp8, and spoligotyping were not able to distinguish any H37 variants, while VNTR and msx4 discriminated two. Only IS6110 and spoligotyping could distinguish the H37 strain from clinical isolates. In summary, spoligotyping and IS6110 provide a rapid and accurate way to identify H37 contamination, though IS6110 can, in addition, classify many of the H37 variants that would otherwise require phenotypic segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bifani
- Public Health Research Institute Tuberculosis Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Abstract
Spoligotype analysis identified false-positive isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis caused by laboratory cross-contamination. Spoligotyping is faster, is less expensive than DNA fingerprinting, and can be used with a variety of media. Patients were reevaluated and had medications discontinued as a result of this investigation. Months of unnecessary patient follow-up and treatment were avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nivin
- New York City Department of Health, Tuberculosis Control Program, New York 10007, USA
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Curtis AB, Ridzon R, Novick LF, Driscoll J, Blair D, Oxtoby M, McGarry M, Hiscox B, Faulkner C, Taber H, Valway S, Onorato IM. Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission patterns in a homeless shelter outbreak. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4:308-13. [PMID: 10777078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING From July 1997 through May 1998, ten tuberculosis (TB) cases were reported among men in a Syracuse New York homeless shelter for men. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Investigation to determine extent of, and prevent further, transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. RESULTS Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence suggests that eight of the ten cases were related. Seven cases had isolates with matching six-band IS6110 DNA fingerprints; the isolate from another case had a closely related fingerprint pattern and this case was considered to be caused by a variant of the same strain. Isolates from eight cases had identical spoligotypes. The source case had extensive cavitary disease and stayed at the shelter nightly, while symptomatic, for almost 8 months before diagnosis. A contact investigation was conducted among 257 shelter users and staff, 70% of whom had a positive tuberculin skin test, including 21 with documented skin test conversions. CONCLUSIONS An outbreak of related TB cases in a high-risk setting was confirmed through the use of IS6110 DNA fingerprinting in conjunction with spoligotyping and epidemiologic evidence. Because of the high rate of infection in the homeless population, routine screening for TB and preventive therapy for eligible persons should be considered in shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Curtis
- Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for STD, HIV, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Bray M, Driscoll J, Huggins JW. Treatment of lethal Ebola virus infection in mice with a single dose of an S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase inhibitor. Antiviral Res 2000; 45:135-47. [PMID: 10809022 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(00)00066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ebola Zaire virus causes lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans, for which there is no effective treatment. A variety of adenosine analogues inhibit the replication of Ebola virus in vitro, probably by blocking the cellular enzyme, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, thereby indirectly limiting methylation of the 5' cap of viral messenger RNA. We previously observed that adult, immunocompetent mice treated thrice daily for 9 days with 2.2-20 mg/kg of an adenosine analogue, carbocyclic 3-deazaadenosine, were protected against lethal Ebola virus challenge. We now report that a single inoculation of 80 mg/kg or less of the same substance, or of 1 mg/kg or less of another analogue, 3-deazaneplanocin A, provides equal or better protection, without causing acute toxicity. One dose of drug given on the first or second day after virus infection reduced peak viremia more than 1000-fold, compared with mock-treated controls, and resulted in survival of most or all animals. Therapy was less effective when administered on the day of challenge, or on the third day postinfection. Single or multiple doses of the same medications suppressed Ebola replication in severe combined immunodeficient mice, but even daily treatment for 15 consecutive days did not eliminate the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bray
- Department of Viral Therapeutics, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
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Reed L, Driscoll J. Fight for human rights. Nurs Times 1997; 93:21. [PMID: 9455285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Reed
- BHB Community Health Care NHS Trust, Brentwood, Essex
