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Spaur M, Galvez-Fernandez M, Chen Q, Lombard MA, Bostick BC, Factor-Litvak P, Fretts AM, Shea SJ, Navas-Acien A, Nigra AE. Association of Water Arsenic With Incident Diabetes in U.S. Adults: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and the Strong Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2024:dc232231. [PMID: 38656975 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-2231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the association of arsenic in federally regulated community water systems (CWSs) and unregulated private wells with type 2 diabetes (T2D) incidence in the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS), a prospective study of American Indian communities, and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a prospective study of racially and ethnically diverse urban U.S. communities. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated 1,791 participants from SHFS and 5,777 participants from MESA who had water arsenic estimates available and were free of T2D at baseline (2001-2003 and 2000-2002, respectively). Participants were followed for incident T2D until 2010 (SHFS cohort) or 2019 (MESA cohort). We used Cox proportional hazards mixed-effects models to account for clustering by family and residential zip code, with adjustment for sex, baseline age, BMI, smoking status, and education. RESULTS T2D incidence was 24.4 cases per 1,000 person-years (mean follow-up, 5.6 years) in SHFS and 11.2 per 1,000 person-years (mean follow-up, 14.0 years) in MESA. In a meta-analysis across the SHFS and MESA cohorts, the hazard ratio (95% CI) per doubling in CWS arsenic was 1.10 (1.02, 1.18). The corresponding hazard ratio was 1.09 (0.95, 1.26) in the SHFS group and 1.10 (1.01, 1.20) in the MESA group. The corresponding hazard ratio (95% CI) for arsenic in private wells and incident T2D in SHFS was 1.05 (0.95, 1.16). We observed statistical interaction and larger magnitude hazard ratios for participants with BMI <25 kg/m2 and female participants. CONCLUSIONS Low to moderate water arsenic levels (<10 µg/L) were associated with T2D incidence in the SHFS and MESA cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Spaur
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Marta Galvez-Fernandez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Melissa A Lombard
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Pembroke, NH
| | | | - Pam Factor-Litvak
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Amanda M Fretts
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Steven J Shea
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Anne E Nigra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
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Lombard MA, Brown EE, Saftner DM, Arienzo MM, Fuller-Thomson E, Brown CJ, Ayotte JD. Estimating Lithium Concentrations in Groundwater Used as Drinking Water for the Conterminous United States. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1255-1264. [PMID: 38164924 PMCID: PMC10795177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) concentrations in drinking-water supplies are not regulated in the United States; however, Li is included in the 2022 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency list of unregulated contaminants for monitoring by public water systems. Li is used pharmaceutically to treat bipolar disorder, and studies have linked its occurrence in drinking water to human-health outcomes. An extreme gradient boosting model was developed to estimate geogenic Li in drinking-water supply wells throughout the conterminous United States. The model was trained using Li measurements from ∼13,500 wells and predictor variables related to its natural occurrence in groundwater. The model predicts the probability of Li in four concentration classifications, ≤4 μg/L, >4 to ≤10 μg/L, >10 to ≤30 μg/L, and >30 μg/L. Model predictions were evaluated using wells held out from model training and with new data and have an accuracy of 47-65%. Important predictor variables include average annual precipitation, well depth, and soil geochemistry. Model predictions were mapped at a spatial resolution of 1 km2 and represent well depths associated with public- and private-supply wells. This model was developed by hydrologists and public-health researchers to estimate Li exposure from drinking water and compare to national-scale human-health data for a better understanding of dose-response to low (<30 μg/L) concentrations of Li.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Lombard
- New
England Water Science Center, U.S. Geological
Survey, 331 Commerce Way, Pembroke, New Hampshire 03275, United States
| | - Eric E. Brown
- Centre
for Addiction and Mental Health, University
of Toronto, 80 Workman
Way, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6J 1H4
| | - Daniel M. Saftner
- Desert
Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Monica M. Arienzo
- Desert
Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Esme Fuller-Thomson
- Institute
for Life Course and Aging, University of
Toronto, 246 Bloor Street
West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1V4
| | - Craig J. Brown
- New
England Water Science Center, U.S. Geological
Survey, 339 Main Street, East Hartford, Connecticut 06108, United States
| | - Joseph D. Ayotte
- New
England Water Science Center, U.S. Geological
Survey, 331 Commerce Way, Pembroke, New Hampshire 03275, United States
