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Vidrine K, Ye J, Martin RJ, McCutcheon KL, Raggio AM, Pelkman C, Durham HA, Zhou J, Senevirathne RN, Williams C, Greenway F, Finley J, Gao Z, Goldsmith F, Keenan MJ. Resistant starch from high amylose maize (HAM-RS2) and dietary butyrate reduce abdominal fat by a different apparent mechanism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:344-8. [PMID: 23630079 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a health concern. Resistant starch (RS) type 2 from high-amylose maize (HAM-RS2) and dietary sodium butyrate (SB) reduce abdominal fat in rodents. RS treatment is associated with increased gut hormones peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), but it is not known if SB increases these hormones. DESIGN AND METHODS This was investigated in a 2 × 2 rat study with HAM-RS2 (0 or 28% weight) and dietary sodium butyrate (0 and 3.2%) resulting in isocaloric treatments: energy control (EC), sodium butyrate (SB), HAM-RS2 (RS), and the combination (SBRS). RESULTS RS and SB reduced abdominal fat and the combination reduced abdominal fat compared to SB and RS. RS was associated with increased fermentation in the cecum. Serum PYY and GLP-1 total were increased with RS treatment. RS treatment was associated with increased cecal butyrate produced from fermentation of RS, but there was no cecal increase for dietary SB. CONCLUSIONS SB after its absorption into the blood appears to not affect production of PYY and GLP-1, while butyrate from fermentation in the cecum promotes increased PYY and GLP-1. Future studies with lower doses of RS and SB are warranted and the combination may be beneficial for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Vidrine
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Charrier JA, Martin RJ, McCutcheon KL, Raggio AM, Goldsmith F, Goita M, Senevirathne RN, Brown IL, Pelkman C, Zhou J, Finley J, Durham HA, Keenan MJ. High fat diet partially attenuates fermentation responses in rats fed resistant starch from high-amylose maize. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2350-5. [PMID: 23512798 PMCID: PMC5225625 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of type 2 resistant starch from high-amylose maize (HAM-RS2) in rodents fed with low-fat diets were demonstrated in previous studies. Fish oil is also reported to reduce body fat. In the current study, the effects of high fat and fish oil on HAM-RS2 feeding in rats were investigated. DESIGN AND METHODS Rats were fed 0 or 27% (weight) HAM-RS2 with low (15% energy) or high fat (42% energy) diets that included 0 or 10% (energy) tuna oil to test the effect of HAM-RS2 in diet-induced obesity and effects of tuna oil. Data were analyzed as 2 × 2 × 2 factorial. RESULTS Rats fed HAM-RS2 had decreased cecal contents pH, increased cecal and cecal contents weight, increased cecal contents acetate, propionate, and butyrate, increased GLP-1 and PYY, and decreased abdominal fat. However, high fat partially attenuated effects of HAM-RS2, but increased GLP-1 active. Dietary tuna oil had limited effects at concentration used. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrated that a high fat diet partially attenuates the response to HAM-RS2. The mechanism may center on reduced levels of cecal contents propionate and butyrate and reduced serum PYY. This study demonstrated that with consumption of high fat, HAM-RS2 produces fermentation but results in partial attenuation of effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Charrier
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Roy J. Martin
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Anne M. Raggio
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Felicia Goldsmith
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - M'Famara Goita
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Ian L Brown
- Clover Corporation, Gymea, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - June Zhou
- Laboratory of Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - John Finley
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Holiday A. Durham
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael J. Keenan
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Zhou J, Keenan MJ, Fernandez-Kim SO, Pistell PJ, Ingram DK, Li B, Raggio AM, Shen L, Zhang H, McCutcheon KL, Tulley RT, Blackman MR, Keller JN, Martin RJ. Dietary resistant starch improves selected brain and behavioral functions in adult and aged rodents. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2071-4. [PMID: 23818307 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is a dietary fiber that exerts multiple beneficial effects. The current study explored the effects of dietary RS on selected brain and behavioral functions in adult and aged rodents. Because glucokinase (GK) expression in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and area postrema of the brainstem is important for brain glucose sensing, GK mRNA was measured by brain nuclei microdissection and PCR. Adult RS-fed rats had a higher GK mRNA than controls in both brain nuclei, an indicator of improved brain glucose sensing. Next, we tested whether dietary RS improve selected behaviors in aged mice. RS-fed aged mice exhibited (i) an increased eating responses to fasting, a behavioral indicator of improvement in aged brain glucose sensing; (ii) a longer latency to fall from an accelerating rotarod, a behavioral indicator of improved motor coordination; and (iii) a higher serum active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Then, GLP-1 receptor null (GLP-1RKO) mice were used to test the role of GLP-1 in brain glucose sensing, and they exhibited impaired eating responses to fasting. We conclude that in rodents (i) dietary RS improves two important indicators of brain function: glucose sensing and motor coordination, and (ii) GLP-1 is important in the optimal feeding response to a fast.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Keenan MJ, Janes M, Robert J, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Pelkman C, Tulley R, Goita M, Durham HA, Zhou J, Senevirathne RN. Resistant starch from high amylose maize (HAM-RS2) reduces body fat and increases gut bacteria in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:981-4. [PMID: 23784900 PMCID: PMC4826615 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity after menopause is a health concern for older females. Changes in the microbiota are likely to occur with this condition. Modifying the microbiota with a prebiotic is a plausible strategy for improving the health of menopausal females. DESIGN AND METHODS Resistant starch type 2 from high-amylose maize (HAM-RS2) was used as a prebiotic in rats in a 2 × 2 factorial study with two levels of HAM-RS2 (0 or 29.7% of weight of diet) referred to as energy control (EC) and HAM-RS2 diets, respectively; and two levels of surgery, ovariectomized (OVX) and sham. RESULTS In a 6-week, postsurgery recovery period, OVX rats gained more body weight with consumption of a similar amount of food. Subsequently, consumption of HAM-RS2 versus EC diets resulted in reduced abdominal fat in both OVX and sham rats; but when normalized for disemboweled body weight (body weight minus GI tract), there was no effect of surgery, only reduction with HAM-RS2. Targeted bacterial populations were estimated that are known to ferment HAM-RS2 or metabolize the products of that initial fermentation. OVX and sham rats demonstrated increased bacterial levels with dietary HAM-RS2 for all bacteria. Additionally, culture techniques and qPCR provided similar results. CONCLUSION This study shows that, as expected, OVX increases adiposity. However, contrary to previous effects seen in obese mice, this did not prevent fermentation of HAM-RS2 and consequently, the fat gain associated with OVX was attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Department of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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Keenan MJ, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Brown IL, Birkett A, Newman SS, Skaf J, Hegsted M, Tulley RT, Blair E, Zhou J. High-amylose resistant starch increases hormones and improves structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract: a microarray study. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics 2012; 5:26-44. [PMID: 22516953 PMCID: PMC4030412 DOI: 10.1159/000335319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Type 2 resistant starch from high-amylose maize (HAM-RS2) is associated with increased fermentation, increased expression of proglucagon (gene for GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) genes in the large intestine, and improved health. To determine what other genes are up- or downregulated with feeding of HAM-RS2, a microarray was performed. METHODS Adult, male Sprague Dawley rats were fed one of the following three diets for a 4-week study period: cornstarch control (CC, 3.74 kcal/g), dietary energy density control (EC, 3.27 kcal/g), and 30% HAM-RS2 (RS, 3.27 kcal/g). Rat microarray with ∼27,000 genes and validation of 94 representative genes with multiple qPCR were used to determine gene expression in total RNA extracts of cecal cells from rats. The RS versus EC comparison tested effects of fermentation as energy density of the diet was controlled. RESULTS For the RS versus EC comparison, 86% of the genes were validated from the microarray and the expression indicates promotion of cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Gut hormones GLP-1 and PYY were increased. CONCLUSIONS Gene expression results predict improved structure and function of the GI tract. Production of gut hormones may promote healthy functions beyond the GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Goldsmith F, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Goita M, Williams CC, Pelkman C, Finley J, Keenan MJ. Two prebiotics are effective in promoting fermentation in rats fed a high fat diet. FASEB J 2012. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.830.