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Lyketsos CG, Fishman M, Hutton H, Cox T, Hobbs S, Spoler C, Hunt W, Driscoll J, Treisman G. The effectiveness of psychiatric treatment for HIV-infected patients. Psychosomatics 1997; 38:423-32. [PMID: 9314711 DOI: 10.1016/s0033-3182(97)71419-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The study sought to determine the effectiveness of a model program of psychiatric care for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. This was a cohort study of 126 HIV-positive outpatients referred for psychiatric evaluation and treatment (average follow up of 14 months) in a HIV-dedicated primary-care outpatient clinic in the inner city. A global outcome measure (encompassing symptom relief, functioning, and HIV-risk behaviors), and a measure of abstinence from alcohol and illicit substances were used. Fifty percent of patients improved, with 19% "nearly well" at follow-up. Abstinence was achieved 48% of the time. Good compliance with treatment and the absence of injection drug use were the primary predictors of good outcomes. Of the compliant patients, 94% improved, with 45.7% being nearly well. Psychiatric treatment of HIV-infected patients is effective when located in the HIV primary-care setting and administered by a multidisciplinary team under the direction of a psychiatrist, using evidence-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Lyketsos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
One cannot fail to be aware of the 'human rights' that are vividly thrust into our living rooms by the world's media; but, what are human rights and are they of relevance to British nursing practice? In a democratic state such as the UK, human rights infringements or violations are not typified as occurring in a health care system outwardly appearing to safeguard the interests of the patient/person. This paper examines some of the issues and concludes that the notion of human rights remains inconspicuous and peripheral to the 'real world' of clinical nursing practice. It challenges British nurses to reflect on their practice and outwardly demonstrate that nursing's contemporary language of human rights does not remain simply rhetorical in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Driscoll
- Redwood College of Health Studies, South Bank University, Harold Wood, Romford, Essex, UK
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Driscoll J, Duan C, Zuo Y, Xu T, Troxler R, Oppenheim FG. Candidacidal activity of human salivary histatin recombinant variants produced by site-directed mutagenesis. Gene X 1996; 177:29-34. [PMID: 8921841 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00265-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Histatin 5 (Hst5) is a 24-amino acid (aa) member of the Hst family that is found in human salivary secretions and exhibits candidacidal activity. Hst5 contains a 13-aa region that alone is capable of killing fungal pathogens and is referred to as the functional domain. To investigate the role of specific aa located within the functional domain, the pRSET bacterial expression system was used to produce recombinant Hst5 (re-Hst5) and several re-variants that were generated by site-directed mutagenesis. The vector pRSETC expresses genes of interest as fusion proteins attached to the carboxy end of an N-terminal His6 tag that binds to nickel (Ni2+). The re-variants were generated using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and had Gly substituted for either the His, Glu or Lys/Arg within the functional domain. PCR products that encoded either the wild-type or variant forms of re-Hst5 were inserted into pRSETC and produced as fusion proteins which were affinity purified from cell lysates by Ni(2+)-Sepharose chromatography. Fusion proteins were digested with CNBr and re-Hsts were purified by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Re-Hsts were tested in bioassays to measure the ability to kill both Candida albicans (C. albicans) blastoconidia and spheroplasts which were generated by removal of the cell wall. In both assays, re-Hst5 displayed dose-dependent candidacidal activity that was nearly identical to that of native Hst5 purified from human salivary secretions. Re-Hst5 variants with either Glu or Lys/Arg substitutions demonstrated significantly lower candidacidal activity in both assays, while the variant with His mutated showed essentially no activity at physiological concentrations. These results indicate that acidic and basic aa within the functional domain contribute to candidacidal activity and that the His are essential for candidacidal activity. Additionally, since C. albicans spheroplasts were also susceptible to Hsts, the cell wall is not an essential component in the Hst mechanism of candidacidal action.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Driscoll
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, School of Graduate Dentistry, Boston University Medical Center, MA 02118, USA
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29
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Abstract
Menaquinone (MK) is a non-protein component of the Bacillus subtilis (Bs) electron transport chain synthesized from chorismate through a series of MK-specific reactions. The genes encoding biosynthesis of the naphthoquinone ring of MK are clustered at 273 degrees on the Bs chromosome. A 3.9-kb region capable of rescuing men mutants blocked in the early stages of MK biosynthesis was sequenced and found to contain three major open reading frames (ORFs). The first ORF (menF) has a predicted size of 51.8 kDa and 34% amino-acid identity with the isochorismate synthases of Escherichia coli (EntC) and Aeromonas hydrophila (AmoA), ORF2 (menD) a predicted size of 60.2 kDa and 21% identity with MenD of E. coli. ORF3 has a predicted size of 21.4 kDa and 29% identity to triacylglycerol lipase of Psychrobacter immobilis. No sequence corresponding to menC was identified. Plasmid integrational studies of the men gene cluster had suggested the presence of promoters secondary to the previously identified p1 men promoter. Sequence analysis revealed a putative promoter region upstream from ORF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rowland
