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Acuna‐Narvaez R, Heuer HW, Forsberg LK, Alward A, Graham D, Fishman A, Nelson KM, Kolander T, Fillit HM, Galpern WR, Hung S, Mason C, Mignon L, Ni YG, Simen A, Tesseur I, Tsai R, Yeh FL, Mester CT, Ljubenkov PA, Rosen HJ, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Pearlman R, Mitic LL. The Neurofilament Surveillance Project (NSP): A biomarker study to sample blood quarterly in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.064959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilary W. Heuer
- Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Anne Alward
- Bluefield Project to Cure FTD San Francisco CA USA
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- Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Howard J. Rosen
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Adam L. Boxer
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Laura L Mitic
- The Bluefield Project to Cure FTD San Francisco CA USA
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
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Banga YB, Lai Y, Kim P, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Rosen HJ, Forsberg LK, Heuer HW, Brushaber D, Appleby B, Biernacka JM, Bordelon YM, Botha H, Bozoki AC, Brannelly P, Dickerson BC, Dickinson S, Dickson DW, Domoto‐Reilly K, Faber K, Fagan AM, Fields JA, Fishman A, Foroud TM, Galasko DR, Gavrilova RH, Gendron TF, Geschwind DH, Ghoshal N, Goldman J, Graff‐Radford J, Graff‐Radford NR, Grant I, Grossman M, Hsiung GR, Huang EJ, Huey ED, Irwin DJ, Jones DT, Kantarci K, Karydas AM, Kaufer D, Knopman DS, Kramer JH, Kremers WK, Kornak J, Kukull WA, Lagone E, Leger GC, Litvan I, Ljubenkov PA, Lucente DE, Mackenzie IR, Manoochehri M, Masdeu JC, McGinnis S, Mendez MF, Miller BL, Miyagawa T, Nelson KM, Onyike CU, Pantelyat A, Pascual B, Pearlman R, Petrucelli L, Pottier CP, Rademakers R, Ramos EM, Rankin KP, Rascovsky K, Rexach JE, Ritter A, Roberson ED, Rojas JC, Sabbagh MN, Salmon DP, Savica R, Seeley WW, Staffaroni AM, Syrjanen JA, Tartaglia MC, Tatton N, Taylor JC, Toga AW, Weintraub S, Wheaton D, Wong B, Wszolek Z. Gearing up for the future: Exploring facilitators and barriers to inform clinical trial design in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Alzheimers Dement 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.052495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin B Banga
- Heritage University Toppenish WA USA
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences Yakima WA USA
| | - Yujung Lai
- Heritage University Toppenish WA USA
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences Yakima WA USA
| | - Priscilla Kim
- Heritage University Toppenish WA USA
- Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences Yakima WA USA
| | | | - Adam L Boxer
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Hilary W Heuer
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kelley Faber
- Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Washington University School of Medicine Saint Louis MO USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel H Geschwind
- University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Ian Grant
- Northwestern University Chicago IL USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Ging‐Yuek Robin Hsiung
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Colombia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Edward D Huey
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center at Columbia University New York NY USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | | | | | - Anna M Karydas
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | | | | | - Joel H Kramer
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - John Kornak
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Walter A Kukull
- National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | | | | | - Irene Litvan
- University of California San Diego San Diego CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mario F Mendez
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) San Francisco CA USA
| | | | | | - Chiadi U Onyike
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Alex Pantelyat
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore MD USA
| | - Belen Pascual
- Houston Methodist Neurological Institute Houston TX USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Katherine P Rankin
- Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Katya Rascovsky
- Penn FTD Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Jessica E Rexach
- University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Aaron Ritter
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health Las Vegas NV USA
| | | | - Julio C Rojas
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health Las Vegas NV USA
| | - David P Salmon
- Shiley‐Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center La Jolla CA USA
| | | | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | | | | | - Maria Carmela Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Jack C Taylor
- University of California, San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - Arthur W Toga
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago IL USA
| | | | - Benjamin Wong
- National Neuroscience Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital Singapore Singapore
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Fields JA, Boeve BF, Forsberg LK, Louis EKS, Kraft RA, Nelson KM, Timm PC, Teigen LN, Avidan AY, Rivera A, Postuma RB, Gagnon J, Pelletier A, Howell MJ, Schenck CH, De Kam J, Ryberg KJ, Summers RL, Bliwise D, Huddleston D, Wood‐Siverio C, Videnovic A, Stauder M, Hersh S, Criswell SR, McLeland JS, Ju Y. The North American Prodromal Synucleinopathy (NAPS) Consortium: Baseline neuropsychological findings in 136 participants. Alzheimers Dement 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.044834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alon Y. Avidan
- University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA
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- Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis MO USA
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Eaton JE, Nelson KM, Gossard AA, Carey EJ, Tabibian JH, Lindor KD, LaRusso NF. Efficacy and safety of curcumin in primary sclerosing cholangitis: an open label pilot study. Scand J Gastroenterol 2019; 54:633-639. [PMID: 31131678 PMCID: PMC7895452 DOI: 10.1080/00365521.2019.1611917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Goals: To assess if curcumin improves markers of cholestasis among subjects with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Background: PSC is a chronic cholestatic liver disorder for which there is no established medical therapy. Preclinical data suggest curcumin may have a beneficial effect in PSC. Study: Subjects with PSC and a serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) greater than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) received curcumin 750 mg orally twice daily for 12 weeks in an open-label pilot study. The primary composite endpoint was proportion of subjects who had a reduction of SAP to less than 1.5 times ULN or a 40% reduction in SAP between baseline and week 12. Secondary endpoints included changes in serum aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, Mayo PSC risk score and self-reported health questionnaires. Results: Two-hundred and fifty-eight patients with PSC were screened and 15 subjects were enrolled and all completed 12 weeks of therapy. The most common reason for subject exclusion was SAP less than 1.5 times the ULN (n = 98). Curcumin did not result in a significant median (interquartile range) change in SAP times the ULN [3.43 (2.10-4.32) to 2.46 (1.89-4.41), p = .36], and only 20% (3/15) subjects achieved the primary endpoint. Similarly, there was no significant change in the secondary endpoints. There were no serious adverse events reported. Conclusion: While curcumin was well tolerated, it was not associated with significant improvements in cholestasis or symptoms. Moreover, this study also illustrates that a low SAP is common among those with PSC. Abbreviations PSC: Primary sclerosing cholangitis; IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; CCA: cholangiocarcinoma; SAP: serum alkaline phosphatase; ULN: upper limit of normal; UDCA: ursodeoxycholic acid; CRP: c-reactive protein; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; INR: international normalized ratio; FIS: fatigue impact scale; AE: adverse events; PREsTo: PSC risk estimate tool; IQR: interquartile range; ELF: enhanced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Eaton
