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Tai K, Komatsu S, Sofue K, Kido M, Tanaka M, Kuramitsu K, Awazu M, Gon H, Tsugawa D, Yanagimoto H, Toyama H, Murakami S, Murakami T, Fukumoto T. Total tumour volume as a prognostic factor in patients with resectable colorectal cancer liver metastases. BJS Open 2020; 4:456-466. [PMID: 32277807 PMCID: PMC7260417 DOI: 10.1002/bjs5.50280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although total tumour volume (TTV) may have prognostic value for hepatic resection in certain solid cancers, its importance in colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) remains unexplored. This study investigated its prognostic value in patients with resectable
CRLM. Method This was a retrospective review of patients who underwent hepatic resection for CRLM between 2008 and 2017 in a single institution. TTV was measured from CT images using three‐dimensional construction software; cut‐off values were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. Potential prognostic factors, overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) were determined using multivariable and Kaplan–Meier analyses. Results Some 94 patients were included. TTV cut‐off values for OS and RFS were 100 and 10 ml respectively. Right colonic primary tumours, primary lymph node metastasis and bilobar liver metastasis were included in the multivariable analysis of OS; a TTV of 100 ml or above was independently associated with poorer OS (hazard ratio (HR) 6·34, 95 per cent c.i. 2·08 to 17·90; P = 0·002). Right colonic primary tumours and primary lymph node metastasis were included in the RFS analysis; a TTV of 10 ml or more independently predicted poorer RFS (HR 1·90, 1·12 to 3·57; P = 0·017). The 5‐year OS rate for a TTV of 100 ml or more was 41 per cent, compared with 67 per cent for a TTV below 100 ml (P = 0·006). Corresponding RFS rates with TTV of 10 ml or more, or less than 10 ml, were 14 and 58 per cent respectively (P = 0·009). A TTV of at least 100 ml conferred a higher rate of unresectable initial recurrences (12 of 15, 80 per cent) after initial hepatic resection. Conclusion TTV was associated with RFS and OS after initial hepatic resection for CRLM; TTV of 100 ml or above was associated with a higher rate of unresectable recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tai
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - S Komatsu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - K Sofue
- Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - M Kido
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - M Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - K Kuramitsu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - M Awazu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - H Gon
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - D Tsugawa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - H Yanagimoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - H Toyama
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - S Murakami
- Clinical and Translational Research Centre, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - T Murakami
- Department of Radiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - T Fukumoto
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Naito-Yoshida Y, Naico-Yoshida Y, Hida M, Maruyama Y, Hori N, Awazu M. Poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis superimposed on bilateral renal hypoplasia. Clin Nephrol 2005; 63:477-80. [PMID: 15960150 DOI: 10.5414/cnp63477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old girl with preexisting chronic renal failure (CRF) due to bilateral renal hypoplasia presented with edema, gross hematuria and acute deterioration of renal function. The diagnosis of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis (PSAGN) was made based on clinical presentation, red blood cell casts, low level of C3 and elevated antistreptolysin 0 titer. Her course was prolonged with serum creatinine increased from the baseline level of 1.1 mg/dl to 2.2 mg/dl, returning toward the baseline level (1.2 mg/dl) after one month. Serum creatinine then started to increase again. The slope of creatinine clearance over time became steeper after the episode of PSAGN. A severe course of PSAGN and subsequent deterioration of renal function have previously been reported in patients with diabetic nephropathy or focal glomerulosclerosis. The present case along with a literature review suggests that individuals with fewer nephrons are at higher risk of severe course and outcome of PSAGN. Conversely, patients with severe PSAGN may be born with fewer nephrons due to low birth weight, unrecognized renal hypoplasia or other unknown causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Naito-Yoshida
- Department of Pediatrics, Keo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Matsuyama T, Awazu M, Oikawa T, Inatomi J, Sekine T, Igarashi T. Molecular and clinical studies of Dent's disease in Japan: biochemical examination and renal ultrasonography do not predict carrier state. Clin Nephrol 2004; 61:231-7. [PMID: 15125028 DOI: 10.5414/cnp61231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dent's disease is an X-linked renal tubular disorder characterized by low-molecular-weight-proteinuria, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis and renal failure. The disease is due to inactivation of a renal chloride channel gene, CLCN5. We have investigated 3 unrelated Japanese families for CLCN5 mutations and assessed the carrier mothers biochemically and ultrasonogaraphically to ascertain whether these clinical examinations can predict the carrier state of the disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve members from these families were studied biochemically and ultrasonographically. Leukocyte DNA from probands was used with CLCN5-specific primers for PCR amplification of the coding region and exon-intron boundaries, and the DNA sequences of the products determined to identify abnormalities in the gene. RESULTS Three novel CLCN5 mutations consisting of a single base "A" insertion between nucleotides 590 and 591, a nonsense mutation (R28X) and a missense mutation (G506R) were exhibited. Hypophosphatemia was detected in 2 patients, beta2-microglobulinuria, alpha1-microglobulinuria, and hyperretinol binding proteinuria in 6 patients, hypercalciuria in 5 patients, decreased urine osmolality in 3 patients, and nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis in 4 patients. Biochemical analysis of the urine and the renal ultrasonography in each carrier mother were completely normal. CONCLUSIONS Neither urinary low-molecular-weight-proteins, urinary calcium to creatinine ratio, nor renal ultrasonography was predictive of carrier state in the 3 families with this disease, although each carrier mother had CLCN5 mutation. Hypophosphatemia and decreased urine osmolality might be a hint to suspect the carrier state of Dent's disease, although these findings are not found frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsuyama
- Department of Pediatrics, Fussa Hospital, Fussa City, Tokyo, Japan.
