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McCallum I. Web-scale discovery services: principles, applications, discovery tools and development hypotheses. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2023.2168161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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2
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McCallum I. The future of enriched, linked, open and filtered metadata: making sense of IFLA LRM, RDA, linked data and BIB frame. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2023.2168154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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3
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Narayan B, Kennan MA, McCallum I, Quinn S, Luca E. Editorial March 2023. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2023.2168590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Anne Kennan
- School of Information and Communication Studies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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Maus V, Giljum S, da Silva DM, Gutschlhofer J, da Rosa RP, Luckeneder S, Gass SLB, Lieber M, McCallum I. An update on global mining land use. Sci Data 2022; 9:433. [PMID: 35869082 PMCID: PMC9307859 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01547-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe growing demand for minerals has pushed mining activities into new areas increasingly affecting biodiversity-rich natural biomes. Mapping the land use of the global mining sector is, therefore, a prerequisite for quantifying, understanding and mitigating adverse impacts caused by mineral extraction. This paper updates our previous work mapping mining sites worldwide. Using visual interpretation of Sentinel-2 images for 2019, we inspected more than 34,000 mining locations across the globe. The result is a global-scale dataset containing 44,929 polygon features covering 101,583 km2 of large-scale as well as artisanal and small-scale mining. The increase in coverage is substantial compared to the first version of the dataset, which included 21,060 polygons extending over 57,277 km2. The polygons cover open cuts, tailings dams, waste rock dumps, water ponds, processing plants, and other ground features related to the mining activities. The dataset is available for download from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.942325 and visualisation at www.fineprint.global/viewer.
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Kennan MA, Quinn S, McCallum I, Narayan B, Luca E. December 2022 Editorial. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2022.2138098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Kennan
- School of Information and Communication Studies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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6
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McCallum I. Managing grey literature: technical services perspectives. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2022.2103915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Kennan MA, Luca E, Narayan B, McCallum I, Quinn S. June 2022 Editorial. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2022.2071646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Kennan
- School of Information and Communication Studies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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8
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McCallum I. Library IT management in times of crisis. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2022.2072397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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McCallum I, Kyba CCM, Bayas JCL, Moltchanova E, Cooper M, Cuaresma JC, Pachauri S, See L, Danylo O, Moorthy I, Lesiv M, Baugh K, Elvidge CD, Hofer M, Fritz S. Estimating global economic well-being with unlit settlements. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2459. [PMID: 35513376 PMCID: PMC9072384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that nighttime radiance, measured from satellites, correlates with economic prosperity across the globe. In developing countries, areas with low levels of detected radiance generally indicate limited development - with unlit areas typically being disregarded. Here we combine satellite nighttime lights and the world settlement footprint for the year 2015 to show that 19% of the total settlement footprint of the planet had no detectable artificial radiance associated with it. The majority of unlit settlement footprints are found in Africa (39%), rising to 65% if we consider only rural settlement areas, along with numerous countries in the Middle East and Asia. Significant areas of unlit settlements are also located in some developed countries. For 49 countries spread across Africa, Asia and the Americas we are able to predict and map the wealth class obtained from ~2,400,000 geo-located households based upon the percent of unlit settlements, with an overall accuracy of 87%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | | | - Juan Carlos Laso Bayas
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Elena Moltchanova
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, 8041, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matt Cooper
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 677 Huntington Ave, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jesus Crespo Cuaresma
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.,Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, 1020, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shonali Pachauri
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Linda See
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Olga Danylo
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Inian Moorthy
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Myroslava Lesiv
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Kimberly Baugh
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, 216 UCB, 80309, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christopher D Elvidge
- Earth Observation Group, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., 80401, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Martin Hofer
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
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Kennan MA, Quinn S, McCallum I, Narayan B, Luca E. March 2022 Editorial. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2022.2034203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Kennan
- School of Information and Communication Studies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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Fritz S, Laso Bayas JC, See L, Schepaschenko D, Hofhansl F, Jung M, Dürauer M, Georgieva I, Danylo O, Lesiv M, McCallum I. A Continental Assessment of the Drivers of Tropical Deforestation With a Focus on Protected Areas. Front Conserv Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.830248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deforestation contributes to global greenhouse gas emissions and must be reduced if the 1.5°C limit to global warming is to be realized. Protected areas represent one intervention for decreasing forest loss and aiding conservation efforts, yet there is intense human pressure on at least one-third of protected areas globally. There have been numerous studies addressing the extent and identifying drivers of deforestation at the local, regional, and global level. Yet few have focused on drivers of deforestation in protected areas in high thematic detail. Here we use a new crowdsourced data set on drivers of tropical forest loss for the period 2008–2019, which has been collected using the Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing application for visual interpretation of very high-resolution imagery by volunteers. Extending on the published data on tree cover and forest loss from the Global Forest Change initiative, we investigate the dominant drivers of deforestation in tropical protected areas situated within 30° north and south of the equator. We find the deforestation rate in protected areas to be lower than the continental average for the Latin Americas (3.4% in protected areas compared to 5.4%) and Africa (3.3% compared to 3.9%), but it exceeds that of unprotected land in Asia (8.5% compared to 8.1%). Consistent with findings from foregoing studies, we also find that pastures and other subsistence agriculture are the dominant deforestation driver in the Latin Americas, while forest management, oil palm, shifting cultivation and other subsistence agriculture dominate in Asia, and shifting cultivation and other subsistence agriculture is the main driver in Africa. However, we find contrasting results in relation to the degree of protection, which indicate that the rate of deforestation in Latin America and Africa in strictly protected areas might even exceed that of areas with no strict protection. This crucial finding highlights the need for further studies based on a bottom up crowdsourced, data collection approach, to investigate drivers of deforestation both inside and outside protected areas.