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin M. Nelson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrea A. Gossard
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Carey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - James H Tabibian
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Sylmar, CA, USA
| | - Keith D. Lindor
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Arizona State University College of Health Solutions, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Callegari LS, Szarka J, Tartaglione E, Magnusson S, Nelson KM, Arterburn DE, Zephyrin L, Borrero S. “Oh my God, my doctor is going to think I’m a whore”: how experiences of gender-based stigma in health care shape women veterans’ reproductive counseling needs. Contraception 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2017.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody developed by Genentech as a treatment for breast cancer and gastric cancer when the cancer cells overexpress HER2, a membrane-bound receptor activated by epidermal growth factor. Now marketed by Roche under the trade name Herceptin, trastuzumab has been readily adopted as treatment for some of the most invasive types of breast cancer. The cost for Herceptin is over $50,000 for a full course of treatment. With the development of regulatory pathways for biosimilar products, and the imminent expiry of patents covering Herceptin, several companies have developed biosimilar trastuzumab products. As biosimilar manufacturers look for opportunities to market biosimilar trastuzumab products, Roche has positioned itself to protect its market by developing additional anti-HER2 products complementary to Herceptin. The advent of competition from biosimilars should bring some opportunity for cost savings for patients, as well as incentive for continued advancement in development of better treatments to fight breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Nelson
- Duane Morris LLP , 190 S LaSalle St, Suite 3700, Chicago, IL 60603 , USA +1 312 499 6770 ;
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Abstract
A 5-month-old, female, Aberdeen Angus heifer presented to the veterinary medical teaching hospital for evaluation of slowly progressive hindlimb ataxia. The calf was clinically normal until 4 months of age, following routine pregnancy and delivery. Neurologic examination revealed marked symmetric spastic hindlimb paraparesis. Thoracolumbar radiographs and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were unremarkable. A presumptive diagnosis of T3-L3 myelopathy was made, and neurologic status remained static for 3 months with broad-spectrum antibiotic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory therapy. Additional diagnostic tests were refused, and a necropsy was performed following euthanasia. A moderately well delineated, reddish-tan, soft mass 18 mm in diameter replaced 80% of the fourth lumbar spinal cord segment. Histologic examination revealed two distinct features: undifferentiated, primitive, polygonal-to-round cells with typical morphologic characteristics of primitive neuroectoderm; and interspersed areas containing myelinated axons and cells with neuronal differentiation. Immunohistochemical examination confirmed the presence of primitive neuroepithelium and cells with neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Steinberg
- The Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1102, USA.
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Soboll G, Nelson KM, Leuthner ES, Clark RJ, Drape R, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Olsen CW, Lunn DP. Mucosal co-administration of cholera toxin and influenza virus hemagglutinin-DNA in ponies generates a local IgA response. Vaccine 2003; 21:3081-92. [PMID: 12798652 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00161-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that equine influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) DNA vaccination protects ponies from challenge infection, and induces protective IgGa and IgGb responses. However, this approach does not induce a nasal IgA response. The objective of this study was to examine the value of cholera toxin (CT) administration as an adjuvant for intranasal HA DNA vaccination, and to measure protection 3 months after DNA vaccination. After an immunogenic dose of CT was determined, ponies were immunized on two occasions by intranasal administration of HA DNA and cholera toxin, or HA DNA alone. Ponies in both groups received two additional HA DNA particle mediated vaccinations at skin and mucosal sites. Antibody responses, and protection from challenge infection 3 months after the last vaccination were studied and compared to an influenza virus naive control group. Ponies in both vaccination groups produced virus-specific IgG antibodies in serum following vaccination and showed clinical protection from challenge infection 3 months after the last vaccination. Co-administration of CT plus HA DNA vaccination induced a nasal IgA response. In addition, analysis of antibody titers in nasal secretions indicated local production of nasal IgGb, which was amplified by CT administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Soboll
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Coombs
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1102, USA
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Nelson KM, Young GM, Miller VL. Identification of a locus involved in systemic dissemination of Yersinia enterocolitica. Infect Immun 2001; 69:6201-8. [PMID: 11553561 PMCID: PMC98752 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.10.6201-6208.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2001] [Accepted: 06/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A putative LysR-type transcriptional activator, Hre20, was identified previously in an in vivo expression technology screen designed to identify factors which are expressed early during infection by Yersinia enterocolitica (G. M. Young and V. L. Miller, Mol. Microbiol. 