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Kodo K, Hida M, Omori S, Mori T, Tokumura M, Kuramochi S, Awazu M. Vasculitis associated with septicemia: case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Nephrol 2001; 16:1089-92. [PMID: 11793107 DOI: 10.1007/s004670100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2001] [Accepted: 08/21/2001] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We report an unusual case in which infectious endocarditis presented systemic vasculitis and glomerulonephritis as the initial manifestation of the disease. The patient was a 16-year-old girl with congenital cyanotic heart disease who presented with skin purpura, proteinuria, and hematuria. She had hypergammaglobulinemia, cryoglobulinemia, and positive circulating immune complexes. Renal biopsy revealed crescentic glomerulonephritis. Her serum C3 level, which was initially normal, became decreased, and prednisolone and azathioprine were administered with a tentative diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Soon after, she developed fever and renal failure. Blood culture grew Streptococcus pyogenes, and the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis was made. Eight cases of systemic vasculitis and glomerulonephritis associated with infectious endocarditis have been described in the literature. Infectious endocarditis should be included in the differential diagnosis of systemic vasculitis and glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kodo
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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Abstract
We report on a three-generation family (daughter, mother, and maternal grandmother) with a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)-like condition in the absence of inappropriate ADH secretion. In the three females, a water load test showed severely reduced urinary water excretion, with the ratio of urine volume to the loaded water being 10-33% (normal value: 70.2 +/- 7.8%). Urinary AQP2 excretion was normal, as was the DNA sequence of AVPR2 and AQP2. The results suggest the presence of a new dominantly inherited disorder for tubular water resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Ichikawa General Hospital, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan.
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome remains unknown, but T cell-mediated immune response has been postulated to play a role. On the other hand, TINU syndrome is characterized by hypergammaglobulinemia and high serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels, suggesting an involvement of humoral immunity. We describe a case of TINU syndrome in a 13-year-old girl with multiple tubular dysfunctions including renal glucosuria, tubular proteinuria, phosphaturia, uricosuria, and concentrating and acidifying defect. IgG antibody from her serum was reactive against 125-kDa human kidney protein. Immunofluorescence study using mouse kidney revealed that the antibody was against cortical renal tubular cells. The antibody disappeared as the renal symptoms resolved. We suggest that IgG antibody may contribute to tubular dysfunction in some patients with TINU syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wakaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582 Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Among mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family members, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) promotes proliferation or differentiation, whereas c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK (p38) are thought to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis. MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) inactivates and modulates MAPKs. During renal development, large scale proliferation and apoptosis occur. We investigated the temporal and spatial expression patterns of MAPKs and MKP-1 in rat kidney during development. METHODS Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry were performed in the developing and mature kidney of the rat. RESULTS The expression of ERK, p38, and MKP-1 were high in developing kidney. On the other hand, JNK was abundantly expressed in adult kidney. Active forms of ERK, p38, and JNK correlated with the protein expression levels. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that ERK was strongly expressed by blastema cells, mesenchymal cells, and ureteric bud tips in nephrogenic zone of embryonic kidney. In neonatal kidney, ERK was more abundant in the deep cortex and the medulla corresponding to tubule maturation. p38 and MKP-1 were detected uniformly in mesenchymal cells, mesangial cells, and ureteric bud epithelia of fetal kidney without an obvious correlation with the occurrence of apoptosis. JNK was expressed by tubular cells and podocytes of adult kidney. CONCLUSIONS ERK, p38, and MKP-1 are strongly expressed in developing kidney, and JNK is detected predominantly in adult kidney. Both the temporal and spatial expression of ERK coincides with the maturation of the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Omori
