Hybrid Ameloblastoma Arising from a Treated Odontogenic Keratocyst of the Mandible: A Case Report With Literature Review

Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC) is an odontogenic cyst of developmental origin arising from remnants of the dental lamina. Malignant or benign transformations though rare have been noticed from their epithelium. Ameloblastomatous transformation from an OKC is extremely rare with such lesions being referred to as combined/"hybrid" odontogenic lesions. In this article, we present an intriguing case of a 60-year-old male who was operated on for OKC of the anterior mandible 3 years before, who came back with a complaint of swelling over the same site. Incisional biopsy revealed the acanthomatous type of ameloblastoma for which segmental resection with immediate reconstruction using recon plate was done. Excision biopsy revealed a plexiform variant as well, thus exhibiting a hybrid pattern. Surgeons should be aware of this hybrid presentation of ameloblastoma arising from the epithelium of OKC as the acanthomatous subtype is known for its notorious genetic behavior leading to recurrence and aggressive nature of this tumor.

Comminuted middle third orbito-zygomatic complex fracture leading to blindness due to unanticipated tyre rim explosion during service - A rare case

An explosion is caused by conversion of solid, liquid into gas with resultant energy release. Blast injuries of large tyres are similar to injuries resulting from landmine explosions. Most of the patients were polytraumatised, initial evaluation and management should follow ATLS. Trauma following tyre blast results in severe soft tissue, orthopedic and head injuries. Head and face is the most commonly affected region followed by upper limb. A 40 year old male patient was watching a car tyre getting inflated with air. Unfortunately the tyre rim exploded on his face, which led to penetrating injury to the eye ball and comminuted middle third fractures. Patient was stabilized and primary hemostasis was achieved. Fractured maxilla was fixed by arch bar wiring and stabilized by using circum-suspension wiring bilaterally. Left eyeball was removed due to open globe injury and intraocular content loss. Unusual maxillofacial injuries are more common. Decision making and treatment of facial penetrating injuries depends on number of factors, which includes location and extent of injury, type of foreign body involved, proximity of vital structures, extent of injury to soft and hard tissue and the relative benefits and risk ratio for the patient. In this case report we have explained about the primary assessment and management of blast injuries.

Distinct patterns of myogenic motor activity identified in isolated human distal colon with high-resolution manometry

BACKGROUND

Colonic high-resolution manometry (HRM) has been used to reveal discrete, propagating colonic motor patterns. To help determine mechanisms underlying these patterns, we used HRM to record contractile activity in human distal colon ex vivo.

METHODS

Surgically excised segments of descending (n = 30) or sigmoid colon (n = 4) were immersed in oxygenated Krebs solution at 36°C (n = 34; 16 female; 67.6 ± 12.4 years; length: 24.7 ± 3.5 cm). Contractility was recorded by HRM catheters. After 30 minutes of baseline recording, 0.3 mM lidocaine and/or 1 mM hexamethonium were applied. Ascending neural pathways were activated by electrical field stimulation (EFS; 10 Hz, 0.5 ms, 50 V, 5-s duration) applied to the anal end before and after drug application.

RESULTS

Spontaneous propagating contractions were recorded in all specimens (0.1-1.5 cycles/minute). Most contractions occurred synchronously across all recording sites. In five specimens, rhythmic antegrade contractions propagated across the full length of the preparation. EFS evoked local contractions at the site of stimulation (latency: 5.5 ± 2.4 seconds) with greater amplitude than spontaneous contractions (EFS; 29.3 ± 26.9 vs 12.1 ± 14.8 mm Hg; P = .02). Synchronous or retrograde propagating motor patterns followed EFS; 71% spanned the entire preparation length. Hexamethonium and lidocaine modestly and only temporarily inhibited spontaneous contractions, whereas TTX increased the frequency of contractile activity while inhibiting EFS-evoked contractions.

CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES

Our study suggests that the propagated contractions recorded in the organ bath have a myogenic origin which can be regulated by neural input. Once activated at a local site, the contractions do not require the propulsion of fecal content to sustain long-distance propagation.