25:319-328, 1997). An insertion in hre20, now designated rscR, resulted in increased splenic dissemination of bacteria during infection in a BALB/c mouse model. A nonpolar mutation was generated in rscR, and examination of this strain in the BALB/c mouse model demonstrated that the mutation in rscR was responsible for the increased dissemination to the spleen that was seen in the original experiments. RscR is homologous to the LysR family of transcriptional regulators; thus, a screen was undertaken to identify genes regulated by RscR. A strain containing an insertion in the chromosomal rscR gene and carrying rscR on a plasmid under the control of the inducible araBAD promoter was mutagenized with an mTn5Km-2 transposon containing a promoterless lacZY. Eighteen insertions were identified which appeared to respond to levels of RscR, and these were classified into four allelic groups based on Southern blot hybridization analysis. Representative members were sequenced from three allelic groups. Sequencing revealed insertions in an ORF with no known homologues, a homologue of OmpF of Serratia marcescens, and a locus (designated rscBAC) with similarity to the hmwABC locus of Haemophilus influenzae. The hmwABC locus promotes adherence of H. influenzae to host cells (S. J. Barenkamp and J. W. St. Geme III, Infect. Immun. 62:3320-3328, 1994; J. W. St. Geme III, S. Falkow, and S. J. Barenkamp, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2875-2879, 1993). A strain containing a deletion mutant of rscA, the hmwA homologue, exhibits increased splenic dissemination of bacteria during infection in a BALB/c mouse model, similar to the rscR mutant. This suggests that the phenotype of an rscR mutant is due to the loss of RscA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Abstract
This paper summarizes key elements that support the success of clinical pharmacy services to continuously improve the quality of drug therapy. Five drivers identify a successful model for continuously demonstrating the value of clinical pharmacy services: knowing the organizational culture; providing leadership; recruiting pharmacy sponsors; showing tenacity; and acting with management courage. Difficulties encountered when communicating the value of clinical pharmacy services within a health care organization usually arise because of failure to include one of these drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Helling
- Kaiser Permanente of Colorado, Aurora 80011, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Scharmer
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1102, USA
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Kuncl N, Nelson KM. Getting the skinny on lipid-lowering drugs. Nursing 2000; 30:52-3. [PMID: 10983101 DOI: 10.1097/00152193-200030070-00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kuncl
- Kaiser Permanente, Colorado Region, Denver, USA
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Nelson KM. Making a difference in hypertension. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000; 57:127. [PMID: 10688240 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/57.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nelson KM, Schram BR, McGregor MW, Sheoran AS, Olsen CW, Lunn DP. Local and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to equine influenza virus infection versus conventional vaccination. Vaccine 1998; 16:1306-13. [PMID: 9682395 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(98)00009-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inactivated alum-adjuvanted conventional equine influenza virus vaccines are of poor efficacy and offer limited short-term protection against infection. In sharp contrast, natural infection with equine influenza virus confers long-term protective immunity. In order to identify the protective immune responses to equine influenza virus, the influenza virus-specific IgA, IgGa, IgGb, IgGc and IgG(T) antibody responses in nasal secretions and serum induced by natural infection and a commercial vaccine were studied by ELISA. Two groups of four influenza-naive ponies were established. In the natural infection group, ponies received 10(8.5) EID50 of A/equine/Ky/1/81 by intranasal instillation, were allowed to recover, and then were rechallenged 100 days later. All four ponies exhibited clinical signs of influenza virus infection and viral shedding following primary infection, but were completely protected from challenge infection. Antibody responses to primary infection were characterized by nasal IgA and serum IgGa and IgGb responses. Ponies in the conventional vaccine group received a commercially available vaccine by intramuscular injection followed by a booster injection 3 weeks later. Challenge infection 100 days after vaccination resulted in clinical signs of infection and viral shedding. Antibody responses to vaccination were restricted to serum IgG(T) responses only. These results demonstrate that the protective immunity generated by natural equine influenza virus infection is associated with a mucosal IgA immune response and humoral IgGa and IgGb sub-isotype responses, and that this pattern of response is not generated by conventional vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Abstract
An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred at a veterinary hospital, involving multiple species, including humans. The index case was an infected dairy calf that presented with diarrhea. Several other cases of cryptosporidial diarrhea subsequently developed during a 1-month period. The key features of this outbreak were the multiple species affected, the increased morbidity in immunocompromised neonates, and the failure of implemented control measures to contain the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Konkle
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
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Rondeau JA, Hibbert ML, Nelson KM. Combined tubal and cornual pregnancy in a patient without risk factors. A case report. J Reprod Med 1997; 42:675-7. [PMID: 9350026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectopic pregnancy is the leading cause of pregnancy-related death during the first trimester. Bilateral ectopic pregnancy is a rare phenomenon, varying in frequency between 1 per 725 and 1 per 1,580 ectopic pregnancies. We report the case of a bilateral ectopic pregnancy (ruptured right cornual and intact left ampullary) in a patient with no known risk factors for extrauterine gestation. CASE A 33-year-old, black woman, gravida 2, para 1001, presented at approximately 7 weeks' gestation with the acute onset of abdominal pain. She had a rigid surgical abdomen but was hemodynamically stable. Her beta-human chorionic gonadotropin level was 6,398 mIU/mL, and transvaginal ultrasound failed to reveal an intrauterine gestation, adnexal mass or cul-de-sac fluid. Findings at laparotomy included a 500-mL hemoperitoneum and a ruptured right cornual and intact left ampullary pregnancy. Pathology of both specimens confirmed the presence of chorionic villi. CONCLUSION Although rare, heterotopic pregnancies can occur even in patients without risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rondeau
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington 98431, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kuncl
- Kaiser Parmanente Lakewood, Colo, USA