- Department of Pediatrics and Diagnostic Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether circadian rhythm of blood pressure (BP) is altered in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN), and if so, to determine whether it is reversible after refeeding. STUDY DESIGN Ambulatory BP monitoring was performed on 17 female inpatients with AN (mean age, 13.3 +/- 1.9 years) at the time of admission and serially during refeeding; 17 age-matched normal weight, normotensive female inpatients served as control subjects. RESULTS Patients with AN had lost an average of 23.4% +/- 11.5% of body weight before the illness. Weight after refeeding was 105.6% +/- 9. 2% of that before illness. Mean 24-hour systolic BP (SBP) (96.5 +/- 8.6 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (DBP) (53.4 +/- 5.8 mm Hg) were significantly lower in patients with AN compared with those of control subjects (SBP, 106.1 +/- 6.5 mm Hg; DBP, 60.2 +/- 5.8 mm Hg). Although awake SBP and DBP were also lower in patients with AN, asleep SBP and DBP were not statistically different from those of control subjects. Night/day BP ratio in the control group was 0.93 +/- 0.06 in systolic and 0.92 +/- 0.09 in diastolic. Those values were significantly elevated in patients with AN (systolic 1.00 +/- 0. 09 and diastolic 1.00 +/- 0.09). After refeeding, the ratio decreased to 0.88 +/- 0.09 and 0.90 +/- 0.08,respectively (both P <. 05 vs baseline). CONCLUSIONS In patients with AN, circadian variation of BP is absent. This reverts to normal after refeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
We describe a girl with lupus nephritis who presented with distal renal tubular acidosis and hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism. While distal tubular dysfunction is well recognized in adult systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), only a few pediatric patients have been reported. Evaluation of five pediatric patients with SLE revealed that distal tubular dysfunction in childhood and adolescence is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hataya
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Various growth factors and vasoactive substances are implicated in the pathogenesis of renal growth seen in early diabetes mellitus (DM). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important mediator of these extracellular stimuli. Protein kinase C (PKC), an enzyme known to be stimulated in DM, also activates MAPK. Thus, MAPK activity was examined in glomeruli from streptozotocin-induced DM rats. MAPK activity, measured as myelin basic protein kinase, was elevated by approximately 50% in DM versus controls (CON). Increased protein contents of p42mapk and p44mapk, as well as increased tyrosine phosphorylation and mobility shift of p42mapk, were also observed in DM. Tyrosine dephosphorylation of pp42mapk, on the other hand, assessed by incubating glomerular membrane with or without sodium orthovanadate (vanadate), was significantly diminished in DM. Protein expression of MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a dual specificity phosphatase that inactivates MAPK, was approximately 60% of CON. Reduction in MKP-1 was reproduced in cultured mesangial cells grown under high glucose (30 mM; HG). The suppression of MKP-1 was PKC-dependent since incubation of HG cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate for 24 h abolished it. Furthermore, calcium ionophore A23187 reversed the suppression, suggesting that blunted Ca2+ signalling, characteristic of HG cells secondary to PKC stimulation, may be the cause. These results demonstrate that glomerular MAPK is activated in DM by multiple mechanisms i.e., increases in protein contents, increased phosphorylation, and decreased dephosphorylation of the enzyme due to suppression of MKP-1. These alterations may have an implication in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Abstract
We describe two adolescent boys with white coat hypertension. Both patients had significantly high blood pressure documented on more than three occasions at clinic. No cause for hypertension or target organ damage was demonstrated. Twenty-four-hour mean ambulatory blood pressure values were normal for height and sex, which led to the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Sakai T, Takekoshi Y, Honda M, Awazu M, Ito K, Iitaka K, Koitabashi Y, Yamaoka K, Nakagawa K, Nakamura H, Matsuyama S, Seino Y, Takeda N, Hattori S, Ninomiya M. A controlled trial of combined therapy for newly diagnosed severe childhood IgA nephropathy. The Japanese Pediatric IgA Nephropathy Treatment Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:101-9. [PMID: 9890315 DOI: 10.1681/asn.v101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The most appropriate treatment for patients with IgA nephropathy is controversial. Treatment with prednisolone, azathioprine, heparin-warfarin, and dipyridamole early in the course of disease may prevent immunologic renal injury in children with severe IgA nephropathy. To determine whether similar results can be obtained with a combination of just heparin-warfarin and dipyridamole, the effects of such treatment were compared to those of treatment with prednisolone, azathioprine, heparin-warfarin, and dipyridamole in 78 children with newly diagnosed IgA nephropathy showing diffuse mesangial proliferation. The patients were randomly assigned to receive either prednisolone, azathioprine, heparin-warfarin, and dipyridamole for 2 yr (group 1) or heparin-warfarin and dipyridamole for 2 yr (group 2). All of the 40 patients in group 1 and 34 of the 38 patients in group 2 completed the trial. The mean urinary protein excretion fell in group 1 patients (P < 0.0001), but remained unchanged in group 2 patients. The mean serum IgA concentration was reduced in group 1 patients (P = 0.0002), but was unchanged in group 2 patients. BP and creatinine clearance were normal at the end of the trial in all but one group 2 patient, who developed chronic renal insufficiency. The percentage of glomeruli showing sclerosis was unchanged in group 1 patients, but increased in group 2 patients (P = 0.006). The intensity of mesangial IgA deposits decreased in group 1 patients (P = 0.02), but remained unchanged in group 2 patients. In conclusion, the present study shows that treatment of children with severe IgA nephropathy with prednisolone, azathioprine, heparin-warfarin, and dipyridamole for 2 yr early in the course of disease reduces immunologic renal injury and prevents increase of sclerosed glomeruli.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Health Science, Kobe University School of Medicine, Japan