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Kennan MA, Quinn S, McCallum I, Narayan B, Luca E. December 2021 Editorial. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2021.1998957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Kennan
- School of Information and CommunicationStudies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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Kennan MA, Luca E, Narayan B, Quinn S, McCallum I. September 2021 Editorial. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2021.1959851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Kennan
- School of Information and Communication Studies, Charles Sturt University
| | - Edward Luca
- University Library, The University of Sydney
| | - Bhuva Narayan
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Technology Sydney (UTS)
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McCallum I. Bold minds: library leadership in a time of disruption. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2021.1955833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Kennan MA, Narayan B, Luca E, Quinn S, McCallum I. June 2021 Editorial. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2021.1920098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Harris C, McCallum I, Mills S. 373 A Review of Microsatellite Instability (MSI) Testing: Real World Clinical Data. Br J Surg 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab134.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Colorectal cancers (CRC) are the second most common cause of death by cancer, in the UK. Microsatellite instability (MSI) analysis is novel yet important part of managing CRC and used as a tool for predicting prognosis, treatment and identifying lynch syndrome. Where lynch syndrome is identified, preventative screening can be utilised. Previous studies only focused tumour testing on high-risk cases.
Method
A retrospective study at Northumbria Health Care NHS Trust was performed on all new CRC patients between 2017-2020.
Results
A total of 965 patients with CRC were identified. After exclusion criteria was applied to the cohort, a total of 483 patients were identified as having undergone MSI analysis. The mean age was 73.5 years old, with the female to male ratio being 1:1.4. Patients were further grouped into MSI stable, low, and high. MSI High patients accounted for 10% of patients analysed. Further genetic testing was performed on these patients which highlighted 28 patients with BRAF positive genes who went on to screening for Lynch syndrome associated cancers.
Conclusions
MSI testing provides essential diagnostic, prognostic information and also guides treatment options. 2.9% of patients identified as high risk for familial cancers and went on to have genetic screening and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Harris
- Northumbria Health Care NHS trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - I McCallum
- Northumbria Health Care NHS trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - S Mills
- Northumbria Health Care NHS trust, Newcastle, United Kingdom
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McCallum I. Foundations of library and information science. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2021.1875792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Kennan MA, Quinn S, McCallum I, Narayan B, Luca E. March 2021 Editorial. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2021.1875882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Anne Kennan
- Editor, School of Information Studies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Sherrey Quinn
- Books Reviews Editor, Librararies Alive!, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian McCallum
- Books Reviews Editor, Librararies Alive!, Canberra, Australia
| | - Bhuva Narayan
- Associate Editor, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Edward Luca
- Associate Editor, The University of Sydney, Australia
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McCallum I. Practical data science for information professionals. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2021.1875794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Maus V, Giljum S, Gutschlhofer J, da Silva DM, Probst M, Gass SLB, Luckeneder S, Lieber M, McCallum I. A global-scale data set of mining areas. Sci Data 2020; 7:289. [PMID: 32901028 PMCID: PMC7478970 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The area used for mineral extraction is a key indicator for understanding and mitigating the environmental impacts caused by the extractive sector. To date, worldwide data products on mineral extraction do not report the area used by mining activities. In this paper, we contribute to filling this gap by presenting a new data set of mining extents derived by visual interpretation of satellite images. We delineated mining areas within a 10 km buffer from the approximate geographical coordinates of more than six thousand active mining sites across the globe. The result is a global-scale data set consisting of 21,060 polygons that add up to 57,277 km2. The polygons cover all mining above-ground features that could be identified from the satellite images, including open cuts, tailings dams, waste rock dumps, water ponds, and processing infrastructure. The data set is available for download from https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.910894 and visualization at www.fineprint.global/viewer .
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Maus
- Institute for Ecological Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU), Vienna, Austria.
- Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Stefan Giljum
- Institute for Ecological Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Gutschlhofer
- Institute for Ecological Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Probst
- Institute for Ecological Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU), Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Sebastian Luckeneder
- Institute for Ecological Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Mirko Lieber
- Institute for Ecological Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business (WU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian McCallum
- Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
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Soudzilovskaia NA, van Bodegom PM, Terrer C, Zelfde MV, McCallum I, Luke McCormack M, Fisher JB, Brundrett MC, de Sá NC, Tedersoo L. Global mycorrhizal plant distribution linked to terrestrial carbon stocks. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5077. [PMID: 31700000 PMCID: PMC6838125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vegetation impacts on ecosystem functioning are mediated by mycorrhizas, plant-fungal associations formed by most plant species. Ecosystems dominated by distinct mycorrhizal types differ strongly in their biogeochemistry. Quantitative analyses of mycorrhizal impacts on ecosystem functioning are hindered by the scarcity of information on mycorrhizal distributions. Here we present global, high-resolution maps of vegetation biomass distribution by dominant mycorrhizal associations. Arbuscular, ectomycorrhizal, and ericoid mycorrhizal vegetation store, respectively, 241 ± 15, 100 ± 17, and 7 ± 1.8 GT carbon in aboveground biomass, whereas non-mycorrhizal vegetation stores 29 ± 5.5 GT carbon. Soil carbon stocks in both topsoil and subsoil are positively related to the community-level biomass fraction of ectomycorrhizal plants, though the strength of this relationship varies across biomes. We show that human-induced transformations of Earth's ecosystems have reduced ectomycorrhizal vegetation, with potential ramifications to terrestrial carbon stocks. Our work provides a benchmark for spatially explicit and globally quantitative assessments of mycorrhizal impacts on ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter M van Bodegom
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - César Terrer
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA) Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Maarten Van't Zelfde
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ian McCallum
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - M Luke McCormack
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Route 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
- Joint Institute for Regional Earth System Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mark C Brundrett
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Nuno César de Sá
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, 2333 CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Natural History Museum and Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 14a Ravila, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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22
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McCallum I. Conducting the Reference Interview: A How-To-Do-It Manual for Librarians. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2019.1649616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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McCallum I. The readers’ advisory guide to genre fiction (ALA Readers’ Advisory series). Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2019.1613721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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McCallum I. Bibliotherapy. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2019.1575166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Lesiv M, Laso Bayas JC, See L, Duerauer M, Dahlia D, Durando N, Hazarika R, Kumar Sahariah P, Vakolyuk M, Blyshchyk V, Bilous A, Perez‐Hoyos A, Gengler S, Prestele R, Bilous S, Akhtar IUH, Singha K, Choudhury SB, Chetri T, Malek Ž, Bungnamei K, Saikia A, Sahariah D, Narzary W, Danylo O, Sturn T, Karner M, McCallum I, Schepaschenko D, Moltchanova E, Fraisl D, Moorthy I, Fritz S. Estimating the global distribution of field size using crowdsourcing. Glob Chang Biol 2019; 25:174-186. [PMID: 30549201 PMCID: PMC7379266 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing evidence that smallholder farms contribute substantially to food production globally, yet spatially explicit data on agricultural field sizes are currently lacking. Automated field size delineation using remote sensing or the estimation of average farm size at subnational level using census data are two approaches that have been used. However, both have limitations, for example, automatic field size delineation using remote sensing has not yet been implemented at a global scale while the spatial resolution is very coarse when using census data. This paper demonstrates a unique approach to quantifying and mapping agricultural field size globally using crowdsourcing. A campaign was run in June 2017, where participants were asked to visually interpret very high resolution satellite imagery from Google Maps and Bing using the Geo-Wiki application. During the campaign, participants collected field size data for 130 K unique locations around the globe. Using this sample, we have produced the most accurate global field size map to date and estimated the percentage of different field sizes, ranging from very small to very large, in agricultural areas at global, continental, and national levels. The results show that smallholder farms occupy up to 40% of agricultural areas globally, which means that, potentially, there are many more smallholder farms in comparison with the two different current global estimates of 12% and 24%. The global field size map and the crowdsourced data set are openly available and can be used for integrated assessment modeling, comparative studies of agricultural dynamics across different contexts, for training and validation of remote sensing field size delineation, and potential contributions to the Sustainable Development Goal of Ending hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myroslava Lesiv
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | | | - Linda See
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Martina Duerauer
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Domian Dahlia
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | | | | | | | - Mar'yana Vakolyuk
- Department of Energy and Mass Exchange in GeosystemsState Institution Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth Institute of Geological Science National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
| | - Volodymyr Blyshchyk
- Forest ManagementNacional'nyj Universytet Bioresursiv i Pryrodokorystuvannya UkrayinyKyivUkraine
| | - Andrii Bilous
- Department of Energy and Mass Exchange in GeosystemsState Institution Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth Institute of Geological Science National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
| | - Ana Perez‐Hoyos
- European Commission Joint Research Centre Ispra SectorIspraItaly
| | - Sarah Gengler
- Environmental SciencesUniversité catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life InstituteLouvain‐la‐NeuveBelgium
| | - Reinhard Prestele
- Department of Earth Sciences, Environmental Geography GroupVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Svitlana Bilous
- Forest ManagementNacional'nyj Universytet Bioresursiv i Pryrodokorystuvannya UkrayinyKyivUkraine
| | - Ibrar ul Hassan Akhtar
- Department of MeteorologyCOMSATS UniversityIslamabadPakistan
- Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research CommissionIslamabadPakistan
| | | | | | | | - Žiga Malek
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Faculteit Economische wetenschappen en BedrijfskundeAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Olha Danylo
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Tobias Sturn
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Mathias Karner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Dmitry Schepaschenko
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
- Soil ScienceMoscow State Forest UniversityMoscowRussia
| | | | - Dilek Fraisl
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Inian Moorthy
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, ESMLaxenburgAustria
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26
