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Massey V, Parrish A, Argemi J, Moreno M, Mello A, García-Rocha M, Altamirano J, Odena G, Dubuquoy L, Louvet A, Martinez C, Adrover A, Affò S, Morales-Ibanez O, Sancho-Bru P, Millán C, Alvarado-Tapias E, Morales-Arraez D, Caballería J, Mann J, Cao S, Sun Z, Shah V, Cameron A, Mathurin P, Snider N, Villanueva C, Morgan TR, Guinovart J, Vadigepalli R, Bataller R. Integrated Multiomics Reveals Glucose Use Reprogramming and Identifies a Novel Hexokinase in Alcoholic Hepatitis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1725-1740.e2. [PMID: 33309778 PMCID: PMC8613537 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We recently showed that alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is characterized by dedifferentiation of hepatocytes and loss of mature functions. Glucose metabolism is tightly regulated in healthy hepatocytes. We hypothesize that AH may lead to metabolic reprogramming of the liver, including dysregulation of glucose metabolism. METHODS We performed integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of liver tissue from patients with AH or alcoholic cirrhosis or normal liver tissue from hepatic resection. Focused analyses of chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to DNA sequencing was performed. Functional in vitro studies were performed in primary rat and human hepatocytes and HepG2 cells. RESULTS Patients with AH exhibited specific changes in the levels of intermediates of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and monosaccharide and disaccharide metabolism. Integrated analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome showed the used of alternate energetic pathways, metabolite sinks and bottlenecks, and dysregulated glucose storage in patients with AH. Among genes involved in glucose metabolism, hexokinase domain containing 1 (HKDC1) was identified as the most up-regulated kinase in patients with AH. Histone active promoter and enhancer markers were increased in the HKDC1 genomic region. High HKDC1 levels were associated with the development of acute kidney injury and decreased survival. Increased HKDC1 activity contributed to the accumulation of glucose-6-P and glycogen in primary rat hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS Altered metabolite levels and messenger RNA expression of metabolic enzymes suggest the existence of extensive reprogramming of glucose metabolism in AH. Increased HKDC1 expression may contribute to dysregulated glucose metabolism and represents a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for AH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Massey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Austin Parrish
- Daniel Baugh Institute, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra. Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, IdisNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Moreno
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aline Mello
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mar García-Rocha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Altamirano
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebrón, Vall d'Hebrón Institut de Recerca, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Odena
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Laurent Dubuquoy
- Service des Maladies de l'appareil digestif, CHU Lille, Inserm LIRIC-UMR995, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Louvet
- Service des Maladies de l'appareil digestif, CHU Lille, Inserm LIRIC-UMR995, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Carlos Martinez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Adrover
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Affò
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Millán
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edilmar Alvarado-Tapias
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dalia Morales-Arraez
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Juan Caballería
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jelena Mann
- Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sheng Cao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Transplant Biology Research Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vijay Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew Cameron
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Transplant Biology Research Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Phillipe Mathurin
- Service des Maladies de l'appareil digestif, CHU Lille, Inserm LIRIC-UMR995, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Natasha Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Càndid Villanueva
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timothy R Morgan
- Gastroenterology Services, VA Long Beach Healthcare, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Joan Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rajanikanth Vadigepalli
- Daniel Baugh Institute, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Departments of Medicine and Nutrition, and Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Division of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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2
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Testoni G, Duran J, García-Rocha M, Vilaplana F, Serrano AL, Sebastián D, López-Soldado I, Sullivan MA, Slebe F, Vilaseca M, Muñoz-Cánoves P, Guinovart JJ. Lack of Glycogenin Causes Glycogen Accumulation and Muscle Function Impairment. Cell Metab 2017; 26:256-266.e4. [PMID: 28683291 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycogenin is considered essential for glycogen synthesis, as it acts as a primer for the initiation of the polysaccharide chain. Against expectations, glycogenin-deficient mice (Gyg KO) accumulate high amounts of glycogen in striated muscle. Furthermore, this glycogen contains no covalently bound protein, thereby demonstrating that a protein primer is not strictly necessary for the synthesis of the polysaccharide in vivo. Strikingly, in spite of the higher glycogen content, Gyg KO mice showed lower resting energy expenditure and less resistance than control animals when subjected to endurance exercise. These observations can be attributed to a switch of oxidative myofibers toward glycolytic metabolism. Mice overexpressing glycogen synthase in the muscle showed similar alterations, thus indicating that this switch is caused by the excess of glycogen. These results may explain the muscular defects of GSD XV patients, who lack glycogenin-1 and show high glycogen accumulation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Testoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mar García-Rocha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Antonio L Serrano
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - David Sebastián
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Iliana López-Soldado
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mitchell A Sullivan
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Felipe Slebe
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marta Vilaseca
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Pura Muñoz-Cánoves
- Cell Biology Group, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), CIBER on Neurodegenerative diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona 08003, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; Spanish National Center on Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain.