Cardiological society of India document on safety measure during echo evaluation of cardiovascular disease in the time of COVID-19

An echocardiographic investigation is one of the key modalities of diagnosis in cardiology. There has been a rising presence of cardiological comorbidities in patients positive for COVID-19. Hence, it is becoming extremely essential to look into the correct safety precautions, healthcare professionals must take while conducting an echo investigation. The decision matrix formulated for conducting an echocardiographic evaluation is based on presence or absence of cardiological comorbidity vis-à-vis positive, suspected or negative for COVID-19. The safety measures have been constructed keeping in mind the current safety precautions by WHO, CDC and MoHFW, India.

Study on incidence of phlebitis following the use of pherpheral intravenous catheter

Context:

Peripheral vein cannulation is commonly performed for rapid and accurate administration of medications. Phlebitis is one of the commonest complications that develop after intravenous catheter application.

Aims:

This study aims to investigate the incidence of phlebitis and to evaluate factors contributing to the development of phlebitis.

Settings and Design:

This was a prospective observational study conducted on patients admitted at 4 Air Force Hospital Kalaikunda.

Methods:

Study conducted on 150 patients who were admitted to the medical and surgical division of the hospital during the period from July 2018 to April 2019. The factors studied were age, gender, site of insertion, place of insertion, cannula size, IV medications, and blood products used. Phlebitis was graded using Visual Infusion Phlebitis Score.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The incidence of phlebitis was expressed in percentage and odds ratio was calculated to estimate the effects of suspected risk factors.

Results:

Incidence of phlebitis was found to be 31.4% from our study. The increased incidence rate of phlebitis was seen in the female gender, age less than 60 years, insertion in the lower limb, large catheter size, catheters inserted in emergency situations, and IV drugs administration.

Conclusion:

Phlebitis is an important on-going problem in present-day clinical practice. Avoiding of preventable risk factors, proper nursing care, and daily inspection of catheters needed for prevention of phlebitis.

Management of Frontal Sinus Injuries

Purpose:

The purpose of the present study is to report an overview of fracture patterns and surgical approaches for 15 patients who were treated in our Indhira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences, Pondicherry, India from 2010 to 2015.

Method and Material:

Fifteen people were included in the study, which were diagnosed with anterior table fracture of the frontal sinus and were randomly admitted in our institution. All patients were evaluated preoperatively with axial and coronal computed tomography scans before operating. The parameters used to classify the patients were age, mode of injury, associated injury, and details of fracture, surgical approaches, fixation, and conservative management.

Results:

Analysis of 15 patients based on parameters showed that the ages of patients varied between 22 and 36 years due to road traffic accident as the common etiology. There were associated fractures in the maxillofacial region seen in 11 patients and the rest were isolated frontal sinus fractures. Conservative management was opted in six patients and for others, surgical approach to the fracture site was done through existing laceration and by bicoronal approach. Three of the cases showed comminuted fracture of anterior and posterior table. The overall contour of the frontal bone was good in all the patients. None of the patients required any immediate reoperation or developed any delayed abscess or mucocele formation.

Conclusion:

Decision-making regarding the best time to treat, the surgical approach and the technique depends on the severity and the extent of the fracture and associated complications. Our protocol was to follow up and observe the undisplaced fractures and operate anterior wall defects. If there was a fracture involvement of posterior frontal wall, treatment can be planned along with neurosurgical consultation and then operate depending on the associated complications.

Assessment of physico-chemical characteristics of water in Tamilnadu

Water is an important component to human life. The major aims of the present work are to assess the quality of the ground water and its impact in Villupuram District of Tamilnadu. The present study focus to bring an awareness among the people about the quality of ground water by taking water samples from various locations for Physico - Chemical analysis of the ground water. This analysis result was compared with the WHO, ICMR, USPH and European standards of drinking water quality parameters with the following water quality parameters namely pH, Electrical conductivity, Cl, , Na, K, Ca , Mg, Total dissolved solids, Total hardness, Dissolved oxygen, Fluoride etc. Various chemical methods have been employed to investigate the extent level of pollution in ground water.

