Removal of 17α-ethynylestradiol and β-estradiol using bench-scale constructed wetlands

Aquatic ecosystems have been devastated by the continued persistence of the synthetic estrogen compounds β-estradiol and 17α-ethynylestradiol. Common wastewater treatment methods do not reduce these compounds in effluent below problematic concentrations. An emerging cost-effective solution to this problem is the use of constructed wetlands to remove these estrogen compounds. This study analyzed the ability of duckweed (Lemna minor), water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), and water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) to remove β-estradiol and 17α-ethynylestradiol through the use of bench-scale constructed wetlands over a 15-week period. Estrogen concentration in water was collected over time along with plant nutrient content, contaminant extractions, and media extractions. Results indicated that estrogen concentration was reduced by the plants and soil media. Duckweed was the most effective at 96% removal, followed by water hyacinth at 72% removal, then water cabbage at 35% removal, and lastly sediment media at 9% removal. This study provides evidence for the ability of constructed wetlands to be used as a means to remove estrogen compounds from wastewater and demonstrates differences in plants removal efficiencies, with duckweed being the most effective of the selected plants.

MRI Findings in Acute Tonsillar Infections

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Previous literature is vague on the prevalence and exact nature of abscesses in tonsillar infections, ranging from intratonsillar and peritonsillar collections to deep extension involving the parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal spaces. MR imaging has excellent diagnostic accuracy in detecting neck infections and can potentially clarify this issue. We sought to characterize the spectrum of MR imaging findings regarding tonsillar infections.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of emergency neck MR imaging scans of patients with tonsillar infections. Imaging data were assessed in terms of signs of infection and the location of abscesses and were compared with clinical findings, final diagnoses, and surgical findings as reference standards.

RESULTS

The study included 132 patients with tonsillar infection. Of these, 110 patients (83%) had ≥1 abscess (99 unilateral, 11 bilateral; average volume, 3.2 mL). Most abscesses were peritonsillar, and we found no evidence of intratonsillar abscess. Imaging showed evidence of parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal extension in 36% and 10% of patients, respectively. MR imaging had a high positive predictive value for both abscesses (0.98) and deep extension (0.86). Patients with large abscesses and widespread edema patterns had a more severe course of illness.

CONCLUSIONS

Emergency neck MR imaging can accurately describe the extent and nature of abscess formation in tonsillar infections.

All-optical modulation and detection using a gain medium in a pulse shaper

We demonstrate all-optical modulation and ultrafast detection using an on-resonance optical gain medium, combined with spectral splitting in a Fourier transform pulse shaper. Multiple spectral channels of one optical beam can be independently modulated in time by another beam, allowing high-rate modulation and multiplexing without requiring ultrafast response from the gain medium. For detection of sub-picosecond signals we demonstrate a method of ultrafast signal detection (temporal imaging with no spatial resolution) that utilizes the spatio-temporal tilt of an optical pulse in a pulse shaper. The proposed methods can find applications in optical information technology and ultrafast imaging.

Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) and Sex Hormone Concentrations in Ringed and Grey Seals: A Possible Link to Endocrine Disruption?

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are recognised reproductive and immune system toxicants in marine mammals mediated by endocrine-disrupting mechanisms. As with other predators, seals are exposed to elevated bioaccumulated concentrations of PCBs and other persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Cryopreserved plasma samples from adult ringed (Phoca hispida; n = 39) and grey (Halichoerus grypus; n = 38) seals, sampled between 1998 and 2002 from Baltic Sea, Svalbard, and Sable Island (Canada) were used to investigate relationships between PCB exposure and sex hormone concentrations (progesterone; P4, 17α-hydroxy progesterone; 17α-OH-P4, testosterone; T4, 17β-estradiol; E2, estrone; E3). Immunoassay methods were used for quantification of analytes due to the limited sample volumes available. PCB concentrations were found to be significantly higher in Baltic seals than other sampling locations and were classed as "Exposed" seals while Svalbard and Sable Is seal were classed "Reference" seals (sexes and species separate). Mean hormone concentrations in Exposed seal were lower than Reference seals, and this was statistically significantly for 17α-OH-P4 (both sexes and both species), E2 (ringed and grey seal females), and E3 (grey seal females). Regression analyses (PCB v hormone concentrations) for each sex and species revealed significant correlations for P4 (Sable Is. female grey seals and female ringed seals), 17α-OH-P4 (Sable Is. male grey seals and Svalbard male ringed seals), T4 (Svalbard male ringed seals), E2 (female ringed seals), and E3 (female ringed seals and Baltic female grey seals). Although significant correlations are not evidence of cause and effect, the potential impact of hormone changes on endocrine homeostasis and reproductive health for seal populations warrants further investigation given that PCB concentrations found here are in the same range as those currently reported in seals from these populations.