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhou J, Keenan MJ, Losso JN, Raggio AM, Shen L, McCutcheon KL, Tulley RT, Blackman MR, Martin RJ. Dietary whey protein decreases food intake and body fat in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1568-73. [PMID: 21331067 PMCID: PMC4831908 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of dietary whey protein on food intake, body fat, and body weight gain in rats. Adult (11-12 week) male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three dietary treatment groups for a 10-week study: control. Whey protein (HP-W), or high-protein content control (HP-S). Albumin was used as the basic protein source for all three diets. HP-W and HP-S diets contained an additional 24% (wt/wt) whey or isoflavone-free soy protein, respectively. Food intake, body weight, body fat, respiratory quotient (RQ), plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and leptin were measured during and/or at the end of the study. The results showed that body fat and body weight gain were lower (P < 0.05) at the end of study in rats fed HP-W or HP-S vs. control diet. The cumulative food intake measured over the 10-week study period was lower in the HP-W vs. control and HP-S groups (P < 0.01). Further, HP-W fed rats exhibited lower N(2) free RQ values than did control and HP-S groups (P < 0.01). Plasma concentrations of total GLP-1 were higher in HP-W and HP-S vs. control group (P < 0.05), whereas plasma CCK, PYY, and leptin did not differ among the three groups. In conclusion, although dietary HP-W and HP-S each decrease body fat accumulation and body weight gain, the mechanism(s) involved appear to be different. HP-S fed rats exhibit increased fat oxidation, whereas HP-W fed rats show decreased food intake and increased fat oxidation, which may contribute to the effects of whey protein on body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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Goldsmith F, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Vidrine K, Goita MF, Zhou J, Keenan MJ. A high fat diet attenuates fermentation effects of resistant starches and fructans. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.102.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy J Martin
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jun Zhou
- Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashingtonDC
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Vidrine K, Keenan MJ, Martin RJ, Gao Z, Finley J, McCutcheon KL, Raggio AM, Tulley RT, Greenway F, Zhou J, Ye J. Combining resistant starch and sodium butyrate for reducing body fat in rats. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.95.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | - Zhangua Gao
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Zhou
- Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashingtonDC
| | - Jianping Ye
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
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10
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Badkoobeh D, Tulley R, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Goldsmith F, Zhou J, Keenan MJ. Effects of dietary fat on resistant starch fermentation in mice. FASEB J 2010. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.24.1_supplement.926.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | - Jun Zhou
- Veterans Affairs Medical CenterWashingtonDC
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Tulley RT, Appel MJ, Enos TG, Hegsted M, McCutcheon KL, Zhou J, Raggio AM, Jeffcoat R, Birkett A, Martin RJ, Keenan MJ. Comparative methodologies for measuring metabolizable energy of various types of resistant high amylose corn starch. J Agric Food Chem 2009; 57:8474-8479. [PMID: 19711915 DOI: 10.1021/jf900971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Energy values of high amylose corn starches high in resistant starch (RS) were determined in vivo by two different methodologies. In one study, energy values were determined according to growth relative to glucose-based diets in rats fed diets containing RS(2), heat-treated RS(2) (RS(2)-HT), RS(3), and amylase predigested versions to isolate the RS component. Net metabolizable energy values ranged from 2.68 to 3.06 kcal/g for the RS starches, and 1.91-2.53 kcal/g for the amylase predigested versions. In a second study, rats were fed a diet containing RS(2)-HT and the metabolizable energy value was determined by bomb calorimetry. The metabolizable energy value was 2.80 kcal/g, consistent with Study 1. Thus, high amylose corn based RS ingredients and their amylase predigested equivalents have energy values approximately 65-78% and 47-62% of available starch (Atwater factor), respectively, according to the RS type (Garcia, T. A.; McCutcheon, K. L.; Francis, A. R.; Keenan, M. J.; O'Neil, C. E.; Martin, R. J.; Hegsted, M. The effects of resistant starch on gastrointestinal organs and fecal output in rats. FASEB J. 2003, 17, A335).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Tulley
- Division of Human Nutrition and Food, School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.