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Spaur M, Glabonjat RA, Schilling K, Lombard MA, Galvez-Fernandez M, Lieberman-Cribbin W, Hayek C, Ilievski V, Balac O, Izuchukwu C, Patterson K, Basu A, Bostick BC, Chen Q, Sanchez T, Navas-Acien A, Nigra AE. Contribution of arsenic and uranium in private wells and community water systems to urinary biomarkers in US adults: The Strong Heart Study and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2024; 34:77-89. [PMID: 37558699 PMCID: PMC10853483 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-023-00586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic (As) and uranium (U) in the United States (US) occurs from unregulated private wells and federally regulated community water systems (CWSs). The contribution of water to total exposure is assumed to be low when water As and U concentrations are low. OBJECTIVE We examined the contribution of water As and U to urinary biomarkers in the Strong Heart Family Study (SHFS), a prospective study of American Indian communities, and the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a prospective study of racially/ethnically diverse urban U.S. communities. METHODS We assigned residential zip code-level estimates in CWSs (µg/L) and private wells (90th percentile probability of As >10 µg/L) to up to 1485 and 6722 participants with dietary information and urinary biomarkers in the SHFS (2001-2003) and MESA (2000-2002; 2010-2011), respectively. Urine As was estimated as the sum of inorganic and methylated species, and urine U was total uranium. We used linear mixed-effects models to account for participant clustering and removed the effect of dietary sources via regression adjustment. RESULTS The median (interquartile range) urine As was 5.32 (3.29, 8.53) and 6.32 (3.34, 12.48) µg/L for SHFS and MESA, respectively, and urine U was 0.037 (0.014, 0.071) and 0.007 (0.003, 0.018) µg/L. In a meta-analysis across both studies, urine As was 11% (95% CI: 3, 20%) higher and urine U was 35% (5, 73%) higher per twofold higher CWS As and U, respectively. In the SHFS, zip-code level factors such as private well and CWS As contributed 46% of variation in urine As, while in MESA, zip-code level factors, e.g., CWS As and U, contribute 30 and 49% of variation in urine As and U, respectively. IMPACT STATEMENT We found that water from unregulated private wells and regulated CWSs is a major contributor to urinary As and U (an estimated measure of internal dose) in both rural, American Indian populations and urban, racially/ethnically diverse populations nationwide, even at levels below the current regulatory standard. Our findings indicate that additional drinking water interventions, regulations, and policies can have a major impact on reducing total exposures to As and U, which are linked to adverse health effects even at low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Spaur
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ronald A Glabonjat
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kathrin Schilling
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melissa A Lombard
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Pembroke, NH, USA
| | - Marta Galvez-Fernandez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wil Lieberman-Cribbin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carolyn Hayek
- Columbia Water Center, Columbia Climate School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vesna Ilievski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olgica Balac
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiugo Izuchukwu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin Patterson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anirban Basu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin C Bostick
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Qixuan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany Sanchez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne E Nigra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Spaur M, Lombard MA, Ayotte JD, Bostick BC, Chillrud SN, Navas-Acien A, Nigra AE. Cross-sectional associations between drinking water arsenic and urinary inorganic arsenic in the United States: NHANES 2003-2014. Environ Res 2023; 227:115741. [PMID: 36963713 PMCID: PMC10165942 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inorganic arsenic is a potent carcinogen and toxicant associated with numerous adverse health outcomes. The contribution of drinking water from private wells and regulated community water systems (CWSs) to total inorganic arsenic exposure is not clear. OBJECTIVES To determine the association between drinking water arsenic estimates and urinary arsenic concentrations in the 2003-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS We evaluated 11,088 participants from the 2003-2014 NHANES cycles. For each participant, we assigned private well and CWS arsenic levels according to county of residence using estimates previously derived by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Geological Survey. We used recalibrated urinary dimethylarsinate (rDMA) to reflect the internal dose of estimated water arsenic by applying a previously validated, residual-based method that removes the contribution of dietary arsenic sources. We compared the adjusted geometric mean ratios and corresponding percent change of urinary rDMA across tertiles of private well and CWS arsenic levels, with the lowest tertile as the reference. Comparisons were made