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Olsen CW, McGregor MW, Dybdahl-Sissoko N, Schram BR, Nelson KM, Lunn DP, Macklin MD, Swain WF, Hinshaw VS. Immunogenicity and efficacy of baculovirus-expressed and DNA-based equine influenza virus hemagglutinin vaccines in mice. Vaccine 1997; 15:1149-56. [PMID: 9269061 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(96)00309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Two fundamentally different approaches to vaccination of BALB/c mice with the hemagglutinin (HA) of A/Equine/Kentucky/1/81 (H3N8) (Eq/KY) were evaluated, that is, administration of HA protein vs administration of HA-encoding DNA. Each vaccine was tested for its immunogenicity and ability to provide protection from homologous virus challenge. HA protein was synthesized in vitro by infection of Sf21 insect cells with a recombinant baculovirus. Intranasal administration of this vaccine induced virus-specific antibodies, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), but did not induce virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies. This route of administration provided partial protection from virus challenge, but interestingly, this protection was completely abrogated, rather than enhanced, by co-administration of 10 micrograms of cholera holotoxin. As a second approach, mice were directly vaccinated in vivo by Accell gene gun delivery of plasmid DNA encoding the Eq/KY HA gene. This approach induced VN antibodies as well as virus-specific ELISA antibodies. When two doses of DNA vaccine were administered 3 weeks apart, mice were not protected from challenge, although they cleared the infection more rapidly than control mice. However, when the second DNA vaccination was delayed until 9 weeks after the first, 9 out of 10 vaccinated mice were completely protected. These results indicate that the time between initial and booster DNA vaccinations may be an important variable in determining DNA vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Olsen
- Department of Pathobiological Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA
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Nelson KM, Lieberman JA. Health care fraud and abuse. What physician executives need to know. Physician Exec 1997; 23:27-9. [PMID: 10164972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Fraud and abuse, which can occur in all industries, also exist in the health care industry. This problem is compounded by the reality that "American medicine, although undergoing evolution, now faces changes of a magnitude that has never before been encountered." These changes are creating new realities for physician executives and also new challenges. As there are changes in business practices, there will be changes in how fraud occurs in health care. Physician executives need to be sensitive to the possibility of fraud and abuse as an unwanted component in medical losses in managed care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Palmetto Government Benefits Administrators, Columbia, SC, USA
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Nelson KM, Yeager BF. What is the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in congestive heart failure and after myocardial infarction? Ann Pharmacother 1996; 30:986-93. [PMID: 8876861 DOI: 10.1177/106002809603000914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the controversies surrounding the choice of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, and the timing, dosage, and duration of ACE inhibitor therapy for congestive heart failure (CHF) and after myocardial infarction (MI). The beneficial effects of ACE inhibition in patients with CHF and after MI are reviewed. Human clinical trials are reviewed and their clinical implications are discussed. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE searches (1985-1995) identified human clinical trials and review articles. DATA EXTRACTION Landmark human clinical trials with morbidity and mortality end points were included. The validity of the study data were assessed on the basis of study methods, population characteristics, and statistical power. DATA SYNTHESIS ACE inhibitors exert beneficial effects in patients with CHF by hemodynamic and neurohormonal mechanisms. The attenuation of ventricular remodeling that occurs with ACE inhibition does not fully explain the results of clinical trials in patients after MI. Routine determination of ejection fraction to guide ACE inhibitor therapy is not as important as the patient's clinical status. Clinicians should titrate the chosen ACE inhibitor on the basis of hemodynamic response to target doses used in major clinical trials. Because the beneficial effects of ACE inhibitors appear to be a class effect, choice of an agent should include cost considerations and the results of clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS ACE inhibitor reduce morbidity and mortality in selected CHF and post-MI patients. Patients with symptomatic CHF benefit most from ACE inhibitor therapy, and it should be continued indefinitely. Treatment effects in asymptomatic patients are delayed. The role of ACE inhibitor therapy in preventing morbidity and morality in asymptomatic patients with preserved ventricular function requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Kaiser Permanente, Lake wood, CO 80226, USA
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24
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Nelson KM, Talbert RL. Drug-related hospital admissions. Pharmacotherapy 1996; 16:701-7. [PMID: 8840382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To describe the frequency and pattern of drug-related morbidity that results in hospital admission and the extent to which these admissions are avoidable, we prospectively reviewed the charts of 452 consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit or internal medicine service of a university-affiliated, county hospital. Of these, 73 (16.2%) were admitted due to drug-related morbidity. Forty patients (54.8%) experienced drug therapy failure, 24 (32.9%) had an adverse reaction, and 9 (12.3%) had overdoses. Thirty-six (49.3%) of these admissions were definitely avoidable. Compared with patients admitted for other reasons, these patients were more likely to report noncompliance with drug therapy (65.8% vs 15.7%, p < 0.0001) and were taking more drugs (p = 0.0037). We conclude that approximately half of drug-related hospital admissions are avoidable. Targeting patients taking several drugs and with a history of noncompliance may reduce this problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas, Austin, USA
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25
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Gaffney EV, Venz-Williamson TL, Hutchinson G, Biggs PJ, Nelson KM. Relationship of standardized mitotic indices to other prognostic factors in breast cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996; 120:473-7. [PMID: 8639051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between mitotic index (MI), calculated from direct microscopic counts, and other prognostic features in breast cancer. DESIGN Mitotic index was based on direct microscopic observations of mitotic figures in 10 consecutive microscopic fields, and the average cell number was determined by counts of population density in three of those fields. Tumor grade and type were established from tissue sections, whereas metastases were detected in lymph node biopsy, chest roentgenograms, and bone scan. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) levels were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS The MI for 242 patients ranged from 0.2 to 37.6, with a mean of 5.8 mitoses per 1000 cells. More than 85% of the tumors with an MI below 1.0 were diploid and contained an S-phase fraction of 6.7% or less. In contrast, more than 75% of tumors with an MI above 5.0 were aneuploid with more than 6.7% of cells in S-phase. There was an inverse relationship between ER and PgR status and MI. Eighty percent of tumors with an MI less than 1.0 were both ER and PgR positive while only 25% of those with an MI above 10.0 were both ER and PgR positive. Receptor-positive tumors with high S-phase and MI values had ER and PgR levels below 100 fmol/mg. CONCLUSIONS Lower MI values calculated from direct cell counts are correlated with negative node status, diploid DNA content, low S-phase fraction, and positive receptor status. Thus, there is a significant relationship between objective MI values and several other factors that predict the probability of breast tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Gaffney