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McCallum I. Collaborative library design: from planning to impact. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2018.1537824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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McCallum I. Valuing Your Collection: A Practical Guide for Museums, Libraries and Archives. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750158.2018.1430457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Laso Bayas JC, Lesiv M, Waldner F, Schucknecht A, Duerauer M, See L, Fritz S, Fraisl D, Moorthy I, McCallum I, Perger C, Danylo O, Defourny P, Gallego J, Gilliams S, Akhtar IUH, Baishya SJ, Baruah M, Bungnamei K, Campos A, Changkakati T, Cipriani A, Das K, Das K, Das I, Davis KF, Hazarika P, Johnson BA, Malek Z, Molinari ME, Panging K, Pawe CK, Pérez-Hoyos A, Sahariah PK, Sahariah D, Saikia A, Saikia M, Schlesinger P, Seidacaru E, Singha K, Wilson JW. A global reference database of crowdsourced cropland data collected using the Geo-Wiki platform. Sci Data 2017; 4:170136. [PMID: 28949323 PMCID: PMC5613736 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A global reference data set on cropland was collected through a crowdsourcing campaign using the Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing tool. The campaign lasted three weeks, with over 80 participants from around the world reviewing almost 36,000 sample units, focussing on cropland identification. For quality assessment purposes, two additional data sets are provided. The first is a control set of 1,793 sample locations validated by students trained in satellite image interpretation. This data set was used to assess the quality of the crowd as the campaign progressed. The second data set contains 60 expert validations for additional evaluation of the quality of the contributions. All data sets are split into two parts: the first part shows all areas classified as cropland and the second part shows cropland average per location and user. After further processing, the data presented here might be suitable to validate and compare medium and high resolution cropland maps generated using remote sensing. These could also be used to train classification algorithms for developing new maps of land cover and cropland extent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myroslava Lesiv
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - François Waldner
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)-Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Anne Schucknecht
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Martina Duerauer
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Linda See
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Dilek Fraisl
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Inian Moorthy
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Christoph Perger
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Olha Danylo
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Pierre Defourny
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)-Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Javier Gallego
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Sven Gilliams
- Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - Ibrar Ul Hassan Akhtar
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Alfredo Campos
- Taguay, Córdoba, Argentina.,Instituto de Clima y Agua, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Anna Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kyle Frankel Davis
- The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA.,The Nature Conservancy, New York, USA
| | | | - Brian Alan Johnson
- Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Japan
| | - Ziga Malek
- Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Ana Pérez-Hoyos
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Meghna Saikia
- Don Bosco College of Engineering and Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Peter Schlesinger
- The Tropical Agriculture Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica.,University of Idaho, Moscow, USA
| | | | | | - John W Wilson
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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29
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Schepaschenko D, Shvidenko A, Usoltsev V, Lakyda P, Luo Y, Vasylyshyn R, Lakyda I, Myklush Y, See L, McCallum I, Fritz S, Kraxner F, Obersteiner M. A dataset of forest biomass structure for Eurasia. Sci Data 2017; 4:170070. [PMID: 28509911 PMCID: PMC5433390 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The most comprehensive dataset of in situ destructive sampling measurements of forest biomass in Eurasia have been compiled from a combination of experiments undertaken by the authors and from scientific publications. Biomass is reported as four components: live trees (stem, bark, branches, foliage, roots); understory (above- and below ground); green forest floor (above- and below ground); and coarse woody debris (snags, logs, dead branches of living trees and dead roots), consisting of 10,351 unique records of sample plots and 9,613 sample trees from ca 1,200 experiments for the period 1930-2014 where there is overlap between these two datasets. The dataset also contains other forest stand parameters such as tree species composition, average age, tree height, growing stock volume, etc., when available. Such a dataset can be used for the development of models of biomass structure, biomass extension factors, change detection in biomass structure, investigations into biodiversity and species distribution and the biodiversity-productivity relationship, as well as the assessment of the carbon pool and its dynamics, among many others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Schepaschenko
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
- Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi 141005, Russia
| | - Anatoly Shvidenko
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
- Institute of Forest Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok, Krasnoyarsk 66036, Russia
| | - Vladimir Usoltsev
- Botanical Garden, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg 620144, Russia
| | - Petro Lakyda
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03041, Ukraine
| | - Yunjian Luo
- Department of Ecology, School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Roman Vasylyshyn
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03041, Ukraine
| | - Ivan Lakyda
- National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03041, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Myklush
- Ukrainian National Forestry University, Gen. Chuprynka str. 103, Lviv 79057, Ukraine
| | - Linda See
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Ian McCallum
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Florian Kraxner
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- Ecosystems Services and Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
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30
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Erb KH, Luyssaert S, Meyfroidt P, Pongratz J, Don A, Kloster S, Kuemmerle T, Fetzel T, Fuchs R, Herold M, Haberl H, Jones CD, Marín-Spiotta E, McCallum I, Robertson E, Seufert V, Fritz S, Valade A, Wiltshire A, Dolman AJ. Land management: data availability and process understanding for global change studies. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:512-533. [PMID: 27447350 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the light of daunting global sustainability challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss and food security, improving our understanding of the complex dynamics of the Earth system is crucial. However, large knowledge gaps related to the effects of land management persist, in particular those human-induced changes in terrestrial ecosystems that do not result in land-cover conversions. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of ten common land management activities for their biogeochemical and biophysical impacts, the level of process understanding and data availability. Our review shows that ca. one-tenth of the ice-free land surface is under intense human management, half under medium and one-fifth under extensive management. Based on our review, we cluster these ten management activities into three groups: (i) management activities for which data sets are available, and for which a good knowledge base exists (cropland harvest and irrigation); (ii) management activities for which sufficient knowledge on biogeochemical and biophysical effects exists but robust global data sets are lacking (forest harvest, tree species selection, grazing and mowing harvest, N fertilization); and (iii) land management practices with severe data gaps concomitant with an unsatisfactory level of process understanding (crop species selection, artificial wetland drainage, tillage and fire management and crop residue management, an element of crop harvest). Although we identify multiple impediments to progress, we conclude that the current status of process understanding and data availability is sufficient to advance with incorporating management in, for example, Earth system or dynamic vegetation models in order to provide a systematic assessment of their role in the Earth system. This review contributes to a strategic prioritization of research efforts across multiple disciplines, including land system research, ecological research and Earth system modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Erb