overall and stratified by census region and race/ethnicity. RESULTS Overall, the geometric mean of urinary rDMA was 2.52 (2.30, 2.77) μg/L among private well users and 2.64 (2.57, 2.72) μg/L among CWS users. Urinary rDMA was highest among participants in the West and South, and among Mexican American, Other Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Other participants. Urinary rDMA levels were 25% (95% confidence interval (CI): 17-34%) and 20% (95% CI: 12-29%) higher comparing the highest to the lowest tertile of CWS and private well arsenic, respectively. The strongest associations between water arsenic and urinary rDMA were observed among participants in the South, West, and among Mexican American and Non-Hispanic White and Black participants. DISCUSSION Both private wells and regulated CWSs are associated with inorganic arsenic internal dose as reflected in urine in the general U.S. POPULATION
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Spaur
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Melissa A Lombard
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Pembroke, NH, USA
| | - Joseph D Ayotte
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Pembroke, NH, USA
| | - Benjamin C Bostick
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Steven N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne E Nigra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Bulka CM, Scannell Bryan M, Lombard MA, Bartell SM, Jones DK, Bradley PM, Vieira VM, Silverman DT, Focazio M, Toccalino PL, Daniel J, Backer LC, Ayotte JD, Gribble MO, Argos M. Arsenic in private well water and birth outcomes in the United States. Environ Int 2022; 163:107176. [PMID: 35349912 PMCID: PMC9052362 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal exposure to drinking water with arsenic concentrations >50 μg/L is associated with adverse birth outcomes, with inconclusive evidence for concentrations ≤50 μg/L. In a collaborative effort by public health experts, hydrologists, and geologists, we used published machine learning model estimates to characterize arsenic concentrations in private wells-federally unregulated for drinking water contaminants-and evaluated associations with birth outcomes throughout the conterminous U.S. METHODS Using several machine learning models, including boosted regression trees (BRT) and random forest classification (RFC), developed from measured groundwater arsenic concentrations of ∼20,000 private wells, we characterized the probability that arsenic concentrations occurred within specific ranges in groundwater. Probabilistic model estimates and private well usage data were linked by county to all live birth certificates from 2016 (n = 3.6 million). We evaluated associations with gestational age and term birth weight using mixed-effects models, adjusted for potential confounders and incorporated random intercepts for spatial clustering. RESULTS We generally observed inverse associations with term birth weight. For instance, when using BRT estimates, a 10-percentage point increase in the probability that private well arsenic concentrations exceeded 5 μg/L was associated with a -1.83 g (95% CI: -3.30, -0.38) lower term birth weight after adjusting for covariates. Similarly, a 10-percentage point increase in the probability that private well arsenic concentrations exceeded 10 μg/L was associated with a -2.79 g (95% CI: -4.99, -0.58) lower term birth weight. Associations with gestational age were null. CONCLUSION In this largest epidemiologic study of arsenic and birth outcomes to date, we did not observe associations of modeled arsenic estimates in private wells with gestational age and found modest inverse associations with term birth weight. Study limitations may have obscured true associations, including measurement error stemming from a lack of individual-level information on primary water sources, water arsenic concentrations, and water consumption patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Bulka
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Molly Scannell Bryan
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1819 W. Polk Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Melissa A Lombard
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, 331 Commerce Way, Pembroke, NH 03275, USA.
| | - Scott M Bartell
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, 653 E. Peltason Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Statistics, University of California, Bren Hall 2019, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Daniel K Jones
- U.S. Geological Survey, Utah Water Science Center, 2329 West Orton Circle, West Valley City, UT 84119, USA.
| | - Paul M Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, South Atlantic Water Science Center, 720 Gracern Rd, Columbia, SC 29210, USA.
| | - Veronica M Vieira
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, 653 E. Peltason Drive, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Michael Focazio
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr, Reston, VA 20192, USA.
| | - Patricia L Toccalino
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northwest-Pacific Region, 2130 SW 5th Ave, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
| | - Johnni Daniel
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Lorraine C Backer
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA.
| | - Joseph D Ayotte
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, 331 Commerce Way, Pembroke, NH 03275, USA.