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3
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Krag TO, Pinós T, Nielsen TL, Duran J, García-Rocha M, Andreu AL, Vissing J. Differential glucose metabolism in mice and humans affected by McArdle disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 311:R307-14. [PMID: 27280431 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00489.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
McArdle disease (muscle glycogenosis type V) is a disease caused by myophosphorylase deficiency leading to "blocked" glycogen breakdown. A significant but varying glycogen accumulation in especially distal hind limb muscles of mice affected by McArdle disease has recently been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated how myophosphorylase deficiency affects glucose metabolism in hind limb muscle of 20-wk-old McArdle mice and vastus lateralis muscles from patients with McArdle disease. Western blot analysis and activity assay demonstrated that glycogen synthase was inhibited in glycolytic muscle from McArdle mice. The level and activation of proteins involved in contraction-induced glucose transport (AMPK, GLUT4) and glycogen synthase inhibition were increased in quadriceps muscle of McArdle mice. In addition, pCaMKII in quadriceps was reduced, suggesting lower insulin-induced glucose uptake, which could lead to lower glycogen accumulation. In comparison, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, and soleus had massive glycogen accumulation, but few, if any, changes or adaptations in glucose metabolism compared with wild-type mice. The findings suggest plasticity in glycogen metabolism in the McArdle mouse that is related to myosin heavy chain type IIB content in muscles. In patients, the level of GLUT4 was vastly increased, as were hexokinase II and phosphofructokinase, and glycogen synthase was more inhibited, suggesting that patients adapt by increasing capture of glucose for direct metabolism, thereby significantly reducing glycogen buildup compared with the mouse model. Hence, the McArdle mouse may be a useful tool for further comparative studies of disease mechanism caused by myophosphorylase deficiency and basic studies of metabolic adaptation in muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Krag
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tue L Nielsen
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar García-Rocha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Vissing
- Copenhagen Neuromuscular Center, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Mir-Coll J, Duran J, Slebe F, García-Rocha M, Gomis R, Gasa R, Guinovart JJ. Genetic models rule out a major role of beta cell glycogen in the control of glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1012-20. [PMID: 26825527 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3871-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glycogen accumulation occurs in beta cells of diabetic patients and has been proposed to partly mediate glucotoxicity-induced beta cell dysfunction. However, the role of glycogen metabolism in beta cell function and its contribution to diabetes pathophysiology remain poorly understood. We investigated the function of beta cell glycogen by studying glucose homeostasis in mice with (1) defective glycogen synthesis in the pancreas; and (2) excessive glycogen accumulation in beta cells. METHODS Conditional deletion of the Gys1 gene and overexpression of protein targeting to glycogen (PTG) was accomplished by Cre-lox recombination using pancreas-specific Cre lines. Glucose homeostasis was assessed by determining fasting glycaemia, insulinaemia and glucose tolerance. Beta cell mass was determined by morphometry. Glycogen was detected histologically by periodic acid-Schiff's reagent staining. Isolated islets were used for the determination of glycogen and insulin content, insulin secretion, immunoblots and gene expression assays. RESULTS Gys1 knockout (Gys1 (KO)) mice did not exhibit differences in glucose tolerance or basal glycaemia and insulinaemia relative to controls. Insulin secretion and gene expression in isolated islets was also indistinguishable between Gys1 (KO) and controls. Conversely, despite effective glycogen overaccumulation in islets, mice with PTG overexpression (PTG(OE)) presented similar glucose tolerance to controls. However, under fasting conditions they exhibited lower glycaemia and higher insulinaemia. Importantly, neither young nor aged PTG(OE) mice showed differences in beta cell mass relative to age-matched controls. Finally, a high-fat diet did not reveal a beta cell-autonomous phenotype in either model. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Glycogen metabolism is not required for the maintenance of beta cell function. Glycogen accumulation in beta cells alone is not sufficient to trigger the dysfunction or loss of these cells, or progression to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Mir-Coll
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Felipe Slebe
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
| | - Mar García-Rocha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Gomis
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Gasa
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Laboratory, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain, .
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Spain, .