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Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Takekoshi Y, Honda M, Awazu M, Iijima K, Nakamura H, Seino Y, Takeda N, Hattori S, Matsuda I. [Standard versus long-term prednisolone with sairei-to for initial therapy in childhood steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome: a prospective controlled study]. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1998; 40:587-90. [PMID: 9893457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The most appropriate initial treatment for children with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome is controversial. Initial treatment with 18-week prednisolone and the Chinese herbal medicine. Sairei-to, may prevent subsequent relapse. To determine whether similar results can be obtained with a combination of just initial 8-week prednisolone and Sairei-to, we compared the effects of such treatment with those of treatment with 18-week prednisolone and Sairei-to in 196 children with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. The patients were randomly assigned to receive 8-week (group 1) or 18-week (group 2) prednisolone for the initial therapy. All patients received Sairei-to for 2 years in addition to prednisolone. Eighty-eight of the 98 patients in group 1 and 83 of the 98 patients in group 2 completed their trial. At entry, the two groups of patients did not differ in their clinical and laboratory findings. During the 2-year trial, 62 group 1 patients (70%) and 54 group 2 patients (65%) had relapses, and 19 group 1 patients (21%) and 20 group 2 patients (24%) had frequent relapses. The present study demonstrates that a combination of initial 8-week prednisolone and 2-year Sairei-to is effective in children with steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Health Science, Kobe University School of Medicine
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Abstract
Trapidil, an antiplatelet drug, has been shown to reduce restenosis after angioplasty. It exerts its action, at least in part, by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, antagonizing platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). We examined its site of action on PDGF cellular signaling. Exposure of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells to increasing concentrations of trapidil for 18 hours resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in PDGF-BB-stimulated [3H] thymidine incorporation. Trapidil (400 microg/mL) increased PDGF beta-receptor protein by 28+/-8%, whereas PDGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF beta-receptor remained unchanged. PDGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma, the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidyl-inositol 3 kinase, Ras GTPase-activating protein, and an adaptor molecule Shc were also not altered. On the other hand, trapidil inhibited PDGF-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) activity by 35+/-7% at 10 minutes and by 32+/-10% at 6 hours. Activation of Raf-1, an upstream activator of MAP kinase, by PDGF was also attenuated by trapidil. Moreover, protein content of MAP kinase phosphatase-1, which inactivates MAP kinase, was elevated in trapidil-treated cells. These actions of trapidil may be mediated by cAMP. Thus, there was a 1.9-fold increase in cellular cAMP generation in trapidil-treated cells. The present results demonstrate that trapidil antagonizes PDGF-induced mitogenesis and MAP kinase activation in vascular smooth muscle cells, probably through cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoshiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is known to suppress platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated proliferation of rat cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. The present study examined whether ANP inhibits the PDGF receptor (PDGFR) tyrosine kinase activation, an initial event for PDGF cellular signaling. ANP reduced the in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGFR stimulated by PDGF in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was not due to the reduction in PDGFR protein as detected by immunoblot analysis. 8-Bromo-cyclic GMP, a membrane-permeable 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) derivative, mimicked the action of ANP. HS-142-1, an antagonist for guanylate cyclase A (GC-A) and B, co-incubated with ANP, restored the PDGF-induced PDGFR autophosphorylation. The effect of ANP was also observed in the presence of a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, sodium orthovanadate. To confirm that ANP exerts its action by inhibiting protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), an in vitro kinase assay was performed. Cyclic GMP inhibited PTK activity of PDGFR partially purified by lectin affinity chromatography. In contrast, PTK activity in immobilized PDGFR immunocomplexes was not inhibited by cGMP. However, exogenous cGMP dependent protein kinase (PKG) reduced the PTK activity in the presence of cGMP. These results demonstrate that ANP suppresses PDGFR PTK through GC-A probably by activating PKG. This may be an important mechanism by which ANP exerts its anti-proliferative action antagonizing PDGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Yoshikawa N, Ito H, Sakai T, Takekoshi Y, Honda M, Awazu M, Ito K, Iitaka K, Koitabashi Y, Yamaoka K, Nakagawa K, Nakamura H, Matsuyama S, Seino Y, Takeda N, Hattori S, Ninomiya M. [A prospective controlled study of sairei-to in childhood IgA nephropathy with focal/minimal mesangial proliferation. Japanese Pediatric IgA Nephropathy Treatment Study Group]. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1997; 39:503-6. [PMID: 9283216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To determine the effect of the Chinese herbal medicine, Sairei-to (TJ-114) in children with newly diagnosed IgA nephropathy showing focal/minimal mesangial proliferation, we undertook a prospective controlled study. One hundred and one patients were randomly assigned to receive Sairei-to for 2 years (group 1) or no drug for 2 years (group 2). Forty-six of the 50 patients in group 1 and 48 of the 51 patients in group 2 completed their trial. At entry, the two groups of patients did not differ in the clinical, laboratory and pathologic findings. At the end of the trial, urinary protein excretion and hematuria were significantly reduced in group 1, but were unchanged in group 2. Twenty-one group 1 patients (46%) had normal urine, but only 5 group 2 patients (10%) had normal urine at the end of the trial (p < 0.001). Blood pressure and creatinine clearance were normal at the end of the trial in all but one group 2 patient, who developed chronic renal failure. The present study demonstrates that 2-year Sairei-to treatment early in the course of disease is effective in children with IgA nephropathy showing focal/minimal mesangial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Health Science, Kobe University School of Medicine
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Awazu M, Tanaka T, Sato S, Anzo M, Higuchi M, Yamazaki K, Matsuo N. Hepatic dysfunction in two sibs with Alström syndrome: case report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet 1997; 69:13-6. [PMID: 9066877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Alström syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder (MIM No. *203800) characterized by retinal degeneration, obesity, deafness, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and nephropathy. We report two sibs with Alström syndrome and hepatic dysfunction. The first sib developed elevations in liver enzymes at 29 years of age. Liver biopsy showed fatty liver, lymphocytic infiltration, and piecemeal necrosis. The second sib had had elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase levels since she was 10 years old. She developed ascites, esophageal varices, and splenomegaly in her twenties. Cirrhosis was confirmed by autopsy; the patient was 26 years of age at death. Three Alström syndrome patients with hepatic dysfunction have been documented previously. No specific cause was identified for liver disease in any of the patients, including ours. Hepatic dysfunction appears to be a manifestation of Alström syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Abstract
Current models of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) beta receptor itinerary are based upon the properties of receptors recovered from nonionic detergent-solubilized cellular extracts. Comparing several commonly used cell extraction procedures, we have determined that up to 50% of immunoreactive PDGF beta receptors, reside in a Triton X-100 insoluble pool in a wide distribution of cultured cell lines, including Balb/c-3T3, NIH 3T3, and Swiss fibroblasts, primary murine and human fibroblasts, and primary human glial cells. Many properties of Triton insoluble receptors are distinct from the well-characterized PDGF beta receptors, including 1) delayed arrival of newly synthesized receptors into the Triton insoluble fraction, 2) prolonged half-life in the presence of PDGF, 3) increased abundance with increasing cell density, 4) inaccessibility to modification by extracellular compartment enzymes, 5) cofractionation with cytoskeletal proteins, and 6) a higher basal tyrosine phosphorylation state. PDGF stimulates accumulation of tyrosine phosphorylated PDGF beta receptors in the Triton X-100 insoluble fraction. Cell surface PDGF beta receptors modified by enzymatic desialylation redistribute to the insoluble fraction. These findings distinguish the itinerary of a large subpopulation of PDGF beta receptors from those characterized previously. Receptors in this fraction represent a long-lived tyrosine phosphorylated population that may effect responses for extended periods following ligand activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Coats
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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Awazu M, Tanaka T, Yamazaki K, Kato S, Higuchi M, Matsuo N. A 27-year-old woman with Alström syndrome who had liver cirrhosis. Keio J Med 1995; 44:67-73. [PMID: 7658647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is difficult to diagnose in children because patients often do not have characteristic symptoms and pediatricians have a low awareness of BD. We report on the case of BD in a 12-year-old boy that presented as endocarditis. Prednisolone, started after infective endocarditis had been ruled out, had a dramatic effect. Cardiac involvement in BD and the differential diagnosis of endocarditis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakata
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Awazu M, Ichikawa I. Alterations in renal function in experimental congestive heart failure. Semin Nephrol 1994; 14:401-11. [PMID: 7997647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The delicate interplay between vasoconstrictors and vasodilators preserves glomerular filtration in CHF despite marked hypoperfusion. Activation of vasoconstrictive systems seems to depend on the severity and the chronicity of the disease. The importance of renin-angiotensin, sympathetic nerves, vasopressin and counterregulatory ANP, and prostaglandins in CHF has been elucidated. Possible roles of newly identified substances, such as endothelin and EDRF, deserve investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Munger KA, Takahashi K, Awazu M, Frazer M, Falk SA, Conger JD, Badr KF. Maintenance of endothelin-induced renal arteriolar constriction in rats is cyclooxygenase dependent. Am J Physiol 1993; 264:F637-44. [PMID: 8476077 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.1993.264.4.f637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Influence of arachidonate cyclooxygenase (COX) products on endothelin (ET)-evoked renal vasoconstriction was assessed. In microperfused rat afferent (AA) and efferent arterioles (EA), indomethacin had no effects on the maximal contraction of both AA and EA by ET, but reduced the duration of ET-induced constriction in both arterioles. ET infusion to rats in vivo resulted in a selective increase in efferent but not afferent arteriolar resistance, leading to a dramatic increase in transcapillary hydraulic pressure difference. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which fell progressively during infusion of ET alone, was markedly preserved by COX inhibition, but not during selective thromboxane A2 antagonism. In isolated glomeruli, release of prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in response to 10(-6) mol/l ET exceeded that the PGE2 by a ratio of 3.2. Collectively, these data provide strong evidence that locally released COX products, possibly PGF2 alpha, play a key role in sustaining ET-induced renal arteriolar constriction. COX inhibition leads to acute vasorelaxation of AA despite continued ET administration, without affecting EA constriction in vivo, thereby resulting in a dramatic reversal of the effects of ET on GFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Munger
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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23
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Abstract
In summary, ANP exerts its action in the kidney directly and indirectly. Its qualitative importance in body fluid regulation remains unsettled. It appears that its role is more important in pathophysiological conditions such as CHF in which plasma ANP is elevated. Paradoxically, kidneys in heart failure, nephrosis and diabetes are characterized by diminished responsiveness to exogenous ANP. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether this involves an alteration at the receptor or postreceptor site. The cellular mechanisms for receptor regulation and postreceptor signalling in physiology and pathophysiology need further investigation. Finally, a paracrine mode for the action of ANP and other natriuretic peptides has been proposed. Whether they act locally to facilitate sodium excretion and how much importance they have compared to circulating ANP remain to be clarified. The potential role of ANP as a growth inhibitor is also intriguing.
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Abstract
Modification of dietary fatty acid (FA) has been shown to affect the incidence of hypertension and coronary artery disease. We studied whether these effects involve changes in the receptor characteristics of vasoactive substance. Characteristics of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors were examined in glomeruli isolated from rats fed a diet containing 5% in weight omega 6, 5% omega 3, 20% omega 6, 20% omega 3 polyunsaturated FA or 20% saturated FA (SFA) for greater than 4 weeks. The FA composition of phospholipids in isolated glomeruli showed an elevation in 20:4 omega 6 (arachidonic acid, AA) in 5% omega 6, 20% omega 6 and 20% SFA, and elevations in 20:5 omega 3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) in 5% omega 3 and 20% omega 3 groups. The radioligand binding study revealed: (1) in 20% FA group, receptor density (Ro, fmol/mg prot) of ANP was significantly decreased compared to 5% group (262 +/- 13, n = 8 to 120 +/- 13, n = 12) without changes in equilibrium dissociation constant (KD), (2) among high FA (20%) groups, type of FA was essential for determining Ro; higher omega 6 was associated with a lower ANP Ro (177 +/- 11 vs. 103 +/- 3 fmol/mg prot, P less than 0.05) and KD (0.43 +/- .04 vs. 0.27 +/- .02 nM, P less than 0.05). To examine whether the alteration in receptor characteristics is mediated by FA, effects of FA were examined in vitro. In cultured mesangial cells, AA, but not EPA, decreased Ro of ANP receptors (48.7 +/- 4.8% of control, P less than 0.05) without affecting KD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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25
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Abstract
Although some humoral and neural factors have been implicated in the persistent vasoconstriction characterizing many forms of acute renal failure, the mechanisms for this abnormal vascular function have remained largely unresolved. Several factors previously postulated to have a role in acute renal failure have been shown to enhance endothelin (Et) production or gene expression. We studied the potential pathophysiologic role for Et in several models of acute renal failure, including postischemia, endotoxin, and cyclosporine (Cy) nephrotoxicity. We have found that, in vivo, Cy (and also endotoxin) elevates circulating Et. We further showed that antagonizing Et's action with Et antibody ameliorates renal vasoconstriction following renal ischemia, Cy, and endotoxin administration. Additionally, our studies showed that even after circulating levels of Et decrease (following Cy), there is upregulation in Et receptors in the kidneys. Overall, endothelin appears to feature prominently in the pathophysiologic processes occurring during several forms of acute renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kon
- Pediatric Nephrology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