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Albany Medical College, NY 12208, USA
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30
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Driscoll J. Human rights. Right to fight. Nurs Times 1995; 91:24-5. [PMID: 8552495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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31
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Abstract
Histatin 1 is a histidine-rich phosphoprotein present in human parotid saliva that possesses candidacidal activity and functions in mineralization by adsorbing to hydroxyapatite. The objective of the present study was to develop a system for recombinant production of histatin 1 and to examine the role of phosphorylation in the functional activities of this molecule. Native histatin 1 (containing a phosphoserine at residue 2) was purified from parotid saliva, whereas a bacterial expression system was used to produce a recombinant form of histatin 1 (re-Hst1) that lacked phosphorylated serine. Histatin 1 cDNA was inserted into the vector pGEX-3X, which expresses foreign genes as soluble fusion proteins attached to the carboxyl-terminus of glutathione S-transferase (GST). The GST/re-Hst1 fusion protein was isolated from cell lysates by affinity chromatography on glutathione (GSH)-Sepharose and digested with cyanogen bromide to separate re-Hst1 from the GST fusion partner. The digest was subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on a C18 column, and re-Hst1 was eluted as a well-defined peak. The yield of re-Hst1 was 4 mg/L of bacterial culture. Amino-terminal sequencing and amino acid analysis confirmed the final product as re-Hst1. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that native histatin 1 and re-Hst1 had the same apparent molecular weights, while cationic PAGE showed that re-Hst1 was more basic. Phosphate analysis indicated 1 mol phosphate/mol of native histatin 1, while re-Hst1 lacked any detectable phosphate. Re-Hst1 demonstrated candidacidal activity comparable to that of native histatin 1, but displayed substantially lower binding to hydroxyapatite. These results show that phosphorylation of histatin 1 at residue 2 contributes significantly to its ability to bind to hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Driscoll
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, School of Graduate Dentistry, Boston University Medical Center, MA 02118, USA
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32
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Burke TR, Fesen MR, Mazumder A, Wang J, Carothers AM, Grunberger D, Driscoll J, Kohn K, Pommier Y. Hydroxylated aromatic inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. J Med Chem 1995; 38:4171-8. [PMID: 7473544 DOI: 10.1021/jm00021a006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Efficient replication of HIV-1 requires integration of a DNA copy of the viral genome into a chromosome of the host cell. Integration is catalyzed by the viral integrase, and we have previously reported that phenolic moieties in compounds such as flavones, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, 2), and curcumin confer inhibitory activity against HIV-1 integrase. We now extend these findings by performing a comprehensive structure-activity relationship using CAPE analogues. Approximately 30 compounds have been prepared as HIV integrase inhibitors based on the structural lead provided by CAPE, which has previously been shown to exhibit an IC50 value of 7 microM in our integration assay. These analogues were designed to examine specific features of the parent CAPE structure which may be important for activity. Among the features examined for their effects on inhibitory potency were ring substitution, side chain length and composition, and phenyl ring conformational orientation. In an assay which measured the combined effect of two sequential steps, dinucleotide cleavage and strand transfer, several analogues have IC50 values for 3'-processing and strand transfer lower than those of CAPE. Inhibition of strand transfer was assayed using both blunt-ended and "precleaved" DNA substrates. Disintegration using an integrase mutant lacking the N-terminal zinc finger and C-terminal DNA-binding domains was also inhibited by these analogues, suggesting that the binding site for these compounds resides in the central catalytic core. Several CAPE analogues were also tested for selective activity against transformed cells. Taken together, these results suggest that the development of novel antiviral agents for the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome can be based upon inhibition of HIV-1 integrase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Burke