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna, 1070, Austria
| | - Sebastiaan Luyssaert
- LSCE-IPSL CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Meyfroidt
- Georges Lemaître Center for Earth and Climate Research, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 3, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
- F.R.S.-FNRS, Brussels, 1000, Belgium
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, Hamburg, D-20146, Germany
| | - Axel Don
- Thünen-Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Bundesallee 50, Braunschweig, 38116, Germany
| | - Silvia Kloster
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, Hamburg, D-20146, Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department, Humboldt-University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
- Integrative Research Institute on Transformations in Human-Environment Systems (IRI THESys), Humboldt-University Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, Berlin, 10099, Germany
| | - Tamara Fetzel
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna, 1070, Austria
| | - Richard Fuchs
- Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Herold
- Laboratory of Geoinformation Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Helmut Haberl
- Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria Universitaet Klagenfurt, Wien, Graz, Schottenfeldgasse 29, Vienna, 1070, Austria
| | - Chris D Jones
- Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
| | - Erika Marín-Spiotta
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 550 North Park Street, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ian McCallum
- Ecosystems Services & Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | - Eddy Robertson
- Met Office Hadley Centre, FitzRoy Road, Exeter, EX1 3PB, UK
| | - Verena Seufert
- Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability (IRES), Liu Institute for Global Issues, University of British Columbia (UBC), 6476 NW Marine Drive, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z2, Canada
| | - Steffen Fritz
- Ecosystems Services & Management Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria
| | - Aude Valade
- Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, IPSL-CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
| | | | - Albertus J Dolman
- Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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McCallum I. Library technology buying strategies. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00049670.2017.1284553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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McCallum I. Finding reliable information online: adventures of an information sleuth. Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00049670.2017.1284550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Abdelhalim M, McLean R, McCallum I. Adhesive small bowel obstruction: Trends in incidence, management and outcomes over 15 years. Int J Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Fritz S, See L, McCallum I, You L, Bun A, Moltchanova E, Duerauer M, Albrecht F, Schill C, Perger C, Havlik P, Mosnier A, Thornton P, Wood-Sichra U, Herrero M, Becker-Reshef I, Justice C, Hansen M, Gong P, Abdel Aziz S, Cipriani A, Cumani R, Cecchi G, Conchedda G, Ferreira S, Gomez A, Haffani M, Kayitakire F, Malanding J, Mueller R, Newby T, Nonguierma A, Olusegun A, Ortner S, Rajak DR, Rocha J, Schepaschenko D, Schepaschenko M, Terekhov A, Tiangwa A, Vancutsem C, Vintrou E, Wenbin W, van der Velde M, Dunwoody A, Kraxner F, Obersteiner M. Mapping global cropland and field size. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:1980-92. [PMID: 25640302 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A new 1 km global IIASA-IFPRI cropland percentage map for the baseline year 2005 has been developed which integrates a number of individual cropland maps at global to regional to national scales. The individual map products include existing global land cover maps such as GlobCover 2005 and MODIS v.5, regional maps such as AFRICOVER and national maps from mapping agencies and other organizations. The different products are ranked at the national level using crowdsourced data from Geo-Wiki to create a map that reflects the likelihood of cropland. Calibration with national and subnational crop statistics was then undertaken to distribute the cropland within each country and subnational unit. The new IIASA-IFPRI cropland product has been validated using very high-resolution satellite imagery via Geo-Wiki and has an overall accuracy of 82.4%. It has also been compared with the EarthStat cropland product and shows a lower root mean square error on an independent data set collected from Geo-Wiki. The first ever global field size map was produced at the same resolution as the IIASA-IFPRI cropland map based on interpolation of field size data collected via a Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing campaign. A validation exercise of the global field size map revealed satisfactory agreement with control data, particularly given the relatively modest size of the field size data set used to create the map. Both are critical inputs to global agricultural monitoring in the frame of GEOGLAM and will serve the global land modelling and integrated assessment community, in particular for improving land use models that require baseline cropland information. These products are freely available for downloading from the http://cropland.geo-wiki.org website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
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Abstract
This case report describes unusual congenital biliary anatomy encountered at a routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Imaging obtained prior to surgery (ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography) had been misleading. The case highlights the importance of careful dissection even with anticipated normal anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I McCallum
- North Cumbria University Hospitals NHS Trust, UK
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda See
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria
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37
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Staley H, McCallum I, Bruce J. Postoperative Tamoxifen for ductal carcinoma in situ: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast 2014; 23:546-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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38
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See L, Comber A, Salk C, Fritz S, van der Velde M, Perger C, Schill C, McCallum I, Kraxner F, Obersteiner M. Comparing the quality of crowdsourced data contributed by expert and non-experts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69958. [PMID: 23936126 PMCID: PMC3729953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently a lack of in-situ environmental data for the calibration and validation of remotely sensed products and for the development and verification of models. Crowdsourcing is increasingly being seen as one potentially powerful way of increasing the supply of in-situ data but there are a number of concerns over the subsequent use of the data, in particular over data quality. This paper examined crowdsourced data from the Geo-Wiki crowdsourcing tool for land cover validation to determine whether there were significant differences in quality between the answers provided by experts and non-experts in the domain of remote sensing and therefore the extent to which crowdsourced data describing human impact and land cover can be used in further scientific research. The results showed that there was little difference between experts and non-experts in identifying human impact although results varied by land cover while experts were better than non-experts in identifying the land cover type. This suggests the need to create training materials with more examples in those areas where difficulties in identification were encountered, and to offer some method for contributors to reflect on the information they contribute, perhaps by feeding back the evaluations of their contributed data or by making additional training materials available. Accuracies were also found to be higher when the volunteers were more consistent in their responses at a given location and when they indicated higher confidence, which suggests that these additional pieces of information could be used in the development of robust measures of quality in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda See
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Laxenburg, Austria.