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Slebe F, Rojo F, Vinaixa M, García-Rocha M, Testoni G, Guiu M, Planet E, Samino S, Arenas EJ, Beltran A, Rovira A, Lluch A, Salvatella X, Yanes O, Albanell J, Guinovart JJ, Gomis RR. FoxA and LIPG endothelial lipase control the uptake of extracellular lipids for breast cancer growth. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11199. [PMID: 27045898 PMCID: PMC4822041 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that allow breast cancer (BCa) cells to metabolically sustain rapid growth are poorly understood. Here we report that BCa cells are dependent on a mechanism to supply precursors for intracellular lipid production derived from extracellular sources and that the endothelial lipase (LIPG) fulfils this function. LIPG expression allows the import of lipid precursors, thereby contributing to BCa proliferation. LIPG stands out as an essential component of the lipid metabolic adaptations that BCa cells, and not normal tissue, must undergo to support high proliferation rates. LIPG is ubiquitously and highly expressed under the control of FoxA1 or FoxA2 in all BCa subtypes. The downregulation of either LIPG or FoxA in transformed cells results in decreased proliferation and impaired synthesis of intracellular lipids. Deregulation of lipid metabolism in cancer cells is critical to the maintenance of certain malignant features. Here, the authors show that the proliferation of breast cancer cells depends upon the extracellular activity of the endothelial lipase enzyme LIPG whose expression is regulated by the FoxA family of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Slebe
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Federico Rojo
- Cancer Research Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona 08003 Spain.,Pathology Department, IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Maria Vinaixa
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43204, Spain.,Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43003, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mar García-Rocha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Giorgia Testoni
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marc Guiu
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Evarist Planet
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Sara Samino
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43204, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Enrique J Arenas
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Antoni Beltran
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43204, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Cancer Research Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona 08003 Spain.,Medical Oncology Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Ana Lluch
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Clinico, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Xavier Salvatella
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Oscar Yanes
- Centre for Omic Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus 43204, Spain.,Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43003, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- Cancer Research Programme, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona 08003 Spain.,Medical Oncology Service, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona 08003, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid 28029, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Roger R Gomis
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain
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6
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Herrera JL, Salido E, Gómez JF, Alonso R, García-Rocha M, Duran J, Guinovart JJ, Morales A. Energy Status in Skeletal Muscle in a Mouse Model of Pompe Disease. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/jnd-159039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Herrera
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Eduardo Salido
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jose F. Gómez
- Department of Basic Physics, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rafael Alonso
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mar García-Rocha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan J. Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Morales
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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7
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Herrera JL, Salido E, Gómez JF, Alonso R, García-Rocha M, Duran J, Guinovart JJ, Morales A. Energy Status in Skeletal Muscle in a Mouse Model of Pompe Disease. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 2:S43. [PMID: 27858637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Herrera
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Eduardo Salido
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jose F Gómez
- Department of Basic Physics, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rafael Alonso
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mar García-Rocha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Duran
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan J Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Morales
- Department of Basic Biomedical Science, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands (CIBICAN), University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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8