GAINS: neutron inelastic cross section measurements of interest for applications and reaction studies

The paper represents an overview of the measurements performed using GAINS at GELINA (JRC-Geel, Belgium). While undergoing continuous upgrades, the setup produced highly precise cross sections. Our measurements are primarily driven by technological needs with an emphasis on structural materials used in the development of nuclear facilities. However, most cases offered the opportunity to investigate various reaction mechanism and/or nuclear structure issues. We concentrate on several specific experiments describing the particular difficulties we met and the solutions we adopted to infer reliable data and to draw significant conclusions.

A combination of naso- and oropharyngeal swabs improves the diagnostic yield of respiratory viruses in adult emergency department patients

BACKGROUND

Along with the current development of molecular diagnostic methods of respiratory viruses, the bedside patient sampling techniques need to be evaluated. We here asked the question whether the addition of an oropharynx swab to the traditional nasopharynx swab might improve the diagnostic yield of multiplex PCR analysis. Ct values from the two sampling sites were compared as well as patient tolerability.

METHODS

In an emergency department in Malmö, Sweden, 98 adult patients with respiratory disease were sampled both from the nasopharynx and oropharynx for virus diagnostics by PCR.

RESULTS

Influenza (AH1, AH3, B), human metapneumovirus (hMPV) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) were detected by PCR in 58 subjects. The diagnostic yield was improved by combining nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal sampling - a virus was detected in another 6 patients compared to traditional nasopharyngeal sampling (p = .031, McNemar's test). In 38/55 subjects viral load was higher in the nasopharynx than in the oropharynx. Self-reported discomfort was significantly lower from oropharyngeal sampling than from nasopharyngeal sampling.

CONCLUSIONS

Adding an oropharynx sample to a nasopharynx sample increased the diagnostic yield of respiratory viruses. Oropharyngeal sampling was well tolerated.

Impact of dietary induced precocious gut maturation on cecal microbiota and its relation to the blood-brain barrier during the postnatal period in rats

BACKGROUND

Precocious maturation of the gastrointestinal barrier (GIB) in newborn mammals can be induced by dietary provocation, but how this affects the gut microbiota and the gut-brain axis remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of induced GIB maturation on gut microbiota composition and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability.

METHODS

Suckling rats were studied at 72 h after gavage with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or microbial protease (PT) to induce maturation of GIB. For comparison, untreated suckling and weaned rats were included (n = 10). Human serum albumin (HSA) was administered orally and analyzed in blood to assess permeability of the GIB, while intraperitoneally injected bovine serum albumin (BSA) was measured in the brain tissue for BBB permeability. The cecal microbial composition, plasma lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) levels and short-chain fatty acids in serum and brain were analyzed.

KEY RESULTS

Cessation of HSA passage to blood after PHA or PT treatment was similar to that seen in weaned rats. Interestingly, concomitant increases in cecal Bacteroidetes and plasma LBP levels were observed after both PHA and PT treatments. The BBB passage of BSA was surprisingly elevated after weaning, coinciding with lower plasma LBP levels and specific microbial taxa and increased acetate uptake into the brain.

CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES

This study provides evidence that the gut microbiota alteration following induced precocious GIB maturation may induce low-grade systemic inflammation and alter SCFAs utilization in the brain which may also play a potential role in GIB-BBB dysfunction disorders in neonates.