Diagnosis and management of aorto-left ventricular tunnel

Background:

Aorto-left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) is a rare congenital extracardiac channel with progressive left ventricular dilatation needs early correction.

Materials and Methods:

This is a report of diagnosis and management of aorto-left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) over a period of 11 years from a single institution. Seven patients (age range: 7 days-45 years) presented with heart failure. The diagnosis of ALVT was made by transthoracic echocardiogram in all cases.

Results:

Treatment was refused by two patients who died during follow-up. Surgical closure of the tunnel was done in four cases, of which one needed Bentall procedure. Two patients had residual leak after the surgery. Transcatheter closure using Amplatzer muscular device was performed in two cases (for postoperative residual leak in one and primary procedure in the other). Significant hemolysis developed in one of them, necessitating the removal of the device and closed surgically. This child underwent aortic valve replacement two years later. All the remaining patients were doing well during the median follow-up of 30 months (range: 1.5-9 years).

Conclusion:

ALVT is a rare and potentially fatal anomaly that is ideally managed surgically. Catheter closure has a limited role.

Synthesis and characterization of TiO2 loaded cashew nut shell activated carbon and photocatalytic activity on BG and MB dyes under sunlight radiation

Synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles and TiO2 loaded cashew nut shell activated carbon (TiO2/CNSAC) had been undertaken using sol-gel method and their application in BG and MB dyes removal under sunlight radiation has been investigated. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Vis-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The various experimental parameters like amount of catalyst, contact time for efficient dyes degradation of BG and MB were concerned in this study. Activity measurements performed under solar irradiation has shown good results for the photodegradation of BG and MB in aqueous solution. It was concluded that the higher photocatalytic activity in TiO2/CNSAC was due to parameters like band-gap, number of hydroxyl groups, surface area and porosity of the catalyst. The kinetic data were also described by the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models.

Appearance of isolated thrombocytopenia in a patient of acute subdural hematoma

Thrombocytopenia in critically ill patients probably reflects the severity of the underlying illness and these patients have a higher mortality due to the severity of overall clinical status. In present article we report a case of acute subdural hematoma who developed progressive thrombocytopenia resulting in fatal outcome. A 75 year gentleman presented with history of sudden onset headache and lapsed into altered sensorium. There was history of trivial fall before he developed headache. The patient was deeply comatose with pupils bilateral 2 mm and reacting to light. Computerized tomography (CT) scan brain showed large right fronto-temporo-parietal acute subdural hematoma with mass effect and midline shift. Post-operatively he was kept on elective ventilation. On following days the patient continues to develop thrombocytopenia (Day- 3 Platelet count 75,000, day-4 60,000, day-5 25,000). Thrombocytopenia is a common but a potentially life-threatening condition problem and has been considered to play a role in worsening the prognosis of critically ill patients in intensive care unit. Few studies statistically examine the strength of the association between risk factors and outcomes related to thrombocytopenia, additional research is recommended to identify putative molecular determinants.

Green synthesis of Au–Ag bimetallic nanocomposites using Silybum marianum seed extract and their application as a catalyst

An eco-friendly and non-toxic method for the synthesis of Au–Ag bimetallic nanocomposites has been carried out successfully. Silybum marianum seed extract plays an important role in the reduction and stabilization of the Au–Ag bimetallic nanocomposites.

Ethyl 5-methyl-3-phenyl-isoxazole-4-carboxyl-ate

In the title compound, C13H13NO3, the dihedral angle between the phenyl and isoxazole rings is 43.40 (13)°. The eth-oxy-carbonyl group is rotated out of the plane of the isoxazole ring by 16.2 (13)°.

3-(4-Meth-oxy-phen-yl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carb-oxy-lic acid

In the title compound, C12H11NO4, the dihedral angle between the benzene and isoxazole rings is 42.52 (8)°. The carb-oxy-lic acid group is close to being coplanar with the isoxazole ring [dihedral angle = 5.3 (2)°]. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R2(2)(8) loops.