- Deaconess Research Institute, Billings, MT 59102, USA
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26
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Long CL, Nelson KM, Geiger JW, Theus WL, Clark JA, Laws HL, Blakemore WS. Effect of amino acid infusion on glucose production in trauma patients. J Trauma 1996; 40:335-41. [PMID: 8601845 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199603000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between precursor supply and hepatic glucose output (HGO) was examined in 8 control subjects and 12 trauma patients after a fasting period of approximately 60 hours. Glucose kinetics were measured with a primed-constant infusion of [U-14C]glucose and [6-3H]glucose. The basal rate of HGO was 5.45 +/- 0.22 micromol x kg-1 x min-1 in the controls and 13.16 +/- 0.76 micromol x kg-1 x min-1 following trauma (p < 0.001). Four hours after amino acid infusion of 1.3 g x kg-1 x 24 h-1, HGO in the controls was unchanged at 5.35 +/- 0.22 micromol x kg-1 x min-1 but it had decreased to 11.71 +/- 0.67 micromol x kg-1 after trauma (p < 0.001). We conclude that increasing the supply of gluconeogenic precursors does not stimulate HGO in normal subjects after fasting or after severe trauma and that factors other than to availability of amino acids are responsible for the enhanced rate of HGO in trauma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Long
- Department of Medical and Surgical Education, Carraway Methodist Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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27
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Abstract
A 24-hour-old Hackney ony filly developed signs of weakness, depression and a poor suck reflex, with harsh lung sounds over both fields, and a 48-hour-old Arabian colt from a normal birth which had sucked vigorously developed loose stools and became depressed, weak and anorectic. Both foals had serum IgG concentrations greater than 800 mg/dl, but each had a severe neutropenia with a left shift, and blood cultures from both of them yielded Actinobacillus suis. The A suis isolates had different antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and, in the case of the Arabian, the isolate was resistant to commonly used broad spectrum antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706-1102 , USA
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28
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Long CL, Nelson KM, DiRienzo DB, Weis JK, Stahl RD, Broussard TD, Theus WL, Clark JA, Pinson TW, Geiger JW. Glutamine supplementation of enteral nutrition: impact on whole body protein kinetics and glucose metabolism in critically ill patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19:470-6. [PMID: 8748361 DOI: 10.1177/0148607195019006470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition has been reported to attenuate the early postoperative reduction in intracellular glutamine and improve protein synthesis and nitrogen balance. We investigated the effect of an enteral formula or protein and glucose kinetics and nitrogen balance in trauma patients. METHODS The enteral formula (AlitraQ) provided a mean intake of 0.35 g of glutamine/kg body weight per day to 16 trauma patients and was compared with an isonitrogenous formula that provided a mean of 0.05 g of glutamine/kg body weight per day in 14 trauma patients. After 3 days of feeding, protein kinetics were measured using a 4-hour prime-continuous infusion of L-[1-13C]leucine. Glucose kinetics were measured during the same time interval using prime-continuous infusion of [U-14C]- and [6-3H]glucose. RESULTS Nitrogen balance was not significantly different in the two groups. There were no significant differences in protein turnover, synthesis, and breakdown between the two groups. There were no significant differences in glucose turnover, oxidation, recycling, and percent of VCO2 from glucose oxidation between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Glutamine-enriched enteral formulas are well tolerated by the severely injured patient but provide no additional nutritional advantage compared with standard enteral formulas during the first 3 days of feeding immediately after trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Long
- Department of Research, Carraway Methodist Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama 35234, USA
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29
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Weinsier RL, Nelson KM, Hensrud DD, Darnell BE, Hunter GR, Schutz Y. Metabolic predictors of obesity. Contribution of resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, and fuel utilization to four-year weight gain of post-obese and never-obese women. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:980-5. [PMID: 7883999 PMCID: PMC441430 DOI: 10.1172/jci117807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This prospective study was designed to identify abnormalities of energy expenditure and fuel utilization which distinguish post-obese women from never-obese controls. 24 moderately obese, postmenopausal, nondiabetic women with a familial predisposition to obesity underwent assessments of body composition, fasting and postprandial energy expenditure, and fuel utilization in the obese state and after weight loss (mean 12.9 kg) to a post-obese, normal-weight state. The post-obese women were compared with 24 never-obese women of comparable age and body composition. Four years later, without intervention, body weight was reassessed in both groups. Results indicated that all parameters measured in the post-obese women were similar to the never-obese controls: mean resting energy expenditure, thermic effect of food, and fasting and postprandial substrate oxidation and insulin-glucose patterns. Four years later, post-obese women regained a mean of 10.9 kg while control subjects remained lean (mean gain 1.7 kg) (P < 0.001 between groups). Neither energy expenditure nor fuel oxidation correlated with 4-yr weight changes, whereas self-reported physical inactivity was associated with greater weight regain. The data suggest that weight gain in obesity-prone women may be due to maladaptive responses to the environment, such as physical inactivity or excess energy intake, rather than to reduced energy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Weinsier
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294
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30
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Abstract
Evolutionary algorithms, including evolutionary programming and evolution strategies, have often been applied to real-valued function optimization problems. These algorithms generally operate directly on the real values to be optimized, in contrast with genetic algorithms which usually operate on a separately coded transformation of the objective variables. Evolutionary algorithms often rely on a second-level optimization of strategy parameters, tunable variables that in part determine how each parent will generate offspring. Two alternative methods for performing this second-level optimization have been proposed and are compared across a series of function optimization tasks. The results appear to favor the approach offered originally in evolution strategies, although the applicability of the findings may be limited to the case where each parameter of a parent solution is perturbed independently of all others.