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 217G Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham AL 35294, USA.
| | - Maria Argos
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Office 878A, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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McMahon PB, Tokranov AK, Bexfield LM, Lindsey BD, Johnson TD, Lombard MA, Watson E. Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Groundwater Used as a Source of Drinking Water in the Eastern United States. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:2279-2288. [PMID: 35113548 PMCID: PMC8970425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, 254 samples were collected from five aquifer systems to evaluate perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) occurrence in groundwater used as a source of drinking water in the eastern United States. The samples were analyzed for 24 PFAS, major ions, nutrients, trace elements, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), pharmaceuticals, and tritium. Fourteen of the 24 PFAS were detected in groundwater, with 60 and 20% of public-supply and domestic wells, respectively, containing at least one PFAS detection. Concentrations of tritium, chloride, sulfate, DOC, and manganese + iron; percent urban land use within 500 m of the wells; and VOC and pharmaceutical detection frequencies were significantly higher in samples containing PFAS detections than in samples with no detections. Boosted regression tree models that consider 57 chemical and land-use variables show that tritium concentration, distance to the nearest fire-training area, percentage of urban land use, and DOC and VOC concentrations are the top five predictors of PFAS detections, consistent with the hydrologic position, geochemistry, and land use being important controls on PFAS occurrence in groundwater. Model results indicate that it may be possible to predict PFAS detections in groundwater using existing data sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B. McMahon
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Bldg. 53, MS 415, Lakewood, Colorado, 80225, United States
- .
Tel.: 303-236-6899
| | - Andrea K. Tokranov
- U.S.
Geological Survey, 10 Bearfoot Rd., Northborough, Massachusetts 01532, United States
| | - Laura M. Bexfield
- U.S.
Geological Survey, 6700 Edith Blvd NE, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87113, United States
| | - Bruce D. Lindsey
- U.S.
Geological Survey, 215 Limekiln Road, New Cumberland, Pennsylvania 17070, United States
| | - Tyler D. Johnson
- U.S.
Geological Survey, 4165 Spruance Road, San Diego, California 92101, United States
| | - Melissa A. Lombard
- U.S. Geological
Survey, 331 Commerce Way, Pembroke, New Hampshire 03275, United States
| | - Elise Watson
- U.S.
Geological Survey, 4165 Spruance Road, San Diego, California 92101, United States
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Spaur M, Lombard MA, Ayotte JD, Harvey DE, Bostick BC, Chillrud SN, Navas-Acien A, Nigra AE. Associations between private well water and community water supply arsenic concentrations in the conterminous United States. Sci Total Environ 2021; 787:147555. [PMID: 33991916 PMCID: PMC8192485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Geogenic arsenic contamination typically occurs in groundwater as opposed to surface water supplies. Groundwater is a major source for many community water systems (CWSs) in the United States (US). Although the US Environmental Protection Agency sets the maximum contaminant level (MCL enforceable since 2006: 10 μg/L) for arsenic in CWSs, private wells are not federally regulated. We evaluated county-level associations between modeled values of the probability of private well arsenic exceeding 10 μg/L and CWS arsenic concentrations for 2231 counties in the conterminous US, using time invariant private well arsenic estimates and CWS arsenic estimates for two time periods. Nationwide, county-level CWS arsenic concentrations increased by 8.4 μg/L per 100% increase in the probability of private well arsenic exceeding 10 μg/L for 2006-2008 (the initial compliance monitoring period after MCL implementation), and by 7.3 μg/L for 2009-2011 (the second monitoring period following MCL implementation) (1.1 μg/L mean decline over time). Regional differences in this temporal decline suggest that interventions to implement the MCL were more pronounced in regions served primarily by groundwater. The strong association between private well and CWS arsenic in Rural, American Indian, and Semi Urban, Hispanic counties suggests that future research and regulatory support are needed to reduce water arsenic exposures in these vulnerable subpopulations. This comparison of arsenic exposure values from major private and public drinking water sources nationwide is critical to future assessments of drinking water arsenic exposure and health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Spaur
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Melissa A Lombard
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Pembroke, NH, USA
| | - Joseph D Ayotte
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Pembroke, NH, USA
| | - David E Harvey
- U.S. Public Health Service, Commissioned Corps, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin C Bostick
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Steven N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anne E Nigra