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39
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Fritz S, See L, van der Velde M, Nalepa RA, Perger C, Schill C, McCallum I, Schepaschenko D, Kraxner F, Cai X, Zhang X, Ortner S, Hazarika R, Cipriani A, Di Bella C, Rabia AH, Garcia A, Vakolyuk M, Singha K, Beget ME, Erasmi S, Albrecht F, Shaw B, Obersteiner M. Downgrading recent estimates of land available for biofuel production. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:1688-1694. [PMID: 23308357 DOI: 10.1021/es303141h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent estimates of additional land available for bioenergy production range from 320 to 1411 million ha. These estimates were generated from four scenarios regarding the types of land suitable for bioenergy production using coarse-resolution inputs of soil productivity, slope, climate, and land cover. In this paper, these maps of land availability were assessed using high-resolution satellite imagery. Samples from these maps were selected and crowdsourcing of Google Earth images was used to determine the type of land cover and the degree of human impact. Based on this sample, a set of rules was formulated to downward adjust the original estimates for each of the four scenarios that were previously used to generate the maps of land availability for bioenergy production. The adjusted land availability estimates range from 56 to 1035 million ha depending upon the scenario and the ruleset used when the sample is corrected for bias. Large forest areas not intended for biofuel production purposes were present in all scenarios. However, these numbers should not be considered as definitive estimates but should be used to highlight the uncertainty in attempting to quantify land availability for biofuel production when using coarse-resolution inputs with implications for further policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Fritz
- International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Ecosystem Services and Management Program, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, A-2361, Austria.
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40
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Fritz S, See L, You L, Justice C, Becker-Reshef I, Bydekerke L, Cumani R, Defourny P, Erb K, Foley J, Gilliams S, Gong P, Hansen M, Hertel T, Herold M, Herrero M, Kayitakire F, Latham J, Leo O, McCallum I, Obersteiner M, Ramankutty N, Rocha J, Tang H, Thornton P, Vancutsem C, van der Velde M, Wood S, Woodcock C. The Need for Improved Maps of Global Cropland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/2013eo030006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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See L, McCallum I, Fritz S, Perger C, Kraxner F, Obersteiner M, Baruah UD, Mili N, Kalita NR. Mapping Cropland in Ethiopia Using Crowdsourcing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2013.46a1002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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42
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Comber A, Brunsdon C, See L, Fritz S, McCallum I. Comparing Expert and Non-expert Conceptualisations of the Land: An Analysis of Crowdsourced Land Cover Data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-01790-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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43
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Tian Z, Cao G, Shi J, McCallum I, Cui L, Fan D, Li X. Urban transformation of a metropolis and its environmental impacts: a case study in Shanghai. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2012; 19:1364-1374. [PMID: 22743986 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this paper is to understand the sustainability of urban spatial transformation in the process of rapid urbanization, and calls for future research on the demographic and economic dimensions of climate change. Shanghai towards its transformation to a metropolis has experienced vast socioeconomic and ecological change and calls for future research on the impacts of demographic and economic dimensions on climate change. We look at the major questions (1) to explore economic and demographic growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic and city growth, and (2) to analyze how the demography and economic growth have been associated with the local air temperature and vegetation. METHOD We examine urban growth, land use and land-cover changes in the context of rapid economic development and urbanization. We assess the impact of urban expansion on local air temperature and vegetation. The analysis is based on time series data of land use, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and meteorological, demographic and economic data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results indicate that urban growth has been driven by mass immigration; as a consequence of economic growth and urban expansion, a large amount of farmland has been converted to paved road and residential buildings. Furthermore, the difference between air temperature in urban and exurban areas has increased rapidly. The decrease of high mean annual NDVI has mainly occurred around the dense urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Tian
- Shanghai Climate Center, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China
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Tum M, Strauss F, McCallum I, Günther K, Schmid E. How sensitive are estimates of carbon fixation in agricultural models to input data? Carbon Balance Manag 2012; 7:3. [PMID: 22296931 PMCID: PMC3307488 DOI: 10.1186/1750-0680-7-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Process based vegetation models are central to understand the hydrological and carbon cycle. To achieve useful results at regional to global scales, such models require various input data from a wide range of earth observations. Since the geographical extent of these datasets varies from local to global scale, data quality and validity is of major interest when they are chosen for use. It is important to assess the effect of different input datasets in terms of quality to model outputs. In this article, we reflect on both: the uncertainty in input data and the reliability of model results. For our case study analysis we selected the Marchfeld region in Austria. We used independent meteorological datasets from the Central Institute for Meteorology and Geodynamics and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Land cover / land use information was taken from the GLC2000 and the CORINE 2000 products. RESULTS For our case study analysis we selected two different process based models: the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) and the Biosphere Energy Transfer Hydrology (BETHY/DLR) model. Both process models show a congruent pattern to changes in input data. The annual variability of NPP reaches 36% for BETHY/DLR and 39% for EPIC when changing major input datasets. However, EPIC is less sensitive to meteorological input data than BETHY/DLR. The ECMWF maximum temperatures show a systematic pattern. Temperatures above 20°C are overestimated, whereas temperatures below 20°C are underestimated, resulting in an overall underestimation of NPP in both models. Besides, BETHY/DLR is sensitive to the choice and accuracy of the land cover product. DISCUSSION This study shows that the impact of input data uncertainty on modelling results need to be assessed: whenever the models are applied under new conditions, local data should be used for both input and result comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tum