- Laboratories of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Richardson DK, Reed K, Cutler JC, Boardman RC, Goodman K, Moynihan T, Driscoll J, Raye JR. Perinatal regionalization versus hospital competition: the Hartford example. Pediatrics 1995; 96:417-23. [PMID: 7651771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The increasingly competitive health care environment may undermine effective traditional regional organizations. It is urgent to document the benefits of perinatal regionalization for the emerging health care system. We present a case study that illustrates many of the challenges to and benefits of perinatal regionalization in the 1990s. BACKGROUND The controversy in Hartford was sparked by a proposed merger of two major pediatric services into a full-service children's hospital. Community hospitals reacted with plans to upgrade their obstetrics/neonatal facilities toward level II (intermediate) or II+ (intensive) neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The fear that unrestricted competition would drive up overall health care costs prompted the hospital association and Chamber of Commerce to retain consultants to evaluate the number and location of regional NICU beds. METHODS The consultant team interviewed stake-holders in area hospitals, health maintenance organizations, insurance companies, businesses, state agencies, and community groups, and analyzed quantitative data on newborn discharges. RESULTS The existing system worked remarkably well for clinical care, training, referrals, and provider and patient satisfaction. There was a high level of inter-hospital collaboration and regional leadership in obstetrics and pediatrics, but strong and growing competition between their hospitals. Hospital administrators enumerated the competitive threats that obligated them to compete and the financial disincentives to support the regional structures. Business leaders and insurance executives emphasized the need to control costs. Analysis of discharge data showed marginal adequacy of NICU beds but maldistribution between NICUs, particularly between level III and level II units. The consultants recommended no new beds based on population projections, declining lengths of stay nationally, and substantial gains available from aggressive back-transport of convalescing infants. The consultants emphasized the need for all stakeholders to support the regional infrastructure (referral, transport, education, evaluation, quality assurance) and to modify competition when it impaired effective regionalization. CONCLUSIONS Regionalization permits better care at lower cost, yet competition may disrupt this effective system. Active cooperation by stakeholders is vital. Substantial new research is required to define optimal regional organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Richardson
- Joint Program in Neonatology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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34
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Abstract
Histatin 3 (Hst3) is a 32-amino-acid (aa) His-rich protein with antimicrobial activity found in human salivary secretions. To explore further the structure/function relationship of Hst, we utilized a bacterial system for the efficient production of recombinant Hst3 (re-Hst3) and Hst variants. Previously, we demonstrated that the middle portion of Hst3 (aa 13-24) contains the functional domain responsible for killing Candida albicans. Using PCR and splice overlap extension, a Hst variant (re-Hst3rep) was made in which the functional domain was repeated in tandem. Using the pRSET bacterial expression system, re-Hst3 and the variant re-Hst3rep were produced as chimeric fusions and were isolated from bacterial sonicates by affinity chromatography. Affinity purified fusion proteins were digested with CNBr and re-Hst were separated from their fusion partners by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The activity of re-Hst3 and re-Hst3rep was compared to that of native Hst3 from human salivary secretions in the C. albicans killing assay. The LD50 values for candidacidal activity of native Hst3, re-Hst3 and re-Hst3rep were 7.2, 6.8 and 4.1 nmol/ml, respectively. At lower concentrations re-Hst3rep was five times more active than native Hst3 or re-Hst3 and at even lower concentrations re-Hst3rep exhibited significant candidacidal activity while native Hst3 and re-Hst3 were inactive. These results demonstrate an expression system for production of biologically active functional Hst and Hst variants and shows that repetition of the functional domain of Hst3 enhances candidacidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zuo
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, School of Graduate Dentistry, Boston University Medical Center, MA 02118, USA
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35
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Gabathuler R, Reid G, Kolaitis G, Driscoll J, Jefferies WA. Comparison of cell lines deficient in antigen presentation reveals a functional role for TAP-1 alone in antigen processing. J Exp Med 1994; 180:1415-25. [PMID: 7931074 PMCID: PMC2191686 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.4.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognize antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex class I antigens on the cell surface of virus-infected cells. It is believed that the majority of peptides originate from cytoplasmic degradation of proteins assumed to be mediated by the "20S" proteasome. Cytosolic peptides are then translocated, presumably by transporters associated with antigen processing (TAP-1 and -2), into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where binding and formation of the ternary complex between heavy chain, beta2-microglobulin (beta 2m) and peptide occurs. In this study, we have analyzed and compared the phenotype of two mutant cell lines, the thymoma cell line RMA-S and a small lung carcinoma cell line CMT.64, in order to address the mechanism that underlies the antigen processing deficiency of CMT.64 cells. Unlike RMA-S cells, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-infected CMT.64 cells are not recognized by specific CTL. Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) treatment of CMT.64 cells restores the ability of these cells to process and present VSV in the context of Kb. We show that although CMT.64 cells express a low level of beta 2m, the recognition of VSV-specific CTL is not restored by increasing the amount of beta 2m synthesized in CMT.64 cells. In addition, we find that CMT.64 cells express moderate levels of Kb heavy chain molecules, but most of it is unstable and rapidly degraded in the absence of IFN-gamma treatment. We infer that the antigen processing deficiency does not lie at the level of beta 2m or Kb production. We find also that the mRNAs for both TAP-1 and -2 are present in RMA and RMA-S cells but are absent in uninduced CMT.64 cells. Upon IFN-gamma induction, both mRNAs are highly expressed in CMT-64 cells. In addition, we find that the low molecular mass polypeptides 2 and 7, and additional components of the proteasome are induced by IFN-gamma in CMT-64 cells. Finally, introduction of the rat TAP-1 gene in CMT.64 cells restores CTL recognition of VSV-infected cells. These results indicate that a TAP-1 homodimer may translocate peptides in the ER and explain partially the CMT.64 defect and the RMA-S phenotype. These findings link a dysfunction in the transport and/or generation of antigenic peptides to the capacity of tumor cells to evade immunosurveillance and provide a unique model system to dissect this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gabathuler
- Biotechnology Laboratory, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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36
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Driscoll J. The role of the proteasome in cellular protein degradation. Histol Histopathol 1994; 9:197-202. [PMID: 8003815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain a major intracellular proteolytic activity known as the proteasome. The proteasome is a strongly conserved cylindrical structure of high molecular weight (650 kDa, approximately 20 S) and demonstrates multiple endopeptidase activities. The general structural, biochemical and genetic features of the proteasome are conserved from archaebacteria through yeast to humans. This structure fulfills an essential role by functioning as the proteolytic core of a 26 S multienzyme complex responsible for the energy-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The bulk of intracellular proteolysis appears to be through the ubiquitin-dependent pathway. Incorporation of the proteasome into the 26 S multienzyme complex appears to confer both a specificity for ubiquitinated proteins as well as a means to tightly regulate proteolytic activity. Thus, one function of the proteasome is required for the degradation of either abnormal or certain regulatory proteins by the ubiquitin pathway. Proteasome subunits appear to be encoded by a related gene family as defined by extensive sequence similarities. The gene products are confined to either of two general classes: alpha-type which appear to be structural and beta-type which may be catalytic. Genes encoding at least two proteasome subunits map to the Major Histocompatibility Complex. Accumulating evidence points to the proteasome (or a specialized form) participating in the cytosolic degradation of these viral proteins upon cellular infection.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J Driscoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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37
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Driscoll J. Reflective practice for practise. Sr Nurse 1994; 14:47-50. [PMID: 8303152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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38
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Abstract
Proteasomes are highly conserved macromolecular structures which function as endopeptidases. They are found in the cytoplasm and nucleus of eukaryotic tissues and consist of at least 14 non-identical subunits with molecular masses ranging from approximately 20 to 32K. Proteasomes are essential in the selective degradation of ubiquitinated and certain non-ubiquitinated proteins, acting as the proteolytic core of an energy-dependent 26S (1,500K) proteolytic complex. Two proteasome subunits, LMP2 and LMP7 (refs 4-7), are encoded within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), implicating proteasomes in antigen processing. Here we determine the function of these two MHC-linked subunits by comparing the proteolytic activities of purified proteasomes containing (LMP+) or lacking (LMP-) these components. We find that proteasomes of both types have endopeptidase activity against substrates bearing hydrophobic, basic or acidic residues immediately preceding the cleavage site (the P1 position) and at sites following asparagine, glycine and proline residues. The activity of LMP+ proteasomes is much higher than that of LMP- proteasomes against substrates with hydrophobic, basic or asparagine residues at P1, whereas their activities are comparable when acidic and glycine residues are present at P1. The MHC-linked LMP2 and LMP7 subunits therefore function to amplify specific endopeptidase activities of the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Driscoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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39