Comparative effects of dexmedetomidine, propofol, sevoflurane, and S-ketamine on regional cerebral glucose metabolism in humans: a positron emission tomography study

INTRODUCTION

The highly selective α₂-agonist dexmedetomidine has become a popular sedative for neurointensive care patients. However, earlier studies have raised concern that dexmedetomidine might reduce cerebral blood flow without a concomitant decrease in metabolism. Here, we compared the effects of dexmedetomidine on the regional cerebral metabolic rate of glucose (CMR_glu) with three commonly used anaesthetic drugs at equi-sedative doses.

METHODS

One hundred and sixty healthy male subjects were randomised to EC₅₀ for verbal command of dexmedetomidine (1.5 ng ml^-1; n=40), propofol (1.7 μg ml^-1; n=40), sevoflurane (0.9% end-tidal; n=40) or S-ketamine (0.75 μg ml^-1; n=20) or placebo (n=20). Anaesthetics were administered using target-controlled infusion or vapouriser with end-tidal monitoring. ¹⁸F-labelled fluorodeoxyglucose was administered 20 min after commencement of anaesthetic administration, and high-resolution positron emission tomography with arterial blood activity samples was used to quantify absolute CMR_glu for whole brain and 15 brain regions.

RESULTS

At the time of [F¹⁸]fluorodeoxyglucose injection, 55% of dexmedetomidine, 45% of propofol, 85% of sevoflurane, 45% of S-ketamine, and 0% of placebo subjects were unresponsive. Whole brain CMR_glu was 63%, 71%, 71%, and 96% of placebo in the dexmedetomidine, propofol, sevoflurane, and S-ketamine groups, respectively (P<0.001 between the groups). The lowest CMR_glu was observed in nearly all brain regions with dexmedetomidine (P<0.05 compared with all other groups). With S-ketamine, CMR_glu did not differ from placebo.

CONCLUSIONS

At equi-sedative doses in humans, potency in reducing CMR_glu was dexmedetomidine>propofol>ketamine=placebo. These findings alleviate concerns for dexmedetomidine-induced vasoconstriction and cerebral ischaemia.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

NCT02624401.

Bridging the opposite chemistries of tantalum and tungsten polyoxometalates

Reaction of Ta peroxometalate and tungstate affords the first systematic series of Ta/W isopolyoxometalates. An analogous reaction system yields a Nb/W cluster. The electronic structure and stability of these clusters varies as a function of the group V metal content, as inferred from spectroscopic, electrochemical and mass-spectrometry analysis and confirmed by DFT calculations.

Blurring the boundaries: decays of multiparticle isomers at the proton drip line

A multiparticle spin-trap isomer has been discovered in the proton-unbound nucleus (73)(158)Ta85 . The isomer mainly decays by γ-ray emission with a half-life of 6.1(1) μs. Analysis of the γ-ray data shows that the isomer lies 2668 keV above the known 9+ state and has a spin 10ℏ higher and negative parity. This 19- isomer also has an 8644(11) keV, 1.4(2)% α-decay branch that populates the 9+ state in (154)Lu. No proton-decay branch from the isomer was identified, despite the isomer being unbound to proton emission by 3261(14) keV. This remarkable stability against proton emission is compared with theoretical predictions, and the implications for the extent of observable nuclides are considered.

Probiotics lower plasma glucose in the high-fat fed C57BL/6J mouse

Today, the gut microbiota is considered a key organ in host nutritional metabolism and recent data have suggested that alterations in gut microbiota contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Accordingly, a whole range of beneficial effects relating to inflammation and gut health have been observed following administration of probiotics to both humans and different animal models. The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of an oral probiotic supplement, Lactobacillus plantarum DSM 15313, to high-fat diet (HFD) fed C57BL/6J mice, a model of human obesity and early diabetes. The mice were fed the experimental diets for 20 weeks, after which the HFD had induced an insulin-resistant state in both groups compared to the start of the study. The increase in body weight during the HFD feeding was higher in the probiotic group than in the control group, however, there were no significant differences in body fat content. Fasting plasma glucose levels were lower in the group fed the probiotic supplement, whereas insulin and lipids were not different. Caecal levels of short-chain fatty acids were not significantly different between the groups. An oral glucose tolerance test showed that the group fed probiotics had a significantly lower insulin release compared to the control group, although the rate of glucose clearance was not different. Taken together, these data indicate that L. plantarum DSM 15313 has anti-diabetic properties when fed together with an HFD.