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Hernández C, Garcia-Ramírez M, García-Rocha M, Saez-López C, Valverde ÁM, Guinovart JJ, Simó R. Glycogen storage in the human retinal pigment epithelium: a comparative study of diabetic and non-diabetic donors. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:543-52. [PMID: 24458975 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-013-0549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver and muscle glycogen content is reduced in diabetic patients but there is no information on the effect of diabetes on the glycogen content in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The main aim of the study was to compare the glycogen content in the RPE between diabetic and non-diabetic human donors. Glycogen synthase (GS) and glycogen phosphorylase (GP), the key enzymes of glycogen metabolism, as well as their isoforms, were also assessed. For this purpose, 44 human postmortem eye cups were included (22 from 11 type 2 diabetic and 22 from 11 non-diabetic donors matched by age). Human RPE cells cultured in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions were also analyzed. Glycogen content as well as the mRNA, protein content and enzyme activity of GS and GP were determined. In addition, GS and GP isoforms were characterized. In the RPE from diabetic donors, as well as in RPE cells grown in hyperglycemic conditions, the glycogen content was increased. The increase in glycogen content was associated with an increase in GS without changes in GP levels. In RPE form human donors, the muscle GS isoform but not the liver GS isoform was detected. Regarding GP, the muscle and brain isoform of GP but not the liver GP isoform were detected. We conclude that glycogen storage is increased in the RPE of diabetic patients, and it is associated with an increase in GS activity. Further studies aimed at determining the role of glycogen deposits in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Pg. Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain,
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9
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von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff A, Hunter RW, García-Rocha M, Kang L, López-Soldado I, Lantier L, Patel K, Peggie MW, Martínez-Pons C, Voss M, Calbó J, Cohen PT, Wasserman DH, Guinovart JJ, Sakamoto K. Glucose-6-phosphate-mediated activation of liver glycogen synthase plays a key role in hepatic glycogen synthesis. Diabetes 2013; 62:4070-82. [PMID: 23990365 PMCID: PMC3837029 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The liver responds to an increase in blood glucose levels in the postprandial state by uptake of glucose and conversion to glycogen. Liver glycogen synthase (GYS2), a key enzyme in glycogen synthesis, is controlled by a complex interplay between the allosteric activator glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) and reversible phosphorylation through glycogen synthase kinase-3 and the glycogen-associated form of protein phosphatase 1. Here, we initially performed mutagenesis analysis and identified a key residue (Arg(582)) required for activation of GYS2 by G6P. We then used GYS2 Arg(582)Ala knockin (+/R582A) mice in which G6P-mediated GYS2 activation had been profoundly impaired (60-70%), while sparing regulation through reversible phosphorylation. R582A mutant-expressing hepatocytes showed significantly reduced glycogen synthesis with glucose and insulin or glucokinase activator, which resulted in channeling glucose/G6P toward glycolysis and lipid synthesis. GYS2(+/R582A) mice were modestly glucose intolerant and displayed significantly reduced glycogen accumulation with feeding or glucose load in vivo. These data show that G6P-mediated activation of GYS2 plays a key role in controlling glycogen synthesis and hepatic glucose-G6P flux control and thus whole-body glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger W. Hunter
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Mar García-Rocha
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, and CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Li Kang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Iliana López-Soldado
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, and CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kashyap Patel
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Mark W. Peggie
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Carlos Martínez-Pons
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, and CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Voss
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - Joaquim Calbó
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, and CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia T.W. Cohen
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | - David H. Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Joan J. Guinovart
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, and CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, U.K
- Corresponding author: Kei Sakamoto,
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Villarroel-Espíndola F, Maldonado R, Mancilla H, vander Stelt K, Acuña AI, Covarrubias A, López C, Angulo C, Castro MA, Slebe JC, Durán J, García-Rocha M, Guinovart JJ, Concha II. Muscle glycogen synthase isoform is responsible for testicular glycogen synthesis: glycogen overproduction induces apoptosis in male germ cells. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1653-64. [PMID: 23386391 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen is the main source of glucose for many biological events. However, this molecule may have other functions, including those that have deleterious effects on cells. The rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen synthesis is glycogen synthase (GS). It is encoded by two genes, GYS1, expressed in muscle (muscle glycogen synthase, MGS) and other tissues, and GYS2, primarily expressed in liver (liver glycogen synthase, LGS). Expression of GS and its activity have been widely studied in many tissues. To date, it is not clear which GS isoform is responsible for glycogen synthesis and the role of glycogen in testis. Using RT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence, we have detected expression of MGS but not LGS in mice testis during development. We have also evaluated GS activity and glycogen storage at different days after birth and we show that both GS activity and levels of glycogen are higher during the first days of development. Using RT-PCR, we have also shown that malin and laforin are expressed in testis, key enzymes for regulation of GS activity. These proteins form an active complex that regulates MGS by poly-ubiquitination in both Sertoli cell and male germ cell lines. In addition, PTG overexpression in male germ cell line triggered apoptosis by caspase3 activation, proposing a proapoptotic role of glycogen in testis. These findings suggest that GS activity and glycogen synthesis in testis could be regulated and a disruption of this process may be responsible for the apoptosis and degeneration of seminiferous tubules and possible cause of infertility.
