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Short MB, Kaye S, Knight C, Riobueno-Naylor A, Lai B, Elkins S, Schanding T, Bistricky SL. Parental Influence on Child Mental Health Post-Hurricane Harvey. J Child Adolesc Trauma 2023; 16:853-867. [PMID: 38045852 PMCID: PMC10689600 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Many children who face natural disasters experience significant mental health consequences. Parents play a prominent role in the likelihood of child mental health outcomes after a weather-related disaster. This study aimed to examine the relationship between parent risk factors and children's psychological well-being post Hurricane Harvey. Methods Parents (n = 140) completed a survey that measured hurricane exposure, parental depression and anxiety, parenting behaviors, and assistance given and received during or after Hurricane Harvey. Additionally, parents were asked to complete questionnaires assessing one of their children's post-disaster psychosocial functioning and distress. Results Results indicated that heightened parent anxiety was significantly associated with an increased risk for emotional symptoms, conduct problems, and hyperactivity-inattention symptoms in children. Additionally, inconsistency in parental discipline was significantly associated with an increased risk of child conduct problems. Further, higher numbers of assistance types received by parents-a proxy indicator of resource loss-was associated with higher child emotional distress scores. Conclusions Broader systems-level interventions that address parents' physical and emotional needs may help mitigate maladaptive reactions in children and facilitate greater post-disaster psychosocial adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Short
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX United States
| | - Savannah Kaye
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX United States
| | - Cory Knight
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX United States
| | - Alexa Riobueno-Naylor
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, United States
| | - Betty Lai
- Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, United States
| | - Sara Elkins
- Department of Clinical, Health, and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX United States
| | - Thomas Schanding
- Department of Educational and Counseling Psychology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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Balderas J, Bistricky SL, Gimenez-Zapiola M, Pascuzzi B, Millmann M, Short MB. Brief Online Intervention Model Promotes Sustained Helping Behavior Across 6 Months Following a Population-Wide Traumatic Event. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231164071. [PMID: 37079929 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231164071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following natural disasters, early helping behavior often dissipates despite remaining disaster-related suffering and affective vulnerability in the community. Interventions that have successfully increased helping behaviors have included components of motivational interviewing (MI) and mindful compassion; however, this research is limited by laboratory-based settings and lengthy training sessions. Brief, portable, and efficient intervention is needed to increase accessibility to large groups simultaneously. METHOD The current study piloted a brief, online, self-administered MI and mindful compassion intervention administered 4-10 weeks post-Hurricane Harvey examining if it would sustain helping behaviors over the ensuing year. The study also examined potential moderators of the relationship between compassion for others and internalizing symptoms, and whether helping behaviors predicted post-traumatic stress symptoms. RESULTS The intervention group sustained the use of helping behaviors more than an active control group after 9-12 months. Also, compassion satisfaction and burnout moderated the relationship between compassion for others and post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a potentially useful model of how an efficiently distributed intervention might sustain helping behaviors after a natural disaster and provide insight into possible longitudinal risk and protective factors for post-traumatic stress and depressive symptoms among helping volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Balderas
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Steven L Bistricky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Bailey Pascuzzi
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Megan Millmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
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Harper K, Short MB, Bistricky S, Kusters IS. 1-2-3! Catch-Up for HPV: A Theoretically Informed Pilot Intervention to Increase HPV Vaccine Uptake among Young Adults. American Journal of Health Education 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2022.2163005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven Bistricky
- University of Houston-Clear Lake
- University of Colorado at Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, Colorado Springs
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION As of December 1, 2020, when the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices published their COVID-19 vaccine distribution and prioritization recommendations, health care workers (HCWs) and the elderly were deemed to be at greatest risk of contracting the coronavirus. Limited extant research suggests that most HCWs are willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and findings from studies examining vaccine uptake in non-HCW samples also have reported high vaccination willingness. The health belief model (HBM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) suggest that beliefs about severity and susceptibility of disease, perceived benefits of and obstacles to vaccination, and normative beliefs of others affect vaccine uptake. Further, perceptions of safety, side effects, and demographic factors can uniquely impact COVID-19 vaccine uptake. METHOD Using a cross-sectional design, we recruited 526 participants via social media, through snowball emailing methods, and from university settings. RESULTS The present findings demonstrate that 37% of participants intend to get the vaccine, and 35% reported that they might get the vaccine. No relationships among demographic factors, willingness to receive the vaccine, and level of intent were observed. However, those who reported that they would not receive the COVID-19 vaccine demonstrated fewer positive attitudes, less agreement, fewer normative views, and less anticipatory regret regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. Also, perceptions of susceptibility, severity, and barriers were associated with participants' willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine. DISCUSSION Our results suggest that factors related to the HBM and TPB might uniquely impact COVID-19 vaccine acceptability and could guide the crafting of interventions meant to encourage vaccine uptake. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Clinical Health and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake
| | - Ryan J Marek
- Department of Clinical Health and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake
| | - Cory F Knight
- Department of Clinical Health and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake
| | - Isabelle S Kusters
- Department of Clinical Health and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lake
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Balderas J, Bistricky SL, Schield S, Short MB. Spontaneous and instructed emotion regulation in dysphoria: Effects on emotion experience and use of other emotion regulation strategies. Curr Psychol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01924-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Elkins SR, Darban B, Millmann M, Martinez M, Short MB. Predictors of Parental Accommodations in the Aftermath of Hurricane Harvey. Child Youth Care Forum 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-021-09619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Roberts CM, Harper KL, Bistricky SL, Short MB. Bedtime behaviors: Parental mental health, parental sleep, parental accommodation, and children’s sleep disturbance. Children's Health Care 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2019.1605607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Roberts
- Center for Pediatric Psychology, Department of Psychology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Kristina L. Harper
- Department of Clinical, Health and Applied Sciences, University of Houston – Clear Lake
| | - Steven L. Bistricky
- Department of Clinical, Health and Applied Sciences, University of Houston – Clear Lake
| | - Mary B. Short
- Department of Clinical, Health and Applied Sciences, University of Houston – Clear Lake