Gamma-ray spectroscopy at the limits: first observation of rotational bands in 255Lr

The rotational band structure of 255Lr has been investigated using advanced in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopic techniques. To date, 255Lr is the heaviest nucleus to be studied in this manner. One rotational band has been unambiguously observed and strong evidence for a second rotational structure was found. The structures are tentatively assigned to be based on the 1/2-[521] and 7/2-[514] Nilsson states, consistent with assignments from recently obtained alpha decay data. The experimental rotational band dynamic moment of inertia is used to test self-consistent mean-field calculations using the Skyrme SLy4 interaction and a density-dependent pairing force.

Dietary fibre in type II diabetes

Recent studies have indicated that diets rich in digestible carbohydrates and dietary fibre might be beneficial in the regulation of type II non insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD). Addition of the gel forming type of dietary fibre such as pectin and guar gum to meals or glucose solutions reduces post-prandial glucose and insulin response. Addition of cereal fibres in the form of bran seems to have long term beneficial effect improving glucose tolerance. Little is known, however, concerning effects of dietary fibre naturally occurring in food on postprandial glucose and hormone response. In the present study we prepared two breakfast meals which were similar regarding digestible carbohydrates but differed in their dietary fibre content. One of the meals, including whole grain bread and whole apples, contained 8.4 g of dietary fibre, and the other one, containing white bread and apple juice, 3.1 g. When given to eight NIDD, the fibre rich breakfast gave significantly lower blood glucose increment during the three hours following ingestion. The results indicate that foods rich in dietary fibre might be useful in the regulation of type II diabetes.

Identification of excited states in the T(z) = 1 nucleus (110)Xe: evidence for enhanced collectivity near the N=Z=50 double shell closure

Gamma-ray transitions have been identified for the first time in the extremely neutron-deficient (N=Z+2) nucleus (110)Xe, and the energies of the three lowest excited states in the ground-state band have been deduced. The results establish a breaking of the normal trend of increasing first excited 2(+) and 4(+) level energies as a function of the decreasing neutron number as the N=50 major shell gap is approached for the neutron-deficient Xe isotopes. This unusual feature is suggested to be an effect of enhanced collectivity, possibly arising from isoscalar n-p interactions becoming increasingly important close to the N=Z line.

Dietary supplementation with beta-glucan enriched oat bran increases faecal concentration of carboxylic acids in healthy subjects

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Carboxylic acids (CAs), especially butyric acid, have been suggested to counteract colonic diseases, such as ulcerative colitis and colon cancer. Colonic formation of CAs can be influenced by the diet, but the concentrations and pattern formed need to be evaluated for different food products in humans. To elucidate how the colonic concentration of CAs in healthy subjects is influenced by dietary supplementation with oat bran, and whether the concentration varies over time and during consecutive days.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Twenty-five healthy subjects (age 24+/-1.3) were recruited to the study. The subjects were given 40 g beta-glucan enriched oat bran per day, corresponding to 20 g dietary fibre, in 4 slices of bread. CAs were analysed in faeces during three consecutive days after 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks on this diet.

RESULTS

The concentration of acetic, propionic, butyric, isobutyric and isovaleric acid was higher (P<0.05-0.001) after 8 weeks on the oat bran diet as compared with values at entry, whereas that of lactic acid was lower (P<0.05). After 12 weeks, the concentrations of acetic, propionic and isobutyric acid were still higher and that of lactic acid lower. The variation between individuals was considerable, whereas in the same individuals there was little variation.

CONCLUSIONS

Oat bran increased the faecal concentration of CAs after 8 weeks, indicating an increased concentration also in the distal colon. The concentration of all main acids increased, except for lactic acid, which decreased. Oat bran may therefore have a preventive potential adjunct to colonic diseases.