Patterns of ventricular dyssynchrony in congestive heart failure- comparison with controls and implications for patient selection for cardiac resynchronization therapy

BACKGROUND

Assessment of ventricular dyssynchrony by Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) is being increasingly used in patient selection for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy (CRT). Regional distribution of dyssynchrony has been sparingly addressed in dyssynchrony studies in heart failure population.

METHODS

TDI was used to assess prevalence and regional distribution patterns of ventricular dyssynchrony in heart failure (HF) patients with systolic LVdysfunction (LVEF equal or less than 40%) in sinus rhythm. Inter-ventricular dyssynchrony (IVD) and left ventricular dyssynchrony (LVD) equal or greater than 40 msec were considered significant and LVD equal or greater than 65 m sec indicated severe dyssynchrony.

RESULTS

100 HF patients (Wide QRS, Gp I, N =70 & Normal QRS Gp II, N=30, and 25 normal individuals with complete LBBB (n=14) or RBBB (n=11) underwent TDI. IVD was seen in 35 (35%) patients (74% LV delay & 26% RV delay) and LVD in 68 patients (68%). The relative prevalence of lVD and LVD respectively in Group land Group II HF patients was47% vs. 7% (p < 0.001) and 70% vs. 67%. (p=ns) while LVD in Groups A (LBBB, n=41) & B (RBBB, n=26) was 76% and 58%, p=ns. The prevalence ofsevere LVD was similar in Gp I & II (37% and 57%, p=ns), and in Gp A & B (46% & 26%, p=ns). Regional distribution patterns of LVD in normal individuals with bundle branch block showed septal delay in 20%, a prevalence of similar to heart failure population (23%, Gp I, and 21% Gp II, p=ns). Lateral wall delay was demonstrated only in the HF population seen in 33% of Gp I and 47% of Gp II patients, p=ns.

CONCLUSIONS

LVD is distributed amongst HF patients with narrow or wide QRS and with LBBB or RBBB with a similar regional distribution. Dyssynchrony in normal individuals with bundle branch block is in the form of septal delay. These findings may have implications for patient selection for CRT and site of LV pacing.

Effect of temperature on antagonistic and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma sp. on Sclerotium rolfsii

Sclerotium rolfsii is a destructive soil-borne and post-harvest plant pathogen. Use of the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma sp. has been earlier reported by us to successfully control this pathogen under post-harvest conditions. In the present paper we report on the effects of temperature on the growth and biocontrol potential of Trichoderma sp. on S. rolfsii. Experimental results indicated that S. rolfsii and Trichoderma sp. have different temperature optima for growth: 30-35 degrees C for the pathogen and 25-30 degrees C for the antagonist. In dual culture, Trichoderma over-grew S. rolfsii at 25 degrees C and 30 degrees C, but at 35 degrees C and 37 degrees C, S. rolfsii over-grew the colony of Trichoderma. Trichoderma produced higher concentration of fungi-toxic metabolites in broth culture at higher temperatures. In bioassays using ginger slices and whole rhizomes, it has been demonstrated that Trichoderma is not very effective in suppressing S. rolfsii at temperatures above 30 degrees C. In light of these results, possible mechanisms of biocontrol of S. rolfsii as a post-harvest pathogen has been discussed. Storage temperature has been suggested as a critical factor in biocontrol of S. rolfsii.

Degradation of 14C-carbofuran in soil using a continuous flow system

14C-carbofuran underwent considerable mineralization (approximately 30% of the applied activity) in Vertisol soil under moist and flooded conditions during 60 days incubation. Bound residues were formed under both the conditions, the extent being more in moist soils (approximately 55% of the applied activity) than under flooded conditions (approximately 41% of the applied activity). 3-Keto carbofuran was the only significant metabolite observed under flooded conditions.

Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in the Indian marine environment

Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediment and fish samples collected from the east and west coasts of India are presented. HCH isomers and DDT and its metabolites are the predominantly identified compounds in most of the samples. Despite the higher quantity of consumption, HCH and DDT levels in fish in India were lower than those in temperate countries suggesting a lower accumulation in tropical fish, which could be due to rapid volatilization and degradation of these insecticides in the tropical environment. The predominance of alpha- and beta-HCH reflect the use of technical grade HCH in India. The high temperature in the tropics also enhances the elimination rate of chemicals in fish, as the biological half-lives of semivolatile compounds such as DDT are short at high temperature.