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Vidrine K, McCutcheon KL, Zhou J, Raggio AM, Goita M, Lammi‐Keefe C, Tulley RT, Williams C, Martin RJ, Keenan MJ. High protein and resistant starch have a synergistic effect on reducing body fat levels and increasing fermentation in rats. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.563.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roy J Martin
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
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Keenan MJ, Hegsted M, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Newman SS, Brown IL, Birkett A, Tulley RT, Skaf J, Zhou J. Quantitative PCR validation of hormones and growth and immune factors from gene array of rat cecal cells fed resistant starch and control diets. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.109.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
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Vidrine K, Zhou J, McCutcheon KL, Raggio AM, Goita M, Lammi‐Keefe C, Tulley RT, Williams C, Martin RJ, Keenan MJ. Dietary menhaden oil and resistant starch interact to increase fermentation in large intestine. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.719.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roy J Martin
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
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Senevirathne RN, Janes M, Keenan MJ, Martin RJ, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Tulley RT, Zhou J. Dietary resistant starch increases Bifidobacterium spp./ Lactobacillus spp. and Clostridia spp. in the gut of mice fed low and moderate fat diets. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.719.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roy J Martin
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
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Zhou J, Martin RJ, Tulley RT, Raggio AM, Shen L, Lissy E, McCutcheon KL, Keenan MJ. Effects of dietary resistant starch on body fat in three different types of mice. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.212.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
| | - Roy J Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
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McCutcheon KL, Keenan MJ, Zhou J, Tulley RT, Raggio AM, Vidrine K, Goita M, Greenway F, Martin RJ. Dietary resistant starch and acarbose reduce body weight gain in rodents. FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.544.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roy J Martin
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
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Martin RJ, Keenan MJ, Tulley RT, Raggio AM, Shen L, McCutcheon KL, Ingram D, Zhou J. Does dietary resistant starch mimic the effects of food restriction on the aging related co‐morbities? FASEB J 2009. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.23.1_supplement.548.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roy J Martin
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Zhou
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
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Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) is fermentable dietary fiber. Inclusion of RS in the diet causes decreased body fat accumulation and altered gut hormone profile. This study investigates the effect of feeding RS on the neuropeptide messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus and whether vagal afferent nerves are involved. The rats were injected intraperitoneally with capsaicin to destroy unmyelinated small vagal afferent nerve fibers. The cholecystokinin (CCK) food suppression test was performed to validate the effectiveness of the capsaicin treatment. Then, capsaicin-treated rats and vehicle-treated rats were subdivided into a control diet or a RS diet group, and fed the corresponding diet for 65 days. At the end of study, body fat, food intake, plasma peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP) gene expressions were measured. RS-fed rats had decreased body fat, increased POMC expression in the hypothalamic ARC, and elevated plasma PYY and GLP-1 in both the capsaicin and vehicle-treated rats. Hypothalamic NPY and AgRP gene expressions were not changed by RS or capsaicin. Therefore, destruction of the capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves did not alter the response to RS in rats. These findings suggest that dietary RS might reduce body fat through increasing the hypothalamic POMC expression and vagal afferent nerves are not involved in this process. This is the first study to show that dietary RS can alter hypothalamic POMC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shen
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Michael J. Keenan
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Roy J. Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Richard T. Tulley
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Anne M. Raggio
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kathleen L. McCutcheon