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82234 Wessling, Germany
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Franziska Strauss
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Feistmantelstrasse 4, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Kurt Günther
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Deutsches Fernerkundungsdatenzentrum (DFD), Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82234 Wessling, Germany
| | - Erwin Schmid
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Feistmantelstrasse 4, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
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Obersteiner M, Huettner M, Kraxner F, McCallum I, Aoki K, Böttcher H, Fritz S, Gusti M, Havlik P, Kindermann G, Rametsteiner E, Reyers B. On fair, effective and efficient REDD mechanism design. Carbon Balance Manag 2009; 4:11. [PMID: 19943927 PMCID: PMC2791753 DOI: 10.1186/1750-0680-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The issues surrounding 'Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation' (REDD) have become a major component of continuing negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). This paper aims to address two key requirements of any potential REDD mechanism: first, the generation of measurable, reportable and verifiable (MRV) REDD credits; and secondly, the sustainable and efficient provision of emission reductions under a robust financing regime.To ensure the supply of MRV credits, we advocate the establishment of an 'International Emission Reference Scenario Coordination Centre' (IERSCC). The IERSCC would act as a global clearing house for harmonized data to be used in implementing reference level methodologies. It would be tasked with the collection, reporting and subsequent processing of earth observation, deforestation- and degradation driver information in a globally consistent manner. The IERSCC would also assist, coordinate and supervise the computation of national reference scenarios according to rules negotiated under the UNFCCC. To overcome the threats of "market flooding" on the one hand and insufficient economic incentives for REDD on the other hand, we suggest an 'International Investment Reserve' (IIR) as REDD financing framework. In order to distribute the resources of the IIR we propose adopting an auctioning mechanism. Auctioning not only reveals the true emission reduction costs, but might also allow for incentivizing the protection of biodiversity and socio-economic values. The introduced concepts will be vital to ensure robustness, environmental integrity and economic efficiency of the future REDD mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Michael Huettner
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knoll-Str 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, GSBC-EIC 'The Economics of Innovative Change', Carl-Zeiss-Str 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Florian Kraxner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Kentaro Aoki
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Hannes Böttcher
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Mykola Gusti
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Petr Havlik
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Georg Kindermann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ewald Rametsteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Belinda Reyers
- The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Meiring Naudé Road, Brummeria, Pretoria, South Africa
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McCallum I, Wagner W, Schmullius C, Shvidenko A, Obersteiner M, Fritz S, Nilsson S. Satellite-based terrestrial production efficiency modeling. Carbon Balance Manag 2009; 4:8. [PMID: 19765285 PMCID: PMC2754440 DOI: 10.1186/1750-0680-4-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Production efficiency models (PEMs) are based on the theory of light use efficiency (LUE) which states that a relatively constant relationship exists between photosynthetic carbon uptake and radiation receipt at the canopy level. Challenges remain however in the application of the PEM methodology to global net primary productivity (NPP) monitoring. The objectives of this review are as follows: 1) to describe the general functioning of six PEMs (CASA; GLO-PEM; TURC; C-Fix; MOD17; and BEAMS) identified in the literature; 2) to review each model to determine potential improvements to the general PEM methodology; 3) to review the related literature on satellite-based gross primary productivity (GPP) and NPP modeling for additional possibilities for improvement; and 4) based on this review, propose items for coordinated research.This review noted a number of possibilities for improvement to the general PEM architecture - ranging from LUE to meteorological and satellite-based inputs. Current PEMs tend to treat the globe similarly in terms of physiological and meteorological factors, often ignoring unique regional aspects. Each of the existing PEMs has developed unique methods to estimate NPP and the combination of the most successful of these could lead to improvements. It may be beneficial to develop regional PEMs that can be combined under a global framework. The results of this review suggest the creation of a hybrid PEM could bring about a significant enhancement to the PEM methodology and thus terrestrial carbon flux modeling.Key items topping the PEM research agenda identified in this review include the following: LUE should not be assumed constant, but should vary by plant functional type (PFT) or photosynthetic pathway; evidence is mounting that PEMs should consider incorporating diffuse radiation; continue to pursue relationships between satellite-derived variables and LUE, GPP and autotrophic respiration (Ra); there is an urgent need for satellite-based biomass measurements to improve Ra estimation; and satellite-based soil moisture data could improve determination of soil water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technical University, Gußhausstraße 27 - 29, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Schmullius
- Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Grietgasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Anatoly Shvidenko
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Sten Nilsson
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
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Böttcher H, Eisbrenner K, Fritz S, Kindermann G, Kraxner F, McCallum I, Obersteiner M. An assessment of monitoring requirements and costs of 'Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation'. Carbon Balance Manag 2009; 4:7. [PMID: 19709413 PMCID: PMC2741441 DOI: 10.1186/1750-0680-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Negotiations on a future climate policy framework addressing Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) are ongoing. Regardless of how such a framework will be designed, many technical solutions of estimating forest cover and forest carbon stock change exist to support policy in monitoring and accounting. These technologies typically combine remotely sensed data with ground-based inventories. In this article we assess the costs of monitoring REDD based on available technologies and requirements associated with key elements of REDD policy. RESULTS We find that the design of a REDD policy framework (and specifically its rules) can have a significant impact on monitoring costs. Costs may vary from 0.5 to 550 US$ per square kilometre depending on the required precision of carbon stock and area change detection. Moreover, they follow economies of scale, i.e. single country or project solutions will face relatively higher monitoring costs. CONCLUSION Although monitoring costs are relatively small compared to other cost items within a REDD system, they should be shared not only among countries but also among sectors, because an integrated monitoring system would have multiple benefits for non-REDD management. Overcoming initialization costs and unequal access to monitoring technologies is crucial for implementation of an integrated monitoring system, and demands for international cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Böttcher