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Bistricky SL, Long LJ, Lai BS, Gallagher MW, Kanenberg H, Elkins SR, Harper KL, Short MB. Surviving the storm: Avoidant coping, helping behavior, resilience and affective symptoms around a major hurricane-flood. J Affect Disord 2019; 257:297-306. [PMID: 31302518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As extreme weather events increasingly affect the global population, it is valuable to understand their impacts on mental health. Extending upon previous theory and research, the current study examined a hypothesized framework of direct and indirect pathways. Exposure and psychosocial resource factors at the time of the hurricane/flood were expected to help explain post-disaster behavioral responses, such as avoidant coping, positive coping, and helping behaviors, which, in turn, would help account for post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms (DS). METHODS Survey data were collected from adult survivors (n = 801) of Hurricane Harvey 1-3 months post-disaster. PTSS, DS, and needing help were common, and loss/disruption and helping behavior were widespread. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypothesized framework. RESULTS Models accounted for substantial variance in PTSS (70%) and DS (61%), with immediate loss/disruption, low self-reported resilience, and avoidant coping showing the strongest associations with symptoms. As predicted, results provided support for several modeled indirect pathways through avoidant coping to PTSS and DS. Further, helping behavior was consistently associated with increased PTSS, but not DS. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional design and online data collection methods precluded testing of causal directionality and confirming clinical diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS The current study represents a step toward elucidating potential mediators of avoidant coping and how helping behavior might relate to post-disaster psychopathology. Individuals in heavily hurricane/flood-exposed areas who have low psychosocial resources (social support and resilience) might be most vulnerable and most in need of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sara R Elkins
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, United States of America
| | | | - Mary B Short
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, United States of America
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Bistricky SL, Harper KL, Balderas JC, Cook DM, Rios D, Short MB. Attentional Avoidance of Historically Relevant, Task-Irrelevant Facial Affect: Past Depression, Interpersonal Characteristics, and Ethnicity. Psychol Rep 2019; 123:2263-2281. [PMID: 31422739 DOI: 10.1177/0033294119869825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Experiential background can influence how individuals respond to affective interpersonal information. For formerly depressed individuals, sad facial expressions are presumably salient. If so, when performing affectively neutral daily tasks, these individuals would find peripheral sad faces particularly distracting, and thus, they might shift their attention from them. The present study examined this hypothesis by comparing how euthymic formerly depressed and never depressed adults attended to sad and happy task-irrelevant emotional facial expression stimuli. The study also measured constructs linked to interpersonal functioning and depression and conducted exploratory analyses to examine whether Hispanic ethnicity status would moderate effects of study outcomes. Results of analyses indicated that formerly depressed individuals directed more attention away from sad faces than never depressed individuals. There were no significant between-group effects for happy faces and no moderation by ethnicity on attention to affective faces. However, irrespective of depression history, Hispanic individuals reported lower fear of negative evaluation compared to non-Hispanic Caucasian individuals. Findings are in line with hypothesized attentional avoidance among formerly depressed individuals and consistent with prior research suggesting that some Hispanic individuals experience protective mental health benefits through engagement with aspects of their culture. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana M Cook
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Mary B Short
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
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Auslander BA, Meers JM, Short MB, Zimet GD, Rosenthal SL. A qualitative analysis of the vaccine intention-behaviour relationship: parents' descriptions of their intentions, decision-making behaviour and planning processes towards HPV vaccination. Psychol Health 2018; 34:271-288. [PMID: 30406692 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2018.1523408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to identify factors influencing the vaccine intention-behaviour relationship. DESIGN A total of 445 parents who received a brief intervention to promote HPV vaccination were categorized based on their intentions post-intervention (yes/unsure/eventually/never) and subsequent adolescents' vaccine status (yes/no). Fifty-one of these parents participated in qualitative interviews. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Parents described their intentions, decision-making and planning processes towards vaccination. Framework analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS Parents in the 'Yes/Yes' category were knowledgeable about HPV/vaccine, described strong, stable intentions, considered themselves the primary decision-makers about vaccination and said they vaccinated immediately. 'Yes/No' parents described strong intentions and thought their adolescent was vaccinated OR described hesitant intentions, seeking advice/agreement from others and noting barriers to vaccination without solutions. 'Unsure/Yes' parents described their intentions as strengthening with information from credible sources and identified strategies for overcoming barriers. 'Unsure/No' and 'Eventually/No' parents had misinformation/negative beliefs regarding vaccination, described being ambivalent or non-supportive of vaccination and cited barriers to vaccination. 'Never/No' parents held negative beliefs about vaccination, described strong, stable intentions to NOT vaccinate, deferring the decision to others, and reported no planning towards vaccination. CONCLUSIONS Intention characteristics and planning processes could moderate the vaccine intention-behaviour relationship, potentially serving as targets for future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Auslander
- a Division of Adolescent and Behavioral Health, Department of Pediatrics , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Jessica M Meers
- a Division of Adolescent and Behavioral Health, Department of Pediatrics , University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston , TX , USA
| | - Mary B Short
- b Department of Psychology , University of Houston-Clear Lake , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Gregory D Zimet
- c Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Susan L Rosenthal
- d Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Pediatrics , Columbia College of Physician and Surgeons and New York Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital , New York , NY , USA
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Bistricky SL, Harper KL, Roberts CM, Cook DM, Schield SL, Bui J, Short MB. Understanding and Promoting Stress Management Practices Among College Students Through an Integrated Health Behavior Model. American Journal of Health Education 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2017.1377651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wetterneck CT, Burgess AJ, Short MB, Smith AH, Cervantes ME. The Role of Sexual Compulsivity, Impulsivity, and Experiential Avoidance in Internet Pornography Use. Psychol Rec 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03395783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine variables associated with parental trust in a school-located immunization program (SLIP) and the effect of trust-building interventions on trust and participation in SLIPs. METHODS Parents among eight schools randomized to a trust-building intervention or a control condition (four schools each) completed a five-item trust survey before SLIP implementation both in year 1 (fall 2012) and in year 2 (fall 2013). Mean trust scores were calculated. Associations between baseline demographic and experiential variables and mean trust scores were analyzed. Mean trust scores in intervention and control schools were compared before SLIP in years 1 and 2, and SLIP participation rates were noted. RESULTS From year 1, 1,608 parent surveys were analyzed. Baseline mean trust score across schools was 3.59 of 5 (5 = highest trust). In a multiple linear regression model, annual household income, survey language version, participation in a previous SLIP, child's health insurance status, and perceived vaccine importance were significantly associated with parental trust in SLIPs (R(2)= .06, p < .001). There was no difference in mean trust scores between intervention and control schools (p = .8). In year 2, 844 surveys were analyzed, and a modest difference was observed between intervention and control schools (mean trust score = 3.66 and 3.57, respectively, p = .07). SLIP participation rates appeared higher in intervention (7.7%) versus control schools (4.3%) in year 1. CONCLUSIONS Baseline trust in SLIPs among a low-income, largely Hispanic group of parents in Texas was moderately high. Factors associated with trust included demographic and experiential variables, and interventions aimed at increasing parents' perception of vaccine importance and participation in SLIPs may be effective in increasing parental trust in SLIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy B Middleman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