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Lombard MA, Bryan MS, Jones DK, Bulka C, Bradley PM, Backer LC, Focazio MJ, Silverman DT, Toccalino P, Argos M, Gribble MO, Ayotte JD. Machine Learning Models of Arsenic in Private Wells Throughout the Conterminous United States As a Tool for Exposure Assessment in Human Health Studies. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:5012-5023. [PMID: 33729798 PMCID: PMC8852770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic from geologic sources is widespread in groundwater within the United States (U.S.). In several areas, groundwater arsenic concentrations exceed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level of 10 μg per liter (μg/L). However, this standard applies only to public-supply drinking water and not to private-supply, which is not federally regulated and is rarely monitored. As a result, arsenic exposure from private wells is a potentially substantial, but largely hidden, public health concern. Machine learning models using boosted regression trees (BRT) and random forest classification (RFC) techniques were developed to estimate probabilities and concentration ranges of arsenic in private wells throughout the conterminous U.S. Three BRT models were fit separately to estimate the probability of private well arsenic concentrations exceeding 1, 5, or 10 μg/L whereas the RFC model estimates the most probable category (≤5, >5 to ≤10, or >10 μg/L). Overall, the models perform best at identifying areas with low concentrations of arsenic in private wells. The BRT 10 μg/L model estimates for testing data have an overall accuracy of 91.2%, sensitivity of 33.9%, and specificity of 98.2%. Influential variables identified across all models included average annual precipitation and soil geochemistry. Models were developed in collaboration with public health experts to support U.S.-based studies focused on health effects from arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Lombard
- New England Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 331 Commerce Way, Pembroke, New Hampshire 03275, United States
| | - Molly Scannell Bryan
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1819 W. Polk, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Daniel K Jones
- Utah Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 2329 West Orton Circle, West Valley City, Utah 84119, United States
| | - Catherine Bulka
- University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul M Bradley
- South Atlantic Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - Lorraine C Backer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Chamblee, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Michael J Focazio
- Toxic Substances Hydrology Program, U.S. Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, Virginia 20192 United States
| | - Debra T Silverman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 9606 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Patricia Toccalino
- Northwest-Pacific Islands Region, U.S. Geological Survey, 911 NE 11th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97232, United States
| | - Maria Argos
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Matthew O Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph D Ayotte
- New England Water Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, 331 Commerce Way, Pembroke, New Hampshire 03275, United States
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Lombard MA, Daniel J, Jeddy Z, Hay LE, Ayotte JD. Assessing the Impact of Drought on Arsenic Exposure from Private Domestic Wells in the Conterminous United States. Environ Sci Technol 2021; 55:1822-1831. [PMID: 33439623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the potential impact of drought on arsenic exposure from private domestic wells by using a previously developed statistical model that predicts the probability of elevated arsenic concentrations (>10 μg per liter) in water from domestic wells located in the conterminous United States (CONUS). The application of the model to simulate drought conditions used systematically reduced precipitation and recharge values. The drought conditions resulted in higher probabilities of elevated arsenic throughout most of the CONUS. While the increase in the probability of elevated arsenic was generally less than 10% at any one location, when considered over the entire CONUS, the increase has considerable public health implications. The population exposed to elevated arsenic from domestic wells was estimated to increase from approximately 2.7 million to 4.1 million people during drought. The model was also run using total annual precipitation and groundwater recharge values from the year 2012 when drought existed over a large extent of the CONUS. This simulation provided a method for comparing the duration of drought to changes in the predicted probability of high arsenic in domestic wells. These results suggest that the probability of exposure to arsenic concentrations greater than 10 μg per liter increases with increasing duration of drought. These findings indicate that drought has a potentially adverse impact on the arsenic hazard from domestic wells throughout the CONUS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Lombard
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Pembroke, New Hampshire 03275, United States