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31
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Abstract
To elucidate the effect of total peripheral parenteral nutrition (TPPN) on protein kinetics following injury, we compared the whole-body leucine kinetic response using a primed-constant infusion of L-[1-14C]leucine in 33 elderly patients (aged 82 +/- 1.0 years) following hip fracture and 33 healthy elderly control subjects (aged 75 +/- 0.7 years). Following a 36-hour fast, leucine release from protein breakdown was 1.2 +/- 0.10 mumol.kg-1.min-1 and leucine incorporation into protein was 0.94 +/- 0.095 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in control subjects, and in injured subjects leucine release from protein breakdown was 1.3 +/- 0.14 mumol.kg-1.min-1 and leucine incorporation into protein was 0.97 +/- 0.092 mumol.kg-1.min-1. Control and injured subjects were then administered TPPN (protein, 1.5 g amino acids.kg-1; carbohydrate, 10.0 kcal.kg-1; lipid, 15.0 kcal.kg-1) for 24 hours, and leucine kinetics were redetermined. Compared with protein kinetics in the fasting state, leucine release from protein decreased to 1.0 +/- 0.14 mumol.kg-1.min-1 and leucine incorporation into protein increased to 1.16 +/- 0.097 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in control subjects. Injured patients also responded to TPPN with a decrease in leucine release from protein breakdown (1.12 +/- 0.156 mumol.kg-1.min-1) and an increase in leucine incorporation into protein (1.29 +/- 0.164 mumol.kg-1.min-1). These results indicate that in a geriatric population, whole-body leucine kinetics following hip fracture and the anabolic response to TPPN are not significantly altered from those of uninjured subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Department of Research, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, AL
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32
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Nelson KM, Talbert RL. Preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994; 51:1175-83. [PMID: 8042636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Published and ongoing studies of drug therapy for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation (AF) are discussed, and updated recommendations are provided. Stroke is the most common complication of nonrheumatic AF; there are more than 75,000 such strokes each year in North America. Nonrheumatic AF increases the risk of stroke almost sixfold. Emboli from clots that form in the left atrium because of ineffective atrial contraction and turbulent blood flow may cause most of these strokes. The results of six randomized trials of antithrombotic therapy in patients with nonrheumatic AF are now available. In almost all of these trials, warfarin therapy significantly reduced the risk of stroke. One trial showed that aspirin significantly reduced the risk of stroke, but another trial did not support that finding. Ongoing trials are addressing the efficacy and risks of aspirin plus low-dose warfarin and very low intensity anticoagulation. Overall, the data suggest that patients who are younger than 75 years of age and who lack risk factors can be adequately protected against stroke with aspirin. Patients younger than 75 years who have risk factors but no contraindications to warfarin should receive warfarin. Patients older than 75 years appear to benefit from anticoagulation therapy, but this benefit is offset by the higher risk of bleeding complications. Lone AF is best managed with aspirin. Warfarin is superior to aspirin as a secondary intervention in patients with a recent thromboembolic event. Strategies for preventing stroke in patients with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation continue to be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin
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33
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Nelson KM, Scarratt WK, Moon ML, Robertson JL. What is your diagnosis? Radiographic diagnosis--dorsal subluxation of cervical vertebrae 2 and 3. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1994; 204:47-8. [PMID: 8125819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Roush
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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35
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Abstract
Understanding the extent to which changes in whole-body protein kinetics contribute to the commonly observed weight loss and decrease in lean body mass (LBM) in patients with cancer is currently obscured by conflicting reports in the literature. While several studies have reported significant increases in whole-body protein turnover (WBPT), synthesis (WBPS), and catabolism (WBPC) in patients with cancer, others have failed to confirm these observations. We have measured whole-body protein kinetics using a primed constant infusion of 15N-glycine in a homogenous group of 32 newly diagnosed advanced lung cancer patients with comparable staging and before any antineoplastic treatment, and in 19 normal healthy volunteer controls. Urinary urea and ammonia 15N enrichment was determined in individually collected urine samples obtained during the 24-hour study period and averaged for the determination of protein kinetics. During the last 6 hours of urine collection, samples were obtained hourly for determination of 15N plateau enrichment. Twenty-four-hour urinary nitrogen and creatinine excretion was determined from 24-hour pooled urine samples. Resting metabolic expenditure (RME) was determined by indirect calorimetry and LBM was estimated from deuterium oxide dilution. Age body weight, LBM, RME, and 24-hour urinary nitrogen excretion did not differ between cancer and control subjects. WBPT, WBPC, and WBPS (g/kg/d) were significantly increased in lung cancer patients. However, when the same results were expressed either per kilogram LBM or per gram 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion, WBPT, WBPC, and WBPS rates were not statistically different from those of the controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Richards
- Department of Research, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, AL 35211
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36
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Abstract
On the basis of literature values, the relationship between fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and resting energy expenditure [REE (kJ/24 h)] was determined for 213 adults (86 males, 127 females). The objectives were to develop a mathematical model to predict REE based on body composition and to evaluate the contribution of FFM and FM to REE. The following regression equations were derived: 1) REE = 1265 + (93.3 x FFM) (r2 = 0.727, P < 0.001); 2) REE = 1114 + (90.4 x FFM) + (13.2 x FM) (R2 = 0.743, P < 0.001); and 3) REE = (108 x FFM) + (16.9 x FM) (R2 = 0.986, P < 0.001). FM explained only a small part of the variation remaining after FFM was accounted for. The models that include both FFM and FM are useful in examination of the changes in REE that occur with a change in both the FFM and FM. To account for more of the variability in REE, FFM will have to be divided into organ mass and skeletal muscle mass in future analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Department of Research, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, AL 35211
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37
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Richards EW, Long CL, Nelson KM, Pinkston JA, Navari RM, Geiger JW, Gandy RE, Blakemore WS. Glucose metabolism in advanced lung cancer patients. Nutrition 1992; 8:245-51. [PMID: 1498456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Although it is generally accepted that altered nutrient intake and metabolism are responsible for the progressive loss of body weight observed in most advanced cancer patients, there is still considerable controversy regarding the contributory role of changes in both resting energy expenditure (REE) and glucose metabolism. Several studies suggest increases in both REE and glucose appearance in advanced cancer patients compared with healthy control subjects, whereas others revealed no changes in either metabolic parameter. We measured REE with indirect calorimetry and glucose kinetics with a primed constant infusion of D-[U-14C]glucose and D-[6-3H]glucose over the last 4 h of a 24-h fast in 32 advanced lung cancer patients immediately after diagnosis and before any chemotherapy or radiotherapy and in 19 healthy volunteer subjects. REE for the lung cancer group was not significantly different from that in the control group (1535.8 +/- 78.0 vs. 1670.2 +/- 53.9 kcal/day, respectively, p = 0.151). When REE was expressed as a function of body weight, or lean body mass, no differences between the two groups were observed. The rate of glucose appearance was 9.88 +/- 0.36 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in the cancer patients and 10.15 +/- 0.53 mumol.kg-1.min-1 in control subjects (p = 0.667), of which 50.4 versus 58.2%, respectively, was oxidized. The amount of glucose recycled was 13.54 +/- 1.22% in cancer patients and 15.08 +/- 0.99% in control subjects (p = 0.394). The amount of VCO2 from direct oxidation of glucose was 23.39 +/- 0.74% in cancer patients and 27.45 +/- 1.36% in control subjects (p = 0.006).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Richards
- Department of Research, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, Alabama
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38