| | - Beth A Auslander
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Clear Lake, Texas
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Abstract
Internet pornography (IP) consumption has increased, resulting in functioning and psychological problems. Thus, understanding what variables affect IP uses is needed. One of the variables may be religion. College students (N = 223) completed questions on IP use and religion. About 64 % ever viewed IP and 26 % currently viewed IP, at a rate of 74 min per week. IP use interfered with their relationship with God and spirituality. Religious individuals were less likely to ever or currently view IP. Intrinsic and extrinsic religiosity and alignment of spiritual values were associated with ever use. Results suggest that religiosity matters in IP use and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, 2700 Bay Area Blvd, Houston, TX, 77058, USA,
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Harrison LE, Peterson CC, Short MB, Wetterneck C. Factor structure of the Inventory of Parent Accommodations of Children’s Symptoms (IPACS) in a community sample. Children's Health Care 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2014.996886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Cathey AJ, Norwood WD, Short MB. Social Pain and Social Anxiety: Examining the Experiences of Ethnic, Sexual, and Dual Minority Groups. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2013.879546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Black WR, Davis AM, Gillette MLD, Short MB, Wetterneck CT, He J. Health-related quality of life in obese and overweight, treatment-seeking youth. Ethn Dis 2014; 24:321-327. [PMID: 25065074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated health related quality of life (HRQOL) in obese children using obesity-specific HRQOL measures and examined potential race and sex differences. PARTICIPANTS Two-hundred and four children aged 5.03 to 13.48 years (mean +/- SD = 10.18 +/- 1.95) and their parents participated. METHODS All participants enrolled in a family-based weight loss intervention study. Their height and weight were measured before and after the intervention, and demographic information was collected. Participants also completed a weight related quality of life measure; children completed a self-report version, and parents completed a parent-proxy version. RESULTS Higher child body mass index z-scores (BMIz) were related to poorer HRQOL per parent and child report. Males reported higher emotional functioning than females, and for race, African American parents reported higher physical functioning for their children than Caucasian parents. No difference in total HRQOL was found for race. CONCLUSIONS Childhood BMIz is inversely related to quality of life. Compared with male children, females have more impairment in quality of life. However, HRQOL did not differ by race. Also, although parent and child reports do overlap in certain areas, they also each provide unique information. Future researchers and clinicians would be wise to capture both child and parent perspectives regarding quality of life among obese children.
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Short MB, Middleman AB. Focusing on flu: adolescents' perspectives on school-located immunization programs for influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:216-23. [PMID: 24018398 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To describe adolescents' perspectives regarding the use of school-located immunization programs (SLIP) for influenza vaccination. More importantly, adolescents were asked what factors would make them more or less likely to use a SLIP offering influenza vaccine. RESULTS Participants were generally found to be knowledgeable about influenza and to have positive attitudes toward receiving the vaccine via SLIP. Students were more willing to participate in a SLIP if it were low cost or free, less time-consuming than going to a doctor, and if they felt they could trust vaccinators. Overall, high school and middle school students ranked the benefits of SLIP similarly to each other. METHODS Focus groups using nominal group method were conducted with middle and high school students in a large, urban school district. Responses were recorded by each school, and then, responses were ranked across all participating schools for each question. CONCLUSIONS A wide range of issues are important to middle and high school students when considering participation in SLIPs including convenience, public health benefits, trust in the program, program safety, and sanitary issues. Further research will be needed regarding the generalizability of these findings to larger populations of students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Psychology; University of Houston Clear Lake; Houston, TX USA
| | - Amy B Middleman
- Pediatrics; Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City, OK USA
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Lai BS, La Greca AM, Auslander BA, Short MB. Children's symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression after a natural disaster: comorbidity and risk factors. J Affect Disord 2013; 146:71-8. [PMID: 22974469 PMCID: PMC3640419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examined rates of comorbidity among children's symptoms of posttraumatic stress (PTS) and depression after a natural disaster, Hurricane Ike. We also compared children with comorbid symptoms to children without comorbid symptoms, examining recovery, severity of symptoms, and risk factors. METHOD Children (n=277; 52% girls; 38% Hispanic, 28% White, 19% Black; grades 2-4) were assessed at 8 and 15 months postdisaster. Children completed measures of PTS and depressive symptoms at both time points and measures of exposure and recovery stressors at 8 months postdisaster. RESULTS At 8 months postdisaster, 13% of children reported elevated PTS-only, 11% depression-only, and 10% comorbid symptoms of PTS and depression. At 15 months postdisaster, 7% of children reported elevated PTS-only, 11% depression-only, and 7% comorbid symptoms of PTS and depression. Children with comorbid symptoms of PTS and depression had poorer recovery, more severe symptoms, and they reported greater exposure and recovery stressors. LIMITATIONS We lacked information on children's predisaster functioning and diagnostic interview of psychological distress symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Children with comorbid symptoms need to be identified early postdisaster. Levels of stressors should be monitored postdisaster, as highly stressed youth have difficulties recovering and may need help. Interventions should be tailored for children with comorbid symptoms of PTS and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S. Lai
- University of Miami, FL 33124-9117, USA,Correspondence to: Departments of Psychology and Pediatrics, University of Miami, P.O. Box 248185 Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA. Tel.:=1 305 284 6179; fax:=1 305 284 2522. (B.S. Lai)
| | | | | | - Mary B. Short
- University of Houston Clear Lake, Clear Lake, TX 77058, USA
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Middleman AB, Short MB, Doak JS. Focusing on flu: Parent perspectives on school-located immunization programs for influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1395-400. [PMID: 23095868 PMCID: PMC3660758 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
School-located immunization programs (SLIP) will only be successful if parents consent to their children's participation. It is critical to understand parent perspectives regarding the factors that make them more or less likely to provide that consent. Organizations creating SLIPs will be able to capitalize on the aspects of SLIPs that parents appreciate, and address and correct issues that may give rise to parent concerns. This study involved five focus groups among the parents of school students in a large, urban school district. Findings highlight the broad range of concepts important to parents when considering participation in a SLIP. The safety and trust issues regarding vaccines in general that are so important to parents are also important to parents when considering participation in a SLIP. Effective communication strategies that include assurances regarding tracking of information and the competence and experience of immunizers will be helpful when addressing parents regarding SLIPs. In addition, parents were very cognizant of and positive regarding the public health benefits associated with SLIPs. Further study among larger populations of parents will further refine these ideas and aid in the development of successful influenza vaccine SLIPs that directly address and communicate with parents about the issues most important to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Middleman
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Awareness and Research; Houston, TX, USA.