| | - Johnni Daniel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Zuha Jeddy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Lauren E Hay
- Formerly U.S. Geological Survey, Water Mission Area, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Joseph D Ayotte
- U.S. Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, Pembroke, New Hampshire 03275, United States
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Lombard MA, Lombard PJ, Brown CJ, Degnan JR. Correction to: A multi-model approach toward understanding iron fouling at rock-fill drainage sites along roadways in New Hampshire, USA. SN Appl Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-3071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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11
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Lombard MA, Lombard PJ, Brown CJ, Degnan JR. A multi-model approach toward understanding iron fouling at rock-fill drainage sites along roadways in New Hampshire, USA. SN Appl Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-2849-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractFactors affecting iron fouling in wet areas adjacent to roadways were investigated by collecting field rock cut and aqueous physicochemical data; developing exploratory predictive models; and developing geochemical models. Basic data included the identification of iron fouling from aerial imagery and field visits at 374 New Hampshire rock cut locations, and their associated rock-fill sites. Based on field water quality measurements from wet areas at 36 of the rock-fill sites, the occurrence of iron fouling was associated with higher values of specific conductance, lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen and lower pH compared to areas without iron fouling. A statistical model, using boosted regression trees, was developed to predict the occurrence of iron fouling in wet areas adjacent to roadways where rock-fill from nearby rock cuts was used in roadway construction. The model was used to develop a continuous iron fouling probability map for the state of New Hampshire that can be used to better understand the occurrence of iron fouling. Geochemical models illustrate how iron fouling of waters increases along roadways built with fill from sulfidic rock cuts as a result of acid generation from pyrite dissolution and ferrous iron (Fe2+) oxidation and increases in areas with greater specific conductance from deicing runoff caused by cation exchange. More iron is precipitated as goethite in simulations that include pyrite, and in simulations with deicing salts added, indicating that rock-fill sites with rocks that contain pyrite and water with greater salt content could have enhanced iron fouling.
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Johnson TD, Belitz K, Lombard MA. Estimating domestic well locations and populations served in the contiguous U.S. for years 2000 and 2010. Sci Total Environ 2019; 687:1261-1273. [PMID: 31412460 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Domestic wells provide drinking water supply for approximately 40 million people in the United States. Knowing the location of these wells, and the populations they serve, is important for identifying heavily used aquifers, locations susceptible to contamination, and populations potentially impacted by poor-quality groundwater. The 1990 census was the last nationally consistent survey of a home's source of water, and has not been surveyed since. This paper presents a method for projecting the population dependent on domestic wells for years after 1990, using information from the 1990 census along with population data from subsequent censuses. The method is based on the "domestic ratio" at the census block-group level, defined here as the number of households dependent on domestic wells divided by the total population. Analysis of 1990 data (>220,000 block-groups) indicates that the domestic ratio is a function of the household density. As household density increases, the domestic ratio decreases, once a household density threshold is met. The 1990 data were used to develop a relationship between household density and the domestic ratio. The fitted model, along with household density data from 2000 and 2010, was used to estimate domestic ratios for each decadal year. In turn, the number of households dependent on domestic wells was estimated at the block-group level for 2000 and 2010. High-resolution census-block population data were used to refine the spatial distribution of domestic-well usage and to convert the data into population numbers. The results are presented in two downloadable raster datasets for each decadal year. It is estimated that the total population using domestic-well water in the contiguous U.S. increased 1.5% from 1990 to 2000 to a total of 37.25 million people and increased slightly from 2000 to 2010 to 37.29 million people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler D Johnson
- United States Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 4165 Spruance Rd. Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101, United States.
| | - Kenneth Belitz
- United States Geological Survey, Earth Systems Processes Division, 10 Bearfoot Rd., Northborough, MA 01532, United States.
| | - Melissa A Lombard
- United States Geological Survey, New England Water Science Center, New Hampshire Office, 361 Commerce Way, Pembroke, NH 03275, United States.