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Brown MG, Driscoll J, Monaco JJ. MHC-linked low-molecular mass polypeptide subunits define distinct subsets of proteasomes. Implications for divergent function among distinct proteasome subsets. J Immunol 1993; 151:1193-204. [PMID: 8335924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Proteasomes are 650-kDa, multisubunit endopeptidases that might be involved in the MHC class I Ag processing pathway. We demonstrate the existence of multiple structurally distinct subsets of proteasomes. Distinct forms of proteasomes share a hypothetical core to which unique subunits are added. One of these subsets, LMP2+ proteasome, contains the product of the MHC-linked Lmp-2 gene, and can be distinguished serologically and structurally from other proteasome subsets. The expression of LMP2+ and LMP2- proteasomes is variable among cell lines of different tissue types, and their relative abundance and subunit composition are regulated by IFN-gamma. LMP2+ proteasomes comprise 0 to 74% of total cellular proteasomes. Both LMP2+ and LMP2- proteasomes are proteolytically active. We suggest proteasome function might be regulated by subunit composition, and some, or all proteasome subsets, might participate in the production or delivery of peptides to MHC class I molecules. Both LMP2+ and LMP2- subsets can be further subdivided on the basis of the presence or absence of other unique subunits. Implications of the existence of structurally distinct forms of proteasomes in different tissue types is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0678
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40
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Brown MG, Driscoll J, Monaco JJ. MHC-linked low-molecular mass polypeptide subunits define distinct subsets of proteasomes. Implications for divergent function among distinct proteasome subsets. The Journal of Immunology 1993. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.151.3.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Proteasomes are 650-kDa, multisubunit endopeptidases that might be involved in the MHC class I Ag processing pathway. We demonstrate the existence of multiple structurally distinct subsets of proteasomes. Distinct forms of proteasomes share a hypothetical core to which unique subunits are added. One of these subsets, LMP2+ proteasome, contains the product of the MHC-linked Lmp-2 gene, and can be distinguished serologically and structurally from other proteasome subsets. The expression of LMP2+ and LMP2- proteasomes is variable among cell lines of different tissue types, and their relative abundance and subunit composition are regulated by IFN-gamma. LMP2+ proteasomes comprise 0 to 74% of total cellular proteasomes. Both LMP2+ and LMP2- proteasomes are proteolytically active. We suggest proteasome function might be regulated by subunit composition, and some, or all proteasome subsets, might participate in the production or delivery of peptides to MHC class I molecules. Both LMP2+ and LMP2- subsets can be further subdivided on the basis of the presence or absence of other unique subunits. Implications of the existence of structurally distinct forms of proteasomes in different tissue types is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0678
| | - J Driscoll
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0678
| | - J J Monaco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0678
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Sichel
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston 02114
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42
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Arnold D, Driscoll J, Androlewicz M, Hughes E, Cresswell P, Spies T. Proteasome subunits encoded in the MHC are not generally required for the processing of peptides bound by MHC class I molecules. Nature 1992; 360:171-4. [PMID: 1436094 DOI: 10.1038/360171a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antigen processing provides major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules with short peptides, which they selectively bind and present to cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The proteolytic system generating these peptides in the cytosol is unidentified, but their delivery into the endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by the TAP1-TAP2 transporter encoded in the MHC class II region. Closely linked to TAP1 and TAP2 are genes for the LMP2 and LMP7 proteins, which resemble components of proteasomes, proteolytic complexes known to degrade cytosolic proteins. This association has led to the common assumption that proteasomes function in this immunological pathway (discussed in ref. 15). We now show that the expression of stably assembled class I molecules and apparently normal peptide processing can be completely restored in the absence of LMP2 and LMP7 in the human lymphoblastoid cell line mutant 721.174 (refs 16, 17). The identity of LMP7 is directly confirmed by reconstitution of a proteasomal subunit after gene transfer. These results therefore dispute the hypothetical involvement of proteasomes in antigen processing, although a more subtle effect of LMP2 and LMP7 cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arnold
- Division of Tumor Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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43