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Zhou J, Martin RJ, Tulley RT, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Shen L, Danna SC, Tripathy S, Hegsted M, Keenan MJ. Dietary resistant starch upregulates total GLP-1 and PYY in a sustained day-long manner through fermentation in rodents. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1160-6. [PMID: 18796545 PMCID: PMC2584810 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90637.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) are anti-diabetes/obesity hormones secreted from the gut after meal ingestion. We have shown that dietary-resistant starch (RS) increased GLP-1 and PYY secretion, but the mechanism remains unknown. RS is a fermentable fiber that lowers the glycemic index of the diet and liberates short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through fermentation in the gut. This study investigates the two possible mechanisms by which RS stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion: the effect of a meal or glycemic index, and the effect of fermentation. Because GLP-1 and PYY secretions are stimulated by nutrient availability in the gut, the timing of blood sample collections could influence the outcome when two diets with different glycemic indexes are compared. Thus we examined GLP-1 and PYY plasma levels at various time points over a 24-h period in RS-fed rats. In addition, we tested proglucagon (a precursor to GLP-1) and PYY gene expression patterns in specific areas of the gut of RS-fed rats and in an enteroendocrine cell line following exposure to SCFAs in vitro. Our findings are as follows. 1) RS stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion in a substantial day-long manner, independent of meal effect or changes in dietary glycemia. 2) Fermentation and the liberation of SCFAs in the lower gut are associated with increased proglucagon and PYY gene expression. 3) Glucose tolerance, an indicator of increased active forms of GLP-1 and PYY, was improved in RS-fed diabetic mice. We conclude that fermentation of RS is most likely the primary mechanism for increased endogenous secretions of total GLP-1 and PYY in rodents. Thus any factor that affects fermentation should be considered when dietary fermentable fiber is used to stimulate GLP-1 and PYY secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Robert JA, Zhou J, Raggio AM, Tulley RT, McCutcheon KL, Martin RJ, Keenan MJ. Resistant starch is effective in lowering body fat in a rat model of human endocrine obesity. FASEB J 2008. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.22.1_supplement.702.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Zhou
- NeurobehaviorPennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
| | | | | | | | - Roy J. Martin
- NeurobehaviorPennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA
- LSU AgCenterBaton RougeLA
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22
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Zhou J, Keenan MJ, Raggio AM, Tripathy S, Shen L, McCutcheon KL, Hegsted M, Tulley RT, Martin RJ. Feeding resistant starch maintains elevated plasma levels of GLP‐1 and PYY throughout the day and is associated with decreased body fat in rats. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a158-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- NeurobehaviorPennington Biomedical Research Center6400
| | - Michael J Keenan
- Human Nutrition and FoodLouisiana State University AgCenter, School of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Anne M Raggio
- Human Nutrition and FoodLouisiana State University AgCenter, School of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Sasmita Tripathy
- Human Nutrition and FoodLouisiana State University AgCenter, School of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Li Shen
- Human Nutrition and FoodLouisiana State University AgCenter, School of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Kathleen L McCutcheon
- Human Nutrition and FoodLouisiana State University AgCenter, School of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Maren Hegsted
- Human Nutrition and FoodLouisiana State University AgCenter, School of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Richard T Tulley
- Human Nutrition and FoodLouisiana State University AgCenter, School of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Roy J Martin
- NeurobehaviorPennington Biomedical Research Center6400
- Human Nutrition and FoodLouisiana State University AgCenter, School of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
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Tripathy S, Loebig SL, Raggio AM, Zhou J, McCutcheon KL, Hegsted M, Tulley RT, Martin RJ, Keenan MJ. Resistant starch in a high fat diet produces signaling from the gut, but not reduced body fat. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a364-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasmita Tripathy
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Shayna L Loebig
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Anne M Raggio
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterNeurobehaviorBaton RougeLA70808
| | | | - Maren Hegsted
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Richard T Tulley
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Roy J Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterNeurobehaviorBaton RougeLA70808
| | - Michael J Keenan
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
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Keenan MJ, Zhou J, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Newman SS, Tulley RT, Martin RJ, Brown I, Birkett A, Hegsted M. Feeding resistant starch to rats alters expression of the cecal cell genome compared to control groups. FASEB J 2007. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.21.5.a364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterNeurobehaviorBaton RougeLA70808
| | - Anne M Raggio
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
| | | | - Susan S Newman
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterMolecular Genetics and ThermogensisBaton RougeLA70808
| | - Richard T Tulley
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Roy J Martin
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterNeurobehaviorBaton RougeLA70808
| | - Ian Brown
- National Starch and Chemical Company10 Finderne AvenueBridgewaterNJ08807
| | - Anne Birkett
- National Starch and Chemical Company10 Finderne AvenueBridgewaterNJ08807
| | - Maren Hegsted
- Louisiana State University AgCenterHuman Nutrition and FoodBaton RougeLA70803
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25