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Middleman AB, Short MB, Doak JS. School-located influenza immunization programs: factors important to parents and students. Vaccine 2012; 30:4993-9. [PMID: 22633867 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe both parent and student perspectives on the importance of various programmatic factors when deciding to participate in a school-located immunizations program (SLIP) for influenza vaccine. METHODS Questionnaires were distributed to middle- and high-school students and their parents; the document assessed demographic data, influenza vaccination history, and the importance of various factors in their decision to participate in a potential SLIP for influenza vaccine. Factor analysis created six primary factors of importance related to programming: (1) safety/trust; (2) outbreaks (representing imminent threat of disease, an environmental factor associated with program timing); (3) issues of site implementation; (4) public health benefits; (5) record-keeping; (6) medical/emotional support. RESULTS Participants included 621 students and 579 parents; 566 student/parent dyads were included. Most respondents were female, felt it is important to be immunized against the flu, and received the influenza vaccine in the past. Fewer than 50% had received the intranasal vaccine. More parents (67%) than students (46%) expressed a general willingness to consent to utilizing a SLIP. The programmatic factors associated with public health were second only to safety/trust factors as the most important to parents and students when considering participation in a SLIP. Demographic variables were found to be associated with the importance ratings of program factors associated with participation in a SLIP. CONCLUSIONS When considering possible participation in SLIPs, parents and students consider programmatic factors associated with safety/trust and public health benefits to be of the greatest importance. Further study will be needed to develop effective and culturally sensitive messaging that targets and emphasizes these factors to potentially increase participation in SLIPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Middleman
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Awareness and Research, Houston, TX, USA.
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Auslander BA, Baker J, Short MB. The connection between young women's body esteem and sexual assertiveness. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2012; 25:127-130. [PMID: 22260892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Healthy sexuality includes having positive feelings about one's body and developing positive romantic relationships. Previous research predicts that women dissatisfied with their bodies may be less likely to enforce their rights of sexual autonomy (i.e., sexual assertiveness). DESIGN We assessed whether the body esteem of young women was related to their reports of sexual assertiveness. Young women from local colleges (N = 127) completed a questionnaire that included demographics, self reported weight and height, sexual history, along with body esteem and sexual assertiveness. RESULTS Overall, body esteem was related to sexual assertiveness regarding condom use when controlling for other variables. Women with less body esteem were less likely to insist that their partner use a condom. Individual components of body esteem did not independently predict insistence of condom use. Body esteem was not related to initiation of sex or refusal of unwanted sex. DISCUSSION The current study found relationships between body esteem and sexual assertiveness regarding STI prevention behaviors. Given these findings, implications for STI prevention programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Auslander
- Division of Adolescent and Behavioral Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
| | - Jaqwiana Baker
- Division of Adolescent and Behavioral Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clearlake, Houston, Texas, USA
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Short MB, Black L, Smith AH, Wetterneck CT, Wells DE. A Review of Internet Pornography Use Research: Methodology and Content from the Past 10 Years. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 2012; 15:13-23. [DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2010.0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas
| | - Lora Black
- Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Angela H. Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas
| | - Chad T. Wetterneck
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas
| | - Daryl E. Wells
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas
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Short MB, Brantingham PJ, D'Orsogna MR. Cooperation and punishment in an adversarial game: how defectors pave the way to a peaceful society. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2010; 82:066114. [PMID: 21230712 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.82.066114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of human cooperation has been the subject of much research, especially within the framework of evolutionary public goods games, where several mechanisms have been proposed to account for persistent cooperation. Yet, in addressing this issue, little attention has been given to games of a more adversarial nature, in which defecting players, rather than simply free riding, actively seek to harm others. Here, we develop an adversarial evolutionary game using the specific example of criminal activity, recasting the familiar public goods strategies of punishers, cooperators, and defectors in this light. We then introduce a strategy-the informant-with no clear analog in public goods games and show that individuals employing this strategy are a key to the emergence of systems where cooperation dominates. We also find that a defection-dominated regime may be transitioned to one that is cooperation-dominated by converting an optimal number of players into informants. We discuss these findings, the role of informants, and possible intervention strategies in extreme adversarial societies, such as those marred by wars and insurgencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Short
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Short MB, Rosenthal SL, Sturm L, Black L, Loza M, Breitkopf D, Zimet GD. Adult Women's Attitudes Toward the HPV Vaccine. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2010; 19:1305-11. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2009.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mary B. Short
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston at Clear Lake, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan L. Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Lynne Sturm
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lora Black
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston at Clear Lake, Houston, Texas
| | - Melissa Loza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Daniel Breitkopf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Gregory D. Zimet
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Podczeck F, Course N, Newton JM, Short MB. Gastrointestinal transit of model mini-tablet controlled release oral dosage forms in fasted human volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:941-5. [PMID: 17637188 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.7.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the gastrointestinal transit of multiple unit, small diameter (3.2 mm), non-disintegrating tablets of differing densities with results previously reported in the same volunteers in the fasted state for larger diameter (6.6 and 12.2 mm) tablets. The gastrointestinal transit was observed with gamma-scintigraphy at various intervals over a 9-h period to give an accurate assessment of the transit characteristics. The value for the median emptying time of the first light tablet was significantly shorter than that for the dense tablet, but the total emptying time and the time for the last tablet to empty for both sets of tablets were not statistically different. The value of the median time for initial and final emptying of the small tablets from the stomach was significantly longer than that for the larger diameter tablets. The 9-h time limit of the observations limited the estimation of the time taken to enter the caecum and consequently the small intestine transit times. There was clear evidence that for the dense tablets of all sizes, the value for the small intestine transit time was longer than the 3–4 h reported in the literature. The only tablet system to enter the caecum within the time limit of the study was the normal density 12.2-mm tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Podczeck
- School of Health, Natural and Social Sciences, Pasteur Building, Sunderland University, City Centre Campus, Warncliffe Street, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK
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Podczeck F, Course NC, Newton JM, Short MB. The influence of non-disintegrating tablet dimensions and density on their gastric emptying in fasted volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:23-7. [PMID: 17227617 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.1.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this work was to identify the influence of tablet density on their gastric emptying in fasted subjects and to compare the findings with those of a previous study using the same subjects with tablets of a larger diameter. Tablets of 6.6 mm diameter and densities of 1.41 and 2.85 g cm−3 were labelled with 99mTc and 111In. They were coated with ethyl cellulose to ensure that they remained intact within the gastrointestinal tract. Their position within the gastrointestinal tract of fasted healthy subjects was monitored with a double-headed gamma camera at 1-min time intervals. The median gastric emptying time and the interquartile range were derived from the Bernoulli random event distribution. It was found that the dense tablets had a significantly longer gastric emptying time than the light tablets. Comparison with the results from the previous study gave a clear indication that irrespective of tablet density, the 6.6-mm tablets had longer gastric emptying times than the 12.0-mm tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Podczeck
- Sunderland University, School of Health, Natural and Social Sciences, City Centre Campus, Warncliffe Street, Pasteur Building, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK.