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11
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Ros S, García-Rocha M, Calbó J, Guinovart JJ. Restoration of hepatic glycogen deposition reduces hyperglycaemia, hyperphagia and gluconeogenic enzymes in a streptozotocin-induced model of diabetes in rats. Diabetologia 2011; 54:2639-48. [PMID: 21811873 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2238-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glycogen deposition is impaired in diabetes, thus contributing to the development of hyperglycaemia. Several glucose-lowering strategies have attempted to increase liver glycogen deposition by modulating targets, which eventually trigger the activation of liver glycogen synthase (LGS). However, these targets also alter several other biological processes, and therefore their therapeutic use may be limited. Here we tested the approach of directly activating LGS and evaluated the potential of this strategy as a possible treatment for diabetes. METHODS In this study, we examined the efficacy of directly overproducing a constitutively active form of LGS in the liver to ameliorate streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. RESULTS Activated mutant LGS overproduction in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats normalised liver glycogen content, despite low levels of glucokinase and circulating insulin. Moreover, this overproduction led to a decrease in food intake and in the production of the main gluconeogenic enzymes, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. The resulting combined effect was a reduction in hyperglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The restoration of liver glycogen ameliorated diabetes and therefore is considered a potential strategy for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ros
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Ros S, Zafra D, Valles-Ortega J, García-Rocha M, Forrow S, Domínguez J, Calbó J, Guinovart JJ. Hepatic overexpression of a constitutively active form of liver glycogen synthase improves glucose homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:37170-7. [PMID: 20841354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.157396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we tested the efficacy of increasing liver glycogen synthase to improve blood glucose homeostasis. The overexpression of wild-type liver glycogen synthase in rats had no effect on blood glucose homeostasis in either the fed or the fasted state. In contrast, the expression of a constitutively active mutant form of the enzyme caused a significant lowering of blood glucose in the former but not the latter state. Moreover, it markedly enhanced the clearance of blood glucose when fasted rats were challenged with a glucose load. Hepatic glycogen stores in rats overexpressing the activated mutant form of liver glycogen synthase were enhanced in the fed state and in response to an oral glucose load but showed a net decline during fasting. In order to test whether these effects were maintained during long term activation of liver glycogen synthase, we generated liver-specific transgenic mice expressing the constitutively active LGS form. These mice also showed an enhanced capacity to store glycogen in the fed state and an improved glucose tolerance when challenged with a glucose load. Thus, we conclude that the activation of liver glycogen synthase improves glucose tolerance in the fed state without compromising glycogenolysis in the postabsorptive state. On the basis of these findings, we propose that the activation of liver glycogen synthase may provide a potential strategy for improvement of glucose tolerance in the postprandial state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Ros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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13
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Ros S, García-Rocha M, Domínguez J, Ferrer JC, Guinovart JJ. Control of Liver Glycogen Synthase Activity and Intracellular Distribution by Phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:6370-8. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808576200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Cifuentes D, Martínez-Pons C, García-Rocha M, Galina A, Ribas de Pouplana L, Guinovart JJ. Hepatic glycogen synthesis in the absence of glucokinase: the case of embryonic liver. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:5642-9. [PMID: 18165236 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706334200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK, hexokinase type IV) is required for the accumulation of glycogen in adult liver and hepatoma cells. Paradoxically, mammalian embryonic livers store glycogen successfully in the absence of GK. Here we address how mammalian embryonic livers, but not adult livers or hepatoma cells, manage to accumulate glycogen in the absence of this enzyme. Hexokinase type I or II (HKI, HKII) substitutes for GK in hepatomas and in embryonic livers. We engineered FTO2B cells, a hepatoma cell line in which GK is not expressed, to unveil the modifications required to allow them to accumulate glycogen. In the light of these results, we then examined glycogen metabolism in embryonic liver. Glycogen accumulation in FTO2B cells can be triggered through elevated expression of HKI or either of the protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunits, namely PTG or G L. Between these two strategies to activate glycogen deposition in the absence of GK, embryonic livers choose to express massive levels of HKI and HKII. We conclude that although the GK/liver glycogen synthase tandem is ideally suited to store glycogen in liver when blood glucose is high, the substitution of HKI for GK in embryonic livers allows the HKI/liver glycogen synthase tandem to make glycogen independently of the glucose concentration in blood, although it requires huge levels of HK. Moreover, the physiological consequence of the HK isoform switch is that the embryonic liver safeguards its glycogen deposits, required as the main source of energy at birth, from maternal starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cifuentes