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Keenan MJ, Zhou J, McCutcheon KL, Raggio AM, Bateman HG, Todd E, Jones CK, Tulley RT, Melton S, Martin RJ, Hegsted M. Effects of resistant starch, a non-digestible fermentable fiber, on reducing body fat. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:1523-34. [PMID: 17030963 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of energy dilution with non-fermentable and fermentable fibers on abdominal fat and gut peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 expressions, three rat studies were conducted to: determine the effects of energy dilution with a non-fermentable fiber, compare similar fiber levels of fermentable and non-fermentable fibers, and compare similar metabolizable energy dilutions with fermentable and non-fermentable fibers. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES In Study 1, rats were fed one of three diets with different metabolizable energy densities. In Study 2, rats were fed diets with similar fiber levels using high amylose-resistant cornstarch (RS) or methylcellulose. In Study 3, rats were fed diets with a similar dilution of metabolizable energy using cellulose or RS. Measurements included food intake, body weight, abdominal fat, plasma PYY and GLP-1, gastrointestinal tract weights, and gene transcription of PYY and proglucagon. RESULTS Energy dilution resulted in decreased abdominal fat in all studies. In Study 2, rats fed fermentable RS had increased cecal weights and plasma PYY and GLP-1, and increased gene transcription of PYY and proglucagon. In Study 3, RS-fed rats had increased short-chain fatty acids in cecal contents, plasma PYY (GLP-1 not measured), and gene transcription for PYY and proglucagon. DISCUSSION Inclusion of RS in the diet may affect energy balance through its effect as a fiber or a stimulator of PYY and GLP-1 expression. Increasing gut hormone signaling with a bioactive functional food such as RS may be an effective natural approach to the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Human Nutrition and Food Division, School of Human Ecology, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Zhou J, Hegsted M, McCutcheon KL, Keenan MJ, Xi X, Raggio AM, Martin RJ. Peptide YY and proglucagon mRNA expression patterns and regulation in the gut. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:683-9. [PMID: 16741270 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 are important in the control of energy homeostasis and are both secreted from the gut in response to ingested nutrients. However, more studies are needed on nutrient regulation of their gene expression patterns in specific areas of the gut. This study detailed PYY and proglucagon (the gene that encodes glucagon-like peptide-1) gene expression patterns and regulation in the gut. We further examined the regulation of PYY and proglucagon mRNA by a diet containing fermentation-resistant starch (in vivo) and butyrate (in vitro). RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Quantitative real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure PYY and proglucagon gene expression in epithelial cells collected from the duodenum, jejunum, cecum, and colon in normal Sprague-Dawley rats and in rats fed a resistant starch diet for 4 weeks. The same measurements were also performed in primary epithelial cells collected from the cecum and colon of normal rats after the cells were incubated with butyrate for 3 hours. RESULTS The gene expression patterns for PYY and proglucagon are similar to their peptide distribution patterns in the gut. Also, PYY and proglucagon mRNA expression were up-regulated in the cecum and colon in resistant-starch-fed rats. Butyrate increased PYY and proglucagon gene expression in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. DISCUSSION Our data provide evidence that the distal part of the gut has the ability to sense nutrients such as butyrate, resulting in the up-regulation of PYY and proglucagon gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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27
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Keenan MJ, Raggio AM, Zhou J, McCutcheon KL, Tulley RT, Bateman HG, Martin RJ, Hegsted M. Resistant starch reduces abdominal fat more than energy dilution with nonfermentable fiber. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a182-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Anne M Raggio
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center6400 Perkins RdBaton RougeLA70808
| | | | - Richard T Tulley
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | | | - Roy J Martin
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center6400 Perkins RdBaton RougeLA70808
| | - Maren Hegsted
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
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28
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Keenan MJ, Mumphrey SM, Lomax LL, Raggio AM, McCutcheon KL, Zhou J, Bateman HG, Tulley RT, Martin RJ, Hegsted M. Resistant starch and fructooligosaccharide improve gut histology and alter gut signaling in rats. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.4.a182-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Keenan
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Sonya M Mumphrey
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | | | - Anne M Raggio
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | | | - Jun Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center6400 Perkins RdBaton RougeLA70808
| | | | - Richard T Tulley
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
| | - Roy J Martin
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center6400 Perkins RdBaton RougeLA70808
| | - Maren Hegsted
- Human Nutrition and FoodLSU AgCenterSchool of Human EcologyBaton RougeLA70803
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