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Short MB, Black WR, Flynn K. Discussions of vaginal douching with family members. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2010; 23:39-44. [PMID: 19643647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2009.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined women's personal douching history and the information they were given by others. METHODS Participants in the study (N=199; mean age=28.92) completed a 48-question survey on douching practices and attitudes. RESULTS Fifty-seven percent of participants had douched and 39% currently douche. The majority of women reported douching after menstruation, before or after sex, or as needed. Reasons for douching included maintaining cleanliness, feeling good and fresh, eliminating vaginal odor, and removing menstrual blood. Most women (69%) had at least one discussion about douching, with 49% having a discussion with their mother and 22% with a health care provider (HCP). Of the women who currently do not douche, 47% stopped after a HCP instructed them to quit; whereas, 100% of women whose HCP encouraged douching went on to douche. Furthermore, 66% of women planned to discuss douching with a younger girl, with 57% encouraging or being neutral and 43% discouraging it. Women who have previously douched were more likely to discuss and encourage douching than women who had never douched. Also, women who have received a discussion about douching or were encouraged to douche were more likely to douche than women who had not received a discussion or were discouraged. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that younger generations may be taught about or encouraged to douche by their mothers. By giving women accurate information and discouraging douching, women may be less likely to douche or encourage douching in their daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical trials of microbicides should include adolescent participants. There may be unique challenges including obtaining informed consent, meeting eligibility criteria and adherence to study demands. We report on our experience enrolling young adolescents in a microbicide surrogate acceptability study and the implication of our experience for other types of clinical trials. METHODS Adolescent females were enrolled in a microbicide surrogate acceptability study for 6 months which required parental consent. They were asked to use the product every time they had coitus. They had face-to-face interviews at intake, 3 and 6 months, and completed weekly phone diaries. RESULTS Of the 208 enrolled, 95 participants were between 14 and 17 years. Ten were pregnant at intake, and 15 did not have sex during the study. Of the remaining 70 adolescents, 46 (66%) used the product at least once during the 6-month period, and all but seven attended a face-to-face interview after intake. CONCLUSIONS It will be possible to include young adolescents in clinical studies, even if parental consent is required. However, there will be challenges, and researchers need to anticipate those challenges and reduce barriers to enrolling young adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, 3959 Broadway, 1st Floor, Room 101 Central, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Tanner AE, Short MB, Zimet GD, Rosenthal SL. Research on adolescents and microbicides: a review. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2009; 22:285-91. [PMID: 19616456 PMCID: PMC2739269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 08/13/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents are an important target for microbicide research, as they are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted infections and currently are underrepresented in the microbicide research literature. Furthermore, adolescents are psychosocially and biologically different from adults, and findings from adult research cannot be assumed to apply universally to adolescents. Adolescents, to date have rarely been included in clinical trials and acceptability research for microbicides, in part because their participation requires attention to unique developmental issues, including parental consent and confidentiality. Despite these challenges, adolescents should be included in microbicide clinical research. If adolescents are ultimately expected to use microbicides, it is essential that we understand the developmental, contextual, and relationship variables that may influence use and acceptability. Accordingly, the goal of this paper was to examine the issues affecting the inclusion of adolescents in microbicide clinical research as well as review the existing adolescent-specific microbicide research, which highlights the various factors that may influence use and acceptability. It is hoped that this review can provide guidance for future work with this important, specialized population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Tanner
- Department of Health, Behavior, & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Short MB, Rosenthal SL, Auslander BA, Succop PA. Relationship context associated with microbicide-like product use. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2009; 22:313-7. [PMID: 19592280 PMCID: PMC3891042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Topical microbicides are being developed to provide an alternative method of prevention of HIV and sexually transmitted infections. Although topical microbicides would be a female-controlled method of prevention, their use is likely to be disclosed to partners. Thus, the characteristics of the partner relationship may play a role in their use. We sought to examine whether qualities of the relationship and of the partner were associated with using a microbicide-like product. DESIGN We studied 166 females (14 to 21 years of age) who were participating in a 6-month study of microbicide-like products (vaginal lubricants). They described partner relationships and characteristics of the partners. RESULTS Of the 166 participants, 118 used the product. In bivariate analyses, those whose relationships were longer, monogamous, more mutual, and more satisfying were more likely to use the product. Further, when sex occurred in the young women's or couples' homes, use also was more likely. There was no relationship between product use and whether the partner had a job or was in school or between the partners' levels of substance use. In a multivariable logistic regression with backwards elimination, only relationship satisfaction remained significant in the model. CONCLUSION Topical microbicides will be used within the context of a relationship, and characteristics of the relationship most likely will influence use. These findings suggest that special attention may have to be given to supporting use in high-risk relationships and that all interventions to enhance uptake should consider the relationship context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0319, USA