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia 08028, Spain
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15
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Lerín C, Montell E, Nolasco T, García-Rocha M, Guinovart JJ, Gómez-Foix AM. Regulation of glycogen metabolism in cultured human muscles by the glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor CP-91149. Biochem J 2004; 378:1073-7. [PMID: 14651477 PMCID: PMC1224012 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Revised: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of liver GP (glycogen phosphorylase), which is currently being studied as a treatment for Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes, may affect muscle glycogen metabolism. In the present study, we analysed the effects of the GP inhibitor CP-91149 on non-engineered or GP-overexpressing cultured human muscle cells. We found that CP-91149 treatment decreased muscle GP activity by (1) converting the phosphorylated AMP-independent a form into the dephosphorylated AMP-dependent b form and (2) inhibiting GP a activity and AMP-mediated GP b activation. Dephosphorylation of GP was exerted, irrespective of incubation of the cells with glucose, whereas inhibition of its activity was synergic with glucose. As expected, CP-91149 impaired the glycogenolysis induced by glucose deprivation. CP-91149 also promoted the dephosphorylation and activation of GS (glycogen synthase) in non-engineered or GP-overexpressing cultured human muscle cells, but exclusively in glucose-deprived cells. However, this inhibitor did not activate GS in glucose-deprived but glycogen-replete cells overexpressing PTG (protein targeting to glycogen), thus suggesting that glycogen inhibits the CP-91149-mediated activation of GS. Consistently, CP-91149 promoted glycogen resynthesis, but not its overaccumulation. Hence, treatment with CP-91149 impairs muscle glycogen breakdown, but enhances its recovery, which may be useful for the treatment of Type II (insulin-dependent) diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Lerín
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Abstract
Traditionally, glycogen synthase (GS) has been considered to catalyze the key step of glycogen synthesis and to exercise most of the control over this metabolic pathway. However, recent advances have shown that other factors must be considered. Moreover, the control of glycogen deposition does not follow identical mechanisms in muscle and liver. Glucose must be phosphorylated to promote activation of GS. Glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) binds to GS, causing the allosteric activation of the enzyme probably through a conformational rearrangement that simultaneously converts it into a better substrate for protein phosphatases, which can then lead to the covalent activation of GS. The potency of Glc-6-P for activation of liver GS is determined by its source, since Glc-6-P arising from the catalytic action of glucokinase (GK) is much more effective in mediating the activation of the enzyme than the same metabolite produced by hexokinase I (HK I). As a result, hepatic glycogen deposition from glucose is subject to a system of control in which the 'controller', GS, is in turn controlled by GK. In contrast, in skeletal muscle, the control of glycogen synthesis is shared between glucose transport and GS. The characteristics of the two pairs of isoenzymes, liver GS/GK and muscle GS/HK I, and the relationships that they establish are tailored to suit specific metabolic roles of the tissues in which they are expressed. The key enzymes in glycogen metabolism change their intracellular localization in response to glucose. The changes in the intracellular distribution of liver GS and GK triggered by glucose correlate with stimulation of glycogen synthesis. The translocation of GS, which constitutes an additional mechanism of control, causes the orderly deposition of hepatic glycogen and probably represents a functional advantage in the metabolism of the polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Ferrer
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Gomis RR, Favre C, García-Rocha M, Fernández-Novell JM, Ferrer JC, Guinovart JJ. Glucose 6-phosphate produced by gluconeogenesis and by glucokinase is equally effective in activating hepatic glycogen synthase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:9740-6. [PMID: 12519761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212151200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose 6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) produced in cultured hepatocytes by direct phosphorylation of glucose or by gluconeogenesis from dihydroxyacetone (DHA) was equally effective in activating glycogen synthase (GS). However, glycogen accumulation was higher in hepatocytes incubated with glucose than in those treated with DHA. This difference was attributed to decreased futile cycling through GS and glycogen phosphorylase (GP) in the glucose-treated hepatocytes, owing to the partial inactivation of GP induced by glucose. Our results indicate that the gluconeogenic pathway and the glucokinase-mediated phosphorylation of glucose deliver their common product to the same Glc-6-P pool, which is accessible to liver GS. As observed in the treatment with glucose, incubation of cultured hepatocytes with DHA caused the translocation of GS from a uniform cytoplasmic distribution to the hepatocyte periphery and a similar pattern of glycogen deposition. We hypothesize that Glc-6-P has a major role in glycogen metabolism not only by determining the activation state of GS but also by controlling its subcellular distribution in the hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Gomis
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular and the Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona-Parc Cientific de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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18