Fermentation and bulking capacity of indigestible carbohydrates: the case of inulin and oligofructose

The bulking index (i.e. the increase in faecal fresh weight in gram per gram indigestible carbohydrate ingested) with oligofructose and inulin is similar to that produced with other easily fermented fibres such as pectins and gums. Most studies in man have been performed at a level of 15 g/d and more investigations on lower intakes are needed to appoint the least intake for an effect. Concerning short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) most studies have been using oligofructose and points at an increased butyric acid formation in the caecum of rats. In one study on rats with inulin high caecal proportions of propionic acid were obtained. As inulin has a higher molecular weight than oligofructose it might be speculated if this could be a reason to the different SCFA-profile formed. No effects on faecal concentrations of SCFA in humans have been revealed with inulin and oligofructose, which neither is expected as most of the SCFA formed during the fermentation already has been absorbed or utilized by the colonic mucosa.

Collectivity and configuration mixing in 186,188Pb and 194Po

Lifetimes of prolate intruder states in 186Pb and oblate intruder states in 194Po have been determined by employing, for the first time, the recoil-decay tagging technique in recoil distance Doppler-shift lifetime measurements. In addition, lifetime measurements of prolate states in 188Pb up to the 8+ state were carried out using the recoil-gating method. The B(E2) values have been deduced from which deformation parameters |beta2|=0.29(5) and |beta2|=0.17(3) for the prolate and the oblate bands, respectively, have been extracted. The results also shed new light on the mixing between different shapes.

Nuclear isomers in superheavy elements as stepping stones towards the island of stability

A long-standing prediction of nuclear models is the emergence of a region of long-lived, or even stable, superheavy elements beyond the actinides. These nuclei owe their enhanced stability to closed shells in the structure of both protons and neutrons. However, theoretical approaches to date do not yield consistent predictions of the precise limits of the 'island of stability'; experimental studies are therefore crucial. The bulk of experimental effort so far has been focused on the direct creation of superheavy elements in heavy ion fusion reactions, leading to the production of elements up to proton number Z = 118 (refs 4, 5). Recently, it has become possible to make detailed spectroscopic studies of nuclei beyond fermium (Z = 100), with the aim of understanding the underlying single-particle structure of superheavy elements. Here we report such a study of the nobelium isotope 254No, with 102 protons and 152 neutrons--the heaviest nucleus studied in this manner to date. We find three excited structures, two of which are isomeric (metastable). One of these structures is firmly assigned to a two-proton excitation. These states are highly significant as their location is sensitive to single-particle levels above the gap in shell energies predicted at Z = 114, and thus provide a microscopic benchmark for nuclear models of the superheavy elements.

Fermentation and bulking capacity of indigestible carbohydrates: the case of inulin and oligofructose

The bulking index (i.e. the increase in faecal fresh weight in gram per gram indigestible carbohydrate ingested) with oligofructose and inulin is similar to that produced with other easily fermented fibres such as pectins and gums. Most studies in man have been performed at a level of 15 g/d and more investigations on lower intakes are needed to appoint the least intake for an effect. Concerning short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) most studies have been using oligofructose and points at an increased butyric acid formation in the caecum of rats. In one study on rats with inulin high caecal proportions of propionic acid were obtained. As inulin has a higher molecular weight than oligofructose it might be speculated if this could be a reason to the different SCFA-profile formed. No effects on faecal concentrations of SCFA in humans have been revealed with inulin and oligofructose, which neither is expected as most of the SCFA formed during the fermentation already has been absorbed or utilized by the colonic mucosa.

Distribution of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) in the tissues of Baltic ringed and grey seals

Information about the expression of CYP1A in wildlife species is essential for understanding the impact of organochlorine exposure on the health status of an exposed population. Therefore, we aimed at characterising a putative CYP1A enzyme expression in both hepatic and extrahepatic tissues of ringed and grey seals from the Baltic Sea and from less polluted waters. The cellular localisation of CYP1A was identified using a monoclonal antibody against scup P4501A1 (MAb 1-12-3). Immunohistochemical staining showed the highest level of CYP1A expression in liver hepatocytes, and the second highest level in the endothelial cells of capillaries and larger blood vessels in the liver and other organs. The most frequent and strongest staining was found in Baltic ringed seals. Although CYP1A-positive staining was observed in only a few tissues in the other seal populations, it was more intense in Baltic grey seals than in Canadian grey seals. The CYP1A enzyme activity, expressed as ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD), followed a similar tissue distribution and geographical pattern as the immunohistochemistry with clearly elevated EROD activities in most tissues of both Baltic seal populations. Immunochemical characterisation by immunoblotting confirmed the presence and elevation pattern of a putative CYP1A protein in ringed and grey seals, supporting our findings using other methods. The evenly distributed elevation of CYP1A expression among most of the tissues examined indicates that Baltic seals are exposed to CYP1A inducing agents affecting the whole body. This may result in an increased or decreased toxic potential of foreign substances, which may ultimately determine the biological effects of the contaminants.

Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine mammals

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a perfluorinated molecule that has recently been identified in the sera of nonindustrially exposed humans. In this study, 247 tissue samples from 15 species of marine mammals collected from Florida, California, and Alaskan coastal waters; and northern Baltic Sea; the Arctic (Spitsbergen); and Sable Island in Canada were analyzed for PFOS. PFOS was detected in liver and blood of marine mammals from most locations including those from Arctic waters. The greatest concentrations of PFOS found in liver and blood were 1520 ng/g wet wt in a bottlenose dolphin from Sarasota Bay, FL, and 475 ng/mL in a ringed seal from the northern Baltic Sea (Bothnian Sea), respectively. No age-dependent increase in PFOS concentrations in marine mammals was observed in the samples analyzed. The occurrence of PFOS in marine mammals from the Arctic waters suggests widespread global distribution of PFOS including remote locations.

Measurement of CP-violating asymmetries in B0 decays to CP eigenstates

We present measurements of time-dependent CP-violating asymmetries in neutral B decays to several CP eigenstates. The measurement uses a data sample of 23x10(6) Upsilon(4S)-->BbarB decays collected by the BABAR detector at the PEP-II asymmetric B Factory at SLAC. In this sample, we find events in which one neutral B meson is fully reconstructed in a CP eigenstate containing charmonium and the flavor of the other neutral B meson is determined from its decay products. The amplitude of the CP-violating asymmetry, which in the standard model is proportional to sin2beta, is derived from the decay time distributions in such events. The result is sin2beta = 0.34+/-0.20 (stat)+/-0.05 (syst).

Bioaccumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenylethane (DDE) methyl sulfones in tissues of seal and dolphin morbillivirus epizootic victims

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and dichlorodiphenylethane (DDE) methyl sulfone (MSF) metabolites possess high affinities for binding two homologous 16,000 Da homodimeric receptor proteins in the lung (Clara cell secretory protein, CCSP) and the uterus (uteroglobin, UG), leading to selective bioaccumulation of MSFs in these tissues. As marine mammals are highly exposed to organochlorines, concentrations of PCBs, PCB MSFs, DDT, and DDE MSF were analyzed in blubber, lung, and uterus samples from harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) morbillivirus epizootic victims to investigate uterine and lung MSF accumulation. Mean uterus concentrations of PCB MSFs and DDE MSF in harbor seals were 0.61 and 0.04 microg/g lipid weight and in striped dolphins 0.05 and 0.01 microg/g lipid weight. Mean lung concentrations of PCB MSFs and DDE MSF in harbor seals were 0.96 and 0.02 microg/g lipid weight and in striped dolphins 0.16 and 0.01 microg/g lipid weight. To ascertain whether uterine and lung bioaccumulation of MSFs is possible due to the presence of CCSP and UG in seals, CCSP and UG proteins in uterine flushings and in uterine and lung and epithelial tissue from Baltic gray and ringed seals were characterized using gel electrophoresis and Western blotting techniques. UG- and CCSP-like proteins with molecular weights of 16,000 Da were resolved in all samples. This is the first demonstration of this protein in any marine mammalian species. The toxicological implications of MSF binding with UG and CCSP in marine mammals are discussed.