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Short MB, Wiemann C, Rosenthal SL. Participation of adolescent girls in a study of sexual behaviors: balancing autonomy and parental involvement. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2009; 22:105-10. [PMID: 19345916 PMCID: PMC2710033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE The process of research with adolescents should balance parental involvement and adolescent autonomy. The attendance of parents and peers at research study visits of girls participating in a 6-month study of topical microbicide acceptability is described, as well as the participants' conversations with their parents. METHODS Girls, 14 through 21 years, were recruited from previous studies (3%), advertisements (14%), clinics (17%), and recommendations by friends (66%) to participate. Girls under 18 years were required to have parental consent, but parents could provide verbal phone consent as long as a signed consent form was returned before participation. RESULTS The 208 participants were 41% African-American, 30% Hispanic, and 29% Caucasian. Girls averaged 18 years of age, and 95 (46%) were under 18. Seventeen percent of parents attended the first visit; only 1 parent attended with a daughter older than 18 years of age. The mothers of older adolescents were less likely to attend the appointment with them. More Caucasian than African-American girls came with a mother. Parental attendance decreased at follow-up visits. Thirty-seven percent of girls brought a peer to the first visit; there were no age or race/ethnic differences. There was no relationship between attending with a parent or peer and talking to a parent about the study. Some adolescents obtained parental consent to participate in the study while keeping their sexual behaviors private. CONCLUSIONS Parental attendance at study visits may not be marker of parental involvement with the study. Creative ways for balancing concerns about confidentiality, promotion of autonomy, and adult involvement should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Texas, USA
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Black LL, Zimet GD, Short MB, Sturm L, Rosenthal SL. Literature review of human papillomavirus vaccine acceptability among women over 26 years. Vaccine 2009; 27:1668-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Auslander BA, Biro FM, Succop PA, Short MB, Rosenthal SL. Racial/ethnic differences in patterns of sexual behavior and STI risk among sexually experienced adolescent girls. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2009; 22:33-9. [PMID: 19232300 PMCID: PMC2679030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2008.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Racial/ethnic differences in prevalence and patterns of oral and anal sex were analyzed among girls participating in a microbicide acceptability study. DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis SETTING Recruitment to participate in a 6-month study examining microbicide acceptability was conducted at a school-based health clinic and local colleges in Galveston, Texas and through snowball sampling. PARTICIPANTS Sexually experienced girls (n = 202) ages 14 to 21 years of age. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Girls reported on their demographic and sexual history at the intake interview. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Their mean age was 18.2 years; 26% were white, 43% African-American, and 31% Hispanic. African-American girls were significantly less likely than whites and Hispanics to have had oral sex; no differences were found for anal sex. African-American girls were significantly older than whites and Hispanics when they initiated oral sex. African-American girls had a greater difference between ages of vaginal and oral sex initiation than whites and Hispanics. Oral sex history was associated with a 6-factor increase and anal sex history was associated with a 3-factor increase in the likelihood of a history of sexually transmitted infection. Future studies should explore these differences in greater depth in order to develop culturally specific STI prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Auslander
- Department of Pediatrics and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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Abstract
The context of adolescent development in which puberty occurs is briefly reviewed, along with the psychosocial impact on timing of puberty, girls' perception of puberty, and the impact of puberty on relationships with parents and on psychological health. This information can be integrated into clinical practice in order to provide the best care for adolescents, but, first, access to confidential and comprehensive care must be available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Rosenthal SL, Rupp R, Zimet GD, Meza HM, Loza ML, Short MB, Succop PA. Uptake of HPV vaccine: demographics, sexual history and values, parenting style, and vaccine attitudes. J Adolesc Health 2008; 43:239-45. [PMID: 18710678 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the relationships of demographics, parenting, and vaccine attitudes with the acceptance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine or to the intent to vaccinate in the next 12 months. METHODS Mothers (n = 153) with daughters ages 11 to 17 years were recruited through the pediatric clinic waiting room/announcements to complete a questionnaire. RESULTS Eighteen percent of the daughters had not received the vaccine, although it had been offered; 34% had not been offered the vaccine and did not intend to get it in the next 12 months; 22% had not been offered the vaccine but intended to get it in the next 12 months; 26% had started vaccination or completed the series. In a multinomial, multivariable logistic regression model, those mothers who had less than a high school degree, had a history of a sexually transmitted infection, supervised their daughter more when she was with peers, and whose daughter would not mind three shots were more likely to be favorable about their daughter being vaccinated. The following variables were not related to their attitudes about getting the vaccine: mothers' and daughters' ages, race/ethnicity, mothers' self-reported history of HPV disease and age of sexual initiation, daughters' dating status and anticipated age of sexual initiation, the number of sexual topics discussed and level of comfort, mother's sexual values, and the family environment. CONCLUSIONS Mothers' decisions about the HPV vaccine were not related to their sexual values or their daughters' sexual behavior, but rather their parenting, sense of vulnerability, and vaccine attitudes. Mothers who were not planning to vaccinate did not appear to not feel an urgency given the newness of the vaccine, and many planned to vaccinate eventually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0319, USA.