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Gomis RR, Cid E, García-Rocha M, Ferrer JC, Guinovart JJ. Liver glycogen synthase but not the muscle isoform differentiates between glucose 6-phosphate produced by glucokinase or hexokinase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:23246-52. [PMID: 11882651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111208200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using adenovirus-mediated gene transfer into FTO-2B cells, a rat hepatoma cell line, we have overexpressed hexokinase I (HK I), glucokinase (GK), liver glycogen synthase (LGS), muscle glycogen synthase (MGS), and combinations of each of the two glucose-phosphorylating enzymes with each one of the GS isoforms. FTO-2B cells do not synthesize glycogen even when incubated with high doses of glucose. Adenovirus-induced overexpression of HK I and/or LGS, two enzymes endogenously expressed by these cells, did not produce a significant increase in the levels of active GS and the total glycogen content. In contrast, GK overexpression led to the glucose-dependent activation of endogenous or overexpressed LGS and to the accumulation of glycogen. Similarly overexpressed MGS was efficiently activated by the glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6-P) produced by either endogenous or overexpressed HK I and by overexpressed GK. These results indicate the existence of at least two pools of Glc-6-P in the cell, one of them is accessible to both isoforms of GS and is replenished by the action of GK, whereas LGS is excluded from the cellular compartment where the Glc-6-P produced by HK I is directed. These findings are interpreted in terms of the metabolic role that the two pairs of enzymes, HK I-MGS in the muscle and GK-LGS in the hepatocyte, perform in their respective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Gomis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Barcelona Science Park, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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19
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García-Rocha M, Roca A, De La Iglesia N, Baba O, Fernández-Novell JM, Ferrer JC, Guinovart JJ. Intracellular distribution of glycogen synthase and glycogen in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem J 2001; 357:17-24. [PMID: 11415431 PMCID: PMC1221923 DOI: 10.1042/0264-6021:3570017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular distribution of liver glycogen synthase (GS) might constitute a new regulatory mechanism for the activity of this enzyme at cellular level. Our previous studies indicated that incubation of isolated hepatocytes with glucose activated GS and resulted in its translocation from a homogeneous cytosolic distribution to the cell periphery. These studies also suggested a relationship with insoluble elements of the cytoskeleton, in particular actin. Here we show the translocation of GS in a different experimental model that allows the analysis of this phenomenon in long-term studies. We describe the reversibility of translocation of GS and its effect on glycogen distribution. Incubation of cultured rat hepatocytes with glucose activated GS and triggered its translocation to the hepatocyte periphery. The relative amount of the enzyme concentrated near the plasma membrane increased with time up to 8 h of incubation with glucose, when the glycogen stores reached their maximal value. The lithium-induced covalent activation of GS was not sufficient to cause its translocation to the cell periphery. The intracellular distribution of GS closely resembled that of glycogen. Our results showed an interaction between GS and an insoluble element of the hepatocyte matrix. Although no co-localization between actin filaments and GS was observed in any condition, disruption of actin cytoskeleton resulted in a significantly lower percentage of cells in which the enzyme translocated to the cell periphery in response to glucose. This observation suggests that the microfilament network has a role in the translocation of GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Rocha
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 7a planta, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Ballester J, Fernández-Novell JM, Rutllant J, García-Rocha M, Jesús Palomo M, Mogas T, Peña A, Rigau T, Guinovart JJ, Rodríguez-Gil JE. Evidence for a functional glycogen metabolism in mature mammalian spermatozoa. Mol Reprod Dev 2000; 56:207-19. [PMID: 10813853 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(200006)56:2<207::aid-mrd12>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The glycogen content in fresh raw dog spermatozoa was 0.22+/-0.03 micromol/mg protein. This matched with the presence of a glycogen-like staining in the head and midpiece. Glycogen levels lowered to 0.05 micromol/mg protein after incubation for 60 min without sugars. Addition of either 10 mM fructose or 10 mM glucose increased glycogen content to 0.70 micromol/mg protein. On the other hand, glycogen synthase activity ratio of fresh dog sperm (0.35+/-0.07, measured in the absence and the presence of glucose 6-P) increased to 0.55 with 10 mM fructose for 20 min, whereas glucose had a smaller effect. Spermatozoa extracts had also a protein of about 100 Kd, which reacted against a rat liver glycogen synthase antibody. This was located in sperm head and midpiece. Furthermore, glycogen phosphorylase activity ratio measured in presence and absence of AMP (0.25+/-0.03 in fresh samples) decreased to 0.15 by 10 mM glucose for 20 min, whereas fructose was less potent in this regard. The maximal effect of glucose and fructose were observed from 10-20 mM onwards. This work is the first indication for a functional glycogen metabolism in mammal spermatozoa, which could play an important role in regulating sperm survival in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ballester
- Unit of Animal Reproduction, Department of Animal Pathology and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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21
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Abstract