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Driscoll J, Frydman J, Goldberg AL. An ATP-stabilized inhibitor of the proteasome is a component of the 1500-kDa ubiquitin conjugate-degrading complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:4986-90. [PMID: 1317579 PMCID: PMC49213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.11.4986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins conjugated to ubiquitin are degraded by a 26S (1500-kDa) proteolytic complex that, in reticulocyte extracts, can be formed by the association of three factors: CF-1, CF-2, and CF-3. One of these factors, CF-3, has been shown to be the proteasome, a 650-kDa multicatalytic protease complex. We have purified a 250-kDa inhibitor of the proteasome and shown that it corresponds to CF-2. In the presence or absence of ATP, this factor inhibited hydrolysis by the proteasome of both fluorogenic tetrapeptides and protein substrates. When the inhibitor, proteasome, and CF-1 were incubated together in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, degradation of ubiquitin-125I-lysozyme occurred. Both the inhibitory activity and the ability to reconstitute ubiquitin-125I-lysozyme degradation were very labile at 42 degrees C, but both activities were stabilized by ATP or a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog. SDS/PAGE indicated that the 250-kDa inhibitor fraction contained a major subunit of 40 kDa (plus some minor bands). The 125I-labeled inhibitor and purified proteasome formed a complex. When CF-1, ATP, and Mg2+ were also present, the 125I-labeled inhibitor along with the proteasome formed a complex of 1500 kDa. The inhibitor (CF-2) thus appears to be an ATP-binding component that regulates proteolysis within the 1500-kDa complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Driscoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- J Driscoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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45
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Brown M, Driscoll J, Monaco J. Structural and serological similarity of MHC-linked LMP and proteasome (multicatalytic proteinase) complexes. Trends Cell Biol 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0962-8924(91)90012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules associate with peptides derived from endogenously synthesized antigens. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes can thus scan class I molecules and bound peptide on the surface of cells for foreign antigenic determinants. Recent evidence demonstrates that the products of trans-acting, non-class I genes in the class II region of the MHC are required in the class I antigen-processing pathway. There are genes (called HAM1 and HAM2 in the mouse) in this region that encode proteins postulated to be involved in the transport of peptide fragments into the endoplasmic reticulum for association with newly synthesized class I molecules. But, the mechanism by which such peptide fragments are produced remains a mystery. At least two genes encoding subunits of the low-molecular mass polypeptide (LMP) complex are tightly linked to the HAM1 and HAM2 genes. We show that the LMP complex is closely related to the proteasome (multicatalytic proteinase complex), an intracellular protein complex that has multiple proteolytic activities. We speculate that the LMP complex may have a role in MHC class I antigen processing, and therefore that the MHC contains a cluster of genes required for distinct functions in the antigen processing pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0678
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Miles SH, Driscoll J, McCusker M. CPR in nursing homes. Policy and clinical realities. Minn Med 1991; 74:31-5. [PMID: 1944023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S H Miles
- Hennepin County Medical Center's Department of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN 55415
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Rogers J, Curley M, Driscoll J, Kerrigan T, LeBlanc G, Libman M, McCarty K. Evaluation of tympanic membrane thermometer for use with pediatric patients. Pediatr Nurs 1991; 17:376-8. [PMID: 1861904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
To determine if a tympanic membrane thermometer is of benefit on a pediatric unit. Temperature readings using a tympanic membrane thermometer and an electronic thermometer were compared for 295 paired observations. The electronic temperature readings were done by rectal (n = 32), oral (n = 65), and axillary (n = 198) routes. Differences in tympanic and electronic readings were compared by paired t-tests, and the readings were also correlated. The nursing time in seconds was also compared between electronic and tympanic measurements. Parents and nurses rated their opinion of each type of measurement on a 0-5 Likert scale. Nurses rated the patient's response using the same scale. Results indicate that temperature readings differ by an average of .2- .5 degree between tympanic and electronic thermometers. Correlations are statistically significant but of low-to-moderate strength. Parents and nurses did not rate the types of instruments differently. The nurses rated the electronic axillary method as being more acceptable to toddlers. The tympanic membrane measurement took an average of 30-38 seconds less time to take. Tympanic membrane thermometry saves nursing time. Although the correlations were not strong between electronic and tympanic membrane measurements, the tympanic reading was closer to the electronic rectal reading than to axillary or oral readings.