Characterization of xenobiotic-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP) forms in ringed and grey seals from the Baltic Sea and reference sites

Earlier studies have shown that members of the cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) enzyme family are constitutively expressed, and are elevated in the livers of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) living in the heavily polluted Baltic Sea. In this study, we compared the expression profiles of several additional CYP enzymes in the liver and extrahepatic tissues of Baltic ringed and grey seals with the corresponding CYP expression in seals from relatively unpolluted waters. We used marker enzyme activity levels, diagnostic inhibitors and immunoblot analysis to assess members of the CYP2A, CYP2B, CYP2C, CYP2D, CYP2E and CYP3A sub-families. Coumarin 7-hydroxylation (COH), a marker of CYP2A activity, was high in the liver and the lungs of all the studied seal populations. The presence of a putative CYP2A form in these seals was further supported by the strong inhibition of COH activity by a chemical inhibitor and by an anti-CYP2A5 antibody. However, antibodies to human and rodent CYP2B, CYP2C and CYP2E forms did not recognize any proteins in these seal species. Dextromethorphan O-demethylation (marker for CYP2D activity) and chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation (marker for CYP2E activity) were measurable in the livers of all the seals we studied. Both activities were elevated in the Baltic seal populations, showed a strong positive correlation with CYP1A activity and were at least partly inhibited by a typical CYP1A inhibitor, alpha-naphthoflavone. Further studies are needed to determine the presence and characteristics of CYP2D and CYP2E enzymes in ringed and grey seals. Testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation, a CYP3A marker, showed a relatively high level of activity in the livers of both seal species and was potently inhibited by ketoconazole, a CYP3A-selective inhibitor. The putative CYP3A activity showed an opposing geographical trend to that of CYP2D and CYP2E, since it was elevated in the control area. CYP3A protein levels, revealed by immunoblotting, showed a positive correlation with testosterone 6beta-hydroxylation. We conclude tentatively that CYP2A- and CYP3A-like enzymes are expressed in ringed and grey seals, but that CYP2B- and CYP2C-like ones are not. Further information on the individual contaminant profile is needed before any conclusions can be drawn on a possible connection between the varying CYP expressions and the contaminant load.

Mercury, cadmium, lead and selenium in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Baltic Sea and from Svalbard

The concentrations of mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and selenium (Se) were determined in liver, kidney and muscle samples from 20 Baltic ringed seals (Phoca hispida botnica) (3-32 years), and from 17 ringed seals (Phoca hispida) (0-20 years) from Svalbard, in the Arctic. The concentrations of Hg and Se were considerably higher in the Baltic ringed seals, but the Cd concentrations lower than in the Svalbard ringed seals. There was no big geographical difference with respect to Pb concentrations. Se and Hg concentrations showed a significant positive correlation in both regions. By comparison with earlier studies on Baltic seals, the metal concentrations have remained at the same level since the 1980s. Of the metals we studied, only the level of Hg in Baltic ringed seals can be considered high (mean 53 mg/kg, range 6.5-124 mg/kg wet wt. for liver), but probably not high enough to cause metal intoxication. No pathological changes associated with metal intoxication were observed in the seals.

Expression and inducibility of members in the cytochrome P4501 (CYP1) family in ringed and grey seals from polluted and less polluted waters

The expression and inducibility of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) were investigated in hepatic microsomes of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) and grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from polluted (Baltic Sea) and less polluted (Svalbard and Sable Island) areas. Liver CYP1A protein levels and activities were assessed by immunoblot analysis and determining catalytic activities towards ethoxyresorufin (EROD) and pentoxyresorufin (PROD). The amount of CYP1A apoprotein and its catalytic activity were increased up to 5-fold in Baltic ringed and grey seal populations in comparison with ringed seals from Svalbard and grey seals from Sable Island. EROD and PROD activities correlated in all seal groups, indicating catalysis by the same CYP form(s). Enzyme kinetic studies suggested that PROD activity is catalysed by CYP1A enzymes in both ringed and grey seals. In immunoblot analysis, a protein was revealed in liver with an antibody against human CYP1B1, indicating that a CYP1B1 like protein could be present in ringed and grey seals. In conclusion, these data strengthen the concept that CYP1A is markedly induced in seals living in polluted waters and that both EROD and PROD activities are mediated by CYP1A forms in the seal liver. In addition, this study provides the first evidence for the presence of a CYP1B like protein in seal liver.

Parvovirus B19 infection: association with third-trimester intrauterine fetal death

OBJECTIVE

To identify the presence of parvovirus B19 infection as a possible cause of fetal loss in the third trimester.