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Nelson KM, Weinsier RL, James LD, Darnell B, Hunter G, Long CL. Effect of weight reduction on resting energy expenditure, substrate utilization, and the thermic effect of food in moderately obese women. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55:924-33. [PMID: 1570799 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/55.5.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not known whether the decrease in the thermic effect of food (TEF) in obesity is a consequence of obesity or a factor contributing to the development of obesity. The resting energy expenditure (REE) of 24 obese, nondiabetic, postmenopausal women was 5481 +/- 110 kJ/24 h (1310 +/- 26.4 kcal/24 h). After weight loss (12.7 +/- 0.45 kg) the REE was significantly decreased (4858 +/- 94 kJ/24 h, or 1161 +/- 22.4 kcal/24 h) and equivalent to the REE of 4866 +/- 119 kJ/24 h (1163 +/- 28.5 kcal/24 h) in 24 never-obese, postmenopausal women. The TEF, expressed as a percentage of the calories ingested, was 8.2 +/- 0.50% for obese subjects, 8.7 +/- 0.57% for postobese subjects, and 9.8 +/- 0.54% for never-obese subjects. Compared with never-obese subjects, the TEF was significantly reduced in obese subjects (P = 0.043) and remained unchanged after weight loss (P = 0.341). These findings indicate that the lower TEF in the obese subjects is uncorrected by weight loss, and thus it is a contributor to obesity rather than a consequence of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Department of Research, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, AL 35211
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39
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Abstract
Two studies were performed to investigate the association between body fat mass and fat oxidation. The first, a cross-sectional study of 106 obese women maintaining stable body weight, showed that these two variables were significantly correlated (r = 0.56, P less than 0.001) and the regression coefficient indicated that a 10-kg change in fat mass corresponded to a change in fat oxidation of approximately 20 g/d. The second, a prospective study, validated this estimate and quantifies the long-term adaptations in fat oxidation resulting from body fat loss. Twenty-four moderately obese women were studied under controlled dietary conditions at stable weight before and after mean weight and fat losses of 12.7 and 9.8 kg, respectively. The reduction in fat oxidation was identical to that predicted by the above regression. We conclude that changes in fat mass significantly affect fat oxidation and that this process may contribute to the long-term regulation of fat and energy balance in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Schutz
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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40
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Abstract
The current study was undertaken to evaluate the contribution of insulin and glucagon to regulation of glucose metabolism in man following severe, traumatic injury by manipulating concentrations of insulin and glucagon with infusions of somatostatin. Glucose kinetics were assessed with [U-14C, 6-(3)H]glucose in severely injured patients and compared with data obtained from patients recovering from minor, elective operative procedures. Glucose production was significantly increased in subjects with traumatic injury compared with control subjects (13.0 +/- 0.63 mumol/kg/min v 8.6 +/- 0.27 mumol/kg/min). There was no impairment in glucose oxidation by the injured patients. Modulation of insulin and glucagon with somatostatin indicated that non-insulin-mediated glucose uptake (NIMGU) was significantly elevated in injured patients (12.2 +/- 0.94 mumol/kg/min v 7.4 +/- 0.61 mumol/kg/min). Hepatic glucose output (HGO) in the absence of glucagon was also significantly elevated in injured patients (12.2 +/- 1.20 mumol/kg/min v 5.8 +/- 1.08 mumol/kg/min). Indirect calorimetry showed a 27% increase in resting energy expenditure (REE). Increased protein oxidation accounted for 56% of the increase in REE. Changes in carbohydrate and lipid oxidation accounted for 28% and 15% of the increase in REE. There was no correlation between the injury severity score of the injured patient and the degree of metabolic abnormality. It is concluded from these studies that (1) injured patients have a high rate of glucose turnover in the absence of glucagon and insulin; (2) the reliance on glucose as a source of energy is not diminished in injured subjects; and (3) increases in protein oxidation account for the majority of the increased REE found in injured patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Department of Research, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, AL 35211
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41
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Nelson KM. Avoiding unnecessary peer review. QA Rev 1991; 3:1, 8. [PMID: 10115142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Nelson
- Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, MD
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42
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Velasco N, Long CL, Nelson KM, Blakemore WS. Whole-body protein kinetics in elective surgical patients receiving peptide or amino acid solutions. Nutrition 1991; 7:28-32. [PMID: 1802181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We compared the efficacy of two enteral solutions that were isonitrogenous and of identical amino acid composition but differed in that one solution contained only free amino acids whereas the other contained a mixture of free amino acids and peptides. Protein kinetics and nitrogen balance were evaluated in a group of six elective surgical patients. Primed-constant infusion with 15N-glycine was started 24h after gynecologic surgery and sustained over 3 days. During the first postoperative day, patients received enteral 0.45% saline. During postoperative days two and three, the patients received either the free amino acid solution or the mixture of peptides and free amino acids in a crossover design. There were no differences in protein kinetics or nitrogen balance with the two treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Velasco
- Department of Research, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, Alabama 35211
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43
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Long CL, Nelson KM, Akin JM, Geiger JW, Merrick HW, Blakemore WS. A physiologic basis for the provision of fuel mixtures in normal and stressed patients. J Trauma 1990; 30:1077-85; discussion 1085-6. [PMID: 2120466 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-199009000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that lipid is a preferred fuel in stressed patients. We evaluated glucose oxidation in 20 patients (sepsis, cancer of the colon, multiple trauma, controls) while they received TPN (5.65 mg glucose/kg/min). Respiratory quotient (RQ) was measured by indirect calorimetry and the percent VCO2 arising from the oxidation of glucose was measured using [U-14C] glucose. Since RQs were 1.0 or greater in all patients, the nonprotein energy utilized by them was calculated to be derived completely from glucose. However, the kinetic data showed that glucose contributed only 55-60% of the VCO2. Protein oxidation contributed less than 20% of the VCO2, as calculated from urinary nitrogen. The difference must have been derived from fatty acid oxidation. The glucose turnover that was not oxidized was presumed to be converted to lipid at an RQ of 8.6. The net oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production from this overall distribution resulted in an RQ of about 1.0 with only 60% coming from glucose oxidation. Since all patients responded in the same manner, it appears that the proper ratio of glucose and lipid was dictated on a physiologic basis and not on the type of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Long
- Department of Research, Baptist Medical Centers, Birmingham, Alabama 35211
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Nelson KM, Shepherd RE, Spitzer JA. Lipolysis and beta-adrenergic receptor binding on adipocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem Med Metab Biol 1987; 37:51-60. [PMID: 3032223 DOI: 10.1016/0885-4505(87)90009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adipocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats demonstrated a blunted lipolytic response to isoproterenol and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. (-)-[3H]Dihydroalprenolol binding was examined in adipocytes from normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Increasing concentrations of isoproterenol decreased total (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding to intact cells from normotensive rats, and the efficacy of competition was decreased in adipocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Scatchard analysis indicated that the number of (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding sites and the affinity of dihydroalprenolol binding were comparable between normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Isoproterenol- and Gpp(NH)p-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was consistently depressed in adipocyte membranes from spontaneously hypertensive rats as compared to normotensive rats. No difference in fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was observed. The blunted lipolytic and cyclic AMP response to isoproterenol in these cells suggest a postreceptor lesion of the lipolytic pathway (possibly the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein) in adipocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats. The blunted lipolytic response to dibutyryl cyclic AMP suggests defective regulation of lipolytic enzymes at the protein kinase-hormone-sensitive lipase level.