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Abraham CR, Driscoll J, Potter H, Van Nostrand WE, Tempst P. A calcium-activated protease from Alzheimer's disease brain cleaves at the N-terminus of the amyloid beta-protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 174:790-6. [PMID: 1993072 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(91)91487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and to a far lesser extent, normal aged brains exhibit abnormal extracellular deposits of amyloid. The major component of brain amyloid is the beta-protein, a 4Kd fragment of the larger beta-protein precursor. The finding of the abnormally processed beta-protein and a protease inhibitor (alpha 1-antichymotrypsin) in the amyloid deposits prompted us to search for proteases which may generate the beta-protein from its precursor. We now report on the presence and partial purification of one such proteolytic activity from Alzheimer's brain. Normal physiologic C-terminal cleavage of the secreted form of the beta-protein precursor occurs in the middle of the beta-protein suggesting that the beta-protein accumulates due to an alternative degradation pathway. We propose here that the protease activity we describe participates in this abnormal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Abraham
- Arthritis Center, Boston University School of Medicine, MA 02118
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Driscoll J, Goldberg AL. The proteasome (multicatalytic protease) is a component of the 1500-kDa proteolytic complex which degrades ubiquitin-conjugated proteins. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:4789-92. [PMID: 2180950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells contain two large proteolytic complexes, the 650-kDa proteasome (or multicatalytic protease) and the 1500-kDa (26 S) Ubiquitin-conjugate-degrading enzyme. Since the proteasome is also required for the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins, we tested whether it may be a component of the larger complex. The proteasome normally is soluble in 38% ammonium sulfate. However, after preincubation of reticulocyte extracts with ATP, several proteasome activities appeared in the 38% ammonium sulfate pellet, including the ability to degrade hydrophobic peptides and 14C-casein. Also, following preincubation with ATP, the precipitable fraction could degrade 125I-lysozyme-ubiquitin (Ub) conjugates. The activities were not present after incubation without ATP or with a nonmetabolizable ATP analog. Nondenaturing gel electrophoresis indicated the ATP-dependent appearance of a new band which degraded proteasome substrates, and reacted with an anti-proteasome monoclonal antibody on Western blot. This new band appeared larger than the proteasome and migrated similarly to the larger Ub-conjugate-degrading complex. The formation of the larger complex required factor(s) present in the 38% ammonium sulfate pellet and either the 40-80% fraction or the purified proteasome from reticulocytes or muscle. After complex formation, hydrolysis of Ub-protein conjugates and also the non-ubiquitinated substrate, casein, was stimulated severalfold by ATP, but non-metabolizable ATP analogs had little or no effect. Thus, the proteasome corresponds to component CF-3 of Ganoth et al. (Ganoth, D., Leshinisky, E., Eytan, E., and Hershkov, A. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 263 12412-12419) and undergoes an energy-dependent association with other factors to form the 1500-kDa, ATP-requiring proteolytic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Driscoll
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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