DESIGN

Prospective study of women experiencing third-trimester intrauterine fetal death (IUFD).

SETTING

All cases of IUFD at Danderyd Hospital from 1992 to 1998.

POPULATION

Ninety-three women with IUFD in 33,759 deliveries (0.3%).

METHODS

Detection of B19 DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in placental and fetal tissue. Placental pathology and B19-specific immunohistochemistry. Maternal serology in consecutive samples.

RESULTS

Among 93 cases of IUFD, seven (7.5%) had detectable B19 DNA in freshly-frozen placental tissue. The detection of B19 DNA in these tissues was confirmed by detection of B19 DNA in six separately stored paraffin-embedded placental tissues. No other explanations for the fetal deaths were found. None of the women had experienced any clinical signs of infection prior to fetal demise. None of the seven fetuses were hydropic. Histopathologic examination of the placentas revealed only minor abnormalities. Serology on maternal samples at birth revealed delayed or absent B19 IgG responses in five of seven cases. Two women were B19 IgG seropositive at the time of delivery but had unusual infection patterns; persistent viraemia for at least five months before birth in one case and likely persistence or re-infection by B19 in the other.

CONCLUSION

In our study, 7.5% of IUFDs in the third trimester may have been caused by parvovirus B19 infection, without signs of fetal hydrops. This finding indicates that B19 PCR should be included in the routine investigation of IUFD.

[Parvovirus B19 infection--an incidious chameleon]

Parvovirus B19 is a common source of infection with a seroprevalence of 60-70 per cent in the adult population. The most common manifestation is erythema infectiosum ("fifth disease"), with exanthem, fever and upper airway symptoms in children. The infection can give rise to a multifaceted clinical picture and is probably underdiagnosed, particularly in risk groups (individuals with haemolytic anaemia or immunosuppression, and fetuses). Serological diagnosis can now be complemented with the demonstration of viral DNA using the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test in various body fluids, or tissue biopsy. Recent years have witnessed manifest increase in clinical knowledge of parvovirus B19-associated complications, and their diagnosis and treatment.

Antimicrobial susceptibilities and biotypes of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum blood isolates

Isolates obtained from the blood of ten patients with Arcanobacterium haemolyticum septicaemia were biotyped as smooth or rough using morphological and biochemical criteria, and their susceptibilities to 18 antibacterial agents were determined. Nine of the clinical cases included here have not been reported previously and are discussed in brief. One of the strains was highly resistant to macrolides and clindamycin. With one exception, the strains belonged to the smooth biotype. The data presented here indicates that the treatment of systemic Arcanobacterium haemolyticum infections should be based on the antibacterial susceptibility profiles of individual strains and on the site of the infection.

[Parvovirus B19 infection--an insidious chameleon]

Parvovirus B19 is a common source of infection with a seroprevalence of 60-70 per cent in the adult population. The most common manifestation is erythema infectiosum ('fifth disease'), with exanthem, fever and upper airway symptoms in children. The infection can give rise to a multifacetted clinical picture and is probably underdiagnosed, particularly in risk groups (individuals with haemolytic anaemia or immunosuppression, and fetuses). Serological diagnosis can now be complemented with the demonstration of viral DNA using the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) test in various body fluids, or tissue biopsy. Recent years have witnessed manifest increase in clinical knowledge of parvovirus B19-associated complications, and their diagnosis and treatment.

Intestinal degradation of dietary fibre in green beans--effects of microwave treatments

Intestinal degradation of dietary fibre in blanched and microwaved green beans was studied by using a rat experimental model. Content and composition of dietary fibre as well as molecular weight distribution of water-soluble polysaccharides (WSP) were analysed. There was a solubilization and a shift towards lower Mw of mainly uronic acid-containing polysaccharides with repeated microwave treatment in the raw material. Thus, the apparent Mw of water-soluble polysaccharides decreased from approximately 1,550,000 to approximately 300,000. After the beans had been digested the Mw of the WSP was significantly reduced, to approximately 100,000, and the differences in Mw seen between various processed raw materials had been evened out. After fermentation the Mw of the WSP decreased further approximately 10 times. Fibre fermentability was high (approximately 90%) and similar for the various processed beans.