Absent coronary venous sinus: a rare anomaly

A 42-year-old man, presenting with dyspnea on exertion and ST segment depression on treadmill test, was found to have absent coronary venous sinus on coronary angiography. We report this case of isolated congenital absence of coronary venous sinus because of its rarity.

Studies on degradation of 14C-chlorpyrifos in the marine environment

Degradation of 14C-chlorpyrifos was studied in a marine ecosystem for 60 days and in marine sediment under moist and flooded conditions using a continuous flow system allowing a total 14C-mass balance for a period of 40 days. In the marine ecosystem, 14C-chlorpyrifos underwent rapid degradation and very little (1-2%) 14C-residues of the applied activity were detected after two months in sediments. Clams were major component of the ecosystem and played a significant role in degradation of the insecticide. In the continuous flow system chlorpyrifos did not undergo substantial mineralization. Volatilization accounted for 0.8-1% loss during first ten days of application. The amounts of extractable 14C-activity were higher in flooded sediments than in moist sediment. More bound residues were formed under moist conditions. TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) was the major degradation product formed under both moist and flooded conditions, its formation being higher in the latter conditions. These studies underline the role of clams in degradation of chlorpyrifos and lack of microbial degradation. In absence of clams, chlorpyrifos underwent abiotic degradation in marine sediment with formation of bound residues.

Studies on degradation of 14C-DDT in the marine environment

Degradation of 14C-DDT was studied in a marine ecosystem for 60 days and in marine sediments under moist and flooded conditions using a continuous flow system for a period of 130 days. 14C-DDT residues were recovered in sediments of the marine ecosystem at uniform level of 60-65% of the applied 14C-activity throughout the incubation period. DDD was a major metabolite in sediments while DDMU was a major metabolite in clams. Clams brought about substantial degradation of DDT. However, 14C-residues recovered form clams are not suggestive of significant bioaccumulation. In the continuous flow experiment, under both moist and flooded conditions, DDT underwent degradation and about 22% of the applied 14C-activity was recovered as volatiles under both conditions. In sediments, extractable 14C-residues accounted for about 30 and 19% under moist and flooded conditions, respectively. DDT was the major compound in extractable residues as identified by TLC-autoradiographic procedures. More bound residues were formed under flooded than under moist conditions.

Novel polypeptides induced by the insecticide lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) are required for its biodegradation by a Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain

When exposed to the potent insecticide gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane or lindane, a Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain rapidly synthesized 7 novel polypeptides and concomitantly gained the ability to degrade lindane. Synthesis of these proteins was switched-off subsequent to the disappearance of lindane from the medium. Treatments which induced the synthesis of identical proteins also conferred on cells the ability to degrade lindane. In contrast, cells blocked in protein synthesis could not be induced to degrade lindane. The close correspondence observed between expression of lindane-induced proteins and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane catabolism strongly implicates these novel proteins in lindane biodegradation.

Transesophageal echocardiography for the detection of left atrial thrombus

We performed transesophageal two-dimensional echocardiography (TEE) and compared its results with those of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) in a series of 120 patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). The patients were selected from a pool of 2000 patients of rheumatic heart disease assessed earlier by clinical examination and TTE. The selection criteria for TEE included one or more of the following: 1. Atrial fibrillation, 2. Embolic episode, 3. Before closed mitral valvotomy or balloon mitral valvuloplasty, 4. Large left atrium (LA) and 5. Evidence of clot or spontaneous echo-contrast in LA. The aim was to study the usefulness of TEE as compared to TTE in the detection of thrombus in LA. LA thrombus was imaged in 34/120 TEE studies as compared to 21/120 TTE studies. In 12/13 patients in whom TTE failed, the clot was present in the left atrial appendage (LAA). In the remaining one patient, poor echo window for TTE was responsible. In 2/6 patients with embolic episode, neither TTE nor TEE could document the presence of clot in LA. The procedure of TEE was well tolerated and there were no complications. We conclude that TEE is a safe and valuable adjunct to TTE with better diagnostic ability for the detection of LA thrombus and should be performed in all patients with MS in whom a clot in LA is suspected or needs to be excluded.