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Auslander BA, Rupp RE, Short MB, Rosenthal SL. Male partners of young women: assessing their attitudes toward topical microbicides. J Adolesc Health 2008; 42:626-8. [PMID: 18486872 PMCID: PMC3889148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Male partners' attitudes toward microbicide use are important to understand; however, there are challenges in conducting research with adolescent couples. We describe the experience of recruiting male partners of adolescent females enrolled in a microbicide acceptability study. Creative solutions to enrolling partners of young women in studies need to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Auslander
- Department of Pediatrics and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0319, USA
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Abstract
This study examined the reasons that adolescent girls used a product over time. Adolescent girls (n = 208; 14-21 years) participated in a six-month study in which they completed three face-to-face interviews and 24-weekly phone call interviews. Participants were given microbicide-like products (vaginal lubricants) and encouraged to use them with condoms when they had intercourse. Most of the reasons for use were endorsed by most of the adolescent girls, at some time during the study. Over time, the adolescents were significantly more likely to report the following reasons for use: did not think the product would leak out (z = 2.49; P < 0.01), the product felt comfortable (z = 2.41; P < 0.02) and the product was not messy to use (z = 3.11; P < 0.01). Although it appears that adolescents are interested in microbicides, they may worry about certain characteristics of the product. It will be important to develop anticipatory guidance that focuses on the experience of using the product, making sure adolescent girls continue to use over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
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Short MB, Ramos S, Oakes JK, Rosenthal SL. Adolescent girls' communication with partners about microbicide use. Sex Health 2007; 4:243-8. [PMID: 18082067 DOI: 10.1071/sh07044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical microbicides could be a female-controlled method of preventing sexually transmissible infections. Despite the possibility of surreptitious use, most women report that they would tell partners, and microbicides may be detectable. The purpose of the present study was to examine communication between adolescent girls and their partners regarding microbicides. METHODS Girls (aged 14-21 years) participated in a 6-month study in which they were given vaginal moisturisers to use when they had intercourse. Data was collected about their demographics, sexual histories and conversations with mothers and partners. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted. RESULTS Girls (n = 171) were asked about conversations with their partners. Talking with mothers and using the product were significantly related to talking with partners. Reasons for not talking were intrapersonal or interpersonal variables, the context of the relationship did not warrant an explanation and the lack of a decision to communicate. There seemed to be no difference in conversations for those who used or did not use. Girls had conversations with their partners when deciding to be in the study, when they were engaged in study activities or when deciding to use the product. Conversations about using the product focused on needing to use the product because of study demands, the lubricating properties or wanting to experience product use. CONCLUSIONS Most of the girls talked to their partners and had positive conversations. Girls may need help initiating conversations and managing reluctant partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston - Clear Lake, Houston, TX 77578, USA
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Short MB, Succop PA, Ugueto AM, Rosenthal SL. Predictors of using a microbicide-like product among adolescent girls. J Adolesc Health 2007; 41:357-62. [PMID: 17875461 PMCID: PMC2040129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2006] [Revised: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined demographic, sexual history and weekly contextual variables, and perceptions about microbicides as predictors of microbicide-like product use. METHODS Adolescent girls (N = 208; 14-21 years) participated in a 6-month study in which they completed three face-to-face interviews and 24-weekly phone call interviews. Participants were given microbicide-like products (vaginal lubricants) and encouraged to use them with condoms when they had intercourse. RESULTS Of the girls, 75% had had a sexual opportunity to use the product. Using multi-variable logistic regression, the following variables independently predicted ever using the product: length of sexual experience, number of lifetime vaginal partners, and the Comparison to Condoms subscale on the Perceptions of Microbicides Scale. Using a mixed model repeated measure linear regression, the following variables independently predicted frequency of use: week of the study, age, condom frequency prior to the study, and three subscales on the Perceptions of Microbicide Scale: namely, the Comparison to Condoms subscale, the Negative Effects subscale, and the Pleasure subscale. CONCLUSION Most girls used the product, including those who were not protecting themselves with condoms. Girls' initial perceptions regarding the product predicted initial use and frequency of use. Further research should evaluate the best methods for supporting the use of these products by young or sexually less experienced girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas 77058, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Topical microbicides will only be effective if they are acceptable to potential users. The purpose of this study is to develop a scale to evaluate characteristics and aspects of topical microbicides that are important to adolescent girls. STUDY DESIGN Girls (n = 207) completed a questionnaire on perceptions of microbicide-like products. RESULTS A principal components factor analysis with a varimax rotation produced a 6-factor solution. The mean factor scores suggested that girls saw the products positively. Age was positively correlated with "comparison to condoms" and "comfort while using" factor scores and inversely correlated with "negative impact on interpersonal relationships" factor score. Sexually transmitted infection (STI) history was related to higher scores on the "health benefits" and "pleasure" factors. Age, race/ethnicity, and STI history were not related to the other factor scores. CONCLUSION The current scale shows promise in assessment of microbicide acceptability, and in general, girls expressed positive views about microbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- University of Houston - Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA
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Zubowicz EA, Oakes JK, Short MB, Perfect MM, Succop PS, Rosenthal SL. Adolescents' descriptions of the physical characteristics of microbicide surrogates and experiences of use. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2007; 15:952-61. [PMID: 17087619 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2006.15.952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our purpose was to describe adolescent girls' perceptions of microbicide surrogates and experiences of use, including impact on sexual pleasure. METHODS Sexually experienced girls, 14-21 years, were recruited for a study examining microbicide acceptability. The girls were given vaginal moisturizers (gel or suppository) to use as if they were microbicides. Girls (n = 175) discussed their perceptions and experiences of use of these products in response to semistructured interviews. Girls were asked at weekly phone interviews about the impact of product use on their and their partners' sexual pleasure. These answers were averaged, and girls were categorized into those for whom the product predominantely made sex feel worse, better less than half the time, or better half the time or more. The relationship of demographics and sexual history to the impact on pleasure was evaluated. RESULTS Overall, participants were positive about their experience with the products. More girls preferred the gel. Specific concerns about the suppository included the wait period, texture, and messiness of self-insertion. Many liked the lubricating quality of both of the surrogates. Girls discussed messiness, leakage, clumping, and the difficulties in communicating with partners. Over half reported an increase in pleasure most of the time for themselves and their partners. None of the demographic and sexual history predictors were significantly related to impact on pleasure. CONCLUSIONS Anticipatory guidance should help girls initiate and sustain use. Future research should examine the best way to accomplish counseling about microbicide use with adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alexandra Zubowicz
- Department of Pediatrics and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0319, USA
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Topical microbicides, a female-initiated method to protect against sexually transmitted infections (STI) and pregnancy, will only be effective if found acceptable. Mothers may have an influence on acceptability and use among adolescent girls. The current study examined the communication between girls and mothers to understand the potential predictors and nature of conversations regarding surrogate microbicide products. DESIGN Sexually experienced girls, 14 to 21 years, were recruited for a 6-month study examining microbicide acceptability. During face-to-face interviews, qualitative data were collected regarding communication between girls and mothers. Two independent raters coded the responses, which were organized into themes. Themes were interpreted according to the conceptual understanding of mother-daughter communication. RESULTS Fifty percent of the 171 girls with codable responses had a conversation with their mother. Higher levels of indirect parental monitoring were related to being more likely to have a conversation. Concrete events related to the study (i.e. receiving phone call from the researcher, having an appointment, or seeing the product) or inquiries by mothers appeared to promote conversation. Barriers to conversation included the private nature of the information and relationship issues between the mother and daughter. Conversations often addressed issues related to girls' participation in the study, although some conversations included global issues related to sexuality. CONCLUSIONS Girls may talk to their mothers about new products for STI prevention, and such conversations may provide opportunities to promote use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie Ramos