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26
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Abstract
We examined characteristics of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptors in glomeruli isolated from subacutely (3-5 days) denervated (DNX) and contralateral nondenervated (non-DNX) kidneys of normal rats (NL) and rats subjected to water deprivation for 48 h (WD). Total ANP receptor density in DNX kidneys of WD rats, measured by competitive inhibition binding between 125I-labeled ANP and ANP, was twofold higher than non-DNX kidneys (726 +/- 96 vs. 384 +/- 32 fmol/mg protein, P less than 0.05). Equilibrium association constant (Ka) was not significantly different (2.33 +/- 0.43 vs. 3.34 +/- 0.78 x 10(9) M-1). In NL rats, there was no difference in ANP receptor density between DNX and non-DNX kidneys (244 +/- 20 and 264 +/- 16 fmol/mg protein). Production of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), a putative second messenger of ANP, in response to ANP (10(-7) M) in glomeruli isolated from DNX was significantly larger than non-DNX kidneys of WD rats. To determine whether these changes in ANP receptors have functional consequences in vivo, glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient (Kf) was assessed by micropuncture technique in WD Munich-Wistar rats. In DNX kidneys, ANP infusion (4 micrograms.kg-1.h-1) significantly increased whole kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and single-nephron (SN) GFR (0.64 +/- 0.06 to 0.89 +/- 0.17 ml/min and 25 +/- 2 to 33 +/- 2 nl/min, respectively; n = 7) and Kf (1.26 +/- 0.29 to 2.18 +/- 0.41 nl.min-1.mmHg-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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27
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Abstract
It has previously been shown that administration of cyclosporine causes a prompt (within 15 min after infusion) increase in circulating level of endothelin 1 and a pattern of glomerular hypoperfusion and hypofiltration which can be ameliorated with antiendothelin antibody. We now show that 60 min after cyclosporine, serum endothelin 1 level falls to less than 2.55 +/- 0.31 pg/mL (N = 6), a value comparable to that found in normal animals (less than 2 pg/mL). The study presented here also examines whether sustained cyclosporine-induced glomerular dysfunction is associated with altered endothelin receptor characteristics. Saturation and competitive inhibition binding studies in isolated glomerular membranes showed two binding sites. Of these, the density of the low-affinity site was affected by cyclosporine treatment (851 +/- 117 versus 425 +/- 61 fmol/mg of protein; P less than 0.05; N = 6) without a change in equilibrium dissociation constant, KD. The high-affinity site was not affected. The receptor characteristics of another vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II, were not affected by cyclosporine. In addition, there was no difference in endothelin binding sites in hepatic tissue between cyclosporine and control rats. These results raise the intriguing possibility that cyclosporine-induced glomerular dysfunction involves upregulation of endothelin binding sites and that altered endothelin receptors appear specific to the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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28
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Abstract
The vasoconstrictor response is defective in diabetes mellitus (DM). Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) is also known to prevail in diabetes mellitus, and it is thought to be secondary to abnormal diacylglycerol metabolism. To ascertain whether this PKC activation in diabetes underlies the vasomotor defect by regulating biological receptors, we studied the characteristics of the receptor for endothelin (ET), "the vasoconstrictor of injury." For this purpose, diabetes was induced in rats by intravenous streptozotocin. One to 2 weeks after streptozotocin treatment (average glucose at time of experiments: 518 mg/dl), glomeruli were isolated and assessed for ET receptor and PKC activity. ET receptor characteristics were also assessed following infusion of a specific PKC inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine (CI). For comparison, nondiabetic controls with and without PKC inhibitor were studied. No differences in high-affinity ET-1 receptor (ER-1) characteristics were found among the diabetic and normal rats. In contrast, receptor density for the lower-affinity receptor (ER-2) was significantly depressed in DM without changes in the equilibrium dissociation constant. Infusion of CI 20 min before glomerular harvesting did not affect the glomerular PKC activity in controls (particulate: 28.0 +/- 4.0% of total activity to 22.0 +/- 3.9%, n = 3). In contrast, in diabetes mellitus rats infused with CI, PKC activity decreased (particulate: from 44.7 +/- 2.9% of total activity to 18.5 +/- 3.2%, n = 3, p less than 0.05). This CI-induced suppression of PKC in DM was accompanied by complete reversal in down-regulation of ER-2 receptors. Thus, DM is characterized by down-regulation in low-affinity ET-1 receptors. Furthermore, this receptor down-regulation can be reversed by abolishing abnormally enhanced PKC activity. These results indicate that abnormal activation of PKC may underlie the profoundly vasodilative status and defective vasoconstrictor response characterizing DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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29
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Abstract