Distribution of cholesterol in HDL and its subfractions in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease

The distribution of HDL-C and its subclasses HDL3-C and HDL2-C and other serum lipids was studied in patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease grouped as young males (group 1) and older males (group 2) along with age matched controls. All the patients had significantly higher levels of serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C and VLDL-C and lower levels of HDL-C. The analysis of HDL - subclasses clearly demonstrated that the low levels of HDL-C was due to the significant decrease of cholesterol in both HDL3 (group 1: 32%; group 2: 30%) and HDL2 subclasses (group 1: 55%; group 2: 48%) compared to the respective control values. Further it has also been observed that this low level of HDL-C is a characteristic feature of patients irrespective of whether the levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides are high or normal. Although both the HDL subclasses were decreased, the percentage of reduction of cholesterol was greater in the HDL2 than in HDL3 subclass. In addition, the levels of cholesterol either in HDL or any of its subclasses, HDL3 and HDL2 did not show any change in relation to the extent of coronary disease which was assessed by coronary angiography. This study confirms the inverse relation of HDL-C with coronary atherosclerosis and also indicates that, of all the lipid parameters examined, only HDL-C, particularly its subclass HDL2-C, shows independent inverse relation to the incidence of coronary atherosclerotic artery disease in men.

Effects of DDT on the growth of crop plants

The effects of DDT on the germination and growth of plants were studied using many crop species. Of the species tested, oil-rich seeds of plants, such as peanut (Arachis hypogaea) and mustard (Brassica juncea), were more prone to DDT induced inhibition of germination and subsequent plant growth than cereals, pulses and fibre crops, like rice (Oryza sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare), mung bean Vigna radiata), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Studies with (14)C labelled DDT showed that insecticide uptake by seeds was directly proportional to seed size. However, there was no direct relationship between DDT uptake by the seeds and its subsequent translocation to the growing regions or the degree of growth inhibition. Data suggest that oil content of the seeds per se has a bearing on the susceptibility or tolerance of a plant to DDT. It is suggested that lipids of the plant cell solubilize and disperse DDT in the cytoplasm, which, in turn, affects normal metabolism within the cell.

Fatal renal haemorrhage following haemodialysis in a patient with obstructive uropathy

A 22-year-old male with obstructive uropathy and renal failure was given pre-operative haemodialysis. He collapsed five hours later. Autopsy revealed massive intrarenal haemorrhage and rupture of a dilated superior calyx intraperitoneally. Anticoagulation employed during haemodialysis was probably responsible for this spontaneous renal haemorrhage and subsequent calyceal rupture.

Traumatic organized hematoma of the spermatic cord

We report a case of an organized hematoma of the spermatic cord, resulting from direct blunt injury, and review the literature related to this condition. The probable factors accounting for the infrequent occurrence of this lesion in association with external genital trauma are discussed.

Methylation and aging in Rhizoctonia solani

Our earlier studies had shown that as fungi age, many of their vital functions decrease; in Rhizoctonia solani, protein synthesis is one of the functions so affected. We now find that the ability to methylate tRNA, a vital component of the protein synthesizing system, also decreases with age. This methylation of Escherichia coli tRNA by R. solani methylase preparations increased with the concentration of enzyme and with time of incubation; in both cases the rate of increase was considerably higher for preparations from young cells than for those from old cells. The methylation reaction also increased with the concentration of substrate tRNA, with temperature, at least to 45 degrees C, and with pH to 9.0. Methylase preparations from R. solani methylated both exogenous E. coli tRNA and yeast tRNA, but were only weakly active on isolated R. solani tRNA. However, acid-precipitated methylases from R. solani were very effective in methylating the homologous exogenous tRNA. Regardless of the source of the tRNA used as substrate, the methylases from older cells were always less active than those from young cells from the same mycelium. No methylase inhibitor was detected in the fungus.