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Lesiv M, Laso Bayas JC, See L, Duerauer M, Dahlia D, Durando N, Hazarika R, Kumar Sahariah P, Vakolyuk M, Blyshchyk V, Bilous A, Perez‐Hoyos A, Gengler S, Prestele R, Bilous S, Akhtar IUH, Singha K, Choudhury SB, Chetri T, Malek Ž, Bungnamei K, Saikia A, Sahariah D, Narzary W, Danylo O, Sturn T, Karner M, McCallum I, Schepaschenko D, Moltchanova E, Fraisl D, Moorthy I, Fritz S. Estimating the global distribution of field size using crowdsourcing. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:174-186. [PMID: 30549201 PMCID: PMC7379266 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing evidence that smallholder farms contribute substantially to food production globally, yet spatially explicit data on agricultural field sizes are currently lacking. Automated field size delineation using remote sensing or the estimation of average farm size at subnational level using census data are two approaches that have been used. However, both have limitations, for example, automatic field size delineation using remote sensing has not yet been implemented at a global scale while the spatial resolution is very coarse when using census data. This paper demonstrates a unique approach to quantifying and mapping agricultural field size globally using crowdsourcing. A campaign was run in June 2017, where participants were asked to visually interpret very high resolution satellite imagery from Google Maps and Bing using the Geo-Wiki application. During the campaign, participants collected field size data for 130 K unique locations around the globe. Using this sample, we have produced the most accurate global field size map to date and estimated the percentage of different field sizes, ranging from very small to very large, in agricultural areas at global, continental, and national levels. The results show that smallholder farms occupy up to 40% of agricultural areas globally, which means that, potentially, there are many more smallholder farms in comparison with the two different current global estimates of 12% and 24%. The global field size map and the crowdsourced data set are openly available and can be used for integrated assessment modeling, comparative studies of agricultural dynamics across different contexts, for training and validation of remote sensing field size delineation, and potential contributions to the Sustainable Development Goal of Ending hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myroslava Lesiv
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | | | - Linda See
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Martina Duerauer
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Domian Dahlia
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | | | | | | | - Mar'yana Vakolyuk
- Department of Energy and Mass Exchange in GeosystemsState Institution Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth Institute of Geological Science National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
| | - Volodymyr Blyshchyk
- Forest ManagementNacional'nyj Universytet Bioresursiv i Pryrodokorystuvannya UkrayinyKyivUkraine
| | - Andrii Bilous
- Department of Energy and Mass Exchange in GeosystemsState Institution Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth Institute of Geological Science National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
| | - Ana Perez‐Hoyos
- European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra SectorIspraItaly
| | - Sarah Gengler
- Environmental SciencesUniversité catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life InstituteLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Reinhard Prestele
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environmental Geography GroupVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Svitlana Bilous
- Forest ManagementNacional'nyj Universytet Bioresursiv i Pryrodokorystuvannya UkrayinyKyivUkraine
| | - Ibrar ul Hassan Akhtar
- Department of MeteorologyCOMSATS UniversityIslamabadPakistan
- Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research CommissionIslamabadPakistan
| | | | | | | | - Žiga Malek
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Faculteit Economische wetenschappen en BedrijfskundeAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Olha Danylo
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Tobias Sturn
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Mathias Karner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
- Soil ScienceMoscow State Forest UniversityMoscowRussia
| | | | - Dilek Fraisl
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Inian Moorthy
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
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Laso Bayas JC, Lesiv M, Waldner F, Schucknecht A, Duerauer M, See L, Fritz S, Fraisl D, Moorthy I, McCallum I, Perger C, Danylo O, Defourny P, Gallego J, Gilliams S, Akhtar IUH, Baishya SJ, Baruah M, Bungnamei K, Campos A, Changkakati T, Cipriani A, Das K, Das K, Das I, Davis KF, Hazarika P, Johnson BA, Malek Z, Molinari ME, Panging K, Pawe CK, Pérez-Hoyos A, Sahariah PK, Sahariah D, Saikia A, Saikia M, Schlesinger P, Seidacaru E, Singha K, Wilson JW. A global reference database of crowdsourced cropland data collected using the Geo-Wiki platform. Sci Data 2017; 4:170136. [PMID: 28949323 PMCID: PMC5613736 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A global reference data set on cropland was collected through a crowdsourcing campaign using the Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing tool. The campaign lasted three weeks, with over 80 participants from around the world reviewing almost 36,000 sample units, focussing on cropland identification. For quality assessment purposes, two additional data sets are provided. The first is a control set of 1,793 sample locations validated by students trained in satellite image interpretation. This data set was used to assess the quality of the crowd as the campaign progressed. The second data set contains 60 expert validations for additional evaluation of the quality of the contributions. All data sets are split into two parts: the first part shows all areas classified as cropland and the second part shows cropland average per location and user. After further processing, the data presented here might be suitable to validate and compare medium and high resolution cropland maps generated using remote sensing. These could also be used to train classification algorithms for developing new maps of land cover and cropland extent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myroslava Lesiv
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - François Waldner
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)-Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Anne Schucknecht
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Martina Duerauer
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Linda See
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Dilek Fraisl
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Inian Moorthy
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Perger
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Olha Danylo
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Pierre Defourny