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | - Steffen Fritz
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Georg Kindermann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Florian Kraxner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlossplatz 1, A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pilonidal sinus arises in the hair follicles in the buttock cleft at the bottom of the backbone. The estimated incidence is 26 per 100,000, people, affecting men twice as often as women. The mean age of presentation is 21 years (men) and 19 years (women) respectively.Pilonidal sinus results in chronic discharging wounds that cause pain and impact upon quality of life and social function. These sinuses may become infected and present as acute abscesses. Management of these abscesses is uncontroversial and revolves around incision and drainage, however, the mode of surgical management of the chronic discharging sinus is debatable. Surgical strategies traditionally centre on excision of the sinus tracts followed by primary closure and healing by primary intention or leaving the wound open to heal by secondary intention. There is uncertainty as to whether open or closed surgical management is more effective. OBJECTIVES To determine the relative effects of open compared with closed surgical treatment for pilonidal sinus on the outcomes of time to healing, infection and recurrence rate. SEARCH STRATEGY We sought relevant trials from the Wounds Group Specialised Register (Searched 13/6/07); The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (2007, Issue 2); Ovid MEDLINE (1950 - May Week 5 200& ); Ovid EMBASE (1980 - 2007 Week 23); Ovid CINAHL (1982 - June Week 2 2007). We checked the bibliographies of review and primary articles for relevant studies and contacted authors of all included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating open with closed surgical treatment for pilonidal sinus. Exclusion criteria were: non-RCTs; children aged younger than 14 years and studies of pilonidal abscess. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Screening of eligible studies, data extraction and methodological quality assessment of trials were conducted independently by two review authors. Data from eligible studies were recorded using data extraction forms and any disagreements were referred to a third review author. Results were presented using mean differences for continuous outcomes and relative risk with 95% confidence intervals for dichotomous outcomes. MAIN RESULTS Eighteen studies were included (1573 patients). Twelve RCTs compared open healing with primary closure, 10 of which used midline closure and 2 trials used off-midline closure. Six studies compared midline and off-midline closure. Open compared with closed techniques: Evidence suggested more rapid healing after primary closure although there was no difference in the infection rate after wound closure. Recurrence was less likely to occur after open healing (RR 0.42; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.66) suggesting a 58% lower risk of recurrence after open wound healing compared with primary closure. Patients returned to work earlier after primary closure (WMD 10.48 days 95% CI 5.75 to 15.21 days). There was no difference between the two groups for other complications and length of stay. There were few useable data on cost, patient satisfaction and pain. Closed midline compared with closed off-midline: there was good evidence of slower healing, higher rates of infection (RR 4.70; 95% CI 1.93 to 11.45), higher rates of recurrence (Peto OR 4.95; 95% CI 2.18 to 11.24) and other complications (RR 8.94; 95% CI 2.10 to 38.02) after midline primary closure compared with off-midline closure techniques. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No clear benefit was shown for surgical management by primary closure or open healing by secondary intention. A clear benefit was shown for off-midline closure rather than midline closure after pilonidal sinus surgery. Off-midline closure should be the standard management when primary closure is the desired surgical option.
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Kindermann GE, Obersteiner M, Rametsteiner E, McCallum I. Predicting the deforestation-trend under different carbon-prices. Carbon Balance Manag 2006; 1:15. [PMID: 17150095 PMCID: PMC1766350 DOI: 10.1186/1750-0680-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global carbon stocks in forest biomass are decreasing by 1.1 Gt of carbon annually, owing to continued deforestation and forest degradation. Deforestation emissions are partly offset by forest expansion and increases in growing stock primarily in the extra-tropical north. Innovative financial mechanisms would be required to help reducing deforestation. Using a spatially explicit integrated biophysical and socio-economic land use model we estimated the impact of carbon price incentive schemes and payment modalities on deforestation. One payment modality is adding costs for carbon emission, the other is to pay incentives for keeping the forest carbon stock intact. RESULTS Baseline scenario calculations show that close to 200 mil ha or around 5% of today's forest area will be lost between 2006 and 2025, resulting in a release of additional 17.5 GtC. Today's forest cover will shrink by around 500 million hectares, which is 1/8 of the current forest cover, within the next 100 years. The accumulated carbon release during the next 100 years amounts to 45 GtC, which is 15% of the total carbon stored in forests today. Incentives of 6 US$/tC for vulnerable standing biomass payed every 5 year will bring deforestation down by 50%. This will cause costs of 34 billion US$/year. On the other hand a carbon tax of 12 $/tC harvested forest biomass will also cut deforestation by half. The tax income will, if enforced, decrease from 6 billion US$ in 2005 to 4.3 billion US$ in 2025 and 0.7 billion US$ in 2100 due to decreasing deforestation speed. CONCLUSION Avoiding deforestation requires financial mechanisms that make retention of forests economically competitive with the currently often preferred option to seek profits from other land uses. Incentive payments need to be at a very high level to be effective against deforestation. Taxes on the other hand will extract budgetary revenues from the regions which are already poor. A combination of incentives and taxes could turn out to be a viable solution for this problem. Increasing the value of forest land and thereby make it less easily prone to deforestation would act as a strong incentive to increase productivity of agricultural and fuelwood production, which could be supported by revenues generated by the deforestation tax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Kindermann
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IHS), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ewald Rametsteiner
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
- University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian McCallum
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
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