- Department of Pediatrics and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development University of Texas Medical Branch – Galveston, Texas
| | | | - Susan L. Rosenthal
- Department of Pediatrics and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development University of Texas Medical Branch – Galveston, Texas
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To understand adolescent girls' use of "I don't know" within the context of discussing information related to sexual attitudes and behaviors. DESIGN Qualitative analysis of seven focus groups with adolescent girls. SETTING Urban primary care clinic. PARTICIPANTS Adolescent girls (n = 23) with a mean age of 16.4 years (range 14 to 18 years). Fifty-two percent were African-American, 26% were Caucasian, 17% were Hispanic/Latino, and 5% were Asian. RESULTS The use of "I don't know" served three functions: (1) place holder, (2) lack of commitment to an opinion; and (3) reduction of commitment to an opinion or belief. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that girls use "I don't know" when asked about their thoughts and opinions related to sexual health, and that its use can have varying implications. Discriminating the intent may help providers respond appropriately. Responses should include providing a safe and nonjudgmental environment in which girls can express their feelings and opinions regarding their sexual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE To characterize the discussions on douching that female parents/guardians have with daughters. DESIGN A questionnaire assessing personal douching history, beliefs on the practice of douching, and what they had discussed or intended to discuss about douching with their daughters was administered to women who were parenting females 11-21 years of age. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-seven women who had douched or currently douche completed the questionnaire. RESULTS Fifty-six of the women had discussed or planned to discuss the subject with their daughters. The girls with whom they had had a discussion were significantly older (16.2 years) than those with whom they planned to have a discussion (14.1 years). Most (73%) of the women had encouraged or planned to encourage douching, while only 18% had or planned to discourage it. Mothers had or planned to have the conversation in the context of menses (76%), sexual activity (40%), or when their daughter instigated the conversation (44%). Over 40% of the mothers had not or did not intend to discuss any negatives about douching. Only ten of the women stated that a health care provider had spoken to them or their daughter about the subject. CONCLUSION Female parents/guardians are an important source of information about douching for their daughters. Health care providers need to educate girls as well as the women who parent them on the health risks associated with douching. Public campaigns aimed at decreasing douching should target this intergenerational transfer of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rupp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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Abstract
When adolescent girls choose to have sexual intercourse, it is important for them to have the knowledge, resources, and communication skills necessary to avoid unintended pregnancies. There are many barriers to contraceptive use that are specific to adolescents, and it is possible that parents and partners could help to support consistent and correct use of contraception. This paper reviews the existing literature on the role of parents and partners, and discusses the implications of this knowledge base for clinical practice. The specific recommendations in this manuscript are designed to aid health care providers in supporting the involvement of parents and partners in the lives of adolescent girls in order to promote the positive emotional and physical growth of adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- University of Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Short MB, Rupp R, Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Parental acceptance of adolescent vaccines within school-based health centres. Herpes 2005; 12:23-7. [PMID: 16026641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Parental acceptability of genital herpes (HV) and meningococcal (MV) vaccines within school-based health centres (SBHCs) was examined. A convenience sample of 85 parents completed a telephone survey. Eighty-five per cent of respondents supported offering the HV within SBHCs; 87% the MV. Sixty-two per cent of respondents would allow HV to be administered to their adolescent in the SBHC, 75% the MV. When location of vaccination was unspecified, 42% of parents would allow vaccination of their adolescent for HV, and 71% would permit MV vaccination. Parents supported offering HV via SBHCs; many would permit their adolescent to receive it. Predictors included SBHC perceptions and a belief that all adolescents should be vaccinated for genital herpes. Perceptions of stigma/shame associated with sexually transmitted infections were not related to herpes vaccine acceptability. Efforts to enhance vaccine uptake for adolescents should focus on promoting positive perceptions of the location of vaccination and universal recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Pediatrics and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, 77555, USA
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Short MB, Mills L, Majkowski JM, Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Adolescent issues associated with knowledge of and access to topical microbicides. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005; 13:1127-36. [PMID: 15650346 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2004.13.1127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Topical microbicides could be a female-controlled method for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Microbicides could offer girls a potential preventive option, if they are able to access them. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate girls', mothers', experienced healthcare providers', and medical students' views on adolescent girls' obtaining information about and acquiring microbicides and where adolescent girls would keep or carry a microbicide. METHODS Focus groups were conducted and videotaped with each group of individuals. The videotapes were transcribed, and the transcriptions were coded for relevant themes. RESULTS Participants anticipated that adolescents would learn about microbicides from a variety of sources and that specific educational efforts for each of these sources (mothers, healthcare providers, and school-based sexuality education) would be needed. Healthcare providers stressed the importance of enhancing access by having both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) options. For nonprescription products, the participants felt that the microbicide should be in stores and venues to which adolescents typically go by themselves. A microbicide that was girl-friendly and adolescent-friendly consistently was highlighted by the participants. Participants thought this would increase discretion and decrease embarrassment. The location of keeping and carrying the microbicide was anticipated to be dependent on parents' knowledge of their adolescent's sexuality and the likelihood that parents search their adolescent's belongings. CONCLUSIONS Consideration of the adolescent-specific issues in the design of microbicides and marketing strategies may be crucial for adolescent adoption of this female-controlled method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0319, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES As adolescents develop intimate relationships skills, they might change romantic partners often. Little is known about this developmental phenomenon. GOAL The goal was to determine the frequency of non-exclusive romantic relationships in girls, the variables associated with non-exclusive relationships, and the variables associated with having sexual intercourse in a non-exclusive relationship. STUDY DESIGN Girls (12-15 years of age) participated in a longitudinal study (3 y, 7 visits) of romantic relationships. RESULTS Seventy-two of 160 girls had a non-exclusive relationship, and of these, 23 girls had intercourse in an outside relationship. Younger age, belief that the boyfriend had an outside relationship, and less parental indirect monitoring was associated with the girl having an outside relationship. A longer time being sexually experienced and less direct parental monitoring was associated with having intercourse in the outside relationship. CONCLUSION Non-exclusivity in adolescence is common but does not always include sexual intercourse. Healthcare providers can address non-exclusivity with adolescents directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-0319, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Adolescent girls could benefit from topical microbicide use if the product is acceptable to them. GOAL The goal was to evaluate girls', mothers', experienced healthcare providers', and medical students' views on timing of use, efficacy, and safety of topical microbicide use by adolescents. STUDY DESIGN Focus groups were conducted with girls, mothers, healthcare providers, and medical students. All groups were videotaped, transcribed, and coded for relevant themes. RESULTS A delay between insertion and coitus presented a problem, and pre- and postcoital use had advantages depending on the group. Efficacy was evaluated by timing of use, smell, ability to feel the product, and confidence that it would spread sufficiently. There were concerns about physical side effects and the impact on normal vaginal flora. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated the importance of understanding the unique needs and perspectives of adolescent girls and the adults who have an influence on their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary B Short
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-0319, USA
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