The ability of adenoviral vectors to transfer DNA into boar spermatozoa and to offspring was tested. Exposure of spermatozoa to adenovirus bearing the E. coli lacZ gene resulted in the transfer of the gene to the head of the spermatozoa. Treatment did not affect either viability or acrosomal integrity of boar sperm. Of the 2-to 8-cell embryos obtained after in vitro fertilization with adenovirus-exposed sperm, 21.7% expressed the LacZ product. Four out of 56 piglets (about 7%) obtained after artificial insemination with adenovirus-exposed spermatozoa were positive in PCR analyses, even though none of the piglets showed the LacZ gene after southern blot analysis. RT-PCR analysis performed in tissues from two positive stillborn piglets showed the presence of the LacZ mRNA in all of the tissues tested. The offspring obtained after mating two positive animals did not show LacZ gene presence. Our results indicate that adenovirus could be a feasible mechanism for the delivery of DNA into spermatozoa, even though the transfer of the transgene may be limited to the first generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Farre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Abstract
It has been suggested that the protein kinase C zeta (zeta PKC) isoform is involved in mitogenic signaling in Xenopus oocytes and mammalian cells. Thus, the characterization of potential regulatory molecules that bind to zeta PKC is of great interest. We report here the identification by affinity chromatography of tubulin as a zeta PKC-binding protein. Further immunofluorescence and microtubule copolymerization studies are consistent with this interaction. It is suggested that tubulin binds to zeta PKC through its pseudosubstrate domain. Furthermore, results demonstrate that treatment of cells with nocodazole, which disrupts microtubule structures, severely impairs the activity of native zeta PKC, stressing the potential functional relevance of zeta PKC binding to tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Rocha
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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23
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Medina M, García-Rocha M, Padilla R, Pérez M, Montejo de Garcini E, Avila J. Protein kinases involved in the phosphorylation of human tau protein in transfected COS-1 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1316:43-50. [PMID: 8634342 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4439(96)00018-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human tau phosphorylation has been studied in transfected COS-1 cells. Treatment with okadaic acid alters the electrophoretic mobility of human tau protein transiently expressed in transfected cells, due to an increase in the level of phosphorylation. Treatment with okadaic acid also results in an increased phosphorylation of Alzheimer's disease-type phosphoepitopes. Tau phosphorylation within COS-1 cells is partially inhibited by in vivo treatment with DRB, a protein kinase inhibitor. Double treatment of transfected cells with okadaic acid and DRB reveals that phosphorylation of tau protein at the AT8 epitope is achieved by a DRB-resistant protein kinase which is different from that responsible for tau phosphorylation at the SMI-31 epitope, which appears to be sensitive to DRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Medina
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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García-Rocha M, García-Gravalos MD, Avila J. Characterisation of antimitotic products from marine organisms that disorganise the microtubule network: ecteinascidin 743, isohomohalichondrin-B and LL-15. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:875-83. [PMID: 8611420 PMCID: PMC2075815 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1996.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of selected marine compounds with anti-tumoral activity on the cell microtubule network was tested by immunofluorescence analyses, or by other in vitro analyses involving competition with colchicine or with GTP for tubulin binding and tubulin polymerisation, studies that were carried out in parallel with other microtubule poisons used as controls. Three compounds were found to disorganise the microtubule network: isohomohalichondrin B, LL-15 and ecsteinascidin 743. The first two compounds prevent microtubule assembly and GTP binding to tubulin. Ecteinascidin 743 disorganises the microtubule network but it does not seem to interact directly with tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Rocha
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The target for the antitumoral peptidic drug, Kahalalide F, has been studied in cultured cells. In the presence of the compound, the cells became impressively swollen, showing the formation of large vacuoles. The formation of these vacuoles appears to be the consequence of changes in lysosomal membranes. Thus, lysosomes are a target for Kahalalide F action.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Rocha
- Centro de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Faircloth G, Avila J, Fernández Puentes J, Rinehart K, García-Rocha M, García Grávalos D, García de Quesada T, Jimeno J. 109 Ecteinascidin (ET) 743: Developmental status of a marine (M) derived anticancer compound (AC). Eur J Cancer 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0959-8049(95)95364-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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García-Rocha M, Avila J, Armas-Portela R. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the main plasminogen activator associated with isolated rat nerve growth cones. Neurosci Lett 1994; 180:123-6. [PMID: 7700563 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Different studies in tissue culture have shown the involvement of plasminogen activators (PAs) in nerve growth-cone migration. We have studied PA activity associated with isolated rat brain growth cones. Fibrin-agarose zymographies show that tissue-type PA (tPA) is the main PA associated with these structures. After fractionation of growth cones, a slightly higher tPA activity was found associated with the particulate fraction. The present findings support the requirement of this protease for neurite growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Rocha
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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