Effects of purified rabbit anti-rat 25-amino acid atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) immunoglobulin G (IgG) on renal sodium excretion and glomerular filtration rate were studied in a rat model of congestive heart failure (CHF) having high circulating ANP levels. Bolus injection of anti-ANP into anesthetized rats with surgically induced myocardial infarction (MI) significantly and markedly depressed both absolute and fractional urinary excretion of sodium without affecting mean arterial pressure or glomerular filtration rate. By contrast, anti-ANP failed to affect these renal functions in normal or acutely water-deprived rats. Nonimmune IgG did not affect renal function in MI rats. These results indicate that high circulating ANP plays an important role in sodium homeostasis of congestive heart failure: by promoting sodium excretion, ANP opposes the tendency of sodium retention characteristic of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
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30
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Abstract
Antidiuretic hormone is known to stimulate the renal synthesis of prostaglandins. These autacoids, in turn, modulate the pressure natriuresis phenomenon. Accordingly, the present study was done to test the hypothesis that, in the absence of antidiuretic hormone and antidiuretic hormone-dependent prostaglandin synthesis, the pressure natriuresis response is blunted. Experiments were performed on Brattleboro diabetes insipidus rats (n = 7) and Long Evans control rats (n = 14). A change in perfusion pressure in the Long Evans rats from 89.3 +/- 1.0 to 108.7 +/- 1.1 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) was associated with significant increases in the fractional excretion of sodium (1.1 +/- 0.2 to 2.3 +/- 0.3%) and the urinary prostaglandin excretion (32.6 +/- 6.8 to 56.6 +/- 10.0 pg/min). In contrast, a similar change in perfusion pressure in the diabetes insipidus rat from 88.6 +/- 1.4 to 106.2 +/- 1.5 mm Hg (p less than 0.05) resulted in no significant increases in either sodium or prostaglandin excretions. Treatment of a third group of diabetes insipidus rats (n = 9) with 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (1 microgram/day) restored the natriuretic response to increases in renal perfusion pressure. Treated diabetes insipidus and Long Evans control rats had comparable natriuretic responses to increases in renal perfusion pressure. Untreated diabetes insipidus rats, on the other hand, had blunted responses. In summary, the pressure natriuresis response in diabetes insipidus rats is blunted compared with Long Evans control rats. We conclude that antidiuretic hormone is necessary for the complete expression of the pressure natriuresis response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gonzalez-Campoy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
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31
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Abstract
Antenatal diagnosis of fetal abnormalities is an important component of genetic counseling. This paper reviews the indications and techniques of antenatal diagnosis of renal and urinary tract abnormalities, and outlines their follow-up and modes of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Y Barakat
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn 37232
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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Abstract
Washout of the solute concentration gradient in the renal medullary interstitium has been suggested to play a role in mediating the natriuretic response to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of ANP 8-33 on sodium excretion in Brattleboro diabetes insipidus (DI) rats, in which medullary tonicity is known to be decreased as compared to Long-Evans (LE) control rats. Basal urine osmolality (Uosm) was significantly lower in DI rats as compared to LE rats (123 +/- 6 vs 673 +/- 38 mOsm/kg). Infusion of ANP 8-33 at a rate of 4 micrograms/kg/hr for 60 min resulted in a significantly greater increase in UnaV (delta 6.1 +/- 1.2 vs delta 2.9 +/- 0.7 microEq/min) and urine flow (delta 40 +/- 12 vs delta 8 +/- 7 microliter/min) in the LE rats than in the DI rats. The greater natriuresis occurred in the LE rats despite no significant change in Uosm. Fractional lithium reabsorption (an indicator of proximal sodium reabsorption) decreased similarly in both groups. Infusion of ANP had no effect on mean arterial pressure in LE and DI groups. In summary, infusion of ANP in the DI rat resulted in a significant natriuresis, albeit less than in LE rats. The natriuresis in the LE rats occurred despite no significant change in Uosm. These data suggest that mechanisms other than medullary washout are responsible for the natriuretic effects of ANP.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Awazu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Abstract
Five children with renovascular hypertension were treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and followed for 12 to 32 months. Blood pressure fell to normal in four patients and improved in one. Angiographic and endocrinological improvements were associated with a fall in blood pressure and no complications were observed. Angioplasty is considered a safe, effective treatment for children with renovascular hypertension.
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Yui I, Awazu M, Takeuchi Y, Fukuda J, Hanada T, Sakaguchi H. [Oligomeganephronia with multiple anomalies]. Nihon Jinzo Gakkai Shi 1984; 26:1529-37. [PMID: 6152474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Awazu M, Nakano Y, Takeuchi Y. [Two cases of benign tertian malaria]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi 1982; 56:509-512. [PMID: 6813400 DOI: 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.56.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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