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)-Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Javier Gallego
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Sven Gilliams
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Ibrar Ul Hassan Akhtar
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Alfredo Campos
- Taguay, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Anna Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kyle Frankel Davis
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA.,The Nature Conservancy, New York, USA
| | | | - Brian Alan Johnson
- Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Japan
| | - Ziga Malek
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Ana Pérez-Hoyos
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Meghna Saikia
- Don Bosco College of Engineering and Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Peter Schlesinger
- The Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.,University of Idaho, Moscow, USA
| | | | | | - John W Wilson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Singha K, Srivorakun H, Fucharoen G, Fucharoen S. Co-inheritance of α 0 -thalassemia elevates Hb A 2 level in homozygous Hb E: Diagnostic implications. Int J Lab Hematol 2017; 39:508-512. [PMID: 28497611 DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Differentiation of homozygous hemoglobin (Hb) E with and without α0 -thalassemia is subtle on routine hematological ground. We examined in a large cohort of homozygous Hb E if the level of Hb A2 is helpful. METHODS A total of 592 subjects with homozygous Hb E were recruited from ongoing thalassemia screening program. Additionally, five couples at risk of having fetuses with Hb Bart's hydrops fetalis who were homozygous Hb E were also investigated. Hb analysis was performed using capillary electrophoresis system. Globin genotypes were defined by DNA analysis. RESULTS Subjects were classified into four groups including pure homozygous Hb E (n=532), homozygous Hb E/α0 -thalassemia (n=48), Hb Constant Spring EE Bart's disease (n=8), and Hb EE Bart's disease (n=4). The levels of Hb A2 were found, respectively, to be 4.97±0.69, 6.64±1.02, 4.86±0.87, and 7.60±1.04%. Among five couples at risk, α0 -thalassemia was identified in three subjects with Hb A2 >6.0%. CONCLUSIONS Increased Hb A2 level is a useful marker for differentiation of homozygous Hb E with and without α0 -thalassemia. This should lead to a significant reduction in number of referral cases of homozygous Hb E for molecular testing of α0 -thalassemia in routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Singha
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - H Srivorakun
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - G Fucharoen
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - S Fucharoen
- Centre for Research and Development of Medical Diagnostic Laboratories, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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St Clair J, Moon S, Holbrook WS, Perron JT, Riebe CS, Martel SJ, Carr B, Harman C, Singha K, Richter DD. Geophysical imaging reveals topographic stress control of bedrock weathering. Science 2015; 350:534-8. [PMID: 26516279 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bedrock fracture systems facilitate weathering, allowing fresh mineral surfaces to interact with corrosive waters and biota from Earth's surface, while simultaneously promoting drainage of chemically equilibrated fluids. We show that topographic perturbations to regional stress fields explain bedrock fracture distributions, as revealed by seismic velocity and electrical resistivity surveys from three landscapes. The base of the fracture-rich zone mirrors surface topography where the ratio of horizontal compressive tectonic stresses to near-surface gravitational stresses is relatively large, and it parallels the surface topography where the ratio is relatively small. Three-dimensional stress calculations predict these results, suggesting that tectonic stresses interact with topography to influence bedrock disaggregation, groundwater flow, chemical weathering, and the depth of the "critical zone" in which many biogeochemical processes occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- J St Clair
- Department of Geology and Geophysics and Wyoming Center for Environmental Hydrology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - S Moon
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - W S Holbrook
- Department of Geology and Geophysics and Wyoming Center for Environmental Hydrology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - J T Perron
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - C S Riebe
- Department of Geology and Geophysics and Wyoming Center for Environmental Hydrology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - S J Martel
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - B Carr
- Department of Geology and Geophysics and Wyoming Center for Environmental Hydrology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - C Harman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - K Singha
- Hydrologic Science and Engineering Program, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - D deB Richter
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Fritz S, See L, van der Velde M, Nalepa RA, Perger C, Schill C, McCallum I, Schepaschenko D, Kraxner F, Cai X, Zhang X, Ortner S, Hazarika R, Cipriani A, Di Bella C, Rabia AH, Garcia A, Vakolyuk M, Singha K, Beget ME, Erasmi S, Albrecht F, Shaw B, Obersteiner M. Downgrading recent estimates of land available for biofuel production. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:1688-1694. [PMID: 23308357 DOI: 10.1021/es303141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent estimates of additional land available for bioenergy production range from 320 to 1411 million ha. These estimates were generated from four scenarios regarding the types of land suitable for bioenergy production using coarse-resolution inputs of soil productivity, slope, climate, and land cover. In this paper, these maps of land availability were assessed using high-resolution satellite imagery. Samples from these maps were selected and crowdsourcing of Google Earth images was used to determine the type of land cover and the degree of human impact. Based on this sample, a set of rules was formulated to downward adjust the original estimates for each of the four scenarios that were previously used to generate the maps of land availability for bioenergy production. The adjusted land availability estimates range from 56 to 1035 million ha depending upon the scenario and the ruleset used when the sample is corrected for bias. Large forest areas not intended for biofuel production purposes were present in all scenarios. However, these numbers should not be considered as definitive estimates but should be used to highlight the uncertainty in attempting to quantify land availability for biofuel production when using coarse-resolution inputs with implications for further policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Fritz
- International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria.
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