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Lombard MA, Wallace TL, Kubicek MF, Petzold GL, Mitchell MA, Hendges SK, Wilks JW. Synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, but not TIMP-1, inhibit shedding of tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptors in a human colon adenocarcinoma (Colo 205) cell line. Cancer Res 1998; 58:4001-7. [PMID: 9731514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The solubilization of plasma membrane receptors through proteolytic cleavage of the ligand binding domain at the cell surface is an important mechanism for regulating cytokine function and receptor signaling. The inhibition of the shedding of a variety of receptors by synthetic inhibitors of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) implicates metalloproteinases in this regulatory event. We examined the effects of two naturally occurring tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, and several synthetic MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) on the shedding of both tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor type I (TNFalpha-RI; Mr 55,000) and TNFalpha-RII (Mr 75,000) by the Colo 205 human colon adenocarcinoma cell line. Culture of Colo 205 cells for 48 h resulted in the shedding of both TNFalpha-RI and TNFalpha-RII, as determined by ELISA. The shedding of TNFalpha receptors was not affected by TIMP-1 or protease inhibitors aprotinin, pepstatin, or leupeptin but was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by the following synthetic MMPIs: batimastat and marimastat (BB-94 and BB-2516, respectively, British Biotech, Inc.); CT1418 (Celltech Therapeutics); CGS27023A (Novartis Pharmaceuticals); and RO31-9790 (Roche), with IC50s ranging from 3.2 to 38.0 microM. Similarly, TIMP-2 from two different sources reproducibly inhibited the shedding of both TNFalpha-RI and TNFalpha-RII in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 286 +/- 33 nM for TNFalpha-RI shedding and 462 +/- 52 nM for shedding of TNFalpha-RII). The inhibition of TNFalpha-RI shedding was confirmed in the SW626 human ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line. The synthetic MMPIs and TIMP-2, but not TIMP-1, also caused a dose-dependent increase in the number of TNFalpha receptors retained on the surface of Colo 205 cells, as determined by flow cytometry. Inhibition of TNFalpha receptor shedding with TIMP-2 occurs at molar concentrations 10-100 times less than those required with low molecular weight, synthetic MMPIs but at concentrations greater than those required to inhibit collagen degradation. Modulation of TNFalpha receptor shedding by TIMP-2 could have important implications for the pleiotropic effects of TNFalpha in both normal and malignant cells and for the pharmacological activity of synthetic MMPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Lombard
- Cell and Molecular Biology, Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001-0199, USA
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Moran TH, Sawyer TK, Seeb DH, Ameglio PJ, Lombard MA, McHugh PR. Potent and sustained satiety actions of a cholecystokinin octapeptide analogue. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55:286S-290S. [PMID: 1728841 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/55.1.286s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative ability of a norleucine substituted cholecystokinin (CCK) analogue, U-67827E, to interact with CCK receptors and to inhibit food intake was examined across a variety of paradigms. U-67827E and CCK had identical in vitro potencies as demonstrated by their ability to induce pyloric contractions or competitively inhibit [125I]CCK-8 binding to type A and B CCK receptors. However, the in vivo potency of U-67827E was significantly greater than that of CCK-8. In rats, U-67827E inhibited food intake with 10-100 times the potency of CCK. In rhesus monkeys, U-67827E produced significantly greater inhibitions of daily food intake and did so in a dose-dependent manner with no evidence of compensation or tolerance. U-67827E also inhibited gastric emptying for significantly longer durations than CCK. Together these results demonstrate that CCK analogues with increased in vivo bioavailability can affect food intake beyond a single meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Moran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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