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Abstract
Adipocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are not as responsive to isoproterenol or dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) stimulation compared with Sprague-Dawley or Wistar-Kyoto rats. Lipolytic activity in adipocytes from trained normotensive rats was enhanced in response to 1 microM isoproterenol and 0.5 mM dibutyryl cAMP but not in adipocytes from trained SHR. Decreases in isoproterenol-stimulated (1 microM) cAMP accumulation were evident in adipocytes from trained normotensive rats but not in adipocytes from trained SHR. Basal and agonist-induced lipolysis in fat cells isolated from both normotensive rats and SHR immediately following a 60-min run was increased in both sedentary and trained rats. Adenylate cyclase activity in fat cell membranes was blunted in sedentary and trained SHR both in the absence and presence of 100 microM 5'-guanylyl imidophosphate. No apparent differences existed in antagonist affinity of binding sites for the antagonist dihydroalprenolol in normal rats or SHR. Evidence for a change in affinity of agonist isoproterenol might be indicated based on the enhanced potency of isoproterenol to stimulate lipolysis in trained normal rats. beta-Adrenergic receptor density and antagonist affinity were not different in normotensive rats and SHR in response to training. However, displacement of [3H]dihydroalprenolol in adipocytes from SHR required greater concentrations of isoproterenol compared with adipocytes from normotensive rats, further suggestive of increased agonist affinity of binding sites in normal rats. These data suggest a postreceptor lesion of the lipolytic pathway in adipocytes from spontaneously hypertensive rats, possibly at the guanine nucleotide regulatory protein level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Heyrman KS, Nelson KM. Developing a patient classification system: a case study. NLN Publ 1986:33-49. [PMID: 3639438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Abstract
Rates of gluconeogenesis (GNG) from lactate and triosephosphate precursors were measured in hepatocytes isolated from rats that have received endotoxin or physiological saline by continuous infusion from an implanted pump. Six hours after the onset of infusion (day 2 postsurgery) GNG from lactate was significantly elevated in hepatocytes of endotoxemic (ET) animals. By 24 hours later, the gluconeogenic rate was depressed, compared to cells of NaCl-infused controls. However, providing ET cells with lactate at concentrations found in the in vivo milieu resulted in glucose production at rates not different from those of control cells incubated at their respective in vivo (lower) substrate levels. On day 2 postsurgery, ET rats were hyperglycemic and hyperlactacidemic; on day 3 the elevated blood lactate concentration was maintained, but the plasma glucose values were not different from those of NaCl controls. The glucagon-induced increment in glucose synthesis was depressed in cells of ET rats both on day 2 and day 3 postsurgery, although the total amount of glucose released was significantly less only on day 3. The pattern of norepinephrine stimulation was similar to that of glucagon, except for the increase above the basal rate of GNG on day 3 being the same for control and ET cells. GNG was also assessed from oxidized substrates (fructose (F) and dihydroxyacetone (DHA] and reduced substrates (sorbitol and glycerol) entering the pathway at the triosephosphate level. On day 2 both cell populations produced glucose from each of the four precursors at comparable basal rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Nelson KM, Spitzer JA. Alteration of adipocyte calcium homeostasis by Escherichia coli endotoxin. Am J Physiol 1985; 248:R331-8. [PMID: 3883814 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1985.248.3.r331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated calcium homeostasis in rat adipocytes after either in vivo or in vitro exposure to Escherichia coli endotoxin. Fat cells from endotoxin-treated rats showed an enhanced uptake of 45Ca. In an attempt to differentiate between 45Ca binding to the cell surface and intracellular 45Ca accumulation, adipocytes were exposed to 5 mM LaCl3. The amount of 45Ca remaining associated with lanthanum-treated adipocytes was taken to be located intracellularly and was increased in adipocytes from endotoxin-treated rats. The amount of 45Ca displaced by lanthanum was also increased in adipocytes from endotoxin-treated rats. This suggested that the endotoxin-induced increase of 45Ca accumulation included both cell surface and intracellular binding sites. Compartmental analysis of the exchange kinetics of cell-associated 45Ca with 40Ca in the medium indicated a 77% increase in the size of the cell surface compartment of adipocytes from endotoxin-treated rats compared with controls. In addition, endotoxin treatment altered the flux of calcium from the cells to the medium. In vitro exposure of freshly prepared adipocytes to 250 or 750 micrograms endotoxin/ml did not produce a perturbation of adipocyte calcium homeostasis. The results indicate that endotoxin induces alterations in the ability of adipocytes to regulate calcium translocations, suggesting that some metabolic and hormonal aspects of endotoxins' actions may be mediated through perturbation of cellular calcium homeostasis.
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